高中化学公式大全

高中化学公式大全
一、非金属单质F2 ,Cl2 、 O2 、 S 、 N2 、 P 、 C 、 Si 1.氧化性：
F 2 + H 2 === 2HF F 2 + Xe 过量 === XeF 2 2F 2过量 + Xe === XeF 4
nF 2 + 2M === 2MFn 表示大部分金属 2F 2 + 2H 2O === 4HF + O 2
2F 2 + 2NaOH === 2NaF + OF 2 + H 2O F 2 + 2NaCl === 2NaF + Cl 2 F 2 + 2NaBr === 2NaF + Br 2 F 2 + 2NaI === 2NaF + I 2 F 2 + Cl 2等体积 === 2ClF 3F2 过量 + Cl 2 === 2ClF 3 7F 2过量 + I 2 === 2IF 7 Cl 2 + H 2 === 2HCl 3Cl 2 + 2P === 2PCl 3 Cl 2 + PCl 3 === PCl 5 Cl 2 + 2Na === 2NaCl 3Cl 2 + 2Fe === 2FeCl 3 Cl 2 + 2FeCl 2 === 2FeCl 3 Cl 2 + Cu === CuCl 2
2Cl 2 + 2NaBr === 2NaCl + Br 2 Cl 2 + 2NaI === 2NaCl + I 2
5Cl
2 + I
2
+ 6H
2
O === 2HIO
3
+ 10HCl
Cl
2 + Na
2
S === 2NaCl + S
Cl
2 + H
2
S === 2HCl + S
Cl
2 + SO
2
+ 2H
2
O === H
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
Cl
2 + H
2
O
2
=== 2HCl + O
2
2O
2 + 3Fe === Fe
3
O
4
O
2 + K === KO
2
S + H
2 === H
2
S
2S + C === CS
2
S + Fe === FeS
S + 2Cu === Cu
2
S
3S + 2Al === Al
2S 3
S + Zn === ZnS
N 2 + 3H
2
=== 2NH
3
N 2 + 3Mg === Mg
3
N
2
N 2 + 3Ca === Ca
3
N
2
N 2 + 3Ba === Ba
3
N
2
N 2 + 6Na === 2Na
3
N
N 2 + 6K === 2K
3
N
N 2 + 6Rb === 2Rb
3
N
P 2 + 6H
2
=== 4PH
3
P + 3Na === Na
3
P
2P + 3Zn === Zn
3P 2
2.还原性
S + O 2 === SO 2
S + 6HNO 3浓 === H 2SO 4 + 6NO 2 + 2H 2O 3S + 4HNO 3稀 === 3SO 2 + 4NO + 2H 2O N 2 + O 2 === 2NO
4P + 5O 2 === P 4O 10常写成P 2O 5 2P + 3X 2 === 2PX 3 X 表示F 2,Cl 2,Br 2 PX 3 + X 2 === PX 5
P 4 + 20HNO 3浓 === 4H 3PO 4 + 20NO 2 + 4H 2O C + 2F 2 === CF 4 C + 2Cl 2 === CCl 4 2C + O 2少量 === 2CO C + O 2足量 === CO 2 C + CO 2 === 2CO
C + H 2O === CO + H 2生成水煤气 2C + SiO 2 === Si + 2CO 制得粗硅 Si 粗 + 2Cl 2 === SiCl 4 SiCl 4 + 2H 2 === Si 纯 + 4HCl Si 粉 + O 2 === SiO 2 Si + C === SiC 金刚砂
Si + 2NaOH + H 2O === Na 2SiO 3 + 2H 2
3碱中歧化
Cl 2 + H 2O === HCl + HClO
加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化 Cl 2 + 2NaOH === NaCl + NaClO + H 2O
2Cl 2 + 2CaOH 2 === CaCl 2 + CaClO 2 + 2H 2O 3Cl 2 + 6KOH 热浓 === 5KCl + KClO 3 + 3H 2O 3S + 6NaOH === 2Na 2S + Na 2SO 3 + 3H 2O 4P + 3KOH 浓 + 3H 2O === PH 3 + 3KH 2PO 2
11P + 15CuSO 4 + 24H 2O === 5Cu 3P + 6H 3PO 4 + 15H 2SO 4 3C + CaO === CaC 2 + CO 3C + SiO 2 === SiC + 2CO
二、金属单质Na,Mg,Al,Fe 的还原性
2Na + H 2 === 2NaH 4Na + O 2 === 2Na 2O 2Na 2O + O 2 === 2Na 2O 2 2Na + O 2 === Na 2O 2 2Na + S === Na 2S 爆炸 2Na + 2H 2O === 2NaOH + H 2 2Na + 2NH 3 === 2NaNH 2 + H 2 4Na + TiCl 4熔融 === 4NaCl + Ti Mg + Cl 2 === MgCl 2 Mg + Br 2 === MgBr 2 2Mg + O 2 === 2MgO Mg + S === MgS
Mg + 2H 2O === MgOH 2 + H 2
2Mg + TiCl 4熔融 === Ti + 2MgCl 2 Mg + 2RbCl === MgCl 2 + 2Rb 2Mg + CO 2 === 2MgO + C
2Mg + SiO 2 === 2MgO + Si Mg + H 2S === MgS + H 2 Mg + H 2SO 4 === MgSO 4 + H 2 2Al + 3Cl 2 === 2AlCl 3 4Al + 3O 2 === 2Al 2O 3钝化 4AlHg + 3O 2 + 2xH 2O === 2 + 4Hg 4Al + 3MnO 2 === 2Al 2O 3 + 3Mn 2Al + Cr 2O 3 === Al 2O 3 + 2Cr 2Al + Fe 2O 3 === Al 2O 3 + 2Fe 2Al + 3FeO === Al 2O 3 + 3Fe 2Al + 6HCl === 2AlCl 3 + 3H 2 2Al + 3H 2SO 4 === Al 2SO 43 + 3H 2
2Al + 6H 2SO 4浓 === Al 2SO 43 + 3SO 2 + 6H 2O Al 、Fe 在冷、浓的H 2SO 4、HNO 3中钝化 Al + 4HNO 稀 === AlNO 33 + NO + 2H 2O 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H 2O === 2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2 2Fe + 3Br 2 === 2FeBr 3 Fe + I2 === FeI 2 Fe + S === FeS
3Fe + 4H 2Og === Fe 3O 4 + 4H 2 Fe + 2HCl === FeCl 2 + H 2 Fe + CuCl 2 === FeCl 2 + Cu Fe + SnCl 4 === FeCl 2 + SnCl 2
铁在酸性环境下、不能把四氯化锡完全
还原为单质锡 Fe + SnCl 2==FeCl 2 + Sn
三、非金属氢化物HF 、HCl 、H 2O 、H 2S 、NH 3 1、还原性:
4HCl 浓 + MnO 2 === MnCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2H 2O 4HClg + O 2 === 2Cl 2 + 2H 2O
16HCl + 2KMnO 4 === 2KCl + 2MnCl 2 + 5Cl 2 + 8H 2O 14HCl + K 2Cr 2O 7 === 2KCl + 2CrCl 3 + 3Cl 2 + 7H 2O 2H 2O + 2F 2 === 4HF + O 2 2H 2S + 3O 2足量 === 2SO 2 + 2H 2O 2H 2S + O 2少量 === 2S + 2H 2O 2H 2S + SO 2 === 3S + 2H 2O H 2S + H 2SO 4浓 === S + SO 2 + 2H 2O 3H 2S + 2HNO 稀 === 3S + 2NO + 4H 2O
5H 2S + 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 === 2MnSO 4 + K 2SO 4 + 5S + 8H 2O 3H 2S + K2Cr 2O 7 + 4H 2SO 4 === Cr2SO43 + K 2SO 4 + 3S + 7H 2O H 2S + 4Na 2O 2 + 2H 2O === Na 2SO 4 + 6NaOH 2NH 3 + 3CuO === 3Cu + N 2 + 3H 2O 2NH 3 + 3Cl 2 === N 2 + 6HCl 8NH 3 + 3Cl 2 === N 2 + 6NH 4Cl 4NH 3 + 3O 2纯氧 === 2N 2 + 6H 2O 4NH 3 + 5O 2 === 4NO + 6H 2O
4NH 3 + 6NO === 5N 2 + 6H 2O 用氨清除NO NaH + H 2O === NaOH + H2
4NaH + TiCl 4 === Ti + 4NaCl + 2H 2
CaH 2 + 2H 2O === CaOH 2 + 2H 2
2、酸性:
4HF + SiO 2 === SiF4 + 2H 2O
此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO 2的含量 2HF + CaCl 2 === CaF 2 + 2HCl H 2S + Fe === FeS + H 2 H 2S + CuCl 2 === CuS + 2HCl H 2S + 2AgNO 3 === Ag 2S + 2HNO 3 H 2S + HgCl 2 === HgS + 2HCl H 2S + PbNO 32 === PbS + 2HNO 3 H 2S + FeCl 2 ===
2NH 3 + 2Na==2NaNH 2 + H 2 NaNH 2 + H 2O === NaOH + NH 3
3,碱性：
NH 3 + HCl === NH 4Cl NH 3 + HNO 3 === NH 4NO 3 2NH 3 + H 2SO 4 === NH 42SO 4
NH 3 + NaCl + H 2O + CO 2 === NaHCO 3 + NH 4Cl 此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打
4,不稳定性：
2HF === H 2 + F 2 2HCl === H 2 + Cl 2 2H 2O === 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2O 2 === 2H 2O + O 2
H
2S === H
2
+ S
2NH
3 === N
2
+ 3H
2
四、非金属氧化物低价态的还原性：
2SO
2 + O
2
=== 2SO
3
2SO
2 + O
2
+ 2H
2
O === 2H
2
SO
4
这是SO
2
在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应
SO
2 + Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O === H
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
SO
2 + Br
2
+ 2H
2
O === H
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr
SO
2 + I
2
+ 2H
2
O === H
2
SO
4
+ 2HI
SO
2 + NO
2
=== SO
3
+ NO
2NO + O
2 === 2NO
2
NO + NO
2 + 2NaOH === 2NaNO
2
用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO
2
2CO + O
2 === 2CO
2
CO + CuO === Cu + CO
2
3CO + Fe
2O
3
=== 2Fe + 3CO
2
CO + H
2O === CO
2
+ H
2
氧化性：
SO
2 + 2H
2
S === 3S + 2H
2
O
SO
3 + 2KI === K
2
SO
3
+ I
2
NO
2 + 2KI + H
2
O === NO + I
2
+ 2KOH
不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO
2
4NO
2 + H
2
S === 4NO + SO
3
+ H
2
O
2NO
2 + Cu === 4CuO + N
2
CO
2
+ 2Mg === 2MgO + C
CO
2
不能用于扑灭由Mg、Ca、Ba、Na、K等燃烧的火灾
SiO
2 + 2H
2
=== Si + 2H
2
O
SiO
2
+ 2Mg === 2MgO + Si 3、与水的作用:
SO
2 + H
2
O === H
2
SO
3
SO
3 + H
2
O === H
2
SO
4
3NO
2 + H
2
O === 2HNO
3
+ NO
N 2O
5
+ H
2
O === 2HNO
3
P 2O
5
+ H
2
O === 2HPO
3
P 2O
5
+ 3H
2
O === 2H
3
PO
4
P 2O
5
极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂
P 2O
5
+ 3H
2
SO
4
浓 === 2H
3
PO
4
+ 3SO
3
CO
2 + H
2
O === H
2
CO
3
4、与碱性物质的作用:
SO
2 + 2NH
3
+ H
2
O === NH
42
SO
3
SO
2 + NH
42
SO3 + H2O === 2NH4HSO3
这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2、
再用H2SO4处理: 2NH4HSO3 + H2SO4 === NH42SO4 + 2H2O + 2SO2生成的硫酸铵作化肥、SO2循环作原料气
SO2 + CaOH2 === CaSO3 + H2O
不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别
SO3 + MgO === MgSO4
SO3 + CaOH2 === CaSO4 + H2O
CO2 + 2NaOH过量 === Na2CO3 + H2O
CO2过量 + NaOH === NaHCO3
CO2 + CaOH2过量 === CaCO3 + H2O
2CO2过量 + CaOH2 === CaHCO32
CO2 + 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O === 2AlOH3 + Na2CO3
CO2 + C6H5ONa + H2O === C6H5OH + NaHCO3
SiO2 + CaO === CaSiO3
SiO2 + 2NaOH === Na2SiO3 + H2O
常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃
SiO2 + Na2CO3 === Na2SiO3 + CO2
SiO2 + CaCO3 === CaSiO3 + CO2
五、金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性:
6FeO + O2 === 2Fe3O4
FeO + 4HNO3 === FeNO33 + NO2 + 2H2O
2、氧化性:
Na2O2 + 2Na === 2Na2O
此反应用于制备Na2O
MgO,Al2O3几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg,Al.
一般通过电解制Mg和Al.
Fe2O3 + 3H2 === 2Fe + 3H2O 制还原铁粉
Fe3O4 + 4H2 === 3Fe + 4H2O
3、与水的作用:
Na2O + H2O === 2NaOH
2Na2O2 + 2H2O === 4NaOH + O2
此反应分两步:Na2O2 + 2H2O === 2NaOH + H2O2 ;
2H2O2 === 2H2O + O2. H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:
BaO2 + H2SO4稀 === BaSO4 + H2O2
MgO + H2O === MgOH2 缓慢反应
4、与酸性物质的作用:
Na2O + SO3 === Na2SO4
Na2O + CO2 === Na2CO3
Na2O + 2HCl === 2NaCl + H2O
2Na2O2 + 2CO2 === 2Na2CO3 + O2
Na2O2 + H2SO4冷、稀 === Na2SO4 + H2O2
MgO + SO3 === MgSO4
MgO + H2SO4 === MgSO4 + H2O
Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 === Al2SO43 + 3H2O
Al2O3是两性氧化物:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH === 2NaAlO2 + H2O
FeO + 2HCl === FeCl2 + 3H2O
Fe2O3 + 6HCl === 2FeCl3 + 3H2O
Fe2O3 + 3H2Sg === Fe2S3 + 3H2O
Fe3O4 + 8HCl === FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O
六、含氧酸
1、氧化性:
4HClO3 + 3H2S === 3H2SO4 + 4HCl
HClO3 + HI === HIO3 + HCl
3HClO + HI === HIO3 + 3HCl
HClO + H2SO3 === H2SO4 + HCl
HClO + H2O2 === HCl + H2O + O2
氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4、
但浓、热的HClO4氧化性很强
2H2SO4浓 + C === CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
2H2SO4浓 + S === 3SO2 + 2H2O
H2SO4 + FeAl 室温下钝化
6H2SO4浓 + 2Fe === Fe2SO43 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
2H2SO4浓 + Cu === CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
H2SO4浓 + 2HBr === SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O
H2SO4浓 + 2HI === SO2 + I2 + 2H2O
H2SO4稀 + Fe === FeSO4 + H2
2H2SO3 + 2H2S === 3S + 2H2O
4HNO3浓 + C === CO2 + 4NO2 + 2H2O
6HNO3浓 + S === H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O
5HNO3浓 + P === H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O
6HNO3 + Fe === FeNO33 + 3NO2 + 3H2O
4HNO3 + Fe === FeNO33 + NO + 2H2O
30HNO3 + 8Fe === 8FeNO33 + 3N2O + 15H2O
36HNO3 + 10Fe === 10FeNO33 + 3N2 + 18H2O
30HNO3 + 8Fe === 8FeNO33 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O
2、还原性:
H2SO3 + X2 + H2O === H2SO4 + 2HX X 表示Cl2、Br2、I2 2H2SO3 + O2 === 2H2SO4 H2SO3 + H2O2 === H2SO4 + H2O
5H2SO3 + 2KMnO4 === 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4 + 3H2O H2SO3 + 2FeCl3 + H2O === H2SO4 + 2FeCl2 + 2HCl
3、酸性:
H 2SO 4浓 + CaF 2 === CaSO 4 + 2HF H 2SO 4浓 + NaCl === NaHSO 4 + HCl H 2SO 4浓 + 2NaCl === Na 2SO 4 + 2HCl H 2SO 4浓 + NaNO 3 === NaHSO 4 + HNO 3 3H 2SO 4浓 + Ca 3PO 42 === 3CaSO 4 + 2H 3PO 4 2H 2SO 4浓 + Ca 3PO 42 === 2CaSO 4 + CaH 2PO 42 3HNO 3 + Ag 3PO 4 === H 3PO 4 + 3AgNO 3 2HNO 3 + CaCO 3 === CaNO 32 + H 2O + CO 2
用HNO 3和浓H 2SO 4不能制备H2S,HI,HBr,SO 2等还原性气体 4H 3PO 4 + Ca 3PO 42 === 3CaH 2PO 42重钙 H 3PO 4浓 + NaBr === NaH 2PO 4 + HBr H 3PO 4浓 + NaI === NaH 2PO 4 + HI
4,不稳定性：
2HClO === 2HCl + O 2 4HNO 3 === 4NO 2 + O 2 + 2H2O
H 2SO 3 === H 2O + SO 2 H 2CO 3 === H 2O + CO 2 4SiO 4 === H2SiO 3 + H 2O
七、碱
低价态的还原性：
4FeOH 2 + O 2 + 2H 2O === 4FeOH 3
与酸性物质的作用：
2NaOH + SO 2少量 === Na 2SO 3 + H 2O NaOH + SO 2足量 === NaHSO 3 2NaOH + SiO 2 === NaSiO 3 + H 2O 2NaOH + Al 2O 3 === 2NaAlO 2 + H 2O 2NaOH + Cl 2 === NaCl + NaClO + H 2O NaOH + HCl === NaCl + H 2O NaOH + H 2S 足量 === NaHS + H 2O 2NaOH + H 2S 少量 === Na 2S + 2H 2O 3NaOH + AlCl 3 === AlOH 3 + 3NaCl NaOH + AlOH 3 === NaAlO 2 + 2H 2O NaOH + NH 4Cl === NaCl + NH 3 + H 2O MgOH 2 + 2NH 4Cl === MgCl 2 + AlOH 3 + NH 4Cl 不溶解
3、不稳定性:
MgOH 2 === MgO + H 2O 2AlOH 3 === Al 2O 3 + 3H 2O
2FeOH 3 === Fe 2O 3 + 3H 2O CuOH 2 === CuO + H 2O
八、盐 1、氧化性:
2FeCl 3 + Fe === 3FeCl 2
2FeCl 3 + Cu === 2FeCl 2 + CuCl 2 用于雕刻铜线路版
2FeCl 3 + Zn === 2FeCl 2 + ZnCl 2 FeCl 3 + Ag === FeCl 2 + AgC
Fe 2SO 43 + 2Ag === FeSO 4 + Ag 2SO 4较难反应 FeNO 33 + Ag 不反应
2FeCl 3 + H 2S === 2FeCl 2 + 2HCl + S 2FeCl 3 + 2KI === 2FeCl 2 + 2KCl + I 2 FeCl2 + Mg === Fe + MgCl 2
2、还原性:
2FeCl 2 + Cl 2 === 2FeCl 3
3Na 2S + 8HNO 3稀 === 6NaNO 3 + 2NO + 3S + 4H 2O 3Na 2SO 3 + 2HNO 3稀 === 3Na 2SO 4 + 2NO + H 2O 2Na 2SO 3 + O 2 === 2Na 2SO 4
3、与碱性物质的作用:
MgCl 2 + === MgOH 2 + NH 4Cl AlCl 3 + === AlOH 3 + 3NH 4Cl FeCl 3 + === FeOH 3 + 3NH 4Cl
4、与酸性物质的作用:
Na 3PO 4 + HCl === Na 2HPO 4 + NaCl Na 2HPO 4 + HCl === NaH 2PO 4 + NaCl NaH 2PO 4 + HCl === H 3PO 4 + NaCl Na 2CO 3 + HCl === NaHCO 3 + NaCl NaHCO 3 + HCl === NaCl + H 2O + CO 2
3Na 2CO 3 + 2AlCl 3 + 3H 2O === 2AlOH 3 + 3CO 2 + 6NaCl 3Na 2CO 3 + 2FeCl 3 + 3H 2O === 2FeOH 3 + 3CO 2 + 6NaCl 3NaHCO 3 + AlCl 3 === AlOH 3 + 3CO 2 3NaHCO 3 + FeCl 3 === FeOH 3 + 3CO 2 3Na 2S + Al 2SO 43 + 6H 2O === 2AlOH 3 + 3H 2S 3NaAlO 2 + AlCl 3 + 6H 2O === 4AlOH 3
5、不稳定性:
Na 2S 2O 3 + H 2SO 4 === Na 2SO 4 + S + SO 2 + H 2O NH 4Cl === NH 3 + HCl NH 4HCO 3 === NH 3 + H 2O + CO 2 2KNO 3 === 2KNO 2 + O 2 2CuNO 33 === 2CuO + 4NO 2 + O 2 2KMnO 4 === K 2MnO 4 + MnO 2 + O 2 2KClO 3 === 2KCl + 3O 2
2NaHCO 3 === Na 2CO 3 + H 2O + CO 2 CaHCO 32 === CaCO 3 + H 2O + CO 2 CaCO 3 === CaO + CO 2 MgCO 3 === MgO + CO 2。