网站建设技术外文翻译
英文翻译模板
江西理工大学应用科学院院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：信息工程系专业：计算机班级：072班姓名：熊聪聪学号： 5号附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
基于DirectX和C#的3D游戏引擎编程介绍导言介绍3D游戏引擎设计使用DirectX 9和C＃说明了创建一个简单的3D游戏引擎的过程。
在这个过程中，作者演示了琳哈里森通过DirectX 9的鲜明例子说明和软件的许多方面。
纵观本书中，您将开发一个越野赛车游戏带来的大场景，环境影响，并发挥物理管理等功能。
写游戏，你将使用最先进的技术，C＃和DirectX和。
NET框架，而且你会超越简单的图形，探索音频，用户输入，人工智能和多人的设计。
第一章：概述这一章看看几种不同类型的游戏引擎，以及游戏和游戏引擎之间的区别。
游戏引擎的设计比游戏本身里的硬编码渲染和游戏逻辑需要更多的考量。
好处是，对底层技术更好的重用性以及总体设计的清晰性。
第二章：用户接口游戏的用户接口提供输出给玩家信息和获取玩家命令的方法。
这一章研究显示信息的几种方式：splash screens，选项屏幕，以及控制台屏幕。
也考虑使用DirectInput获取玩家键盘，鼠标和手柄的输入。
第三章：Hanging Ten :走马观花渲染流水线在深入到三维对象实际渲染之前，最好是对渲染流水线先有个基本的了解。
这一章将带领你走马观花般了解一下固定渲染流水线包括的几个典型步骤。
这包含操作摄像机，以便在游戏中提供视点。
也给出了将会使用在所有渲染对象中的一个基础类。
剔除对象和提高效率的其他技术也会被研究。
这些步骤的实际讲解出现在第四章到第八章。
第四章：基础的3D对象这一章是接下来两章中的第一章，处理游戏中使用的各种类型的对象的渲染。
这些对象包含天空盒，用来提供远景；地形渲染，提供可以在上面移动的表面；简单的对称对象，公告牌；以及粒子系统。
粒子系统是一个非常强大的工具，可以使用在微小对象的动态系统中，包括流动的水，火，烟火和流沙。
网站建设外文文献翻译
On site construction technology1 IntroductionThe development of network technology for today's global information exchange and sharing funding source in the establishment of contacts and provide more channels and possible. Homes will be known world affairs, according few keyboard or a few mouse clicks can be distant friends thousands of miles away exchanges, and online communications, Internet browsing, on-line interactive, e-commerce has become a modern part of people's lives. Internet era, has created the new people's work and lifestyle, the Internet, openness and sharing of information model, breaking the traditional mode of information dissemination many barriers for people with new opportunities. With computers and the advent of the information age, the pace of the advance of human society in gradually accelerated. In recent years the development of web design, fast people occupied.With the development of web design, a colorful online website together one scenic beauty. To design aesthetic and practical web site should be thoroughly master the building techniques. In building site, we analyzed the websites of objectives, contents, functions, structure, the application of more web design technology. 2 the definition of websit How definition of websitesWeb site identified the tasks and objectives, the building site is the most important issue. Why people will come to your website You have a unique service The first people to your website is to what They will come back All these issues must be taken into account when the site definition of the problem. Definition site to, first of all, the entire site must have a clear understanding of what the design should understand in the end, the main purpose of the mission, how to carry out the task of organization and planning. Second, to maintain the high-quality Web site. Many websites in the face of strong competition from high-quality product is the greatest long-term competitive advantage. An excellent Web site should have the following:1 users visit Web site is faster.2 attention to the feedback and updates. To update the content of the website and timely feedback the user's requirements;3 Home design to be reasonable. Home to the first impression left by visitors is important, the design must be attractive in order to have a good visual effect. The contents of the website and functionThe content of the web site is to be a new, fast, all three sides. The content of the website, including the type of static, dynamic, functional and things to deal with. Website content is determined in accordance with the nature of the site, in the design of the site, commercial websites, popular science site, company websites, teaching and exchange websites, the content and style are different. We have established websites with the nature of these types of sites are not the same. The structure website1 site structure;2 definition of navigation;3 Visual Design;4 framework and design pages. 3 Site Design and ImplementationWith increasing demands on design, high style, high-grade design work before gaining popularity. This also to the designers have put forward higher requirements, from this point of view, the plate design is to meet the requirements of the people should be and Health. The rapid development of science and technology, the Internet into millions of households, also produced a new design space, and a new web design an important part of the field of design. Excellent web design, we must have good creative, so that the audience can be difficult to shift attention long time, produce power. Layout is very important, through text, graphics space portfolio, can best express harmony with the United States. If you want to further understand website design, made separately from other web site's homepage, you need to have more like CSS, javascript, CGI, and other web design technology. In building on the site of the CSS, javascript and other web design technology. Application Design website CSS(1)What is CSS CSS is a style sheet stylesheet technology. Some of them called CSS Cascading Stylesheet.2 the combination of CSS and HTML form. Mode 1: The CSS content, as defined in the writing between the labels. Mode 2: CSS will be preserved as a separate text file, and then from labels to call.3 CSS the web site of examples. The web site pages, and increase the following definition so that the pages show with special effects. Application Design website javascriptjavascript and the emergence of making information between users is not only a display and browse the relationship, but to achieve a real-time,dynamic, cross-expression. Thus based on the CGI static HTML pages will be to provide dynamic real-time information, and customer response to the operation of the Web pages replaced. javascript scripting is satisfy this demand arising from the language. It's loved by extensive user. Many scripting language it is in a relatively good. and effectively achieve the combination of the computer network computing and network blueprint.4 Construction on the site ExperienceWith the popularity of the Internet, more and more government departments, companies and individuals aware of the need to have their own independent Web site. Below on the design and production sites on some of their own experience. After conducting systematic analysis End, we should carry out system design. Web page design similar to the development of software design, top-down, bottom-up and continuous updating, and other design methods. The main task is to design the content of the sites, including the website information organization structure, appearance, content block, navigation and links, directory structure design. System design is the site ready before the concrete realization of the website to further the realization of more specific requirements, the overall effect on the website, local details have a clearer idea. This entire process is the key site planning.Next is how to achieve their own Web site design issues. The realization of the site, I think the need to be considered in two parts: the realization website; Web servers can be achieved. In the process of achieving website, technology selection is very important. Former major use HTML language, the stronger the interactive website, the proposed use of ASP, JSP, PHP and other programming to help achieve,the more complex Web site may also have its own database. The latter is based on all kinds of different operating systems used Web server software installation and debugging. This stage is the whole process of the most important and most time-consuming part.When we completed the work, the need for website released. At this stage of the production on the website drawing to a close, the main task is to do a good job in the website release to the network, the web site for final modifications, testing, homepage can guarantee normal operation of the network.Published in the website after website to deal with various aspects of the tests, including the possibility of any different web browsers, different visitors have shown normal, ASP, JSP, PHP normal procedure can work, and so on. This stage is the website of trial operation period,the website at this time should be to make up for various shortcomings, the website will be more perfected.After a period of operation, the site entered the normal operation period, the main task is to update outdated information website, the visitor's message timely feedback to further improve the website, the introduction of new technologies constantly update website, visit web pages more quickly, more aesthetic appearance, Information Resources richer.Above is the establishment of the station to roughly follow the seven steps, seven steps are complementary, but can be the basis of ease of website and complexity of a weakening or strengthening appropriate link. In short, building a successful web site is not an easy task, it needs all-round consideration, the Composite various factors.5 concluding remarksWith the rapid development of Internet technology, in all walks of life have joined the industry to the Internet. Whether from the management side, or from a commercial point of view, the Internet can bring immense vitality. Internet to become a talented designer Shi new world. People will continue to explore, will be the site of the building in the application of new technologies in the web site.网站建设技术1 介绍网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能;足不出户便可以知晓天下大事,按几下键盘或点几下鼠标可以与远在千里之外的朋友交流,网上通信、网上浏览、网上交互、网上电子商务已成为现代人们生活的一部分;Internet 时代, 造就了人们新的工作和生活方式,其互联性、开放性和共享信息的模式,打破了传统信息传播方式的重重壁垒,为人们带来了新的机遇;随着计算机和信息时代的到来,人类社会前进的脚步在逐渐加快;近几年网页设计发展,快得让人目不暇接;随着网页设计技术的发展,丰富多彩的网页成为网上一道亮丽的风景线;要想设计美观实用的网页就应该深入掌握网站建设技术;在建立网站时,我们分析了网站建立的目的、内容、功能、结构,应用了更多的网页设计技术;2 网站的定义如何定义网站确定网站的任务和目标,是建设网站所面临的最重要的问题;为什么人们会来到你的网站你有独特的服务吗人们第一次到你的网站是为了什么他们还会再来吗这些问题都是定义网站时必须考虑的问题;要定义网站,首先,必须对整个网站有一个清晰认识,弄清到底要设计什么、主要的目的与任务、如何对任务进行组织与规划;其次,保持网站的高品质;在众多网站的激烈竞争中,高品质的产品是长期竞争的最大优势;一个优秀的网站应具备：1用户访问网站的速度要快；2注意反馈与更新;及时更新网站内容、及时反馈用户的要求； 3首页设计要合理;首页给访问者留下的第一印象很重要,设计务必精美,以求产生良好的视觉效果;网站的内容和功能在网站的内容方面,就是要做到新、快、全三面;网站内容的类型包括静态的、动态的、功能的和事物处理的;确定网站的内容是根据网站的性质决定的,在设计政府网站、商业网站、科普性网站、公司介绍网站、教学交流网站等的内容和风格时各有不同;我们建立的网站同这些类型的网站性质均不相同;网站的结构1网站的结构； 2定义导航； 3可视化设计； 4设计框架和页面;3 网站的设计与实现随着人们对设计的要求越来越高,高格调,高品位的设计作品,才深受人们的欢迎;这也就给设计者们提出了更高的要求,从这个角度说,板式设计正是满足了人们的要求应需而生;科技的飞跃发展, 让Internet 走进了千家万户,也产生出新的设计领域空间,而网页设计成为新的设计领域的重要内容;优秀的网页设计,必须有好的创意,才能使观者视线久久难移,产生震撼力;版面设计是很重要的,通过文字、图形的空间组合,能最佳的表达出和谐与美;如果想进一步认识网页设计,做出有别于一般网站的网页,就需要掌握更多像CSS 、javascript 、CGI 等网页设计技术;在网站的建设中就应用了CSS 、Javascript 等网页设计技术;应用CSS 设计网页1 什么是CSS CSS 是一种样式表stylesheet技术;也有的人称之为层叠样式表 Cascading Stylesheet;2 CSS与HTML的结合方式;方式一：将所定义的CSS内容书写在这一对标签之间;方式二：将CSS内容单独保存为一个文本文件,再由标签来调用;3 CSS在网站中的应用事例;在网站中的页面,增加了以下的定义, 使页面有特殊的显示效果;应用Javascript 设计网页Javascript的出现使得信息和用户之间不仅只是一种显示和浏览的关系,而是实现了一种实时的、动态的、可交式的表达能力;从而基于CGI静态的HTML 页面将被可提供动态实时信息,并对客户操作进行反应的Web页面的取代;Javascript脚本正是满足这种需求而产生的语言;它深受广泛用户的喜爱;它是众多脚本语言中较为优秀的一种;与的结合有效地实现了网络计算和网络计算机的蓝图;4 关于网站建设的几点体会随着Internet的普及,越来越多的政府部门、公司和个人意识到需要拥有自己的独立网站;下面就设计和制作网站谈谈自己的一些体会;在进行完系统分析之后,我们就应该进行系统的设计;网页的设计类似于软件开发的设计,有自顶向下、自底向上和不断增补等设计方法;主要任务是网页内容的设计,包括网页的信息组织结构、外观、内容分块、导航与链接、目录结构等设计;系统设计是网站具体实现前的准备,对网页的实现进一步提出更具体的要求,对网页的整体效果、局部细节有更明确的设想;这个过程是整个网站规划中的关键;接下来就是如何将自己设计的网站实现的问题;对于网站的实现,我认为需要考虑两部分：网页的实现；Web服务器的实现;在网站实现的过程中,技术选型很重要;前者主要使用HTML语言,对于交互性较强的网站来说,建议采用ASP、JSP、PHP等编程来辅助实现,更为复杂的网站可能还会有自己的数据库;后者则用到各种基于不同操作系统的Web服务器软件的安装、调试;这个阶段是整个过程中最主要也最耗时的一部分;当我们完成了上述工作后,就需要进行网页发布了;到了这个阶段,网页制作就接近尾声,主要工作是把做好的网页发布到网络上,对网页作最后的修改、测试,保证网页能在网络上正常地运行;在网页发布以后,应对网页进行各个方面各种情况的测试,包括网页能否对任何不同的浏览器、不同的访问者都表现正常,ASP、JSP、PHP程序能否正常工作等等;这个阶段是网页的试运行期,此时应把网页的各种缺陷尽量弥补,使网页更加完善;经过一段时期的运行,网站就进入了正常运行期,主要工作是及时更新网页过时的信息,及时对访问者的留言做出反馈,进一步完善网页,不断采用新的技术更新升级网页,使网页的访问更迅速,外观更美观,信息资源更丰富;以上就是建站要大体遵循的七个步骤,这七个步骤是相辅相成的,但可根据网页的难易程度和复杂度适当增强或减弱某个环节;总之,建设一个成功的网站并非一件容易的事,它需要全方位考虑,综合各方面的因素;5 结束语随着Internet技术的突飞猛进,各行各业都在加入Internet的行业中来;无论从管理方面,还是从商业角度来看,Internet都可以带来无限生机;Internet成为了一个设计人员施才华的新天地;人们将不断探索,将网站建设中的新技术应用在网站中;。
网站设计毕业论文--基于ASP的甜品店网站系统(含外文翻译)
毕业论文（设计）基于ASP的甜品店网站系统诚信声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业设计（论文）是我个人在导师指导下, 由我本人独立完成。
有关观点、方法、数据和文献等的引用已在文中指出,并与参考文献相对应。
据我查证，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表和撰写的研究成果，也不包含为获得其他教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。
我承诺，论文中的所有内容均真实、可信。
如在文中涉及到抄袭或剽窃行为，本人愿承担由此而造成的一切后果及责任。
毕业论文（设计）作者签名：签名日期：2012年月日摘要Internet以惊人的速度对经济活动和社会活动产生日益广泛的影响，internet加剧了企业的生存环境，加快了整个市场的结构变革。
为了在市场竟中生存和发展，企业必须实现信息化。
企业网站是企业信息化的重要组成部分，是企业信息化的要求和电子商务的基础平台，企业网站的建立意义在于树立企业的形象，建立新型的商务管理模式，为企业客户提供更完善的服务，加强企业与社会之间的信息联系，改善内部管理，提高运营的效率。
本系统主要是运用ASP+Access作为系统开发工具，实现了前台企业网站的公司产品展示，接收客户留言，接收求职者简历,后台管理产品信息，管理留言信息，添加友情链接等功能。
关键词：企业信息化；企业网站；电子商务AbstractThe network is more and more widely used in activities and social activities at an alarming rate. The Internet has changed the living environment of enterprise. It also changed the structure of the market quickly. In order to survive and develop in market competition, enterprises must realize that information is very important. Enterprise website is an important part to is the need of it and the basic platform of e-commerce, enterprise website is build to resume of corporate image, to establish a new business management model and to provide better service for enterprise customers, to strengthen the information links between the enterprise and the society, to improve the internal management and the operational efficiency.The system mainly used ASP and Access as the system development tools, implementation the enterprise website product display, receiving a message, receiving the resume of job seekers, background management product information, managing information, add links and other functions.Keywords: enterprise; business information; corporate websites目录第一章绪论 (1)1.1 引言 (1)1.2背景及分析 (1)1.3课题意义 (1)1.4论文结构 (3)第二章系统开发的技术基础 (4)2.1网页开发工具Dreamweaver8 (4)2.2数据库软件Access 2003 (4)2.3 ASP(Active Server Page)技术 (6)2.4 HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language)语言 (8)第三章系统总体设计 (9)3.1系统环境 (9)3.1.1系统开发环境 (9)3.1.2系统运行环境 (9)3.2系统功能设计 (9)3.3系统架构 (10)第四章系统详细设计 (12)4.1 系统数据库设计 (12)4.1.1 E-R图的设计 (12)4.1.2数据库的设计 (14)4.1.3数据表的定义 (14)4.2系统主页的设计 (18)4.2.1主页的构成 (18)4.2.2用户操作页面的各部分设计 (19)4.3后台管理员操作界面的主要功能 (28)4.3.1网站管理 (29)4.3.2公司信息管理 (31)4.3.3产品信息管理 (34)4.3.4招聘管理 (40)4.3.5最新通知管理 (43)4.3.6友情链接管理 (46)4.4 系统测试 (46)第五章总结 (48)致谢 (49)参考文献 (50)附录 (51)附录A 主要页面实现代码 (51)B.1 中文翻译 (57)B.2 英文原文 (60)第一章绪论1.1 引言人类社会已经迈入 21 世纪，信息技术的浪潮也冲击着社会的方方面面。
网站设计外文翻译---社交网站：定义、历史以及内涵
danah m. boyd, Nicole B. Ellison
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 13, Issue 1, pages 210–230, October 2007
While we use the term “social network site” to describe this phenomenon, the term “social networking sites” also appears in public discourse, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. We chose not to employ the term “networking” for two reasons: emphasis and scope. “Networking” emphasizes relationship initiation, often between strangers. While networking is possible on these sites, it is not the primary practice on many of them, nor is it what differentiates them from other forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC).
What makes social network sites unique is not that they allow individuals to meet strangers, but rather that they enable users to articulate and make visible their social networks. This can result in connections between individuals that would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these meetings are frequently between “latent ties” (Haythornthwaite, 2005) who share some offline connection. On many of the large SNSs, participants are not necessarily “networking” or looking to meet new people; instead, they are primarily communicating with people who are already a part of their extended social network. To emphasize this articulated social network as a critical organizing feature of these sites, we label them “social network sites.”
介绍网站的英语作文
介绍网站的英语作文英文回答：Delve into the virtual realm, where worlds collide and boundaries blur. Websites, gateways to countless possibilities, beckon you to explore the depths of information, entertainment, and connection. These digital canvases paint vibrant tapestries of human endeavor, inviting you to immerse yourself in the tapestry of shared knowledge and experiences.In this digital landscape, websites have evolved from mere repositories of text and images into dynamic hubs of interactivity and engagement. They resonate with the pulse of our collective curiosity, catering to a myriad of interests and passions. Whether you seek to quench your thirst for knowledge, stay connected with loved ones, or simply unwind with a dash of entertainment, websites offer a sanctuary for every digital voyager.At their core, websites are conduits for human expression. They provide a platform for businesses to showcase their products and services, for artists to display their creations, for educators to share their wisdom, and for individuals to share their stories and perspectives. Through the magic of hyperlinks, websites intertwine into a vast interconnected web, forming a labyrinth of knowledge and shared experiences.The impact of websites extends far beyond the confines of the virtual realm. They have revolutionized the way we do business, consume information, and communicate with each other. E-commerce platforms have transformed the retail landscape, making it possible to purchase goods from anywhere in the world with just a few clicks. Educational websites have democratized access to knowledge, empowering learners of all ages and backgrounds. And social media platforms have bridged geographical distances, allowing us to stay connected with friends and family no matter where they may reside.中文回答：进入虚拟领域，那里世界碰撞，界限模糊。
计算机外文翻译---基于PHP和MYSQL的网站设计和实现
译文二：基于PHP和MYSQL的网站设计和实现摘要PHP和MYSQL因为其免费以及开放源码已经成为主要的web开发工具。
作者就基于PHP和MYSQL开发网站进行开发环境问题的讨论。
关键词PHP;MYSQL;发展和实现。
1.介绍随着网络技术的发展，不可避免的带动各种企业传统营销与网络营销的增长。
其中最有效的方法是为他们的公司建立一个网站。
目前网站开发的主流平台包括LAMP(Linux操作系统，Apache网络服务器，MYSQL数据库，PHP编程语言)，J2EE 和.NET商业软件。
因为PHP和MYSQL是免费的，开源等等，他们是为专业的IT 人士开发的。
从网站流量的角度来看，超过70%的网站流量是有LAMP提供的，这是最流行的网站开发平台。
在本文中，我们基于PHP和MYSQL设计了一个网站。
本文的组织如下。
第一节分析开发环境。
第二节中，我们提出基于PHP的开发模型。
然后，第四节是案例研究。
在第五节我们做出结论。
2.发展环境分析A.开发语言的选择，PHP&JSP是三个主流的网站开发语言，它们分别具有各自的优点和缺点，它们之间的比较见表1。
这个项目我们采用PHP作为开发语言的原因如下：免费的。
这个项目小，不需要使用支付开发平台如 and JSP。
强大的支持。
中小型网站，甚至一些大型网站如百度，新浪都把PHP作为开发语言，可以有组与解决在编程上的问题。
良好的可移植性。
尽管起初只能在Linux和Apache Web服务器环境中开发，现在已经可以移植到任何的操作系统，并兼容标准的Web服务器软件。
简单的语法。
PHP和C编程语言有许多的相似之处，所以会C的程序员很容易的就能使用PHP程序语言。
发展快速。
因为其源代码是开放的，所以PHP能迅速的发展。
B.构建开发环境目前有很多基于PHP的开发平台。
通常大多数开发人员喜欢LAMP开发环境。
那些有一定开发经验的可以通过选择相关的服务器，数据库管理系统和操作系统设置他们的开发平台。
外文文献及其翻译电子政务信息
外文文献及其翻译电子政务信息1。
政府信息化的含义？政府信息化是指:政府有效利用现代信息和通信技术,通过不同的信息服务设施，对政府的业务流程、组织结构、人员素质等诸方面进行优化、改造的过程。
2．广义和狭义的电子政务的定义？广义的电子政务是指：运用信息技术和通信技术实现党委、人大、政协、政府、司法机关、军队系统和企事业单位的行政管理活动。
(电子党务、电子人大、电子政协)狭义的电子政务是指：政府在其管理和服务职能中运用现代信息和通信技术，实现政府组织结构和工作流程的重组优化,超越时间、空间和部门分隔的制约，全方位的向社会提供优质规范、透明的服务,是政府管理手段的变革.３。
电子政务的组成部分?①：政府部门内部办公职能的电子化和网络化;②：政府职能部门之间通过计算机网络实现有权限的实时互通的信息共享;③:政府部门通过网络与公众和企业间开展双向的信息交流与策;4．理解电子政务的发展动力?①:信息技术的快速发展；②：政府自身改革与发展的需要;③:信息化、民主化的社会需求的推动;5。
电子政务的应用模式？模式有:１.政府对公务员的电子政务（G２Ｅ）;2.政府间的电子政务(G2G)；3。
政府对企业的电子政务（G2B)；4．政府对公众的电子政务（Ｇ2C）；６。
电子政务的功能？①:提高工作效率,降低办公成本;②:加快部门整合,堵塞监管漏洞；③:提高服务水平,便于公众的监督；④:带动社会信息化发展；7．我国电子政务发展存在的主要问题?①:政府公务员与社会公众对电子政务的认识不足；②：电子政务发展缺乏整体规划和统一性标准；③:电子政务管理体制改革远未到位;④:电子政务整体应用水平还较低；⑤：政府公务员的素质有待提高；⑥:电子政务立法滞后;⑦：对电子政务安全问题缺乏正确认识;8。
政府创新的含义和内容？含义:是指各级政府为适应公共管理与行政环境的需要，与时俱进的转变观念与职能,探索新的行政方法与途径,形成新的组织结构、业务流程和行政规范,全面提高行政效率，更好的履行行政职责的实践途径。
网络规划外文文献及翻译
毕业设计外文文献翻译专业交通运输姓名张有节同组成员赖思琪杨鹏指导老师刘习华Campus Network planning and Construction At present, China's rapid development of the cause of the campus network, to early 2003, almost all colleges have set up their own campus network, and carry out a variety of its services and applications. Campus Network build a rich learning resources to enhance the efficiency of education. But as the number of users increased dramatically increased and the pattern of operations, campus network security is increasingly conspicuous, and the ever threat to the healthy development of the campus network, as an education development of the information industry should not be neglected problem. This paper focuses on the campus network design and the process of building the campus network established the goal of building, campus network technology programme design, information resources construction, application software development, network management and security, the five key issues. The campus network is the infrastructure of importance of school, taking the school teaching, research, managing and outward communicate many roles of etc..The safe condition of the campus net affects the teaching activity of the school directly.Set up in the network of initial stage, the safe problem may still be not outstanding, but along with applied thorough, various data of the campus net would nasty play increment, the safe problem beginning of various each kind perplexes us.The Internet flies to develop soon, to the campus network the teachers and the students' life and studies have already produced the profound influence, the network have already not have no place in our life at. But at enjoy the convenience that high technology bring at the same time, we need to be awake of know, the safe problem of network also become the network application more and more increasingly and seriously huge bar, the situation that the campus network safety hazes already arrived and must unify the management and resolve thoroughly, only good resolve the safe problem of network, the application of the campus network then can be healthy, high speed of development. We should consider the comprehensive usage fire wall and encrypt several measures, such as technique and the anti-virus software...etc. completely, work in coordination, strengthening the management, looking for thebalance point of insure the network safety and the network efficiency from it, the safety of the comprehensive exaltation campus network, thus build up rise a set of real in keeping with safe system of the calculator network of the school.The time today's knowledge-based economy and information technology have the development and popularization of Internet in the world have decided the time the network will become the main tool for information. With the development of computer network technology, network has become an important platform for the exchange of information. Internet-based e-learning with time-sensitive, shared, interactive and many of the characteristics of the individual, so it has a traditional teaching model of unmatched advantages. It created a new teaching model, breaking the traditional teaching model at the time and space limitations, the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods, greatly improve the teaching efficiency and teaching effectiveness, teaching and learning activities to enable a new level. Do a good job in the design of the campus network, are among the schools, both internal and external communication between the key and convenient.21st century the size of the campus network and application level are reflected in schools and science teaching and learning environment an important component of the force, so we should make use of existing campus conditions, design a secure, unified campus network.Large Campus Network DesignBusinesses operating large campus networks are increasingly looking for infrastructure upgrades to:(1) Handle high bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast Improve backbone capacity for shared Ethernet or FDDI campus backbones(2) Support applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA(3) Offer high availability, performance, & manageability for your company's intranet.Use Layer 2, Layer 3, or ATM backbone solutions to expand your large campus network. In typical designs, the buildings or different parts of the campus connect together across a high performance, switched backbone. Network redundancy andhigh availability is provided at each layer. A high capacity, centralized server farm provides resources to the campus, and when combined with Cisco IOS, network management strategies support QoS, security, troubleshooting, and other common management features from end to end.Medium Campus Network Design A medium campus consists of one large building or several buildings. Networking for a medium campus is designed for high availability, performance, and manageability. This is also called a 'collapsed backbone' design for medium campus networks. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3)Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA Based on the Cisco A VVID architecture, these intelligent network platforms and products provide the basis for a complete network solution.Small campus networks DesignIn most cases, network redundancy is not the top priority, but cost effectiveness is. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA校园网的规划与构建目前，我国校园网事业飞速发展，至2003年初，几乎所有的大中专院校都建立了自己的校园网，并在其上开展了多种服务和应用。
企业信息化建设外文翻译文献
企业信息化建设外文翻译文献企业信息化建设外文翻译文献企业信息化建设外文翻译文献【】:with the rapid development of information technology, thedomestic,small and medium-sized enterprise informatization construction has entered a new stage ofdeve1opment, small and medium-sized enterprise informatization has become the small and medium enterprises out of its own advantage, improve competitive, advantage to enhance competition ability and development ability is an important choice. This paper analyzes the important role of informatization in small and medium-sized enterprises, summarizes the main problems in information system construction, and puts forwardthe countermeasures to solve the problem.A l ong w ith the information technique change rapid l y deve l opme n t, eco n omic g lo ba l iz a ti o n a nd th e knowle dg e e co n o m y r ap id de vel opmen t, mar ket c o m pe titi o n b e co m ing i nc r easi n gly fi e rc e, man y s m all a nd m e d i um en t e rp ri se s q u i cke n th e informatiza t io n co n s tr uc t ion, ente rp rise i nformat i zation leve l direc tl y affects the com p e t itiveness o f ente rp rises. Enter p rise info r mat i zation i s t o show the en t erpr i se i s in p r o d uct i on, ci r c u lation and service and o th er busi n ess ac ti vities, th e use o f mo d ern information techno1ogy, t hrough adva n ced com p uter n etwork t echno l ogy to i n teg r ate the ex i sting p ro du ctio n, management, design, man uf ac tu ri n g a nd other secto r s, ente rp r i ses r eal i ze the automa t io n o f the p roduct i on p rocess, management o f the network, intell i ge n ce of d ecision-making a nd bu siness ope r at i o n o f the elec tr onic, so as t o improve th e econo m ic ef f ic i ency of e n ter p rises and th e co m pet i t i veness ofente rp r i ses i n the p r ocess.1.1 contribute to the technical progress of the enterpriseInformation tech n o l ogy promotes the sma ll and medium-sized enterprise technology innovation. Be helpful for technical innovation in enterprises of interstitial diffusio n.1.2 contributes to improve the adaptability of enterprisesWith the h elp of info r mation t ech n ology and network, the en t erpr i se can time l y access to ma rk e t i n forma t ion, t o ex p and th e sco p e of the ma rk e t, be he lp ful for fac t o r o f p r oduct i on opt i mize con fi gu r at i on, ma k e th e ente rp rise adap t t o vary fr om m i n u te to min u te market e n vironme nt, enhance th e e n ter pri se ag ilit y.1.3 to help improve the management efficiency of enterprisesIn f orma t ion management autom a tion, i nte ll igent ca n redu c e the cos t of po li cy, imp r ove th e ef fi ciency o f d e ci sio n ma ki ng.2.1 misunderstandingsAlthough many medium and small enterprises have different levels to carry out the informatization construction,but most are not on what is enterprise informatization, how to carry out informatization to have a thorough understanding.Many managers think that informatization construction is the enterprise business process" original copy", use the computer instead of manual operation, the traditiona1 habits and standard on the system and using the process of evaluation, and accordingly put forward to modify an opinion.2.2 insufficient capital investmentEnterprise informatization is a n eed fo r lo n g-te r m deve l opme nt of investme nt p r ojec t, n o t on l y in the i ni t i a l stage w i1l cos t a lo t o f money t o buy ha rd ware and m a t chi n g software reso ur ce, in the la tt er par t of t he t ra i n i ng of person n el t ec hni cal f o ll ow-up sys t em up g r a d e a n d mai nt e n ance aspec t is t o i n ves t e n or m ous ca pi tal.2.3 composite talent shortageSmall and medium-sized enterprises have already know IT technology and understand the business processes and complex business management backbone little talent which to a large extent restricts the small and medium-sized enterprise informatization construction quality and speed.2.4 Management supporting backwardEnterprise information to promote information technology plays its role in management must with the advanced management means and methods to combine, melting into the modern management idea and method.2.5 Problems in the external environment1) Government support is not enough, the lack of scientific guidance. Governmentsupport for small and medium sized enterprise informatization construction is not enough, insufficient guidance, mainly reflected in the following two aspects: first, large enterprises is present at all levels of Government Informatization Transformation of special funds focus on the funding, and the informatization construction of small and medium sized enterprises lack of attention; the, government departments themselves in the process of information did not take the lead, such as lack of the information-based degree of the industrial and commercial bureau, tax bureau, making every month the company but also to the Inland Revenue Department ranked team for a long time to make statements and so on, which in a certain extent, affected the enthusiasm of the informatization construction of small and medium sized enterprises.2) The relevant laws and regulations are not perfect. At present our country in theinformation construction of enterprises is still not unified planning and standards, the corresponding laws and regulations are not perfect, the informatization construction of the regional industry basically in a state of fragmentation. For the network economic crimes, China is also lack of effective technical means and legal sanctions basis, so the first use of information technology companies to pay the price is relatively large. So many small and medium enterprises in the face of dazzling computer hardware and software market and numerous information systems development failures phenomenon, many confused, indecisive.3) Services Limited, the environment is poor. Compared with foreign countries, thedevelopment of China's software industry is lagging behind. On the market a lot of enterprise information solutions are provided by foreign large software companies, such as SAP, the United States, the United States, and so on.However, these programs are very expensive, small and medium enterprises can not afford to buy. Although there are a lot of Domestic Company for small and medium enterprises to provide the so-called tailored management software products, the price is not expensive, but the software can not meet the actual needs of small and medium enterprises, service has not kept up with. In addition, the small and medium enterprises in the construction of information technology has expertise in consulting company, the construction of information technology is not enough, leading to the project quality can not be guaranteed. Electronic payment, information security, social credit system and other aspects of the existing problems that the enterprise believes that now is not the best time to carry out information.3.1 Enterprise1) Correct understanding of informationThe rapid development in information technology today economic globalization pace accelerate, make enterprise information construction becomes the trend of the times to be a trend which cannot be halted. Information process, which is to integratethe various resources within the enterprise through the computer network technology, optimize the management process, and then improve the process of economic efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. Enterprise information is not equal to the simple computer, it is a complex process. Only business process reengineering, so that information technology into the enterprise's financial, sales, planning, production, procurement and other business processes, or else simply do not talk about what the enterprise information.2) Accelerate composite information talentsEnterprises should establish corresponding mechanism cultivate and maintain a technology to improve the team all staff and managers in the management of information technology knowledge and theory level. Talents are the most valuable resources for enterprises. In order to promote the development of information technology, small and medium enterprises must do a good job in both hands. On the one hand, enterprises must formulate human resource strategy, adopt various methods and means to recruit and introduce talents for enterprises, especially the advanced technology. On the other hand, enterprises should carry out more training activities within the enterprise, through technical exchanges and cooperation and other ways to cultivate a large number of professional knowledge, with practical ability of information technology personnel, improve the comprehensive ability of the enterprise to improve the normal operation of enterprise information.3) Take the key breakthrough of phased implementationEnterprise information is a step is not possible nor practical, should take steps to implement, key breakthrough system construction mode, can be divided into several different stages to implement it step by step. As small and medium-sized enterprises, by their own limitations, can input information construction funds will not too much.4) Plays by society and government supportOur country small and medium-sized enterprise information is still in its infancy, is inseparable from the government’s guidance and social S s m u o a r n t d.medium enterprise informationization is a revolution ,is a complex and arduous systemproject ,involving all aspects of the business small and medium-sized enterprise informatization level is directly related to the level of the whole national informatization level. Small and medium-sized enterprises want to survive and develop, infromatization construction to be imperative informatization construction of small and medium-sized enterprises to obtain the competitive advantage will become the inevitable choice.5) To make the overall planning of enterprise informationEnterprise information planning, also known as enterprise IT planning, it is the guidance of enterprise development strategy, diagnosis and analysis of enterprise management status, optimize the business process, and put forward the enterprise information system architecture, determine the logic relationship between each part of the information system. In the preparation of enterprise information construction, the research on the status quo and future development of enterprises should be made, including a series of complete planning including enterprise information network, technical route, the choice of software, implementation and consulting team, information realization steps and so on.3.2 government and social aspects1) To strengthen the policy support to the informatization construction of small andmedium sized enterprises.To give full play to the role of the national enterprise information work leading group and local business information work leading group, all levels of government information technology to reform the special funds also have a certain tilt, adhere to the policy of the government to promote, market guidance, business entities, industry breakthrough, regional expansion, and strengthen enterprise information engineering support, and provide more effective macro guidance, organization and policy support.2) To create a good legal environment. Governments at all levels should developinformation management regulations as soon as possible,Strengthen the management of information resources. In order to solve theproblem of security and electronic contract authentication of online transactions and settlement, online contract law should be introduced as soon as possible to enhance the security of online transactions. To strengthen the laws and regulations on the fight against Internet crimes and to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. At the same time, we should further improve the information security monitoring system, establish an effective mechanism for information security and emergency handling mechanism, in the focus on the protection of basic network and important system security based on comprehensive information security protection.3) To strengthen the information guidance, play the role of the third party resourcesand platform.Small and medium enterprise information is still in the enlightenment, need to actively cooperate with the full range of positive guidance. Government to play the role of policy guidance to play the role of enterprise information, the media should play an active role in promoting and promoting the role of. At the same time, we should give full play to the role of the third party resources and platform. If the enterprise from the construction of network platform, run the server group, support a team to start, really need a high input. But in fact, they can outsource these operations, the business can only focus on the core business process. The use of third party platform to establish supply management system, often can achieve the goal of low cost, high efficiency, dynamic, very worthy of small and medium enterprises for reference.In recent years, the Chinese government has strengthened the guidance and promotion of the small and medium-sized enterprise information, and has achieved some results. But from the level of development of information technology and Chinese enterprises to participate in the global competition point of view, is still a long way to go. The government should continue to increase support for small and medium-sized enterprises, accelerate the construction of information infrastructure and public information resources, accelerate the construction of small and medium enterprise information service team, and actively carry out e-government, so as to mobilize and encourage theimplementation of information technology in small and medium enterprises.企业信息化建设外文翻译文献:随着信息技术的飞速发展，国内、中小企业信息化建设进入了新的发展阶段，中小企业信息化已成为中小企业自身优势，提高竞争优势，增强竞争力和发展能力是一个重要的选择。
CNKI
1998年。
在党和国家领导以及教育部、中宣部、科技部、新闻出版广电总局、国以直接通过网络进行一次出版，出版形式多种多样，包括文本、图片、音频、视频、动画、软件、网络课程、科学数据等多种媒体方式。
目前，CNKI 已集结了7000 多种期刊、近1000 种报纸、18 万本博士/ 硕士论文、16 万册会议论文、30 万册图书以及国内外1100 多个专业数据库。
其中博士/ 硕士论文、会议论文及部分数据库为一次出版，期刊、图书、报纸等为二次出版。
如此大的网络出版规模在世界上也是绝无仅有的。
知识搜索编辑随着互联网的发展和网上信息量的增加，搜索引擎逐渐表现出自身的缺陷和不足。
一是搜索引擎对内容收录无法提出明确标准，信息质量良莠不齐，垃圾内容越来越多；二是搜索引擎主要是通过关键词匹配的简单方式查找网页，但是用户通常很难用几个孤立的关键词表达清楚自己的查询需求，而排序算法又主要基于网页的链接分析，因此，难以满足用户对内容准确检索的需求；三是用户更希望直接得到答案，而这只有深入理解文献内容后，才能实现。
针对用户的这些需求和搜索引擎的不足，CNKI 推出了知识搜索平台。
文献搜索基于对文献内容的详细标引，CNKI 文献搜索提供了对标题、作者、关键词、摘要、全文等数据项的搜索功能；文献搜索还提供了多种智能排序算法。
相关性排序考虑了文献引用关系、全文内容、文献来源等多种因素，使排序结果更合理。
被引频次排序是根据文献的被引频次进行排序；期望被引排序通过分析文献过去被引用的情况，预测未来可能受到关注的程度；作者指数排序则是根据作者发文数量、文献被引用、发文影响因子等评价作者的学术影响力，并据此对文献进行排序。
CNKI 文献搜索提供的知识聚类功能是一般搜索引擎没有的。
基于快速聚类算法，对返回结果的知识点进行聚类，并将主要知识点显示给用户，帮助用户改善搜索表达式，扩展搜索意图。
学术定义概念的定义是描述知识的一种基本单元，被称为定义型知识元。
工程造价专业毕业外文文献、中英对照
工程造价专业毕业外文文献、中英对照中文翻译：工程造价专业毕业外文文献工程造价专业是一种重要的工程技术专业，主要负责工程投资的评估、选择和控制工程项目成本，以及项目质量、进度和安全。
因此，工程造价专业需要具备丰富的知识和技能，包括工程建设、经济学、管理学、数学、统计学等方面。
为了提高工程造价专业学生的综合能力，学习外文文献是不可或缺的步骤。
本文将介绍几篇与工程造价专业相关的外文文献，并提供中英文对照。
1）《The Role of Quantity Surveyors in Sustainable Construction》该文研究了数量调查师在可持续建筑中的作用，并深入探讨了数量调查师在项目的可持续性评估、营建阶段和运营阶段的角色和责任。
该文指出，数量调查师可以通过成本控制、资源利用、和材料选择等方面促进可持续建筑的发展，为未来可持续发展提供支持。
中文翻译：数量调查师在可持续建筑中的作用2）《Cost engineering》该文研究了造价工程的理论和实践，并提供了一系列工具和方法用于项目成本的控制和评估。
该文还深入探讨了工程造价和项目管理之间的关系，并提供了一些实用的案例研究来说明造价工程的实际应用。
中文翻译：造价工程3）《Construction cost management: learning from case studies》该文通过案例分析的方式来探讨建筑项目成本管理的实践。
该文提供了多个案例研究，旨在向读者展示如何运用不同的方法来控制和评估项目成本，并阐述了思考成本问题时需要考虑的多个因素。
中文翻译：建筑项目成本管理：案例学习4）《Project Cost Estimation and Control: A Practical Guide to Construction Management》该书是一本实用指南，详细介绍了在工程起始阶段进行项目成本估算的方法和技巧，以及如何在项目执行阶段进行成本控制。
外文翻译
井冈山大学外文翻译题目施工组织设计与施工图预算学院建筑工程学院专业工程管理姓名谭智强学号90617008指导教师夏振华2012年11月20日开发一个评估施工现场安全管理系统有效性的模型Developing a model to measure the effectiveness of safety management systems of construction sites作者：Evelyn Ai Lin Teoa,_, Florence Yean Yng Linga起止页码：1584~1592出版日期（期刊号）：2005年6月第005版出版单位：新加坡环境国立大学摘要:在新加坡,实施了建筑行业安全管理系统(SMS)和SMS审计大约有十年之久的现在,安全标准的提高并不显著。
为了回应需要改进的有效性(SMS)和安全管理体系审计的目的,本文提出了一种方法, 人员可以利用测试工具来评估审计建筑公司安全管理体系的有效性。
研究方法采用了15个步进行调查，安全专家被邀请通过面试或工作表达自己的意见。
层次分析法(AHP)及因子分析是用来协助识别影响最为关键的因素和属性的安全。
该模型开发利用多属性值模型(MAVT)的方法。
该方法可以通过网站得到验证审核,利用模型中施工安全指数(CSI)可以计算出来。
结果表明,该模型可以作为一个客观CSI衡量不同管理和评估。
关键词: 安全管理体系;安全审核;施工安全指数1 简介: 支撑这一工作的论据安全管理体系(SMS)作为建筑业一个正式制度的管理现场安全的体系。
承包商预期管理现场安全通过正常的安全管理体系。
如何有效地评价这些系统是很重要的,这样可以使不足之处得以更正。
该研究工作是在协作与职业安全部门监督下进行的,人力资源部门可根据当局评价审计协议来衡量一个建筑工地的有效性的安全管理体系。
新加坡建筑行业服务实施了安全管理体系审计大约有十年之久了,但是提高的安全效果并不显著。
这与影响船舶的修建行业一样,经历了一个稳定提高安全性能的阶段。
建设项目的管理模式外文翻译、中英对照
外文翻译建设项目的管理模式译文题目The model Of Construction project management 译文来源及字符数Successful Project Management 13875 指导教师姓名崔东红____ 指导教师评语评阅日期建设项目的管理模式项目各参与方的组织业主的高层管理设定总体方针同时选择合适的组织来负责给定的项目任务。
在业主的方针中会指出如何将项目生命周期中的任务划分给不同的组织以及聘用什么样的专业人员。
业主高层管理所做出的决策也将对被选出进行项目管理的组织产生影响。
通常会有多种分解项目阶段的方法其中最为典型的是 1. 顺序划分项目被划分成独立的几个阶段各阶段按连续顺序进行。
2. 平行划分项目被划分成独立的几个部分各部分同时进行。
3. 交叉划分项目阶段可以进行搭接。
例如快速路径法的应用。
这里需要指出的是哪种分解方法更为有效这完全取决于项目的具体情况。
在多数情况下按顺序划分的方法更为普遍一些。
涉及项目管理的关键问题有1. 项目涉及多少个组织2. 各组织间的联系是什么 3. 各组织何时介入项目尽管由于业主和承包商之间所采用合同条件的不同会产生很多种完成项目的组织形但基本的形式只有两种并按照下面的思路来划分。
1. 独立型组织。
相对于业主会出现咨询方或承包商等多种分别处理设计和施工任务的组织涉及这种类型组织的典型例子有设计和施工的传统顺序模式专业化的建设项目管理模式。
2. 集约型组织。
由不同组织组成一个单一联合体以统一指令来承担设计和施工任务。
这里介绍两种极端的例子业主自行建造项目在这里所有工作均由业主内部部门处理交钥匙项目即合同的所有工作内容都交给一个卖方由他负责向业主提交完工项目。
建设项目的管理组织形式可视具体情况而定。
一种情况是项目所需人员由职能部门提供由专职项目经理领导直至项目结束如图2-4所示。
在这种形式下项目经理必须从现有的组织框架中协调并获取项目所需各种资源因而这种组织形式也被成为矩阵式组织。
外文文献翻译范例
StatusComplete
Type：Office
Location：Hong Kong
Construction started：18 April 1985
Completed：1990
Opening：17 May 1990
HeightAntenna spire：367.4 m (1,205.4 ft)
2011年6月8日
外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）：
【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出 版 社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文）
原文网址：/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_sears.htm
译文
建筑师：Bruce Graham, design partner, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
地点：Chicago
甲方：Sears Roebuck and Company
工程师：Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.项目年份：2008
香港1985年4月18日开工建设1990年完成1990年5月17日开幕高度天线尖顶三百六十七点四米2418英尺屋顶三百一十五点米10335英尺顶层二百八十八点二米九百四十五点五英尺技术细节地上楼层数724层楼建筑面积一十三点五万平方米1450000平方英尺电梯数45由奥的斯电梯公司生产的设计与施工主要承建商香港建设控股有限公司引文需要熊谷组香港贝聿铭建筑师事务所建筑师事务所谢尔曼西贡有限公司sl的托马斯博阿达莱斯利罗伯逊结构工程师协会rllp参考文献对中国塔简称中银大厦银行是中环香港最知名的摩天大楼之一
建筑外文文献(含中文翻译)
中文译文：建筑业的竞争及竞争策略美国的工程建筑公司几十年来一直控制着国际建筑市场，但近来世界上发生的事件改变了它的主导地位。
为了调查今后十年对工程建筑竞争产生影响的推动力及趋势，由建筑工业研究院的"2000年建筑特别工作组：发起一项称为“2000年建筑市场竞争分析”的研究项目。
该研究项目考察了一些影响竞争的因素，包括下列方面：企业能力塑造：采用纵向联合，横向发展的方法，提高企业的综合能力。
扩大市场领地，这种做法包括被海外的联合企业收购或被其合并，或是由美国公司收购外国公司。
筹措资金的选择方法：私有化作用，建筑权力转让项目，未来市场中工程筹资特征。
管理、组织及结构：未来的经营管理及组织方法、组织结构、组织技巧要有利于引导职员在世界竞争环境中发挥作用。
劳力特征：未来具有专业水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情况技术问题：技术将如何影响竞争，如何用来弥补劳力不足的缺陷。
研究目标及范围这一研究项目的目标是收集信息，使之为适应2000年及以后的工程建筑业在调整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼见，并制定出2000年工程建筑业的可能的发展计划。
这项研究回顾了工程建筑业的历史过程，审视了当前的发展趋势，以确定影响该工业未来的推动力，与该工业相关的有重塑企业能力，私有化及筹措资金方法的潜在作用以及经营管理、组织方法、公司结构方面的未来发展方向。
研究范围包括选定一些公司，采访这些公司有专业特长的人员。
这些人员的专业涉及面很广，包括商业建筑，重工业建筑，公共事业设施建设，基础建设．轻工业建筑，电力，生产程序以及航天科学。
工程建筑业竞争特性工程建筑业的竞争特征由于下列原因在变动：80年代发生的事件，以及计划在90年代实施的项目，正在引导建筑业摆脱相互对立的局面，转向相互合作。
应该以积极的眼光看待新的公司进入国际工程建筑市场，因为它增加了全球合作的机遇。
合作关系会使所有的伙伴受益，这是因为美国公司可以在合作伙伴的国家找到机遇，同样，外国公司也会打入美国市场。
校园网的规划与构建外文文献及其中文翻译
石家庄经济学院本科生毕业设计外文文献题目石家庄经济学院本部校园网网络规划设计姓名姬云飞学号************学院信息工程学院专业通信工程指导教师张晨燕Campus Network planning and ConstructionAt present, China's rapid development of the cause of the campus network, to early 2003, almost all colleges have set up their own campus network, and carry out a variety of its services and applications. Campus Network build a rich learning resources to enhance the efficiency of education. But as the number of users increased dramatically increased and the pattern of operations, campus network security is increasingly conspicuous, and the ever threat to the healthy development of the campus network, as an education development of the information industry should not be neglected problem. This paper focuses on the campus network design and the process of building the campus network established the goal of building, campus network technology programme design, information resources construction, application software development, network management and security, the five key issues. The campus network is the infrastructure of importance of school, taking the school teaching, research, managing and outward communicate many roles of etc..The safe condition of the campus net affects the teaching activity of the school directly.Set up in the network of initial stage, the safe problem may still be not outstanding, but along with applied thorough, various data of the campus net would nasty play increment, the safe problem beginning of various each kind perplexes us.The Internet flies to develop soon, to the campus network the teachers and the students' life and studies have already produced the profound influence, the network have already not have no place in our life at. But at enjoy the convenience that high technology bring at the same time, we need to be awake of know, the safe problem of network also become the network application more and more increasingly and seriously huge bar, the situation that the campus network safety hazes already arrived and must unify the management and resolve thoroughly, only good resolve the safe problem of network, the application of the campus network then can be healthy, high speed of development. We should consider the comprehensive usage fire wall and encrypt several measures, such as technique and the anti-virus software...etc. completely, work in coordination, strengthening the management, looking for the balance point of insure the network safety and the network efficiency from it, the safety of the comprehensive exaltation campus network, thus build up rise a set of real in keeping with safe system of the calculator network of the school.The time today's knowledge-based economy and information technology have the development and popularization of Internet in the world have decided the time the network will become the main tool for information. With the development of computer network technology, network has become an important platform for the exchange of information.Internet-based e-learning with time-sensitive, shared, interactive and many of the characteristics of the individual, so it has a traditional teaching model of unmatched advantages. It created a new teaching model, breaking the traditional teaching model at the time and space limitations, the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods, greatly improve the teaching efficiency and teaching effectiveness, teaching and learning activities to enable a new level. Do a good jobin the design of the campus network, are among the schools, both internal and external communication between the key and convenient.21st century the size of the campus network and application level are reflected in schools and science teaching and learning environment an important component of the force, so we should make use of existing campus conditions, design a secure, unified campus network. Large Campus Network DesignBusinesses operating large campus networks are increasingly looking for infrastructure upgrades to:(1) Handle high bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast Improve backbone capacity for shared Ethernet or FDDI campus backbones(2) Support applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA(3) Offer high availability, performance, & manageability for your company's intranetUse Layer 2, Layer 3, or ATM backbone solutions to expand your large campus network. In typical designs, the buildings or different parts of the campus connect together across a high performance, switched backbone. Network redundancy and high availability is provided at each layer. A high capacity, centralized server farm provides resources to the campus, and when combined with Cisco IOS, network management strategies support QoS, security, troubleshooting, and other common management features from end to end.Medium Campus Network DesignA medium campus consists of one large building or several buildings. Networking for a medium campus is designed for high availability, performance, and manageability. This is also called a 'collapsed backbone' design for medium campus networks. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA Based on the Cisco AVVID architecture, these intelligent network platforms and products provide the basis for a complete network solution.Small campus networks DesignIn most cases, network redundancy is not the top priority, but cost effectiveness is. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA校园网的规划与构建目前，我国校园网事业飞速发展，至2003年初，几乎所有的大中专院校都建立了自己的校园网，并在其上开展了多种服务和应用。
网络营销外文文献及翻译
网络营销外文文献及翻译网络营销外文文献及翻译1：引言1.1 研究背景及意义1.2 研究目的1.3 研究方法2：网络营销概述2.1 网络营销定义2.2 网络营销发展历程2.3 网络营销的优势和挑战3：网络营销策略3.1 定位与目标市场3.2 品牌建设3.3 销售渠道选择3.4 市场细分与定价策略3.5 推广与广告策略4：社交媒体营销4.1 社交媒体平台概述4.2 社交媒体营销策略4.3 社交媒体广告4.4 社交媒体营销案例分析5：搜索引擎优化(SEO)5.1 搜索引擎优化概述5.2 关键词优化5.3 网站架构优化5.4 内容优化5.5 外部优化6：内容营销6.1 内容营销概述6.2 内容策略与创作6.3 内容发布与推广6.4 内容营销案例分析7：电子邮件营销7.1 电子邮件营销概述7.2 邮件列表建立与管理7.3 邮件设计与撰写7.4 邮件营销分析与优化8：移动营销8.1 移动营销发展概述8.2 短信营销8.3 应用程序营销8.4 移动广告与跟踪分析9：数据分析与营销决策9.1 数据分析的重要性9.2 数据收集与整理9.3 数据分析工具与方法9.4 数据驱动的营销决策附件：1：《网络营销案例分析报告》 2：《社交媒体营销指南》3：《搜索引擎优化实战手册》4：《内容营销成功经验分享》5：《电子邮件营销最佳实践指南》6：《移动营销趋势报告》7：《营销数据分析工具比较》法律名词及注释：1：商标法：指保护商标权益的法律法规。
2：著作权法：指保护创作作品的法律法规。
3：消费者权益法：指保护消费者权益的法律法规。
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网站建设技术*1.介绍网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资在建立源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。
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要想设计美观实用的网页就应该深入掌握网站建设技术。
在建立网站时,我们分析了网站建立的目的、内容、功能、结构,应用了更多的网页设计技术。
2、网站的定义2.1 如何定义网站确定网站的任务和目标,是建设网站所面临的最重要的问题。
为什么人们会来到你的网站? 你有独特的服务吗? 人们第一次到你的网站是为了什么? 他们还会再来吗? 这些问题都是定义网站时必须考虑的问题。
要定义网站,首先,必须对整个网站有一个清晰认识,弄清到底要设计什么、主要的目的与任务、如何对任务进行组织与规划。
其次,保持网站的高品质。
在众多网站的激烈竞争中,高品质的产品是长期竞争的最大优势。
一个优秀的网站应具备：（1）用户访问网站的速度要快；（2）注意反馈与更新。
及时更新网站内容、及时反馈用户的要求；（3）首页设计要合理。
首页给访问者留下的第一印象很重要,设计务必精美,以求产生良好的视觉效果。
2.2 网站的内容和功能在网站的内容方面,就是要做到新、快、全三面。
网站内容的类型包括静态的、动态的、功能的和事物处理的。
确定网站的内容是根据网站的性质决定的,在设计政府网站、商业网站、科普性网站、公司介绍网站、教学交流网站等的内容和风格时各有不同。
我们建立的网站同这些类型的网站性质均不相同。
*Feng Liu ,Lingling Zhang, Jifa Gu, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMS SCIENCES, Volume 4.Number 4 .December 20072.3 网站的结构（1）网站的结构；（2）定义导航；（3）可视化设计；（4）设计框架和页面。
3、网站的设计与实现随着人们对设计的要求越来越高,高格调,高品位的设计作品,才深受人们的欢迎。
这也就给设计者们提出了更高的要求,从这个角度说,板式设计正是满足了人们的要求应需而生。
科技的飞跃发展, 让Internet 走进了千家万户,也产生出新的设计领域空间,而网页设计成为新的设计领域的重要内容。
优秀的网页设计,必须有好的创意,才能使观者视线久久难移,产生震撼力。
版面设计是很重要的,通过文字、图形的空间组合,能最佳的表达出和谐与美。
如果想进一步认识网页设计,做出有别于一般网站的网页,就需要掌握更多的象CSS 、javascript 、CGI 等网页设计技术。
在网站的建设中就应用了CSS 、javascript 等网页设计技术。
3.1 应用CSS 设计网页(1) 什么是CSS ? CSS 是一种样式表(stylesheet)技术。
也有的人称之为层叠样式表( Cascading Stylesheet)。
(2) CSS与HTML的结合方式。
方式一：将所定义的CSS内容书写在这一对标签之间。
方式二：将CSS内容单独保存为一个文本文件,再由标签来调用。
(3) CSS在网站中的应用事例。
在网站中的页面,增加了以下的定义, 使页面有特殊的显示效果。
3.2 应用javascript 设计网页javascript的出现使得信息和用户之间不仅只是一种显示和浏览的关系,而是实现了一种实时的、动态的、可交式的表达能力。
从而基于CGI静态的HTML页面将被可提供动态实时信息,并对客户操作进行反应的Web页面的取代。
javascript脚本正是满足这种需求而产生的语言。
它深受广泛用户的喜爱。
它是众多脚本语言中较为优秀的一种。
与WWW的结合有效地实现了网络计算和网络计算机的蓝图。
3.3 应用Dreamweaver 设计网页Macromedia Dreamweaver 是为视觉上设计并且管理网络站点和网页的一个专业的HTML 编辑器。
不论你是比较喜欢手写代码还是在可视化编辑的环境下工作，Dreamweaver 都向你提供有用的工具让你快速起手或提高你的网络设计经验。
Dreamweaver 包括许多编码工具和特征：HTML CSS 和JAVASCRIPT 参考，一个JAVASCRIPT 调试器，和代码编辑器（代码看法和代码查看器）容许你在Dreamweaver 中编辑JAVASCRIPT ，XML 以及其他文本文件。
Macromedia 的双程的HTML 技术可以导入HTML 而不会重新格式化。
而且你如果愿意也可以设置Dreamweaver 清理代码或重新格式化HTML。
Dreamweaver 的可视化编辑的土正也让你快速把设计和功能加到你的页面，而不用写一行代码。
你能查看所有的你的站点的元素或资源。
并且直接从一个容易使用的面版拖拽他们进一个文件。
通过在Macromedia Fireworks 中创建并编辑图象来优化你的开发工作流程，然后直接将他们导入Dreamweaver，或假如直接在Dreamweaver 创造的Flash 对象。
Dreamweaver 是可完全自定义的。
使用Dreamweaver 来创建你自己的对象和命令，修改快捷键，甚至写入JAVASCRIPT 来扩展Dreamweaver 在新的行为、属性面板以及站点报告上的能力。
Dreamweaver 工作区域让我门从Dreamweaver 工作区域的简短的概述开始。
如果你已经没安装Dreamweaver，双击Dreamweaver 图标安装它。
Dreamweaver 工作区域不同工作的方式和用户的水平有不同的界面。
当你安装Dreamweaver 时，下列工作区域打开：当你创造并且编辑页面时，文件窗口显示当前的文件对象面板包含一些图标。
你可以点击插入对象到你的文件。
Dreamweaver 提供许多浮动的面板，例如HTML 式样面板和代码检查器，它使你能够使用另外的Dreamweaver 元素。
Launcher 转载器工具条包含打开关闭你的最经常使用的检查器和面板。
属性检查器所选择的物体或文章的性质，并且让你修改那些属性（哪个属性在检查器出现取决于在文件中选择哪个对象）。
打开Dreamweaver 的窗口，检查器和面板，使用窗口菜单。
靠着在菜单显示项目有一个勾，表示该项窗口项目在当前打开（尽管它可以被隐蔽在另外的窗户后面）。
要打开一个窗口项目，从菜单选择项目名字或使用它的键盘快捷。
使用DreamweaverDreamweaver 能在3 个方法显示一个文件：在设计视图，在代码视图，实际与代码结合视图，（改变你在其正在工作的视图，在Dreamweaver 工作跳选择视图）Dreamweaver 缺省是在设计视图显示文件窗口。
另外，你呢功能使用设计试图的两种方法：在标准视图与布局视图。
（你在对象面板最下面的视图分类选择这些视图）在布局视图你能设计页面布局，插入图形，正文和另外的煤体。
在标准的视图，除了插入图形正文煤体，你能也插入层，创建桢文件，创建表格，并且做其他在布局视图无法做到的改变。
__4.关于网站建设的几点体会随着Internet的普及，越来越多的政府部门、公司和个人意识到需要拥有自己的独立网站。
下面就设计和制作网站谈谈自己的一些体会。
在进行完系统分析之后，我们就应该进行系统的设计。
网页的设计类似于软件开发的设计，有自顶向下、自底向上和不断增补等设计方法。
主要任务是网页内容的设计，包括网页的信息组织结构、外观、内容分块、导航与链接、目录结构等设计。
系统设计是网站具体实现前的准备，对网页的实现进一步提出更具体的要求，对网页的整体效果、局部细节有更明确的设想。
这个过程是整个网站规划中的关键。
接下来就是如何将自己设计的网站实现的问题。
对于网站的实现，我认为需要考虑两部分：网页的实现；Web服务器的实现。
在网站实现的过程中，技术选型很重要。
前者主要使用HTML语言，对于交互性较强的网站来说，建议采用ASP、JSP、PHP等编程来辅助实现，更为复杂的网站可能还会有自己的数据库。
后者则用到各种基于不同操作系统的Web服务器软件的安装、调试。
这个阶段是整个过程中最主要也最耗时的一部分。
当我们完成了上述工作后，就需要进行网页发布了。
到了这个阶段，网页制作就接近尾声，主要工作是把做好的网页发布到网络上，对网页作最后的修改、测试，保证网页能在网络上正常地运行。
在网页发布以后，应对网页进行各个方面各种情况的测试，包括网页能否对任何不同的浏览器、不同的访问者都表现正常，ASP、JSP、PHP程序能否正常工作等等。
这个阶段是网页的试运行期，此时应把网页的各种缺陷尽量弥补，使网页更加完善。
经过一段时期的运行，网站就进入了正常运行期，主要工作是及时更新网页过时的信息，及时对访问者的留言做出反馈，进一步完善网页，不断采用新的技术更新升级网页，使网页的访问更迅速，外观更美观，信息资源更丰富。
以上就是建站要大体遵循的七个步骤，这七个步骤是相辅相成的，但可根据网页的难易程度和复杂度适当增强或减弱某个环节。
总之，建设一个成功的网站并非一件容易的事，它需要全方位考虑，综合各方面的因素。
5.结束语随着Internet技术的突飞猛进,各行各业都在加入Internet的行业中来。
无论从管理方面,还是从商业角度来看,Internet都可以带来无限生机。
Internet成为了一个设计人员施才华的新天地。
人们将不断探索,将网站建设中的新技术应用在网站中。
参考文献：[1]N.Hritonenko, Yu.Yatsenko.Creative destruction of computing systems: Analysisand modeling, Journal of Supercomputing, 38(2006), 143-154.[2]Yu.Yatsenko, work economics and optimal replacement ofagestructured. IT capital, Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, 65(2007), 483-497.[3] A.S. Boranbayev, Reference Architecture for Web Applications, Reports of theNational Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 18-26. [4]The Spring Framework official website: /.[5]Martin Fowler discusses details of the dependency injection pattern and how Spring.[6]JUnit framework: /.[7]Spring Framework official website - Chapter 9, Transaction management:/spring/docs/2.0.x/reference/transactio n.html. [8] A.S. Boranbayev, Optimal Methods for Java Web Services, News of the NationalAcademy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 38-43.原文二：On site construction technologyFeng Liu，Lingling Zhang，Jifa Gu*1 .IntroductionThe development of network technology for today's global information exchange and sharing funding source in the establishment of contacts and provide more channels and possible. Homes will be known world affairs, according few keyboard or a few mouse clicks can be distant friends thousands of miles away exchanges, and online communications, Internet browsing, on-line interactive, e-commerce has become a modern part of people's lives.Internet era, has created the new people's work and lifestyle, the Internet, openness and sharing of information model, breaking the traditional mode of information dissemination many barriers for people with new opportunities. With computers and the advent of the information age, the pace of the advance of human society in gradually accelerated. In recent years the development of web design, fast people occupied. With the development of web design, a colorful online website together one scenic beauty. To design aesthetic and practical web site should be thoroughly master the building techniques. In building site, we analyzed the websites of objectives, contents, functions, structure, the application of more web design technology.2.the definition of websiteHow definition of websites 2.1Web site identified the tasks and objectives, the building site is the most important issue. Why people will come to your website? Y ou have a unique service? The first people to your website is to what? They will come back? All these issues must be taken into account when the site definition of the problem. Definition site to, first of all, the entire site must have a clear understanding of what the design should understand in the end, the main purpose of the mission, how to carry out the task of organization and planning. Second, to maintain the high-quality Web site. Many websites in the face of strong competition from high-quality product is the greatest long-term competitive advantage. An excellent Web site should have the following:(1) users visit Web site is faster.(2) attention to the feedback and updates. To update the content of the website and timely feedback the user's requirements;(3) Home design to be reasonable. Home to the first impression left by visitors is important, the design must be attractive in order to have a good visual effect.* Feng Liu ,Lingling Zhang, Jifa Gu, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMS SCIENCES, Volume 4.Number 4 .December 20072.2 The contents of the website and functionThe content of the web site is to be a new, fast, all three sides. The content of the website, including the type of static, dynamic, functional and things to deal with. Website content is determined in accordance with the nature of the site, in the design of the site, commercial websites, popular science site, company websites, teaching and exchange websites, the content and style are different. We have established websites with the nature of these types of sites are not the same.2.3 The structure website(1) site structure;(2) definition of navigation;(3) Visual Design;(4) framework and design pages.3.Site Design and ImplementationWith increasing demands on design, high style, high-grade design work before gaining popularity. This also to the designers have put forward higher requirements, from this point of view, the plate design is to meet the requirements of the people should be and Health. The rapid development of science and technology, the Internet into millions of households, also produced a new design space, and a new web design an important part of the field of design. Excellent web design, we must have good creative, so that the audience can be difficult to shift attention long time, produce power. Layout is very important, through text, graphics space portfolio, can best express harmony with the United States. If you want to further understand website design, made separately from other web site's homepage, you need to have more like CSS, javascript, CGI, and other web design technology. In building on the site of the CSS, javascript and other web design technology. CSS 3.1 Application Design website(1) What is CSS? CSS is a style sheet (stylesheet) technology. Some of them called CSS (Cascading Stylesheet).(2) the combination of CSS and HTML form. Mode 1: The CSS content, as defined in the writing between the labels. Mode 2: CSS will be preserved as a separate text file, and then from labels to call.(3) CSS the web site of examples. The web site pages, and increase the following definition so that the pages show with special effects.3.2 Application Design website javascriptJavascript and the emergence of making information between users is not only a display and browse the relationship, but to achieve a real-time, dynamic, cross-expression. Thus based on the CGI static HTML pages will be to provide dynamic real-time information, and customer response to the operation of the Web pages replaced. javascript scripting is satisfy this demand arising from the language. It's loved by extensive user. Many scripting language it is in a relatively good. WWW and effectively achieve the combination of the computer network computing and network blueprint.3.3 Dream weaver:Macromedia Dream weaver is a professional HTML editor for visually designing and managing web sites and pages. Whether you enjoy the control of hand-coding HTML or prefer to work in a visual editing environment, Dream weaver makes it easy to get started and provides you with helpful tools to enhance your Web design experience.Dream weaver includes many coding tools and features: an HTML, CSS, and JavaScript reference, a JavaScript debugger, and code editors (the Code view and Code inspector) that allow you to edit JavaScript, XML technology imports HTML documents without reformatting Macromedia’s Roundtrip HTML technology imports HTML documents without reformatting the code and you can set Dream weaver to clean up and reformat HTML when you want it to .Dream weaver’s visual editing features also let you quickly add design and functionality to your pages without writing a line of code. You can view all your site elements or assets and drag them from an easy-to-use panel directly into a document. Streamline your development workflow by creating and editing images in Macromedia Fireworks, then importing them directly into Dream weaver, or by adding Flash objects you create directly in Dream weaver.Dream weaver is fully customizable. Use Dream weaver to create your own objectsand commands, modify keyboard shortcuts, and even write JavaScript code to extend Dream weaver’s capabilities with new behaviors, property inspectors and site reports. The Dream weaver work areaLet’s start wi th a brief overview of the Dream weaver work area.If you haven’t already launch Dream weaver, double-click the Dream weaver icon to launch it.The Dream weaver work area accommodates different styles of working and levels of expertise.When you launch Dream weaver, the following work area items open:The Document window displays the current document as you create and edit it.2The Objects panel contains icons you click to insert objects in you document.Dream weaver provides many floating panels, such as the HTML Styles panel and the code inspector which enable you to work with other Dream weaver elements.The Launcher bar contains buttons for opening and closing your most frequently used inspectors and panels.The Property inspector displays properties for the selected object or text, and lets you modify those properties.(Which properties appear in the inspector depend on the object actively selected in the document.)To open Dream weaver’s windows, inspectors and panels, use the Window menu. A check mark next to an item in the Window menu indicates that the named item is currently open(though it may be hidden behind other windows). To display an item that isn’t currently open, choose the item name from the menu or use its keyboard shortcut. Working in Dream weaverDream weaver can display a document in three ways: in Design view, in Code view,and in a split view that shows both the design and code.(To change the view in which you’re working ,select a view in the Dream weaver toolbar.)By default, Dream weav erdisplays the document window in design view.In addition, you can work with Dream weaver’s design view in two different ways in layout view and standard view.( You select these views in the view category of the objects panel.) In layout view you can design a page layout. Insert graphics, text, and other media; in standard view, in addition to inserting graphics text and media, you can also insert layers,create frame documents, create tables, and apply other changes to your page-options that aren’t avail able in layout view.4. Construction on the site ExperienceWith the popularity of the Internet, more and more government departments, companies and individuals aware of the need to have their own independent Web site. Below on the design and production sites on some of their own experience.After conducting systematic analysis End, we should carry out system design. Web page design similar to the development of software design, top-down, bottom-up and continuous updating, and other design methods. The main task is to design the content of the sites, including the website information organization structure, appearance, content block, navigation and links, directory structure design. System design is the site ready before the concrete realization of the website to further the realization of more specific requirements, the overall effect on the website, local details have a clearer idea. This entire process is the key site planning.Next is how to achieve their own Web site design issues. The realization of the site, I think the need to be considered in two parts: the realization website; Web servers can be achieved. In the process of achieving website, technology selection is very important. Former major use HTML language, the stronger the interactive website, the proposed use of ASP, JSP, PHP and other programming to help achieve, the more complex Web site may also have its own database. The latter is based on all kinds of different operating systems used Web server software installation and debugging. This stage is the whole process of the most important and most time-consuming part.When we completed the work, the need for website released. At this stage of the production on the website drawing to a close, the main task is to do a good job in the website release to the network, the web site for final modifications, testing, homepage can guarantee normal operation of the network.Published in the website after website to deal with various aspects of the tests, including the possibility of any different web browsers, different visitors have shown normal, ASP, JSP, PHP normal procedure can work, and so on. This stage is the website of trial operation period, the website at this time should be to make up for variousshortcomings, the website will be more perfected.After a period of operation, the site entered the normal operation period, the main task is to update outdated information website, the visitor's message timely feedback to further improve the website, the introduction of new technologies constantly update website, visit web pages more quickly, more aesthetic appearance, Information Resources richer.Above is the establishment of the station to roughly follow the seven steps, seven steps are complementary, but can be the basis of ease of website and complexity of a weakening or strengthening appropriate link. In short, building a successful web site is not an easy task, it needs all-round consideration, the Composite various factors.5.Concluding RemarksWith the rapid development of Internet technology, in all walks of life have joined the industry to the Internet. Whether from the management side, or from a commercial point of view, the Internet can bring immense vitality. Internet to become a talented designer Shi new world. People will continue to explore, will be the site of the building in the application of new technologies in the web site.REFERENCES：[1] N.Hritonenko, Yu.Yatsenko.Creative destruction of computing systems: Analysis and modeling, Journal of Supercomputing, 38(2006), 143-154.[2] Yu.Yatsenko, work economics and optimal replacement of agestructured. IT capital, Mathematical Methods of Operations Research, 65(2007),483-497.[3] A.S. Boranbayev, Reference Architecture for Web Applications, Reports of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 18-26.[4] The Spring Framework official website: /.[5] Martin Fowler discusses details of the dependency injection pattern and how Spring.[6] JUnit framework: /.[7] Spring Framework official website - Chapter 9, Transaction management:/spring/docs/2.0.x/reference/transaction.html.[8] A.S. Boranbayev, Optimal Methods for Java Web Services, News of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5 (2007), 38-43.。