英国文学常识大全
外国文学常识大全
外国文学常识大全外国文学是指除中国文学以外的世界各国的文学作品，涵盖了小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等各类文学体裁。
外国文学作为人类文明的宝库，其作品不仅具有艺术性，还承载着深刻的思想、哲理和文化内涵。
以下是一些外国文学常识的大全，为了篇幅的限制，只能列举部分作家和作品。
一、英国文学1. 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）：英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人，代表作有《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
2. 查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）：19世纪英国杰出的小说家，代表作有《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等。
3. 奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde）：19世纪末英国剧作家和小说家，代表作有《道林·格雷的画像》、《温斯顿夫人的扇子》等。
4. 珍·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）：19世纪英国女作家，代表作有《傲慢与偏见》、《爱玛》等。
5. 乔治·奥威尔（George Orwell）：20世纪英国作家，代表作有《1984》、《动物庄园》等。
四、俄罗斯文学1. 弗拉基米尔·列宁（Vladimir Lenin）：俄罗斯共产主义革命家和政治家，他的著作《国家与革命》对俄罗斯文学产生了重要影响。
2. 弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫（Vladimir Nabokov）：20世纪俄罗斯作家，以《洛丽塔》等作品闻名世界。
3. 陀思妥耶夫斯基（Fyodor Dostoevsky）：19世纪俄罗斯小说家，代表作有《罪与罚》、《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》等。
4. 阿纳托尔·法朗士（Anatole France）：20世纪法国作家和社会评论家，代表作有《鲁汶祭坛》、《当代童话》等。
5. 马克西姆·高尔基（Maxim Gorky）：20世纪俄罗斯作家和政治家，代表作有《童年》、《我的大学》等。
英国文学史知识点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类: pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作: The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法)例子: of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise、二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士与绿衣骑士) 就是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里、乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups、朝圣者都就是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层与社会团体小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character、这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。
英国文学史--最全总结中英
盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485莎士比亚时代1564—1636清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660古典主义时代 1660—1744约翰逊时代 1744—1785浪漫主义时代1786—1832维多利亚时代 1832—1900现代第一章Anglo-Saxon （426—1066）旧约：上帝创世纪新约：耶稣古英语诗歌分为的世俗的1.Beowulf 史诗（三千行的长诗，关于英雄战绩的故事）2.文字来源于日耳曼系3.基督教的文学：瑞特文的故事Caedmon第二章Angol-Norman（1066—1350）中世纪英语：基督教义，自我拯救1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances1）容：传奇好像现在的长篇，有诗，有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。
2）产生：传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的，骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系，且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。
3）分类：不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain法国的事迹罗马的事迹第三章：乔叟的时代（1350—1458）背景：百年战争（The Hundred’s War）1.Geoffrey Chaucer：文艺复兴以前，英国文学界最伟大的人物。
The Canterbury Tales1）三个阶段：第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期第三时期—在文学上成功的时期，为他自己以国文写作的时期2）．近代诗人英文作家中，第一个以浪漫作风写男女日常生活的人3）.特点：反对迫害，反对禁欲，文艺复兴的报春者a他在英语上发明音调b他把英国中部的日常言语加以修改，以告成英文与英国文学。
c完美的音律，倾向于音乐化d 创设接近社会生活的作品；眼光思想都很广阔；音乐的眼光第四章：民间文学1．歌谣的来源：歌德Geothe说：民歌的价值，全在直接从“自然“中得到它的原动力。
英国文学知识点整理
英国文学知识点整理不同的分类，会有交叉。
有交叉，才能理解，才能清晰，才能快速记忆，这才是真正的笔记。
(一)各个时期的文学创作术语中世纪文学时期Medieval Literature英雄双韵体the heroic couplet【特点】两行两行押韵，也被称作五步抑扬格iambic pentameter【创始人】杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer文艺复兴时期Renaissance十四行诗sonnet【特点】1韵律：一行隔一行押韵一节中的最后一行又与下一节的第一行押韵第四节只有两行独自押韵，一共十四行。
例一：abab bcbc cdcd ee例二：abab bcbc efef gg 2行数：十四行【创始人】威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare斯宾塞诗体Spenserian【特点】1韵律：韵律复杂，具有音乐性2行数：每节九行【创始人】埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser 素体诗blank verse没有押韵道德剧Morality Play神秘剧Mystery Play奇迹剧Miracle Play抑扬格四音步iambic tetrameter书信体意识流stream of consciousness(二)各种荣誉称谓"之父"称号Title作家主要作品时代流派英国诗歌之父Father of English Poetry杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer坎特伯雷故事集The Canterbury TalesMedieval Literature 十四世纪英国小说之父Father of English Novels丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe鲁宾逊漂流记The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeEnlightenment 18世纪Realistic西欧历史小说之父The Father of Western European Historical Novel沃尔特·司各特Walter Scott密得洛西恩监狱The Heart of MidlothianRealistic Literature十九世纪Romanticism桂冠诗人Poet Laureate约翰·德莱顿John Dryden阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson【作品】记忆方式伊诺克·阿登。
外国文学常识
外国文学常识一、英国文学1.莎士比亚威廉·莎士比亚，欧洲文艺复兴时期英国最重要的作家、戏剧家和诗人。
主要作品有早起四大戏剧：《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《皆大欢喜》《第十二夜》；中期四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》；另有《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《驯悍记》等。
2.笛福丹尼尔·笛福，英国启蒙时期现实主义小说奠基人，被誉为英国和欧洲的“小说之父”。
代表作为《鲁滨逊漂流记》。
3.拜伦拜伦，英国浪漫主义文学代表。
代表作为长篇诗体小说《唐璜》。
4.雪莱雪莱，英国浪漫主义诗人，受空想社会主义思想影响深远。
代表作有《解放了的普罗米修斯》《西风颂》《致云雀》等。
5.狄更斯狄更斯，19世纪英国批判现实主义小说家，擅长描写社会底层小人物的生活遭遇，反映社会现实。
代表作有《匹克威克外传》《雾都孤儿》《双城记》等。
6.哈代托马斯·哈代，英国诗人、小说家。
代表作有《韦塞克斯诗集》，小说《德伯家的苔丝》等。
7.毛姆毛姆，英国小说家、戏剧家。
现实主义作家，作品冷静、客观，带讽刺和怜悯意味。
代表作有《人生的枷锁》《月亮和六便士》等。
二、法国文学1.莫里哀莫里哀，法国剧作家，法国芭蕾舞喜剧创始人，17世纪法国古典主义文学最重要的作家，在欧洲戏剧史上占有非常重要的地位。
代表作有《无病呻吟》《伪君子》《悭吝人》等。
2.伏尔泰伏尔泰，18世纪法国资产阶级启蒙运动的旗手，被誉为“法兰西最优秀的诗人”“欧洲的良心”，主张开明的君主政治，强调自由和平等。
代表作有《哲学通信》《路易十四年代》等。
3.卢梭让·雅克·卢梭，18世纪法国伟大的思想家、教育家、文学家，法国大革命的思想先去，浪漫主义文学流派的开创者，启蒙运动最杰出的的代表之一。
代表作有《论人类不平等的起源和基础》《社会契约论》《爱弥儿》《忏悔录》等。
4.雨果维克多·雨果，19世纪前期法国积极浪漫主义文学的代表作家，被称为“法兰西的莎士比亚”。
英国文学史知识点
英国文学史知识点 Revised by BETTY on December 25,2020一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims arepeople from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英美文学常识
英美文学英国文学1.William ShakespeareShakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon in 1564. When he was about 14 years old, he had to leave school to help support his family. In 1582, he married Anne Hathaway, who was 8 years older than him. Later he went to London and became an actor and writer. In 1612 he retired from the stage and returned to his hometown and died in 1616. During the 22 years of his literary career, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets (十四行诗)and some long poems.Shakespeare produced 16 comedies. His main comedies are: A Midsummer Night’s Dream（《仲夏夜之梦》）, As You Like It（《皆大欢喜》）, Merchant of Venice（《威尼斯商人》）, The Twelfth Night（《第十二夜》）Merchant of VeniceThe story tells us that Shylock, the moneylender of Jew, is disliked by all good men, especially by Antonio, a young merchant of Venice, Bassano, the friend of his friend for help. Antonio has no money and goes to Shylock , who pretends to be kind, but asks Antonio to sign a bond. When the day to pay the debts comes, Antonio cannot pay the money and the Jew demands the pound of flesh as said in the bond. In court, a young doctor, Portia in disguise saves Antonia.Shakespeare wrote 11 tragedies, among which the most famous are: Romeo and Juliet（《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）, Hamlet（《哈姆雷特》）, Othello（《奥赛罗》）, King Lear（《李尔王》）, Macbeth （《麦克白》）, The Tempest（《暴风雨》）.HamletThe whole play shows how Hamlet, who represents good and justice, fights against his uncle in whom all the evil things can be seen. This play is regarded as the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The famous line in the play “to be , or not to be” by Hamlet is often quoted by people.OthelloThe story took place in Venice and Cyprus. The hero Othello is a splendid general. Iago, a very bad man envies Othello’s happiness. He tells Othello that his wife betrayed hi. Othello strangles his wife and later kills himself.King LearKing Lear, one of the British kings, wants to divide his kingdom into three parts and bestows each daughter a part. The first two daughters tell him that they love him more than words could express, while the youngest daughter refuses to flatter him. The old king, angry with the youngest daughter, divides the kingdom into two parts and the elder daughters get them. Later, the old king is treated badly and driven out of the two elder daughters’ houses. The youngest daughter comes to fight her sisters but is killed. At last, the king dies of grief and sorrow. Some critics have said that King Lear is Shakespeare’s greatest achievement, which is the most complex in plot and most painful. Among Shakespeare’s 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable ones.Besides the 37 plays, Shakespeare wrote some long poems and 154 sonnets.He was one of the founders of realism in English literature. His plays are mirrors of his age.2.John MiltonMilton is the greatest writer of the 17th century. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of Renaissance and Refo0rmation combine and receive their most intense and intelligent expression. He towers over his age just as Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan age and Chaucer over the Medieval Age.Milton was born in London. He went to Cambridge University and got B.A. and M.A. there. Milton was married to Mary Powell in 1642 but she left him six weeks later. After the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Milton began his masterpiece Paradise Lost（《失乐园》）. Before his death, he published two other works Paradise Regained（《复乐园》）and Samson Agonists（《力士参孙》）, but neither is successful as Paradise Lost.Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece and the greatest English epic. In the poem, God is no better than a selfish despot, who is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan（撒旦）, the rebel. Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man. Satan is the real hero of the poem.3.Daniel DefoeDefoe was a novelist who has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel. His strong creative spirit in novel writing won him the title “Father of English and European Novels”. Defoe was the son of a London butcher. When he was nearly 60 years old, he returned to writing novels. His first novel The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe was a great success and Defoe became a well-known writer all over Europe.Robinson CrusoeThe story is told in the first person singular. At the beginning, we see Crusoe’s career as a sailor, a merchant and a slave owner. On the voyage to Africa, he met a shipwreck and found himself cast by the sea weaves upon the shore of an uninhabited island. He managed the livelihood there by himself. He built a shelter, grew barley and rice and fought against savages. Later he rescued one savage and named him Friday, who became his faithful servant. Finally an English ship came and took him to Europe, thus Crusoe ended his 28-year life on the island. Afterwards, he returned to England and got married. At last, he ailed back to the island and established a colony there. Crusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development.4.Jonathan SwiftSwift was born in Dublin. After graduation from Dublin University, he went to England and became the secretary to Sir William Temple who treated him badly. During this period, he began to write. Later, in order to join the struggle of the Irish people against their English oppressors, he wrote some pamphlets concerning Ireland. In A Modest Proposal, with bitter irony, Swift suggested that the poor Irish peasants fatten their one-year-old children and sell them as food to the rich, which is a most powerful blow at the English government.In the period when he was closely linked with the Irish people, he wrote his masterpiece Gulliver’s Travels(《格列佛游记》). Gulliver's Travels (1726, amended 1735), is a novel by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift that is both a satire on human nature and a parody of the "travellers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is Swift's best known full-length work, and a classic of English literature.5.William BlakeBlake’s main works includes:Songs of Innocence（《天真之歌》）: This collection contains poems written for children of which the best-known poem is The Lamb（《羊羔》）.Songs of Experience（《经验之歌》）: This collection is much mature and is Blake’s most important work. The best-known poems in this collection are The Tiger（《老虎》）, London （《伦敦》）and The Chimney-Sweeper（《扫烟囱的孩子》）. This poem in this collection shows that the poet’s eyes are open to the evils and vices of the world.6.Robert BurnsRobert Burns’ poetry falls into several groups according to the subject matter.Most of Burn’s poems are lyrics on love and friendship. They have a great charm of simplicity. They are very musical and can be sung. His best known lyrics are A Red, Red Rose（《红红的玫瑰》）, Auld Lang Syne（《旧日美好时光》）.Burns wrote some poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom.Burns is the greatest songwriter in the world. He is the national poet of Scotland. Most of his poems and songs were written in Scotch dialects. He was the people’s poet.7.William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth was born and grew up in the Lake District. The natural beauty and grandeur of this area was a major source of inspiration for Wordsworth throughout his life. In 1787, he attended Cambridge University. In 1797, he was introduced to Samuel Taylor Coleridge and became close friends. Their friendship is one of the most important and fruitful friendships in English literature. Later, he accepted the office of a distributor of stamps and was made “Poet Laureate”(桂冠诗人). He died in 1850 when he was 80 years old.8.George Gordon ByronByron was educated in Cambridge University, where he led an unbalanced life. In 1815, Byron married Annabella but quarreled with her bitterly. After the birth of their daughter, she left him. Byron left England in 1816 due to the scandals and never returned. In 1824, Byron died of fever in Greece.Byron wrote a lot of lyrical poems. They deal with nature and love. The best-known pieces are She Walks in Beauty（《她走在美的光影里》）, When We Two Parted（《昔日依依别》）and Hebrew Melodies（《希伯来歌曲》）. Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems, one is Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》), the other is Don Juan which is his masterpiece. The story of the poem takes place in the latter part of the 18th century. Don Juan（《唐璜》）is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth. The long poem describes Don Juan’s adventures in may countries.Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism. His literary career was closely associated with the struggle and progressive movement of his age. His poems are favorites of the British workers.9. Percy Bysshe ShelleyShelley went to Oxford University but was expelled after six months .expelled after six months. He had two marriages and the second one was happy. Later his first wife died and Byron was compelled to leave England in 1818 and spent all the rest of his life in Italy, where he met. Byron. In 1822, he was drowned.Prometheus Unbound (《解放的普罗米修斯》) is Shelly’s masterpiece. The story is taken from Greek mythology. According to Greek myth, Prometheus steals fire from Heaven and is punished by Zeus , who chains him to a rock. Finally Zeus is overthrown and Hercules sets Prometheus free.Shelly’s short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output. His best love lyrics: Ode to the West Wind（《西风颂》）and Ode To a Skylark（《云雀颂》）. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is a famous line in Ode to the West Wind.Shelly loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. Byron called him “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.10. John KeatsKeats was of very humble origin. In 1817, he published his first volume of poems and in 1818 appeared his second volume. Keats’ personal life was quite unhappy. He died in Rome at the age of 26.His famous works are Ode to a Nightingale（《夜莺颂》）, Ode on a Grecian Urn （《希腊古瓮颂》）and Ode to Autumn（《秋颂》）. Therefore, ode is his main form of poetry,Keats sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form.11. Charles DickensCharles Dickens was the son of a navy clerk. When he was fifteen, he left school and entered a lawyer’s office. In 1834, his lifework of writing began. The novel Pickwick Papers（《匹克维克外传》）brought him into the first rank of the most popular novelists of his day. The rest of his life was work without rest.His main novels in his life are:Pickwick Papers,Oliver Twist（《雾都孤儿》）,The Old Curiosity Shop （《老古玩店》）Dombey and Son （《董贝父子》）,David Copperfield （《大卫科波菲尔》）Great Expectations （《远大前程》）,A tale of Two Cities （《双城记》）12. The Bronte SistersThe Bronte Sisters are Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte. They were all talented writers and all of them died young. They were all lovers of literature and read a lot.Charlotte Bronte’s Masterpiece Jane EyreThis novel tells the story of and orphan girl called Jane Eyre. Maltreated by her aunt Mrs. Wood, she goes to a charity school named Lowood. Later, Jane becomes a governess in the family of a squire Mr. Rochester. The squire falls in love with her, however, before their wedding, Jane learns that Rochester has got a mad wife. Shocked by the news, Jane flees from the house and stays in a parson’s house. A great misfortune befalls Rochester, whose house is destroyed in a fire and hebecomes blind. Hearing this Jane hurries back and becomes his wife.In the novel, Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men. Charlotte also aims to criticize the bourgeoisie educational system.Emily Bronte’s Masterpiece Wuthering HeightsThe novel deals with the story of the hero Heathcliff who is gipsy. He is picked up by Mr. Earnshaw and brought up together with his children. Heathcliff and the daughter of the family Miss Catherine have loved each since their childhood. But the love is crushed by Catherine’s brother, Hindley. Unable to bear Hindley’s insult, Heathcliff joins the army. Three years later he becomes a rich man, but finds that his sweetheart has already been married to another man. Later, Heathcliff becomes the master of the family and takes revenge upon the next generation. He treats Hindley’s son Hareton very cruelly and compels Catherine’s daughter Cathy to marry his own sick child. Finally, he sees the futility of revenge and Hareton and Cathy are married.Wuthering Heights is a powerful attack on the bourgeoisie marriage system.Agnes Grey is the masterpiece by Anne Bronte.13. Thomas HardyHardy was born in Dorset, which he called Wessex in his novels. His principle novels are the Wessex novels. Among his famous novels, the best-known are Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure（《无名的裘德》）.Tess of the D’Urbervilles（《德伯家的苔丝》）The heroine Tess is a poor dairymaid who has been seduced by Alex D’Urbervilles, a wealthy villain, and gives birth to a child. Later she falls in love with a man called Angel Clare. On their wedding night, the honest girl confesses to her husband that she has been seduced and given birth to a child. Her husband cannot accept the fact and goes abroad. Some years later, her husband returns and wants her to come back to him. Tess murders her seducer and is thus arrested and hanged.The tragedy of Tess is an exposure of the wicked oppressors represented by Alex.14. Jane AustenJane Austen was the first English woman novelist.Austen was born in Hampshire, a small town in southwest England. She was educated at home and led a quiet life. Austen wrote altogether 6 novels, among which the important ones are Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility and Emma.Jane Austen was popular all through the 19th century. She died in 1817 at the age of 42.Pride and PrejudiceThe novel is Jane Austen’s masterpiece. The central character of the novel is Elizabeth Bennet, one of the daughters in the Bennets.Elizabeth meets a young man Darcy and has prejudice against him because he has nothing but pride. After may twists and turns, misunderstanding disappear and they are happily united.The plot is very simple, but Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of English country society. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her dialogues are admirably true to life.15. Oscar WildeOscar Wilde is the representative among the writers of aestheticism and decadence.The Picture of Dorian Grey （《多利安格雷的小巷》）is a typical decadent novel describing the author’s aesthetic view and immorality. It tells the story of a handsome but immoral young man whose immorality leaves no trace in his own appearance but is reflected in his portrait, which becomes more and more ugly. Happy Prince （《快乐王子》）is another important work by Wilde.16. William Butler YeatsYeats was an Irishman whose father was a painter. By the time he moved to London in 1887, his goals as an artist were fixed. In 1903, due to disappointment in love, he was resolved to make great poetry. In 1921, Yeats became a senator in the Irish Free State. In 1923, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.His major poems include Sailing to Byzantium（《驶向拜占庭》）, the Second Coming （《基督再临》）and Leda and the Swan（《丽达与天鹅》）.17. Alexander PopePope was the representative writer of the neo-classical school. He was a master in satire and heroic couplet. His major works included An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock（《夺发记》）, Essay on Man（《论人类》）. Pope exerted much influence upon the other writers of the age. He occupied a prominent place in the literary world of his time. The early period of the 18th century has often been named after him as the “Age of Pope”. His influence on Bryon was great.美国文学1.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was one of the most important American thinkers during the revolutionary period. he stood as the epitome of the Enlightenment and as the versatile embodiment of rational man of the period.Franklin was born in Boston. At the age of 12, he became an apprentice to his brother James, a printer. In 1722, at only 16, he became the editor of a newspaper. In 1723, he went Philadelphia where he rose to prominence. The outbreak of the Revolution called him to attend the Second Continental Congress, then to be chosen a member of the committee to draft the Declaration of IndependenceIn his lifetime, Franklin was well known principally as an accomplished scientist , natural philosopher, statesman and literary man. His reputation as a great man of letters rested chiefly upon his two masterpiece: Poor Richard’s Almanac（《穷查理历书》）and Autobiography（《自传》）.2.Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman is a great democratic poet. He is the first great American poet to use free verse in poetry. Whitman was born on a farm in Long Island, New York. In 1838, he began editing his own weekly newspaper, the Long Islander. From that time on, he was principally a newspaperman in several cities. The publication of Leaves of Grass in 1855 marked the birth of truly American poetry, which changed Whitman from a conventional, undistinguished man into one of America’sgreatest and most original poets.Whitman’s great contribution to American literature is his use of free verse. He developed a poetic style of originality, which was devoid of conventional rhyme and meter（韵律）. Not only the form of his free verse but also his thought of democracy have been influential in world literature. Leaves of Grass（《草叶集》）Leaves of Grass has attained almost universal acceptance as America’s greatest book of poems. It has been praised as “Democratic Bible” and as American Epic. It is the lifelong work of Whitman and its themes are multiple.The ideas Whitman expresses in his Leaves of Grass are democratic ones besides his singing of science, labor and nature and can be summarized as the realization of liberty, equality and fraternity.Song of Myself （《自我之歌》）is the most famous poem in the collection.3.Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe has been held among the greatest poets and the most popular of American authors due to his great literary success. He is the first American professional writer and the first writer of detective story in the world. He had a short life of poverty, anxiety and fantastic tragedy.Poe was born in Boston orphaned at 2 and adopted by John Allan, a tobacco exporter. His Poems appeared in 1831, which consisted some of his best poems , like To Helen（《致海伦》）. In 1847 his wife died, he drank heavily and became addicted to the use of opium. In 1849, he was picked up unconscious on the street of Baltimore and died the following day at age of 40.His best famous poems are The Raven （《乌鸦》）and Annabel Lee （《安娜贝尔李》）and his most famous novel is The Fall of the House of Usher（《厄谢府的倒塌》）.4.Henry David ThoreauHis masterpiece was Walden, or Life in the Woods（《瓦尔登湖，或林中生活》）. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, and manual for self reliance. Thoreau did not intend to live as a hermit, for he received visitors regularly, and returned their visits. Rather, he hoped to isolate himself from society to gain a more objective understanding of it. Simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, a central theme of the American Romantic Period. As Thoreau made clear in his book, his cabin was not in wilderness but at the edge of town, about two miles (3 km) from his family home.5.Mark TwainAs one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, Mark Twain, the penname of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experience. At the heart of Twin’s achievement is his creation of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, who embody the mystic America.Twain was born in a village in Missouri and grew up in the river town of Hannibal. The town which was immortalized as St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In 1857, Twain was attracted by the river life of the Mississippi and became a steamboat pilot. It was from this work that he got the idea of his pen name, which was a nautical term.At the age of 72, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Literature by Oxford University. In 1910, he died in Connecticut.Most of Mark Twin’s works are filled with humor. A droll sarcasm is often directed against worldly sham and pretense of any kind. The most popular of his books are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer（《汤姆索亚历险记》）and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Life on the Mississippi （《在密西西比河上》）depicts a unique kind of life that existed before the Civil War in America. It is historically interesting and valuable. The Prince and the Pauper（《王子和贫儿》）is a historical romance.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn（《哈克贝里费恩历险记》）Narrated by Huck , the sequel begins with its unschooled hero under the motherly protection of Widow Douglas and her sister Miss Watson. His father kidnaps him and imprisons him in a lonely cabin. Huck escapes to Jackson’s island where he meets Miss Watson’s runaway slave Jim. They start their way on a raft and thus begin with their adventures along the Mississippi River.At last, Jim is set free in Miss Watson’s will and Huck decides to go on with his adventure for he doesn’t want to have the so-called “civilized” life.Huckleberry Finn is a veritable recreation of living models. All the characters have prototypes in real life. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal was: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs.The style of the book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style, in the general speech of uneducated Americans. The book has become a masterpiece, the one book from which, as Earnest Hemingway noted, “all modern American literature comes.”6.Earnest HemingwayEarnest Hemingway was born in 1898 at Oak Park, Illinois. In World War I, he joined an American ambulance unit, was seriously wounded but fascinated by the war. War and death later comprise a major part of his subject matter.In 1923, he published The Sun Also Rises（《太阳照样升起》）. Financial success came in 1929 with A Farewell to Arms（《永别了武器》）. This novel is a masterpiece in which the author deals with the war directly. Its emotional impact is great and its war scenes are raw, vivid and true. In the late 1930s, with the outbreak of the Spanish War, Hemingway sailed for Spain and in 1940, For Whom the Bell Tolls（《丧钟为谁而鸣》）, his own favorite novel appeared. With The Old Man and The Sea（《老人与海》）, he was awarded the 1953 Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.On July 2, 1961, he killed himself with a gun, just as his father did.Indigenous to almost all of Hemingway’s novels is the concept of the Hemingway hero, who is usually a man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of few words. The Hemingway hero stands for a whole generation, who possesses a kind of despairing courage. It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of dignity. Behind the formulation of the concept of hero lies the basic disillusionment of the American public.Hemingway’s style of writing is striking, characterized by short and terse sentences, simple diction often filled with emotion, vivid colloquialism and the simplicity of statements.A Farewell to ArmsLieutenant Henry was a young American attached to an Italian ambulance unit on the Italian front.He was introduced to Catherine Barkley. He liked the girl, but was not in love with her. At the front, Henry was wounded and was taken to a field hospital. Henry and Catherine stayed together and Catherine was pregnant.Henry returned to the front. Later he escaped and made his farewell to arms. He met Catherine and they ran away to Switzerland. Unfortunately Catherine died when giving birth to the child. Henry left the hospital helplessly and hopelessly.7.Francis Scott FitzgeraldFitzgerald was the leader of the Jazz Age and one of the best American writers of the 20th century. He attended Princeton University, while left in 1917 and enlisted in the army. In an army camp he met Zelda Sayre and fell love with her who became the model for most the pretty heroines of his later fiction. In 1921, Fitzgerald and Zelda were married and settled on Long Island and led an extravagant life. In 1925, he published his third novel The Great Gatsby（《了不起的盖茨比》）, a masterpiece related with irony and disillusionment of the American Dream. In 1934, he published his second masterpiece Tender Is the Night（《夜色温柔》）.The Great GatsbyThe story is told in the first person by Nick Caraway, a quiet young Midwesterner. In 1922, Nick leaves home to do business in New York City. He rents a small house in West Egg and next door to his house is the enormous house of Mr. Gatsby. On evening, Nick dines with a distant cousin, Daisy and gets to know her husband Tom and Jordan Baker, an attractive young golfer.Nick is invited to one of Gatsby’s parties and learns that Daisy and Gatsby were in love before. The reunion takes place and Nick has become involved with Jordan Baker. Tom later finds that his wife is in love with Gatsby and makes a conspiracy to have Gatsby killed.In the end of the story, Gatsby is shot to death by a man and Nick is in charge of his funeral. Although he wants to provide him with a decent funeral, no one wants to attend except for his father and servants. Nick realizes that the rich are careless and destructive.8.Jack LondonHis most important works include The Call of the Wild（《野性的呼唤》）, Love of Life（《热爱生命》）and Martin Eden（《马丁伊登》）.9.Arthur MillerHis masterpiece is Death of a Salesman（《推销员之死》）.The play attempts to raise a counterexample to Aristotle's characterization of tragedy as the downfall of a great man: though Loman certainly has hamartia, a tragic flaw or error, his downfall is that of an ordinary man. In this sense, Miller's play represents a democratization of the ancient form of tragedy; the play's protagonist is himself obsessed with the question of greatness, and his downfall arises directly from his continued misconception of himself--at age 63--as someone capable of greatness, as well as the unshakable conviction that greatness stems directly from personal charisma or popularity.。
最全面英国文学史知识点总结
英国文学史I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.Artistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.①<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③<The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons.It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas[ˈstænzə],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)<3>the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English society of C haucer’s time<4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革)2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动） 4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.T he Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen 《仙后》7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）<1>Spenser’s grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism<5>The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》<2> New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)<3>Eassy《随笔》These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）Of study《论读书》10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy14."University Wits"(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.<2>He first made blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist –Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）--- V olpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。
英国文学重点知识复习
名词解释1.Philosophy:The word “” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answerto life’s great questions.(哲学定义)2.Rationalism:Ancient Greeks believe that some universal truth has always existed and that reason is theprimary source of knowledge.（理性主义定义）3.Idealism:Human senses provide inexact concepts of things; only human reason can give us true knowledgeabout the world.（柏拉图Plato）(理念论/唯心主义定义）4.The Renaissance:The French word “renaissance” means “rebirth” in English. It refers to the rebirth ofknowledge in Europe, particularly the rediscovery of the Greco-Roman texts.（持续300年）(文艺复兴定义) 5.Magna Carta: The barons wrote the famous document called the Magna Carta, which they forced John toaccept on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede. This Magna Carta, also called the Great Charter, was designed to obtain public liberties and to control the king’s power.(大宪章定义)6.Puritan：The term “Puritan” comes from the desires of these English Christians to “purify” the AnglicanChurch by removing all traces of Roman Catholicism.(清教徒定义)7.Industrial Revolution(简称I.R): During the latter half of 18th century, a rapid series of changes began,especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions the whole process is often described as ~~(工业革命定义)8.The factory of the world:British was once called~~~~~, because the Industrial Revolution promoted itsdevelopment of production.(世界工厂定义)9.The Enclosure Movement: In the end of 15th century, the cloth industry increased the value of wool. Raisingsheep became more profitable. Large areas of lands were often fenced by landlords without any warning to the peasants. This process is called~~~(圈地运动定义)10.Boston Massacre: On Mach 5, 1770, angry Boston citizens died and eight were wounded. Dubbed the“Boston Massacre”, the incident was regarded as proof of British tyranny.(波士顿惨案内容)（美国革命序曲) 11.1the Declaration of Independence: On July 4, 1776 the Second Continental Congress officially declaredindependence and formed the United States of America by adopting the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The document declared that “all men are created equal” and are “ endowed by their creator” with certain “ inalienable rights” including “life ,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”.(独立宣言定义)12.checks-and-balances: The US Constitution also provided for checks-and-balances between the three branchesof government. Executive Branch—the president行政权—总统Legislative Branch—the Congress立法权—国会Judicial Branch—the U.S. Supreme Court司法权—最高法院Each branch was given powers and duties that ensured that the other branches would not have too much power.(三权分立，分权制衡定义)13.the New Deal: Roosevelt’s program of “Relief, Recovery and Reform” was popularly known as “the NewDeal”, a program that significantly and dramatically increased the national government’s intervention in the economy.(罗斯福新政定义)14.Prohibition: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution(1919) is known as “Prohibition”, because it prohibitedthe sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States.(禁酒法令定义)15.Cold War:The “Cold War”, a term popularized by Winston Churchill in 1946, means alternative forms ofwarfare that rely on limited violence and ideological, economic and political methods.(美苏冷战定义)16.Mayflower: In 1620, a group of 132 Separatists (Puritans who had “separated” or left the Church of England)boarded the Mayflower and sailed for Virginia. The Mayflower was blown off course and landed in what is now Massachusetts, far to the north of Virginia.(五月花)简答、填空、选择1.What role did Winston Churchill play in World War II? (丘吉尔在二战中起到什么作用？)⑴He played the important role in World War II.⑵In 1941, he led the country through the miracle of Dunkirk, that was 338000 allied solders’ evacuation to Britain.⑶In 1943, he met Stalin and Roosevelt at Teheran Conference and decided to open the Second Battlefield West Europe.⑷In 1945, he proposed to fight against the Japanese Army till the end of the war.2.Why did I.R firstly take place in Britain?（工业革命首先在英国爆发的原因？）There are four prerequisites.4个先决条件Firstly, the accumulation of original capital.资本的原始积累Second, the development of capitalistic farming.资本主义农业取得发展Third, the appearance of free labor reserve.自由劳动力的出现Fourth, the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.国内外市场的扩张3.New York为什么叫Big Apple?New York’s nickname is “the Big Apple”, a phrase used by jazz musicians to explain the ultimate in achievement, size and excitement.4.The first major Greek philosopher was Thales. Thales claimed that Nature is rational. He asked, “From whatdo all things come and to what do all things return?”（泰勒斯）5.Furthermore,this was the origin of metaphysics, the philosophical study which probes the nature of realityitself.形而上学6.数学家Pythagoras explained the entire natural world with numbers.(提出数字3)3=1(unity）+2（diversity）Three elements of Universe------earth, ocean, heavenThree elements of World ------animals, plants, mineralsThree elements of Gods ------Jupiter, Neptune, PlutoThree elements of Goddess ------Fate, Revenge, Beauty早期基督教教义Trinity (三位一体)人类3个indispensables------body, soul, spirit7.赫拉克利特Heraclitus is remembered because he introduced the concept of change as the onlyunchanging reality in the universe.He compared life to a flowing river:A person cannot step into the same river twice.8.德谟克利特Democritus. He argued that everything in the universe obeys the laws of necessity(必然性法则).9.观点：机械论His mechanistic view of the world was accepted by western thinkers as early as the 16thcentury.10.“Atom” means “uncuttable”(原子→不可分割)11.At the time when Chinese scholars, Confucians and Taoists, were concerned with social relationships andhuman harmony with the natural world, Greek philosophers were arguing about what Nature itself was.12.Athens was famous for its writers, architects, sculptors, thinkers and sports contests, including the originsof the modern-day Olympic Games.(雅典，奥林匹克发源地)13.Socrates→Lived in Athens.(苏格拉底，雅典人)One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing.He distinguished between two types of knowledge: inner knowledge and empirical knowledge.Inner指each person has Virtue which is not learned through the physical sense.Another major contribution was his question-and-answer technique.14.Aristotle亚里士多德If Plato’s motto was “Mind over Matter”, then Aristotle’s motto was “Matter over Mind”.Aristotle founded the science of logic. His method is called a syllogism which argues from a general principle to a specific examples:General Principle: All men are mortal.Connection: I am a man.Deductive Conclusion: I am mortal.15.牛顿运动定律Newton’s laws of motion explained all visible motions,from those of stars to those of tinypebbles.16.培根Bacon, a British statesman and writer, wrote the first description of the modern scientific method.“Of studies”, “Essays”17.笛卡尔Descartes has also been called the father of modern Rationalism and the father of modern westernphilosophy.(近代理性主义之父，近代西方哲学之父)I think; therefore, I am.我思故我在。
英国文学名词解释
英国文学名词解释英国文学是指在英国境内产生的文学作品，包括散文、诗歌、戏剧等多种文学形式。
以下是一些与英国文学相关的名词解释：1. 莎士比亚戏剧（Shakespearean Drama）：指威廉·莎士比亚所创作的戏剧作品，包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
2. 简·奥斯汀小说（Jane Austen Novels）：指英国女作家简·奥斯汀所写的一系列小说，主要描写中上层社会的生活，包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。
3. 浪漫主义（Romanticism）：指18世纪末至19世纪初的一种文艺运动，强调情感、个人主义和自然之美，代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治等。
4. 维多利亚时期文学（Victorian Literature）：指19世纪中后期的英国文学，以女王维多利亚统治时期为背景，作品内容反映了社会变革和道德观念的转变，代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特等。
5. 符号主义（Symbolism）：指19世纪末20世纪初的一种文学流派，强调象征和隐喻的运用，代表作家有奥斯卡·王尔德、D·H·劳伦斯等。
6. 现代主义（Modernism）：指20世纪初的一种思潮和文学流派，以对现代社会的批判和对传统形式的挑战为特点，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、詹姆斯·乔伊斯等。
7. 女性主义文学（Feminist Literature）：指关注女性经验和性别平等的文学作品，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、玛格丽特·阿特伍德等。
8. 后现代主义（Postmodernism）：指二战后出现的一种思潮和文学流派，强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的游戏性，代表作家有萨缪尔·贝克特、艾里奥·卡尔维诺等。
9. 科幻文学（Science Fiction）：指描写未来社会和科技发展的文学作品，代表作家有霍华德·菲利普斯·洛夫克拉夫特、艾萨克·阿西莫夫等。
英国文学常识
英国文学1、Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟1340-1400 长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）2、William Shakespeare 莎士比亚1564-1616 The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That End s Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus 泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis 维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗3、Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）4、John Milton约翰·弥尔顿1608-1674 L‘Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩;Paradise Lost失乐园;Paradise Regained复乐园;Samson Agonistes力士参孙5、John Bunyan班扬1628-1688 The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程;The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生6、Joseph Addison艾迪生诗：The Campaign 远征；剧本：Cato加图名文；Adventure of A shilling一先令的历险7、Richard Steele理查德·斯梯尔1672-1729 The Christian Hero基督教徒的英雄名文：The Spectator Club旁观者俱乐部8、Danniel Defoe丹尼尔·迪福1660-1731 （标志着近代英国小说的形成）Hymn to the Pillory枷刑颂;Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记;Captain Singleton辛格顿船长;Moll Flanders莫尔弗兰德斯;A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记9、Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745 The Battle of Books书的战争;A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;The Drapier’s Letters布商的书信;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议;Guilliver’s Travels格列佛游记(A Voyage to Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi,Luggnagg,Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)10、Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744 Pastorals田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism批评论;Windsor Forest温莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博士书11、Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁1707-1754（英国现实主义小说的奠基者）剧本：The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客;Don Quixote in England堂·吉诃德在英国;The Historical Register for the Year历史记事长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟·安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆·琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚12、Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰生1709-1784 A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信14、William Blake布莱克1757-1827 Poetical Sketches素描诗集;Songs of Innocence天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌The French Revolution法国革命;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻;America;Milton;Jerusalem名诗：London;The Tiger15、Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集名诗：The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰·安德生,My Jo;A Man’s A Man for A’That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce’s March to Bannockburn16、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯1770-1850 An Evening Walk黄昏漫步;Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways;To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂;I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud;The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麦人);Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽颂;Ode to Duty义务颂;The Excursion远足;The Prelude序曲17、Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads;The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的毁灭;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 老船夫;Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria文学传记18、Walter Scott瓦尔特·司各特1771-1832 诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集;Marimion玛里恩;The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人小说：Waverley威弗利;Guy Mannering盖·曼纳令;Rob Roy罗布罗伊;The Heart of Midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhoe艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;Woodstock皇家猎馆;Queentin Durward昆廷·达沃19、Jane Austin简·奥斯丁Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见;Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;Emma爱玛;Mansfield1775-1817 Park 曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion 好事多磨;Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺 20、Charles Lamb 查尔斯·兰姆1775-1834Tales from Shakespeare 莎士比亚故事集;Alburn Verses 诗集;Essay of Elia 伊利亚散文集(Dream Children 梦中儿女;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig 烤猪论;Old China 古瓷;New Year’s Eve 除夕;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers 扫烟囱童工赞;The Superannuated Man 领取养老金的人;A Bachelor’s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People 单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨) 22、George Gordon Byron 乔治·拜伦1788-1824Hours of Idliness 懒散的时刻;English Bords and Scottish Reviewers 英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;Childe Haro ld’s Pilgrimage,Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰罗德·哈罗德游记;Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill 编织机法案编制者颂;Oriental Tales 东方叙事诗(The Bride of Abydos 阿比道斯的新娘;The Corsa 海盗;The Siege of Corinth 柯林斯之围);Manfred 曼弗雷德;The Age of Bronze 青铜世纪;Don Juan 唐·璜 名诗：She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of Greece 23、Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西·比希·雪莱1792-1822Queen Mab 麦布女王;Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯;Adonais 阿东尼斯;The Cenci 钦契;Song to the Men of England 致英国人民;England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy 专制魔王的化装游行;Ode to the West Wind/a Skylark 西风/云雀颂;A Defence of Poetry 诗辩 24、John Keats 约翰·济兹1795-1821Endymion 恩底弥翁;Isabella 伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes 圣爱尼节前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂;Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂;To Autumn 秋颂;Hyperion 赫披里昂（未完成） 27、Afred Tennyson 丁尼生1809-1892Poems of Two Brothers 壎篪;Timbuctoo 提姆巴克图;The Pricess 公主;In Memoriam H H 悼念哈拉姆;Maud 毛黛;Enoch Arden 伊诺克·阿登;Idylls of the King 国王之歌 名诗：Ulysses;The Eagle;Break,Break,Break 28、Robert Browning 勃朗宁1812-1889Paracelsus 巴拉塞尔士;Strafford 斯特拉福;Pippa Passes 比芭走过;Dramatic Lyrics 戏剧抒情诗;Dramatic Romances and Lyrics 戏剧传奇与抒情诗(Home Thoughts;From Abroad;Prospice 向前看);Dramatic Personae 登场人物;Men and Women 男男女女 30、Charles Dickens 狄更斯1812-1870The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 匹克威克外传;Oliver Twist 奥利弗·退斯特;American Notes 美国札记;Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁·朱述尔维特;The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店;Dombey and Son 董贝父子;David Copperfield 大卫·科波菲尔;Hard Times 艰难时世;A Tale of Two Cities 双城记;Great Expectation 远大前程 33、Charlote/Emily/Anne Bronte 夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮·勃郎特1816-1855 Jane Eyre 简爱;Shirley 雪丽/ Wuthering Height 呼啸山庄/ Agones Grey 艾格尼斯·格雷 34、George Eliot 爱略特1819-1880 Adam Bede 亚当·贝德;The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊；Silas Marner 织工马南;Middlemarch 米德尔马契;Felix Holt,the Radical 39、Thomas Hardy 哈代1840-1928Under the Greenwood Tree 绿茵下;Far from the Madding Crowd 远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native 还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长;Tess of the D’urbervill es 德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德 诗集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集 史诗剧：The Dynasts 统治者三部曲 43、George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳1856-1950长篇小说：An Unsocial Socialist 业余社会主义者 评论：Quintessence of Ibsenism 剧本：Widoer’s Houses 鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren’s Profession 华伦夫人的职业The Devil’s Disciple 魔鬼的门徒;Man and Superman 人与超人;John Bull’s Other Island 英国佬的另一个岛;Major Barbara 巴巴拉少校;Pygmalion 劈克美梁;Heartbreak House 伤心之家;The Apple Cart 苹果车;Too True to be Good 真相毕露 45、Joseph Conrad 康拉德1859-1924长篇小说：Almayer’s Folly 奥尔迈耶的愚蠢;The Nigger of the Narcissus 水仙号上的黑鬼;Lord Jim 吉姆老爷;Nostromo 诺斯特罗莫;The Secret Agent 间谍;Chance 机缘;Victory 胜利 短篇小说：An Outpost of Progress 文明的前哨;Heart of Darkness 黑暗的中心;Youth 青春 47、William Butler Yeats 叶芝1865-1939诗：Respondibilities 责任;The Tower 塔;The Winding Stair 盘旋的楼梯 名诗：A Deap Sworn Vow;Easter 1916 剧本：The Land of Heart’s Desire 理想的国土;The Hour Glass 时漏;Dedidre 黛德尔 Autobiographies 自传三部曲;Essays and Introduction 52、Edward Morgan Forster 福斯特1879-1970长篇小说：Where Angels Fear to Tread 天使们忘而却步的地方;The Longest Journey 最漫长的旅程;A Room with a View 可以远眺的地方;A Passage to India 印度之行 短篇小说集：The Eternal Moment 永恒的时刻 散文集：Abinger Harvest 在阿宾格村的收获;Two Cheers for Democracy 54、Bertrand Russell 罗素1872-1970Road to Freedom 到自由之路;Marriage and Morals 婚姻与自由;Mysticism and Logic 神秘主义与逻辑;Sceptical Essays 怀疑论集;The Analysis of Mind 心理分析;History of Western Philosophy 西方哲学史;Priccipia Mathematica 数学原理;A Free Man’s Worship 短篇小说：Satan in the Suburbs 撒旦在郊区;Portraits from Memory 回忆中的画像 59、James Joyce 乔伊斯1882-1941短篇小说：Dubiners 都柏林人 长篇小说：A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 青年艺术家的画像;Ulysess 尤利西斯;Finnegans Wake 芬尼根的觉醒 60、Virginia Woolf 沃尔芙1882-1941长篇小说：Mrs Dalloway 达洛威夫人;To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去;Orlando 奥兰多传;The Waves 浪;Flush 弗乐希;Between the Acts 幕间 散文集：The Common Readers;The Death of the Moth and Other Essays;A Room of One’s Own;Three Guineas 三个基尼亚 名文：Modern Fiction 现代小说 日记：A Wr iter’s Diary 61、David Herbert Lawrence 劳伦斯1885-1930 The White Peacock 白孔雀;Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人;The Reinbow 虹;Women in Love 恋爱中的妇女;Lady Chatterley’s Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人63、Thomas Stearns 诗集：Prufrock and Other Observation 普鲁夫洛克及其他;The Waste Land 荒原;TheEliot艾略特1888-1965 Hollow Men空虚的人们;Ash-Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂里的谋杀案;The Family Reunion团圆评论集：The Sacred Wood圣林;Homage to John Dryden向约翰·德莱顿致敬;For LancelotAndrews纪念兰斯洛特·安德鲁斯79、Wystan Hugh Auden 奥登1907-1973 诗集：Poems;The Orators雄辩家;Look,Stranger!瞧，陌生人;Spain诗剧：The Dog Beneath the Skin皮下之狗;The Ascent,F6攀登F6;On the Frontier边界上The Sea and the Mirror海与镜;The Age of Anxiety忧虑时代;The Shield of Achilles阿基琉斯的盾牌;Homage to Clio向克奥女神致敬;About the House屋子内外散文评论集：The Dyer’s Hand染工之手;Secondary World次要的世界名诗：Who’s Who;The Unknown Citizen;Their Lonely Betters。
英国文学知识简单整理
一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）(该作属于epic民族英雄史诗)开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）Romance (浪漫传奇) 《亚瑟王之死》头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国民谣ballad：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）.托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）.前者将意大利十四行诗引入英国；后者在此基础上，发展了英国十四行诗歌。
英国文学常识
I. Early and Medieval English Literature (5th century-15th century)1. Bewolf 《贝尔武甫》2. The Legend of King Arthur and his Round Table Knights;《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3. William Langland (1330-1400) Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》4. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里•乔叟The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》The Romanunt of the Rose 《玫瑰罗曼史》Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯和克丽西德》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》II. English Literature of the Renaissance (16th century) —the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)1. Thomas More (1478-1535)Utopia (1516) 《乌托邦》2. Edmund Spenser (1552-99)The Faerie Queen (1596) 《仙后》The Shepherd’s Calendar (1597 《牧人日历》3. Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)Tamburlaine the Great (1587)《帖木儿》Dr. Faustus (1589)《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Jew of Malta (1590) 《马耳他的犹太人》The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 《多情牧童致爱人》4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)The First Period (1590-1594)1590 Henry VI, Part II《亨利六世中篇》Henry VI, Part III《亨利六世下篇》1591 Henry VI, Part I 《亨利六世上篇》1592 Richard III《理查三世》The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》1593 Titus Andronicus《泰特斯•安德洛尼克斯》The Taming of the Shrew《训悍记》1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》Love’s Labour’s Lost《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Two narrative poems:Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《露克丽丝受辱记》The Second Period (1595-1600)The second period of Shakespeare’s work is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays.1595 Richard II 《理查二世》A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》1596 King John《约翰王》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》1597 Henry IV, Part I《亨利四世上篇》Henry IV, Part II《亨利四世下篇》1598 Much Ado about Nothing《无事生非》Henry V《亨利五世》The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》1599 Julius Caesar《裘力斯•凯撒》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》1600 Twelfth Night《第十二夜》The Third Period (1601-1607)The third period of Shakespeare’s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”.1601 Hamlet《哈姆莱特》1602 Troilus and Cressida《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》1603 All’s Well That Ends Well《终成眷属》1604 Measure for Measure《一报还一报》Othello《奥瑟罗》1605 King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》1606 Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》1607 Coriolanus 《科利奥兰纳斯》Timon of Athens 《雅典的泰门》The Fourth Period (1608-1602)The fourth period of Shakespeare’s work is the period of romantic drama.1608 Pericles《泰尔亲王配瑞克里斯》1609 Cymbeline《辛白林》1610 The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》1601 The Tempest《暴风雨》1612 Henry VIII《亨利八世》5. Ben Jonson (1573-1637)Every Man in His Humor (1598)V olpone, or the Fox (1606)The Alchemist (1610) 《炼金术士》Bartholomew Fair (1614)6. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Advancement of Learning, 1605 《学术的进展》Novum Organum, 1620《新工具》New Atlantics, 1627《新大西岛》Essays, 1597,1612,1625 《论说文集》III. English Literature during the English Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration (17th century)1. John Milton (1608-1674)“Morning of Christ’s Nativity”(1629)“圣诞晨歌”“L’ Allegro” (1632) “欢乐的人”“Il Penseroso” (1632) “沉思的人”Areopagitica (1644)《论出版自由》Deference of the English People (1651)《为英国人民辨》Second Deference of the English People (1654)《再为英国人民辨》Paradise Lost (1667)《失乐园》Paradise Regained (1671)《复乐园》Samson Agonistes (1671)《力士参孙》2. John Donne (1572-1631)3. Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)“To His Coy Mistress”《给他羞怯的情人》4. Robert Herrick (1591-1674)“Gather ye Rosebuds while ye May”《花开堪折直须折》5. John Bunyan (1628-1688)T he Pilgrim’s Progress (1678) 《天路历程》The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680)Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners《罪人受恩记》6. John Dryden (1631-1700)“All for Love”《一切为了爱》“Absalom and Achitophel”“A Song for St. Ceilia’s Day, 1687”“Alexander’s Feast”“An Essay of Dramatic Poesy”IV. English Literature of the 18th Century (18th century)1. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)An Essay on Criticism (1711) 《论批评》The Rape of the Lock (1714)《夺发记》The Dunciad (1728-1742)《愚人志》Essay on Man (1732-1734)《人论》2. Richard Steele (1672-1729) and “The Tatler”《闲话》报(1709-1711)3. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and “The Spectator” 《旁观者》报(1711-1712)4. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)The True Born Englishman (1701)《真正的英国人》The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)《消灭不同教派的捷径》Robinson Crusoe (1719)《鲁滨逊漂流记》Moll Flanders (1722)《摩尔•弗兰德》A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)《大疫年日记》5. Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (1742)《帕美拉,或德行有报》Clarissa: or The History of a Young Lady (1747)《克莱丽莎》The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1754)《查尔斯•格兰迪森爵士的历史》6. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)The Battle of Books (1697)《书籍之战》A Tale of a Tub (1698)《一个木桶的故事》Drapier’s Letters (1724)《布商的来信》Gulliver’s Travels (1726)《格列佛游记》7. Henry Fielding (1707-1754)The Coffee-house Politician (1730)《咖啡屋政客》Don Quixote in England (1734)《堂吉诃德在英国》The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews (1742)《约瑟夫•安德鲁》The History of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)《大伟人江奈生•魏尔德伟》The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (1749)《汤姆•琼斯》8. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)The Rivals (1775)《情敌》St. Patrick’s Day (1775)《圣帕特里克日》The School for Scandal (1777)《造谣学校》A Trip to Scarborough (1777)《思卡波罗之行》9. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)《英语大辞典》Lives of the Poets (1779-1781)《诗人传》The Vanity of Human Wishes《人类欲望之虚幻》10. James Boswell (1740-1795)Life of Johnson《约翰逊传》11. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 《罗马帝国衰亡史》12. Laurence Stern (1713-1768)The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (1760-67)《项狄传》A Sentimental Journey (1768)《伤感之旅》13. Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774)The Bee (1759)《蜜蜂》The Citizen of the World (1760—1761)《世界公民》The Vicar of Wakefield: A Tale (1766)《威克菲尔牧师传》The Deserted Village (1770)《荒村》She Stoops to Conquer (1773) 《屈身俯就》14. Thomas Gray (1716-1765)Ode on the Spring (1742)春天颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College (1747)《伊顿颂歌》Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1750)《墓园挽歌》The Progress of Poetry (1757) 《诗歌的进程》15. Robert Burns (1759-1796)Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786)《苏格兰方言诗集》“To a Mouse”“致老鼠”“To a Louse” “致虱子”“Scots Wha Hae” “苏格兰人”“My Heart’s in the Highlands”“我的心呀在高原”“Auld Lang Syne”“过去的好时光”“A Red, Red Rose” 《一朵红红的玫瑰》16. William Blake (1757-1827)Poetical Sketches (1783)《素描诗集》Songs of Innocence (1789)《天真之歌》The French Revolution (1791)《法国革命》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793)《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Songs of Experience (1794)《经验之歌》V. Romanticism in England — the Romantic Period (early 19th century)1. William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒怀歌谣集》Lucy Poems (1799)《露西组诗》“The Solitary Reaper”(1807)“孤独的刈麦女”“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1807)“我似孤独流云”The Prelude (1850)《序曲》“My Hearts Leaps Up” “我的心跳了起来”Tintern Abbey 《丁登寺旁》2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)“The Fall of the Bastille” (1789)“巴士底狱的倒塌”Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒情歌谣集》“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(1798)“老水手谣”“Kulbla Khan”(1816)“忽必烈汗”Biographa Literaria (1817)《文学传记》3. Robert Southey (1774-1843)Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》Walt Tyler《瓦特•泰勒》The Fall of Robespierre《罗伯斯庇尔之死》The Life of Nelson 《纳尔逊传》4. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Hours of Idleness (1807)《懒散时刻》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Canto I and II 1812; Canto III 1816; Canto IV, 1818)《恰尔德哈罗德游记》Oriental Tales (1813-1816)《东方叙事诗》Don Juan (1818-1823)《唐璜》The Age of Bronze (1822)《青铜时代》5. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)“Queen Mab”(1813)“麦布女王”“The Masque of Anarchy”(1819)“专制魔王的化妆舞会”“Ode to West Wind” (1819)“西风颂”“Song to the Men of England”(1819)“致英国人民”“England in 1819”(1819)“一八一九年的英国”“Prometheus Unbound” (1819)“解放了的普罗米修斯”“To a Skylark” (1820)“致云雀”“A Defense of Poetry”(1821)“诗辩”6. John Keats (1795-1821)“Endymion”(1818)“恩底弥翁”“Isabella; or the Pot of Basil” (1820)“伊莎贝拉”“Ode to a Nightingale” (1819)“夜莺颂”“Ode on a Grecian Urn” (1819)“希腊古瓮颂”“Ode on Melancholy” (1819) “忧郁颂”“Ode to Autumn” (1819) “秋颂”“La Belle Dame Sams Merci”(1820)“无情的美女”“Sonnet on Peace” “和平十四行诗”7. Charles Lamb (1775-1843)Essays of Elia (1823;1833)《伊利亚随笔》Tales from Shakespeare (1807) 《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》Specimens from English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare《莎士比亚时期英国戏剧诗人选》8. Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859)The Confession of an English Opium-Eater《一个英国吸食鸦片者的自白》9. Mary ShellyFrankenstein《弗兰肯斯坦》10. Walter Scott (1771-1832)The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border(1802-1803)《英格兰边区歌谣集》The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) 《末代歌者之歌》The Lady of the Lake (1810)《湖上夫人》Waverly (1814)《威弗利》Guy Mannering (1815)《盖•曼纳令》Rob Roy (1817)《罗布•罗伊》Ivanhoe (1819)《艾凡赫》11. Jane Austen (1775-1817)Sense and Sensibility (1811)《理智与情感》Pride and Prejudice (1813)《傲慢与偏见》Mansfield Park (1814)《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Emma (1816)《爱玛》Northanger Abbey (1818)《诺桑觉寺》Persuasion (1818)《劝导》VI. English Critical Realism (second half of the 19th century) — the Victorian Age (1837-1901)1. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)1836 Sketches by Box《博兹特写集》1836-1837 The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》1837-1838 Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》1838-1839 Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯•尼克贝尔》1840-1841 The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》1841 Barnaby Rudge1842 American Notes 《游美札记》1843-1845 Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁•朱速尔唯特》1843 A Christmsa Carol《圣诞欢歌》1844 The Chimes《钟乐》1845 The Cricket on the Hearth《炉边蟋蟀》1846-1848 Dombey and Son《董贝父子》1849-1850 David Copperfield 《大卫•科波菲尔》1852-1853 Bleak House《荒凉山庄》1854 Hard Times《艰难时世》1855-1857 Little Dorrit《小杜丽》1859 A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》1860-1861 Great Expectations《远大前程》1864-1865 Our Mutual Friend 《我们的共同朋友》2. William M. Thackeray (1811-63)The Book of Snobs (1847)《势利人脸谱》Vanity Fair (1847-1848)《名利场》Pendennis (1848-1850)《潘丹尼斯》The History of Pendennis (1850) 《潘丹尼斯的历史》The History of Henry Esmond (1852)《亨利•埃斯蒙德》The Newcomers (1853-1855)《纽克姆一家》The Virginians (1857-1859)《弗吉尼亚人》Lovel the Widower (1860)《鳏夫洛弗尔》Adventures of Philip (1861-1862) 《菲利普历险记》3. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)Jane Eyre (1847)《简•爱》Shirley (1849)《谢利》Vilette (1853)《维莱特》The Professor (1857) 《教授》4. Emily Bronte (1818-1848)Wuthering Heights (1847)《呼啸山庄》5. Anne Bronte (1820-1849 )Agnes Grey 《艾格尼丝•格雷》6. William Morris (1834-1896)News from Nowhere 《来自乌有乡之消息》A Dream of John Ball《梦遇约翰•保尔》The Earthly Paradise 《人间乐园》Chants for Socialism《社会主义歌集》7. Robert Stevenson (1850-1894)Treasure Island《金银岛》New Arabian Nights《新天方夜谭》Kidnapped《诱拐》A Child’s Garden of Verses《儿童诗园》8. Oscar Wilde (1856-1900)An Ideal Husband《理想丈夫》The Picture of Dorain Gray《道林•格雷画像》A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》The Ballad of Reading Gaol《累丁狱之歌》The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子集》9.George Eliot (1819-1880)Adam Bede (1859)《亚当•比德》The Mill on the Floss (1860)《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner (1861)《织工马南》Romola (1863)《罗莫拉》Middlemarch (1871-1872)《米德尔马奇》10. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)11. Robert Browning (1812-1889)VII. 20th Century English Literature (20th century) — the Modernist Period (between the two world wars)1. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)Far from the Madding Crowd《远离㵙尘嚣》The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》The Return of the Native《还乡》Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》Tess of the D’ Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Wessex Pooems《威塞克斯诗集》2. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)The Jungle Book (1894)《林莽丛书》The Second Jungle Book (1895)《林莽丛书之二》3. Arnold Bennett (1867-1931)The Old Wives’ Tale (1908)《老妇谭》4. E. M. Forster (1879—1970)Where Angles Fear to Tread (1905)《天使们望而却步的地方》The Longest Journey (1907)《最漫长的旅行》A Room with a View (1908)《可以远眺的房间》A Passage to India (1924)《印度之行》5. John Galsworthy (1867-1933)The Forsyte Saga (1906)《福尔赛世家》In Chancery (1920)《骑虎》The Man of Property 《有产业的人》To Let (1921)《出租》Modern Comedy 《现代喜剧》The White Monkey (1924)《白猿》The Silver Spoon (1926)《银匙》Swan Song (1928)《天鹅曲》From the Four Winds (1897)《天涯海角》The Silver Box (1906)《银匣》6. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897)《白水仙号上的黑家伙》Lord Jim (1900)《吉姆老爷》Heart of Darkness (1902)《黑暗心脏》The Secret Agent (1907)《间谍》Under the Western Eye (1911)《在西方的注视下》7. Henry James (1843-1916)8. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)Widow’s Houses (1892)《鳏夫的房产》Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1894)《华伦夫人的职业》Arms and Man (1894)《武器与人》Man and Superman (1903)《人与超人》Major Barbara (1905)《巴巴拉上校》Pygmalion (1913)《皮格马利翁》Heartbreak House (1917)《伤心之家》9. W. B. Yeats (1865-1939)10. T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)11. D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)The White Peacock (1911)《白孔雀》Sons and Lovers (1913)《儿子与情人》The Rainbow (1915)《虹》Women in Love (1916)《恋爱中的女人》Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928)《恰泰莱夫人的情人》12. James Joyce (1882-1941)Dubliner (1914)《都柏林人》A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)《年轻艺术家画像》Ulysses (1922)《尤利西斯》Finnegan’s Wake (1939)《芬尼根的觉醒》13. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)Mrs. Dalloway (1925)《黛洛维夫人》To the Lighthouse (1927)《到灯塔去》The Waves (1931)《浪》The V oyage Out (1915)《航行》Orlando (1928)《奥兰多》14. Katherine Mansfield (1888—1923)英国文学哦,希望对大家有用呢。
英美文学之英国文学常识
Sonnet18Shall I compare thee to a Summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed,And every fair from fair some-time declines,By chance, or nature’s changing course untrimmedBut thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,Nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.Rhyme scheme:the Shakespearean or English sonnet:abab cdcd efef gg莎士比亚体十四行诗：Shakespearean sonnet威廉~莎士比亚：William Shakespeare(1564-1616)这首诗的格律是抑扬五音步，每行有是个音节，从是个结尾的双偶句来看，其韵式为abab cdcd efef gg.每行的结尾都构成押韵。
英国文学知识点整理
英国文学知识点整理浪漫主义诗歌的第一个大诗人是布莱克。
这个靠镌版谋生的手工匠人是法国革命的热烈的拥护者，但又反对它的哲学基础理性主义，所写的诗也大异于18世纪的优雅含蓄,而着重想象力和神启式的宗教感,初期的《天真之歌》(1789)写得纯真，《经验之歌》(1794)写得沉痛；后来诗风一变，转而写作篇幅巨大的长诗如《四天神》(1804)，其中有一套独特的象征和神话系统。
大学生华兹华斯和柯尔律治却经历了另一种变化，即从拥护法国革命变成反对,于是前者寄情山水,在大自然里找慰藉；后者神游异域和古代，以梦境为归宿。
两人的诗歌合集,题名《抒情歌谣集》,于1798年出版。
两年后再版，华兹华斯加了一个长序，认为“所有的好诗都是强烈情感的自然流露”，主张诗人“选用人们真正用的语言”来写“普通生活里的事件和情境”，而反对以18世纪格雷为代表的“诗歌词藻”。
他进而论述诗和诗人的崇高地位,认为“诗是一切知识的开始和终结,它同人心一样不朽”，而诗人则是“人性的最坚强的保护者，是支持者和维护者。
他所到之处都播下人的情谊和爱”。
这一理论有足够的实践作为支持。
华兹华斯的`小诗清新,长诗清新而又深刻，他的十四行诗雄奇,他的《序曲》(1805)首创用韵文来写自传式的“一个诗人的心灵的成长”，无论在内容和艺术上都开了一代新风。
柯尔律治另有特长。
他的《古舟子咏》(1798)借用了一个充满了奇幻之美的航海故事，探索了罪和赎罪的问题；他的短诗《忽必烈□》(1816)发掘了诗的音乐美和人心的联想作用；他的理论着作《文学传记》(1817)吸收了德国哲学家谢林的论点，对浪漫主义诗歌的特色，尤其是想象力在诗歌创作中的重要作用，作了精辟的论述，使他成为英国文学批评史上最敏锐的理论家之一。
然而这两人的诗才在短期的闪耀之后相继熄灭了，另一代诗人在1815年左右起来，把浪漫主义诗歌带进了更广阔的境界。
拜伦、雪莱、济慈三人各有特色，但是都忠于法国革命的理想。
英语专八-最全英美文学常识.
英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
英国文学知识
英国文学知识上海新东方王海国一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国名谣：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）。
托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edwar d Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）。
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斯威夫特（1667—1745）） 幻想小说《格列佛游记》
拜伦（1788–Байду номын сангаас824）
浪漫主义诗人 长篇政治讽刺诗《唐璜》
雪莱（1792—1822）
浪漫主义诗人 诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》
狄更斯（1812–1870） 英国批判现实主义的重要代表。
长篇小说《艰难时世》、《双城记》。
1925年获诺贝尔文学奖。《华伦夫人的职业》、《巴巴拉少校》、《苹果车》
柯南道尔（1859—1930） 《福尔摩斯探案》
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萨克雷（1811–1863） 长篇小说《名利场》
夏洛蒂?勃朗特（姐）（1816–1855）
艾米丽?勃朗特（妹）（1818–1848） 长篇小说《简?爱》
长篇小说《呼啸山庄》
哈代（1840–1828） 长篇小说《苔丝》又名《德伯家的苔丝》
萧伯纳（1856–1950） 爱尔兰人，1876移居英国
英 国文学常识大全
作 者 说明
莎士比亚（1564–616）著名戏剧家诗人。 文艺复兴：是14至16世纪欧洲发生的文化革新运动。
代表作：喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》；悲剧《罗密欧和朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克佩斯》
笛福（1660–1731） 长篇小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》。