Unit4Wizardsofthewatercycle

Unit4Wizardsofthewatercycle
Unit 4 Wizards of the water cycle
Structure analysis of the text
●Para1-3
The reasons for wastewater treatment in Singapore.
●Para 4-8
The acceptance of drinking wastewater and the technological development of the wastewater treatment in Singapore.
●Para9-10
The problem remaining to be solved in wastewater treatment.
Title:
1. wizard[?wiz?d]: adj. wonderful; excellent卓越的，杰出的，极好的，奇妙的
2. cycle[?saikl]: n. a series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order循环
3. toilet-to-tap:from toilet to tap从马桶到水龙头
4. Bill: n. an amount of money owed for goods supplied or services rendered, set out in a printed or written statement of charges账单，账款
Paragraph 1
1. city-state: n. a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state. (古希腊的)城邦
2.groundwater: n. water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock地下水（指地下土壤
或岩石孔隙中的水）
3. address: think about and begin to deal with (an issue or problem) 考虑处理（问题）
The Usage of Address:
n. Speech or details of where a person lives演说, 演讲；住址, 地址
vt. 1.give a speech向…讲话, 向…发表演说;
eg: He addressed the audience in an eloquent speech. 他对听众讲起话来滔滔不绝。

2. address sb as sth称呼
Eg: How shall we address a prince? 我们如何称呼一个王子?
3. write names and address on letter, parcel and so on在(信封或包裹等)上写上收信人的姓名、地址
Eg: The letter was addressed to the wrong house. 这封信写错了地址。

4. deal with设法解决；处理，对付；
Address sth to sb: direct a remark to sb讨论，论述
Eg: Please address all the problems to the manager.
address oneself to:致力于,从事于,忙于;把注意力放在(to)
eg: Let us address ourselves to the matter in hand.
4. treaty: n. a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states（国家之间订立的）条约，协定
5. Malaysia[m??lei??]: a country in SE Asia; pop. 18,294,000 (est. 1991); official language, Malay; capital, Kuala Lumpur马来西亚（东南亚国家；1991年估计人口18,294,000；官方语言马来语；首都吉隆坡）
6. supply pipe: 给水管;供应管
7. cost: v. 1) (of an object or an action) require the payment of (a specified sum of money) before it can be acquired or done 成本；价格为
2) cause the loss of. 导致…损失；以…为代价
n. 1) an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something价格；成本；花费
2) the effort, loss, or sacrifice necessary to achieve or obtain
something. 代价；损失；牺牲
3) (Costs) legal expenses, especially those allowed in favour of the winning party or against the losing party in a suit. 诉讼费用
Phrases :
at a cost: 以...的代价, 花...
at cost: at cost price; without profit to the seller按成本；以成本价
at the cost of sth.以牺牲某事物为代价
Cost the earth/cost an arm and a leg—非常昂贵
at all costs/at any cost: regardless of the price to be paid or the effort needed不惜任何代价, 无论如何
to someone's cost: with loss or disadvantage to someone付出代价；吃苦头
cost someone dear (或 dearly): involve someone in a serious loss or a heavy penalty使遭受严重损失；使
受严惩
8. port:a harbour. 港口，口岸
port city港口城市
为了解决这个问题，政府与邻国马来西亚进行了协商，准备以为这个港口城市提供淡水为代价，要求其提供一个供水管道。

Paragraph 2
60年后，这个城市国家不但取得了领土的独立，而且在水利和能源匮乏的情况下成功地走向了富裕。

1. bootstrap[?bu:tstr?p]: v. get (oneself or something) into or out of a particular situation using existing resources使（某人，某事）进入（或摆脱）某种情形
Bootstrap its way to wealth: become wealthy independently/by one’s own efforts
2. in spite of: without being affected by the particular factor
mentioned尽管
3. odds: 可能性, 机会; 不利条件；掣肘的事情；
against all odds:尽管很困难
4. within reach:够得着; 能力所及; 伸手可及
现在，尽管还有困难，完全独立的水资源已经唾手可得。

既不必依赖马来西亚的供给，也不受老
天的左右。

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1. flush[fl??]: v. 1)cleanse (something, especially a toilet) by causing large quantities of water to pass through it冲洗（尤指抽水马桶）
2) remove or dispose of (an object or substance) in such a way冲掉
2. utility[ju:?tiliti]: n. a public utility公用事业
Water utility: 水利部门
3. pristine[?pristain]: adj. 1) clean and fresh as if new; spotless. 新鲜的，干净的；崭新的；一尘不染的
2) 本来的，原本的；未受破坏的
水利部门不是使废水流入大海，而是集中全国的废水，把其净化到相当纯净的水平，再使其返回到公
共供水。

4. circuit.[?s?:kit]: v. move all the way around (a place or thing) 绕（地点，事物）环行
5. ringing: adj. having or emitting a clear resonant sound声音清脆响亮的，发出清脆响亮声音的
6. loop[lu:p]: n. a shape produced by a curve that bends round and crosses itself环，圈
2) a structure, series, or process the end of which is connected to the beginning环状结构（或系列）；
循环过程
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1. relish['reli?]: v. 1) enjoy greatly尽情享受，从…得到乐趣
2) be pleased by or about. 喜爱，爱好
have no relish for不喜欢, 对...不感兴趣
lose its relish 失去风味, 失去吸引力, 使人不感兴趣
lose relish for one‘s food 食欲不振
with relish 津津有味地, 有兴趣地
2. rejuvenate[r??d?u:v?ne?t]: v. make younger or more youthful使变得年轻, 使恢复活力
Eg: The mountain air will rejuvenate you. 山里的空气会使你恢复活力。

3. power: v. supply the force or power for the functioning of 向…提供动力
4. intensive: adj. c haracterized by a high degree or intensity 加强的, 集中的, 密集的；彻底的；加强语气
的
5.recycle: v. 1) convert (waste) into reusable material回收利用（废品）
2) return (material) to a previous stage in a cyclic process使再循环
3) use again. 重新使用
6. bless: v. (of a priest) pronounce words in a religious rite, to confer or invoke divine favour upon; ask God
to look favourably on（牧师）为…祈神赐福，为…祈神保佑
be blessed with : Be lucky enough to have; having good fortune; bestowed or conferred upon 在…方面有福气;
幸运地享有
Eg: I have always been blessed with good health. 我有幸一向身体很好。

7. nearby: adj. close at hand; not far away附近的
8. aquifer ['?kwif?]: underground bed or layer yielding ground water for wells and springs etc地下蓄水层; 砂
石含水层
净化废水需要电能提供精密的清洁过程，而这项投资使得回收的水比其它城市使用的天赐的周
边的淡水湖泊、河流以及地下水要昂贵的多。

9. present: v. (present someone with)give someone (something) in such a way. 给予，赠予；赠送
10. tough: adj. involving considerable difficulty or hardship; requiring great determination or effort困难的，艰苦的；需很大决心（或努力）的
11.so far: 迄今为止
12. admirable[??dm?r?bl]: adj. arousing or deserving respect and approval令人佩服的，值得赞美的
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1. radical [‘r?dik?l]: fundamental，forming an inherent or fundamental part of the nature of someone or something. 原本的，固有的，与生俱来的
2) characterized by departure from tradition: innovative or progressive. 反传统的；创新的，革新的；
进步的
2. pilot: adj. experimental; done as an experiment or test before introducing something more widely试验性的；试点性的；小规模的
3. veil: n. a piece of fine material worn by women to protect or conceal the face 面纱；面罩
v. partially conceal, disguise, or obscure. 掩饰；隐蔽
unveil: vt. make visible; remove the veil from揭去…的面罩, 使公之于众;揭露
Eg: The plan was unveiled with the approval from the Minister.
经部长同意该计划被公之于众。

4. ultimate: adj. being the last element of a series最后的, 最终的
5. strategy['str?tid?i]: n. an elaborate and systematic plan of action战略学, 兵法；战略, 策略；策略, 计谋strategic
6. filter[?filt?]: n. a porous device for removing impurities or solid particles from a liquid or gas passed through it过滤, 过滤器vt. & vi. pass (a liquid, gas, light, or sound) through a device to remove unwanted material透过, 过滤
7. microbe[?m??kr??b]: n. a micro-organism微生物（尤指引起疾病或发酵的细菌）
8. virus[?vai?r?s]: n.病毒; 病毒性疾病；恶毒, 恶意
9. impurity: a thing or constituent which impairs the purity of something. 杂质，混杂物
10. emphasis: n. special importance, value, or prominence given to something重视，强调
11. sparkle ['spɑ:kl]: v. shine brightly with flashes of light发光；闪烁
sparkling [‘spɑrkl??]: shining with brilliant points of light like stars发火花的，闪亮的；灿烂的
12. purity[?pju?riti]: n. freedom from adulteration or contamination纯净；洁净，清洁
Purification n. 净化
13. debut[?de?bju:]: n. the first public appearance of a new product or presentation of a theatrical show （新产品的）首次亮相；（戏剧的）首场演出
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1. cajole[k??dl]: v. persuade someone to do something by sustained coaxing or flattery劝诱，哄骗
常作 cajole someone into doing something
Eg: The little girl cajoled her father into buying her a new dress. 这小姑娘哄得她爸爸给她买了一件新衣服。

cajole (sb.) into (out of) doing sth. 诱(人)做[停止做]某事
cajole (sth.) out of [from] sb. 甜言蜜语骗走某人的(某物)
2. wonder[?w?nd?]: v. desire or be curious to know something想知道，觉得好奇
3. residue [?rezidju:]: n. something left after other parts have been taken away剩余,余渣；
4. wafer[?weif?]: n. 薄脆饼;威化饼；圣饼；封信条,封缄纸；<电>薄片;圆片; 晶片；
5. ultrapure[??ltr??pju?]: adj. 超纯的
6. wafer-fabrication [‘f?br?.ke??n]: 晶片加工厂
7. manufacturer [?m?nju?f?kt??r?]: 制造商, 厂主; 制造厂
8. champion [?t??mpj?n]: v. support the cause; defend支持（事业）；捍卫
Eg: He has championed numerous causes connected with civil liberties.他支持了很多与公民自由有关的事业。

n. a person who has defeated or surpassed all rivals in a competition冠军
9. silicon wafer 硅片 (silicon [?silik?n] 硅)
10. exceed [ik?si:d]: v. be greater in number or size than (a quantity, number, or other measurable thing) 超过
exceed speed limit超过速度限制
exceed sb. in courage勇气超过某人
exceed one's authority [instructions] 越权
11. in part: to some extent though not entirely部分地，在某种程度上
Eg: The accident was due in part to carelessness, but mainly to bad luck.
12. cut out: cut;save剪裁；节省，省掉
13. internal [in?t?:nl]: adj. of or situated on the inside内的，内部的
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1. Prime: v. instruct in advance; make (something) ready for use or action事先指导，提前准备
Adj.of first importance; main首要的；主要的
prime minister:the head of an elected government; the principal minister of a sovereign or state首相，总理
2. festival: n. a day or period of celebration, typically for religious reasons节日，喜庆日
3. Patriotic [?p?tri??tik, ?peitri-]: adj. having or expressing devotion to and vigorous support for one's country爱国的，有爱国心的
patriot [?peitri?t, ?p?t-] n. 爱国者，爱国主义者
patriotism [?p?tri?tiz?m, ?pei-]爱国精神, 爱国心, 爱国主义
4. Singaporean [?si?ɡ??p?:ri?n]: n. &adj. 新加坡(人)的; 新加坡人
5. parody[?p?r?di]: n. an imitation or a version of something that falls far short of the real thing; 拙劣的模仿；滑稽的模仿
6. nationalist: n. 爱国者（尤指认为自己国家更为优越的人）; 民族自决主义者
7. count on sb.: depend on 依赖, 依靠, 期望, 指望
Eg: I’m counting on you to persuade her.我指望你能说服她。

I know of at least two people who can be counted on to support us.我知道至少有两个人可以指望会支持我们。

8. urge: v. try earnestly or persistently to persuade (someone) to do something力劝，恳求
9. pee[pi:]: n. an act of urinating撒尿，小便
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1. queasy.[?kwi:zi]: adj. nauseous; feeling sick; feeling about
to vomit想吐的，恶心的
2. reaction: n. an action performed or a feeling experienced in response to a situation or event反应; 回应；反作用力
3. deter[d??t?:]: v. 1) discourage (someone) from doing something, typically by instilling doubt or fear of the consequences吓住，威慑住，使对后果产生顾虑而不敢行动；制止
2) prevent the occurrence of. 阻挡
Eg: Failure did not deter us from trying it again.失败并没有能阻挡我们再次进行试验。

4. sewage[?sju(:)id?]: n. waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers污水；污物
sewage purification污水净化
sewage tank化粪池; 污水(沉淀)池
5. cover: v. extend over (an area). 范围是；占…范围
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1. considerable: adj. notably large in size, amount, or extent 相当大的；相当多的；相当重要的
a considerable amount of: a great deal of
2. optimize [??ptimaiz]: vt. make the best or most effective use of; get the most out of; use best; 使最优化,充分利用（形势，机会，资源）
eg. optimize your resources
optimization [??ptimai?zei??n] n.
optimistic [??pti?mistik] adj. 乐观的，乐观主义的,
optimism [??ptimiz?m] n. 乐观主义; 乐观
optimist [??pt?m?st] n. 乐观主义者
3. juggle [?d??ɡl]: n. 手技杂耍；平衡；虚报，谎报
4. Optimize the juggle of resources: make best use of different resources 使各种资源物尽其用
5. cubic: adj. having the shape of a cube立方形的；立方体的
cubic feet立方英尺
6. run: v. be in or cause to be in operation; function or cause to function开动；操作；（使）运转
7. Substitute: v. use or add in place of用…代替
Substitute…for…: replace sth with sth
Eg: We substitute the red balls for the blue ones to see if the baby could notice it.
新加坡必须进口2900亿立方英尺的天然气保障能源工场运行。

因此可以说它只是用一种依赖来代替了另一种依赖。

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1. tradeoff [?tre?d??:f]: n. an exchange that occurs as a compromise (公平)交易,折衷,权衡
2. purely: adv. Completely, wholly 完全地;十足地
3. additional: adj. added, extra, or supplementary to what is already present or available增加的, 额外的, 另外的
4. investigate: vt. 1) look into, research 调查; 审查
2) carry out research or study into (a subject, typically one in
a scientific or academic field) so as to discover facts or information. 深入研究（多指科学或学术领域）
5. value: n. 1) the material or monetary worth of something 价值
2) the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance or preciousness of something重要性
6. exploit [iks?pl?it]: v.utilize, make use of充分利用（资源）
7. to one's interest: 依据自己的兴趣
of interest: interesting有趣的，引起兴趣的。