考研英语阅读例题:firstmover先行者
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First mover 先行者[2010.10.07]The Economist
SWISS banks’ reputation for safety is not just a piece of marketing. Historically their regulators have added a “Swiss finish” to international c apital rules that required their big banks to carry thicker safety buffers than firms in other countries. Supervisors judged that Swiss banks needed extra safeguards to calm the nerves of clients of their huge private-banking arms. Given the banks’ size re lative to Switzerland’s economy, taxpayers needed more protection, too.
The crisis has only made those arguments stronger. UBS suffered one of the worst loss rates of any large bank in the world. The government was forced to inject capital into it; many of its clients fled. To augment the new Basel 3 capital rules, a government-created committee of experts this week recommended a new version of the Swiss finish for the two biggest firms, UBS and Credit Suisse. Whereas Basel 3 requires banks to carry core capital of 7% of risk-adjusted assets, the Swiss banks will need 10%. On top of this they will have to carry another nine percentage points’ worth of contingent-capital, or “CoCo”, bonds that convert into equity if core-capital ratios fall too far. The proposals are almost certain to be adopted, and the banks will have to comply by 2019.
For the banks the immediate question is how easy it will be to issue the new instruments. Although a couple of CoCo bonds have been issued by firms elsewhere, the scale of fund-raising required is on an entirely new level, especially compared with Switzerland’s small corporate-bond market. The terms of the new bonds, which will convert into equity in two tranches with different trigger points, will make them fiddly to value.
Still, claims that the bonds will be impossible to sell or more expensive to issue than equity look silly. Beyond the alternative universe of banking, creditors always carry a remote risk of extreme loss. The bonds can be viewed as a kind of catastrophe insurance for which a premium is received in return for a small chance of a big loss. If a bit daunted by the practicalities of creating a new market for these instruments, both Swiss firms seem reasonably confident of meeting the new rules without crippling their businesses.
Banks elsewhere may pity the Swiss. In fact there is a fair chance that all large global firms will be required to augment their core capital with a layer of debt that converts into equity. As a complement to its new core-capital rules, the Basel club has made proposals that would also allow regulators to convert the most junior layer of banks’ debt (known as Tier-2 capital) into shares if required. For most firms this layer is about 4% of risk-adjusted assets. International discussions a re also ongoing about creating “bail-in” bonds that could be swapped into core capital in a crisis. Arguably both these approaches are less fiddly than CoCo bonds. And if international regulators cannot deliver, some countries may come up with their own rules, particularly if they host banks that dwarf their economies. A Finnish finish isn’t on the cards, but a British one may well be.
考研词汇
reputation[ˌrɛpjəˈteʃən]n.名声,声望
[真题例句] Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.[2005年阅读1]
[例句精译]事实上,如果他还有偷懒怠工的名声,你可能会暴怒的。
inject[ɪnˈdʒɛkt] v.注射,注入
[真题例句] Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.[1998年阅读5]
[例句精译]例如,以非洲和南美洲为例,由于有新的物质注入二者之间的海底,两大洲距离越来越远。
comply[kəmˈplaɪ]v.(with)照做,遵照,应允
[真题例句] In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he (37:agreed) with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not (38:offer) sufficient control.[2001年完形]
(37) [A] sided[B] shared[C] complied[D] agreed
[例句精译]在写给众议院新闻媒体特别委员会Gerald Kaufman主席的信中,Irvine勋爵说,他赞同委员会今年的报告,该报告称,对自我约束并未予以足够的监控。
(37) [A]支持[B]分享[C]遵从[D]同意
trigger[ˈtrɪɡɚ] vt.引发,引起,触发;n.板机
[真题例句] The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14:inefficient) to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15:create) new receptors if necessary.[2005年完形]
(15) [A] introduce[B] summon[C] trigger[D] create
[例句精译]对气味不敏感的解释或许是,大脑似乎觉得让所有的嗅觉接收器每时每刻都工作效率太低,只在必要时激活一些新的嗅觉接收器。
(15) [A]介绍,传入[B]召唤,召集[C]引发,引起[D]创造,创作
insurance[ɪnˈʃʊrəns]n.保险,保险费,保险业
[真题例句] Quebec s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent![2005年新题型]
[例句精译]魁北克省药品保险基金发现药品价格一年的暴涨幅度从14.3%达到26.8%。
complement [ˈkɑmpləmənt] n.补充, 互为补充的东西;vt.补足, 补充
背景常识介绍
瑞士是欧洲最富有的国家,也是全球最富有的国家之一。
在瑞士有两样东西其它国家难以匹敌,一是钟表,二是银行。
瑞士是全球名副其实的银行王国,银行产业是瑞士第一大支柱产业。
2004年,瑞士金融产业创造了瑞士GDP的14%,银行产业对国民经济的贡献率是同样属于金融强国的德国、法国和美国的两倍。
瑞士的银行管理着全球1/4到1/3的国际投资私人财富,所以在私人银行服务和财富管理两大金融领域,瑞士银行占有极大的市场份额。
银行产业还是瑞士劳动生产率最高的产业,人均产出超过35万欧元,比瑞士国内平均劳动生产率高出3倍以上。
组成概况
参考译文
瑞士的银行以其安全而著称并不仅仅只是出于一种市场营销策略。
从历史的角度来看,他们的监管者已经把“瑞士标准”附加在了国际资本管理条例之中。
所谓“瑞士标准”,就是要求他们的大银行建立一个,相比于其他国家的同行,更大的资本安全缓冲。
监督者认为,为了平抚那些处于他们庞大私人银行业分支的客户的神经,瑞士的银行需要更多的安全保障。
考虑到银行的规模与瑞士本国的经济情况息息相关,纳税人也需要更多的保护。
而危机的到来却使得上述说法倍受争议。
瑞士银行是全球各大银行中遭受最严重损失率的银行之一。
政府因此被迫向瑞银注入资金,而且他们很多客户都逃离了。
为了加强对“巴塞尔3”条例的贯彻实行,一个由政府成立的专家委员会在本周向两家最大的银行,瑞银和瑞士信贷,提出了新版本的“瑞士标准”。
“巴塞尔3”要求银行的核心资本中的风险可控资本比例达到7%,而瑞士银行需要达到10%。
除此之外,他们还不得不持有另外的占到核心资本数量的9%的后备资金,或者说“可转换债券”,即,如果核心资本率下降过快,这些债券可以转换成股票。
这些提议几乎无疑是要被采纳的,而银行在2019年之前也必须遵守这些规定。
对银行来说现在最直接的问题是发行这些新的金融(衍生)工具到底有多简单。
尽管其他地方的公司已经发行了一系列的可转换债券,但是筹资的要求处在了一个新的水平上,特别是和瑞士的小型公司债券市场相比较。
由于新型债券的功效,即能在两个有着不同触发点下的两部分资金(即调整风险可控资本和在核心资本比率下降时债券的作用)需要之时发挥它的作用,这就使得对债券的估值需要更加精确。
尽管如此,关于那些债券不可能发行或者会比发行证券更加昂贵的言论显得有些愚蠢。
在不计其数的银行另类投资之中,债权人总是规避可能造成极大损失的风险。
债券可以被看做是一种可能带来灾难的保险,因为它可以获得报酬,同时遭受严重损失的概率又很小。
如果为这些金融工具开拓一个新的市场具有实际操作性,并且只受到很小的威胁,那么所有瑞士的银行对其能达到新的规定要求而又能不伤害自己的业务充满信心也是合情合理的。
其他地方的银行可能会同情瑞士的同行们。
实际上这对他们来说是一个很好的机会,即,他们被要求提升他们的核心资本比率,并且一系列的债务能转换成证券。
作为新核心资本规定的一个补充,巴塞尔俱乐部已经做出提议,如果银行提出要求,他们会允许监管者把他们的
最初级的一系列银行债务(就是我们所知的二级债)变成股份。
对大多数银行来说这类债务的比率大概是可控资本的4%。
国际上关于创造“金融保释”债券用于在危机出现时被转化成核心资本的讨论也还在进行中。
虽然有争议,但是这些方式都没有可转换债券的要求高。
而且如果国际上的监管者不能执行这些方案,一些国家可能自己制定规则,特别是如果这些国家所控制的银行能对他们本国的经济产生很大的影响的话。
“芬兰标准”虽然不大可能,但是“英国标准”还是有相当大的可能性的。