EvolutionUnit5Overview-MARRIC5概述-马立克进化单元

Evolution Unit 5 Overview - MARRIC5概述-马立克进化
单元
Name:____________________________________ Date:_____________
Period:_____ Evolution Unit 5 – Overview
Schedule – February 11, 2009 through March 27, 2009; Unit Exam Tuesday 3/23/09
Unit 5. Evolution Key Standards (2nd Semester)
5a. The frequency of an allele in a gene pool of a population
depends on many factors and may be stable or unstable over time.
Students will apply how natural selection affects the characteristics of an organism and how mutations are maintained within a gene pool. (7a, 7b, 7c) Key Elements:
1. Define the following concepts: natural selection, mutation, gene pool
2. Describe the process of natural selection.
3. Give an example of natural selection in nature.
4. Explain how natural selection affects the characteristics of an organism.
5. Explain how a mutation is formed.
6. Discuss how a mutation is maintained within a gene pool.
5b. The frequency of an allele in a gene pool of a population
depends on many factors and may be stable or unstable over time. Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly
changing environments. Students will describe how greater variation
within a species may lead to greater survival of that species. (7d, 8b) Key Elements:
1. Define variation, species.
2. Explain how variation affects a species survival.
3. Give a realistic example of how variation in a species has lead
to its greater survival.
5c. Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. Students will evaluate the effects of genetic drift and geographic isolation on a species. (8c, 8d) Key Elements:
1. Define the following: genetic drift, gene pool, geographic isolation, and species
2. Evaluate how genetic drift will affect a species, its gene pool, and its survival.
3. Evaluate how geographic isolation will affect a species, its gene pool, and its survival. 5d. Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. Students will identify that analysis of fossil, DNA, and anatomical evidence supports evolution. (8e, 8f) Key Elements:
1. Define the following: fossil, DNA, anatomical evidence, evolution, homologous structures, and
analogous structures.
Evolution Unit Overview 1
2. Describe how fossil evidence supports evolution.
3. Describe how DNA evidence supports evolution.
4. Describe how anatomical evidence supports evolution.
5. Give a realistic example of how all of the following support evolution: fossil evidence, DNA,
and anatomical evidence.
Note: The abbreviation CCS stands for California Content Standards referenced below.
California Standards Evolution
7. The frequency of an allele in a gene pool of a population depends on many factors and may be stable or unstable over time. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a) Students know why natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype of an
organism.
b) Students know why alleles that are lethal in a homozygous individual may be carried in a
heterozygote and thus maintained in a gene pool.
c) Students know new mutations are constantly being generated in a gene pool. d) Students know variation within a species increases the likelihood that at least some members of
a species will survive under changed environmental conditions.
8. Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a) Students know how natural selection determines the differential survival of groups of
organisms.
b) Students know a great diversity of species increases the chance that at least some organisms
survive major changes in the environment.
c) Students know the effects of genetic drift on the diversity of organisms in a population. d) Students know reproductive or geographic isolation affects speciation.
e) Students know how to analyze fossil evidence with regard to biological diversity, episodic
speciation, and mass extinction.
Textbook – Chapters 14 History of Life (pg 390 – 415) 15 Evolution (pg 416-449).
Class Website – /teaching;
Resources -
, May 1998
Tentative Schedule
Week 1: 2/16 - 2/20 –President’s Day Holiday 2/16 Chapter 14 History of Life (due 2/23),
Week 2: 2/23 - 2/27 –Unit 5 Quiz 1, Chapter 15 Evolutionary Processes (due on 3/5)
Week 3: 3/2 - 3/6 – Unit 5 Quiz 2, Chapter 15 Evolution and Natural Selection
Week 4: 3/9 - 3/13 – Unit 5 Quiz 3, Chapter 17 Classification and Review for Exam
Week 5: 3/16 - 3/20 – Breeding Bunnies and Molecular Clocks and Review for Exam
Week 6: 3/23 – 3/27 – Unit 5 Exam 3/24/00; Portfolio preparation Evolution Unit Overview 2
"In the broadest sense, evolution is merely
change, and so is all-pervasive; galaxies,
languages, and political systems all evolve.
Biological evolution ... is change in the
properties of populations of organisms that
transcend the lifetime of a single individual. 1The ontogeny of an individual is not
considered evolution; individual organisms do
not evolve. The changes in populations that
are considered evolutionary are those that
are inheritable via the genetic material from
one generation to the next. Biological
evolution may be slight or substantial; it
embraces everything from slight changes in
the proportion of different alleles within a
population (such as those determining blood
types) to the successive alterations that led 2from the earliest protoorganism to snails,
bees, giraffes, and dandelions." Douglas J.
Futuyma in Evolutionary Biology
What changes in evolution? Actually what
changes is the frequency of an allele. The
frequency of an allele in the gene pool of a
population is how often an allele occurs in
the genotypes of individuals of the same
species that are in the same area - the
same population. How often the allele
occurs depends on lots of factors such as 1) what the allele codes
for - is it a critical trait for survival and 2) is the allele a dominant or a recessive allele. These factors determine whether the allele will be present for a long time or a short time. Natural
selection acts on population by changing the frequency of different alleles. If an allele is harmful, it will be eliminated from the population or reduced in its frequency because those individuals in the population exhibiting the trait will not survive. This leads to a fine difference between genotype and phenotype. Remember genotype is the kinds of genes an individual has and phenotype is its observable traits. It is the observable traits that are selected for or against resulting in increased allele frequency or reduced allele frequency, respectively. Since we are also considering genotypes, recall that the three ways that mutations happen most often are changes in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence due to insertions, deletions, or substitutions. It is very easy to get overly concerned about evolution if the focus is on human evolution. If instead the focus is on the mechanisms of how organisms change over time, a lot of emotional distress can be avoided. Being a Roman Catholic and believing that God created the Universe does not necessarily conflict with evolutionary theory. Evolution can be thought of as an accumulation of changes that occur within a population resulting from genetic and environmental changes. Within a population of
organisms of the same species there are differences between the individuals (variation). A species is a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring (offspring that can reproduce). The greater the variation between individuals the greater the likelihood that the species will survive if the environment changes.
1 Ontogeny: the development of an individual from the moment the egg is fertilized up till adulthood.
2 Protoorganisms: bacteria.
Evolution Unit Overview 3
Since the Earth was created, many environmental changes have
occurred and some species have become extinct and others have apparently changed into different species. If an environment changes too much and there is not enough variation within the population, few if any individuals will survive the change, resulting in the species becoming extinct. But if there is sufficient variation so that some “weirdoes” can survive, then those will be the ones that can reproduce and their characteristic genes transmitted to the next generation. If there were a few before the change, then after the change they will be the majority apparently evolving into another species. Looking at fossils (mineralized remains of organisms) similarities can be observed. Paleontologists and evolutionary biologists have developed relationships between existing and extinct species by tracing anatomical and genetic similarities and differences.
Besides mutations and large scale environmental changes, more minor changes can result in speciation. Speciation is the formation of a new
species or group of organisms that can no longer interbreed with an original species population. These organisms no longer interbreed because their characteristics (either biological or behavioral) have become too different. This can happen randomly and by geographic
isolation of a species. A random change in the kinds of genes in a population is called genetic drift. When populations of interbreeding individuals of the same species are large, the the allele frequency of each successive population is expected to vary little from the frequency of its parent population unless there are adaptive advantages associated with the alleles. But with a small breeding population (a group separated by geography), a change in even one individual can cause a disproportionately greater change in the population’s gene pool. Therefore
small populations are more subject to genetic drift effects than
large populations. A situation exists when large populations are quickly reduced. This population reduction is called a population bottleneck. Like a bottleneck that is narrower than the bottle genetic variation is reduced. The reduced variation results in sudden changes in the allele frequency within the gene pool, and of the population’s characteristics. These type of changes are not gradual and called punctuated because sudden and drastic changes can occur. So evolutionary changes are not always slow (gradualism) or always rapid (punctuated equilibrium).
Vocabulary
1.
Adaptation______________________________________________________________ __
____________________________________________________________________ ____
2. Analogous
structures________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____
3. Anatomical
evidence_________________________________________________________
4. Artificial
Selection__________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____
5. DNA
____________________________________________________________________
6. Evolution
_________________________________________________________________
7.
Embryology______________________________________________________________ _
____________________________________________________________________ ____
Evolution Unit Overview 4
8.
Era_____________________________________________________________________ 9.
Extinct_________________________________________________________________ __ 10. Fitness
_________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 11. Fossil
___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 12. Founder
effect_____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 13. Gene Pool
________________________________________________________________ 14. Genetic
Drift______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 15. Geographic
Isolation_________________________________________________________ 16. Geologic Time
Scale_________________________________________________________ 17.
Gradualism______________________________________________________________ __
____________________________________________________________________ ____ 18.
Interbreeding___________________________________________________________ __ 19. Homologous
structures_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 20. Mass
Extinction____________________________________________________________ 21.
Mimicry_________________________________________________________________ _ 22.
Mutation________________________________________________________________ _ 23. Natural selection
___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 24.
Paleontology____________________________________________________________ ___ 25.
Period__________________________________________________________________ _ 26. Phenotype
________________________________________________________________ 27.
Population______________________________________________________________ ___
____________________________________________________________________ ____ Evolution Unit Overview 5
28. Punctuated
equilibrium_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 29. Radioactive (radiometric)
dating________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________ ____ 30. Relative
dating_____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 31. Reproductive
isolation________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 32. Survival of the
fitness_______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 33.
Speciation______________________________________________________________ __
____________________________________________________________________ ____ 34.
Species_________________________________________________________________ _ 35.
Theory__________________________________________________________________ _ 36. Vestigial Structure
(organ)____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 37.
Variation_______________________________________________________________ __ 38.
Darwin__________________________________________________________________ _ 39.
Diversity_______________________________________________________________ __ 40. Index
fossil_______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____ 41.
Niche___________________________________________________________________ _ 42.
Pesticide_______________________________________________________________ __ 43.
Resistant_______________________________________________________________ __ 44.
Variation_______________________________________________________________ __ 45. Galapagos
Islands___________________________________________________________ Steps of Natural Selection
Evolution Unit Overview 6
Evolution Unit Study Guide
1. Evolution can be defined as any change in the relative frequency of alleles in the gene pool of a
_____________________
2. Differences between the members of a population will most likely be passed onto future
generations if they are
3. Mutations that are lethal in homozygous individuals can survive
in a population by being carried
by
A population of land snails colonized a field of yellow grass. At first, the
population contained two types of snails, one with brown bands on their shells
and another with yellow bands on their shells, as shown in the
figure below.
After 10 years, most of the snails had shells with yellow bands.
4. What process most likely led to an increase in the number of
snails with yellow bands?
5. What is the most likely reason that there are more yellow-banded snails present in the
grassland?
A field of crops was sprayed with pesticides to control a population of insects that was eating the crop. Only 1% of the insects survived. The same amount and type of pesticide was sprayed on the field each year for the next 4 years. The graph below shows the percentage of insects that survived each year after the pesticide was used.
6. Why was the pesticide less effective each year in its ability to control the target population of
insects?
7. change over evolutionary time.
Evolution Unit Overview 7
8. In a species of plant, the sudden appearance of one plant with a different leaf structure would
most likely be the result of
9. What would cause a mutation?
10. In carrier pigeons there is a rare inherited condition that causes the death of the chicks
before hatching. In order for this disease to be passed from generation to generation there
must be parent birds that
11. Describe natural selection.
12. The idea that evolution takes place at a continuous but very slow rate is knows as ______
13. The idea that evolution takes place at one point in time, followed by a long period without
change is
14. A genetic change will be maintained in a population if the change
15. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best
adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to the
____________________________________________________________________ _
16. When mountain lions prey on a herd of deer, some deer are killed and some escape. Which part
of Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation?
17. A change in a sequence of DNA is called a
18. Natural selection acts directly on
19. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, what factor might determine
whether the frequency of the new allele will increase?
____________________________________________________________________
_
20. genetic diversity provides a species with a higher probability
of surviving
changes to its environment.
21. The difference in the fur color of the individual species in a population is described as
___________________________
22. Two animals of different species would not be able to
23. Spraying DDT to kill mosquitoes became less effective each year the pesticide was used. This
decrease in the effectiveness was probably caused by the fact that ______
24. When penicillin was first introduced it was very effective in destroying most of the bacteria
that cause gonorrhea. Today, certain varieties of this bacterium are resistant to penicillin.
Explain the presence of these penicillin resistant bacteria.
Evolution Unit Overview 8
25. Although similar in many respects, two species of organisms exhibit differences that make
each well adapted to the environment in which it lives. The process of change that may account
for these differences is
26.
27. A random change in gene frequency in a small population is called
28. Genetic drift is most likely to effect
29. Geographic and reproductive isolation can result in
30. A species of finch (a type of bird) has been studied on one of the geographically isolated
Galapagos Islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird for
several generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Some
family groups have survived and others have died out. The groups
that survive probably have
31. A single species of squirrel evolved over time into two species, each on opposite sides of the
Grand Canyon. This change was most likely due to
32. All the genes of all members of a particular population make up the population’s ___________.
33. Describe a gene pool.
34. In genetic drift, allele frequencies change because of
35. Genetic drift tends to occur in populations that
Evolution Unit Overview 9
36. A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no change for a long period.
How will genetic drift probably affect this population?
________________
37. The separation of populations by barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water is called
38. The geographic isolation of two populations of a species tends to increase differences between
their gene pools because it
39. What kind of animal would be best adapted to survive extreme change in temperature?
Comparisons are made between two different organisms by finding the place where the two lines intersect. The number where the columns and rows intersect shows how many amino acids are different in the cytochrome c of both organisms. For example, the number of amino acids that are different when comparing a rabbit's cytochrome c with a tuna's cytochrome c is 17. The larger the
number, the greater the difference in the structure of the cytochrome c molecules of the two
organisms.
40. According to the table, which pair of organisms is least closely related?
41. According to the table, which pair of organisms is most closely related?
42. In a certain area of undisturbed layers of rock, fossils of horseshoe crabs may be found in the
upper layer, and a lower layer contains fossils of trilobites. Trilobites are extinct aquatic
arthropods resembling modern horseshoe crabs. This information suggests that
Evolution Unit Overview 10
43. In the early stages of development, the embryos of dogs, pigs, and humans resemble each
other. This observation suggests that these animals may have
44. An example of a structure that would be homologous to a bird
wing would be a
45. Fossil trees are petrified when the wood is replaced with
46. The long, slow process of change in species over time is
47. In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis
and femur shown in the figure above are
48. Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest
that primitive vertebrates
49. The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living
vertebrates. Most biologists would probably explain this fact on the basis of ______
____________________________________________________________________ ___
50. Individuals within a population of rabbits have different colors of fur as shown in the diagram
below. The difference in the fur color of the individual rabbits is described as
_____________________.
51. What are three types of mutation?
Sunny says Hi and Good Luck on your studies. Bunny out.
Evolution Unit Overview 11。