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最近鲁棒优化进展Recent Advances in Robust Optimization and Robustness An Overview

Recent Advances in Robust Optimization and Robustness:An OverviewVirginie Gabrel∗and C´e cile Murat†and Aur´e lie Thiele‡July2012AbstractThis paper provides an overview of developments in robust optimization and robustness published in the aca-demic literature over the pastﬁve years.1IntroductionThis review focuses on papers identiﬁed by Web of Science as having been published since2007(included),be-longing to the area of Operations Research and Management Science,and having‘robust’and‘optimization’in their title.There were exactly100such papers as of June20,2012.We have completed this list by considering 726works indexed by Web of Science that had either robustness(for80of them)or robust(for646)in their title and belonged to the Operations Research and Management Science topic area.We also identiﬁed34PhD disserta-tions dated from the lastﬁve years with‘robust’in their title and belonging to the areas of operations research or management.Among those we have chosen to focus on the works with a primary focus on management science rather than system design or optimal control,which are broadﬁelds that would deserve a review paper of their own, and papers that could be of interest to a large segment of the robust optimization research community.We feel it is important to include PhD dissertations to identify these recent graduates as the new generation trained in robust optimization and robustness analysis,whether they have remained in academia or joined industry.We have also added a few not-yet-published preprints to capture ongoing research efforts.While many additional works would have deserved inclusion,we feel that the works selected give an informative and comprehensive view of the state of robustness and robust optimization to date in the context of operations research and management science.∗Universit´e Paris-Dauphine,LAMSADE,Place du Mar´e chal de Lattre de Tassigny,F-75775Paris Cedex16,France gabrel@lamsade.dauphine.fr Corresponding author†Universit´e Paris-Dauphine,LAMSADE,Place du Mar´e chal de Lattre de Tassigny,F-75775Paris Cedex16,France mu-rat@lamsade.dauphine.fr‡Lehigh University,Industrial and Systems Engineering Department,200W Packer Ave Bethlehem PA18015,USA aure-lie.thiele@2Theory of Robust Optimization and Robustness2.1Deﬁnitions and BasicsThe term“robust optimization”has come to encompass several approaches to protecting the decision-maker against parameter ambiguity and stochastic uncertainty.At a high level,the manager must determine what it means for him to have a robust solution:is it a solution whose feasibility must be guaranteed for any realization of the uncertain parameters?or whose objective value must be guaranteed?or whose distance to optimality must be guaranteed? The main paradigm relies on worst-case analysis:a solution is evaluated using the realization of the uncertainty that is most unfavorable.The way to compute the worst case is also open to debate:should it use aﬁnite number of scenarios,such as historical data,or continuous,convex uncertainty sets,such as polyhedra or ellipsoids?The answers to these questions will determine the formulation and the type of the robust counterpart.Issues of over-conservatism are paramount in robust optimization,where the uncertain parameter set over which the worst case is computed should be chosen to achieve a trade-off between system performance and protection against uncertainty,i.e.,neither too small nor too large.2.2Static Robust OptimizationIn this framework,the manager must take a decision in the presence of uncertainty and no recourse action will be possible once uncertainty has been realized.It is then necessary to distinguish between two types of uncertainty: uncertainty on the feasibility of the solution and uncertainty on its objective value.Indeed,the decision maker generally has different attitudes with respect to infeasibility and sub-optimality,which justiﬁes analyzing these two settings separately.2.2.1Uncertainty on feasibilityWhen uncertainty affects the feasibility of a solution,robust optimization seeks to obtain a solution that will be feasible for any realization taken by the unknown coefﬁcients;however,complete protection from adverse realiza-tions often comes at the expense of a severe deterioration in the objective.This extreme approach can be justiﬁed in some engineering applications of robustness,such as robust control theory,but is less advisable in operations research,where adverse events such as low customer demand do not produce the high-proﬁle repercussions that engineering failures–such as a doomed satellite launch or a destroyed unmanned robot–can have.To make the robust methodology appealing to business practitioners,robust optimization thus focuses on obtaining a solution that will be feasible for any realization taken by the unknown coefﬁcients within a smaller,“realistic”set,called the uncertainty set,which is centered around the nominal values of the uncertain parameters.The goal becomes to optimize the objective,over the set of solutions that are feasible for all coefﬁcient values in the uncertainty set.The speciﬁc choice of the set plays an important role in ensuring computational tractability of the robust problem and limiting deterioration of the objective at optimality,and must be thought through carefully by the decision maker.A large branch of robust optimization focuses on worst-case optimization over a convex uncertainty set.The reader is referred to Bertsimas et al.(2011a)and Ben-Tal and Nemirovski(2008)for comprehensive surveys of robust optimization and to Ben-Tal et al.(2009)for a book treatment of the topic.2.2.2Uncertainty on objective valueWhen uncertainty affects the optimality of a solution,robust optimization seeks to obtain a solution that performs well for any realization taken by the unknown coefﬁcients.While a common criterion is to optimize the worst-case objective,some studies have investigated other robustness measures.Roy(2010)proposes a new robustness criterion that holds great appeal for the manager due to its simplicity of use and practical relevance.This framework,called bw-robustness,allows the decision-maker to identify a solution which guarantees an objective value,in a maximization problem,of at least w in all scenarios,and maximizes the probability of reaching a target value of b(b>w).Gabrel et al.(2011)extend this criterion from aﬁnite set of scenarios to the case of an uncertainty set modeled using intervals.Kalai et al.(2012)suggest another criterion called lexicographicα-robustness,also deﬁned over aﬁnite set of scenarios for the uncertain parameters,which mitigates the primary role of the worst-case scenario in deﬁning the solution.Thiele(2010)discusses over-conservatism in robust linear optimization with cost uncertainty.Gancarova and Todd(2012)studies the loss in objective value when an inaccurate objective is optimized instead of the true one, and shows that on average this loss is very small,for an arbitrary compact feasible region.In combinatorial optimization,Morrison(2010)develops a framework of robustness based on persistence(of decisions)using the Dempster-Shafer theory as an evidence of robustness and applies it to portfolio tracking and sensor placement.2.2.3DualitySince duality has been shown to play a key role in the tractability of robust optimization(see for instance Bertsimas et al.(2011a)),it is natural to ask how duality and robust optimization are connected.Beck and Ben-Tal(2009) shows that primal worst is equal to dual best.The relationship between robustness and duality is also explored in Gabrel and Murat(2010)when the right-hand sides of the constraints are uncertain and the uncertainty sets are represented using intervals,with a focus on establishing the relationships between linear programs with uncertain right hand sides and linear programs with uncertain objective coefﬁcients using duality theory.This avenue of research is further explored in Gabrel et al.(2010)and Remli(2011).2.3Multi-Stage Decision-MakingMost early work on robust optimization focused on static decision-making:the manager decided at once of the values taken by all decision variables and,if the problem allowed for multiple decision stages as uncertainty was realized,the stages were incorporated by re-solving the multi-stage problem as time went by and implementing only the decisions related to the current stage.As theﬁeld of static robust optimization matured,incorporating–ina tractable manner–the information revealed over time directly into the modeling framework became a major area of research.2.3.1Optimal and Approximate PoliciesA work going in that direction is Bertsimas et al.(2010a),which establishes the optimality of policies afﬁne in the uncertainty for one-dimensional robust optimization problems with convex state costs and linear control costs.Chen et al.(2007)also suggests a tractable approximation for a class of multistage chance-constrained linear program-ming problems,which converts the original formulation into a second-order cone programming problem.Chen and Zhang(2009)propose an extension of the Afﬁnely Adjustable Robust Counterpart framework described in Ben-Tal et al.(2009)and argue that its potential is well beyond what has been in the literature so far.2.3.2Two stagesBecause of the difﬁculty in incorporating multiple stages in robust optimization,many theoretical works have focused on two stages.Regarding two-stage problems,Thiele et al.(2009)presents a cutting-plane method based on Kelley’s algorithm for solving convex adjustable robust optimization problems,while Terry(2009)provides in addition preliminary results on the conditioning of a robust linear program and of an equivalent second-order cone program.Assavapokee et al.(2008a)and Assavapokee et al.(2008b)develop tractable algorithms in the case of robust two-stage problems where the worst-case regret is minimized,in the case of interval-based uncertainty and scenario-based uncertainty,respectively,while Minoux(2011)provides complexity results for the two-stage robust linear problem with right-hand-side uncertainty.2.4Connection with Stochastic OptimizationAn early stream in robust optimization modeled stochastic variables as uncertain parameters belonging to a known uncertainty set,to which robust optimization techniques were then applied.An advantage of this method was to yield approaches to decision-making under uncertainty that were of a level of complexity similar to that of their deterministic counterparts,and did not suffer from the curse of dimensionality that afﬂicts stochastic and dynamic programming.Researchers are now making renewed efforts to connect the robust optimization and stochastic opti-mization paradigms,for instance quantifying the performance of the robust optimization solution in the stochastic world.The topic of robust optimization in the context of uncertain probability distributions,i.e.,in the stochastic framework itself,is also being revisited.2.4.1Bridging the Robust and Stochastic WorldsBertsimas and Goyal(2010)investigates the performance of static robust solutions in two-stage stochastic and adaptive optimization problems.The authors show that static robust solutions are good-quality solutions to the adaptive problem under a broad set of assumptions.They provide bounds on the ratio of the cost of the optimal static robust solution to the optimal expected cost in the stochastic problem,called the stochasticity gap,and onthe ratio of the cost of the optimal static robust solution to the optimal cost in the two-stage adaptable problem, called the adaptability gap.Chen et al.(2007),mentioned earlier,also provides a robust optimization perspective to stochastic programming.Bertsimas et al.(2011a)investigates the role of geometric properties of uncertainty sets, such as symmetry,in the power ofﬁnite adaptability in multistage stochastic and adaptive optimization.Duzgun(2012)bridges descriptions of uncertainty based on stochastic and robust optimization by considering multiple ranges for each uncertain parameter and setting the maximum number of parameters that can fall within each range.The corresponding optimization problem can be reformulated in a tractable manner using the total unimodularity of the feasible set and allows for aﬁner description of uncertainty while preserving tractability.It also studies the formulations that arise in robust binary optimization with uncertain objective coefﬁcients using the Bernstein approximation to chance constraints described in Ben-Tal et al.(2009),and shows that the robust optimization problems are deterministic problems for modiﬁed values of the coefﬁcients.While many results bridging the robust and stochastic worlds focus on giving probabilistic guarantees for the solutions generated by the robust optimization models,Manuja(2008)proposes a formulation for robust linear programming problems that allows the decision-maker to control both the probability and the expected value of constraint violation.Bandi and Bertsimas(2012)propose a new approach to analyze stochastic systems based on robust optimiza-tion.The key idea is to replace the Kolmogorov axioms and the concept of random variables as primitives of probability theory,with uncertainty sets that are derived from some of the asymptotic implications of probability theory like the central limit theorem.The authors show that the performance analysis questions become highly structured optimization problems for which there exist efﬁcient algorithms that are capable of solving problems in high dimensions.They also demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves computationally tractable methods for(a)analyzing queueing networks,(b)designing multi-item,multi-bidder auctions with budget constraints,and (c)pricing multi-dimensional options.2.4.2Distributionally Robust OptimizationBen-Tal et al.(2010)considers the optimization of a worst-case expected-value criterion,where the worst case is computed over all probability distributions within a set.The contribution of the work is to deﬁne a notion of robustness that allows for different guarantees for different subsets of probability measures.The concept of distributional robustness is also explored in Goh and Sim(2010),with an emphasis on linear and piecewise-linear decision rules to reformulate the original problem in aﬂexible manner using expected-value terms.Xu et al.(2012) also investigates probabilistic interpretations of robust optimization.A related area of study is worst-case optimization with partial information on the moments of distributions.In particular,Popescu(2007)analyzes robust solutions to a certain class of stochastic optimization problems,using mean-covariance information about the distributions underlying the uncertain parameters.The author connects the problem for a broad class of objective functions to a univariate mean-variance robust objective and,subsequently, to a(deterministic)parametric quadratic programming problem.The reader is referred to Doan(2010)for a moment-based uncertainty model for stochastic optimization prob-lems,which addresses the ambiguity of probability distributions of random parameters with a minimax decision rule,and a comparison with data-driven approaches.Distributionally robust optimization in the context of data-driven problems is the focus of Delage(2009),which uses observed data to deﬁne a”well structured”set of dis-tributions that is guaranteed with high probability to contain the distribution from which the samples were drawn. Zymler et al.(2012a)develop tractable semideﬁnite programming(SDP)based approximations for distributionally robust individual and joint chance constraints,assuming that only theﬁrst-and second-order moments as well as the support of the uncertain parameters are given.Becker(2011)studies the distributionally robust optimization problem with known mean,covariance and support and develops a decomposition method for this family of prob-lems which recursively derives sub-policies along projected dimensions of uncertainty while providing a sequence of bounds on the value of the derived policy.Robust linear optimization using distributional information is further studied in Kang(2008).Further,Delage and Ye(2010)investigates distributional robustness with moment uncertainty.Speciﬁcally,uncertainty affects the problem both in terms of the distribution and of its moments.The authors show that the resulting problems can be solved efﬁciently and prove that the solutions exhibit,with high probability,best worst-case performance over a set of distributions.Bertsimas et al.(2010)proposes a semideﬁnite optimization model to address minimax two-stage stochastic linear problems with risk aversion,when the distribution of the second-stage random variables belongs to a set of multivariate distributions with knownﬁrst and second moments.The minimax solutions provide a natural distribu-tion to stress-test stochastic optimization problems under distributional ambiguity.Cromvik and Patriksson(2010a) show that,under certain assumptions,global optima and stationary solutions of stochastic mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints are robust with respect to changes in the underlying probability distribution.Works such as Zhu and Fukushima(2009)and Zymler(2010)also study distributional robustness in the context of speciﬁc applications,such as portfolio management.2.5Connection with Risk TheoryBertsimas and Brown(2009)describe how to connect uncertainty sets in robust linear optimization to coherent risk measures,an example of which is Conditional Value-at-Risk.In particular,the authors show the link between polyhedral uncertainty sets of a special structure and a subclass of coherent risk measures called distortion risk measures.Independently,Chen et al.(2007)present an approach for constructing uncertainty sets for robust opti-mization using new deviation measures that capture the asymmetry of the distributions.These deviation measures lead to improved approximations of chance constraints.Dentcheva and Ruszczynski(2010)proposes the concept of robust stochastic dominance and shows its applica-tion to risk-averse optimization.They consider stochastic optimization problems where risk-aversion is expressed by a robust stochastic dominance constraint and develop necessary and sufﬁcient conditions of optimality for such optimization problems in the convex case.In the nonconvex case,they derive necessary conditions of optimality under additional smoothness assumptions of some mappings involved in the problem.2.6Nonlinear OptimizationRobust nonlinear optimization remains much less widely studied to date than its linear counterpart.Bertsimas et al.(2010c)presents a robust optimization approach for unconstrained non-convex problems and problems based on simulations.Such problems arise for instance in the partial differential equations literature and in engineering applications such as nanophotonic design.An appealing feature of the approach is that it does not assume any speciﬁc structure for the problem.The case of robust nonlinear optimization with constraints is investigated in Bertsimas et al.(2010b)with an application to radiation therapy for cancer treatment.Bertsimas and Nohadani (2010)further explore robust nonconvex optimization in contexts where solutions are not known explicitly,e.g., have to be found using simulation.They present a robust simulated annealing algorithm that improves performance and robustness of the solution.Further,Boni et al.(2008)analyzes problems with uncertain conic quadratic constraints,formulating an approx-imate robust counterpart,and Zhang(2007)provide formulations to nonlinear programming problems that are valid in the neighborhood of the nominal parameters and robust to theﬁrst order.Hsiung et al.(2008)present tractable approximations to robust geometric programming,by using piecewise-linear convex approximations of each non-linear constraint.Geometric programming is also investigated in Shen et al.(2008),where the robustness is injected at the level of the algorithm and seeks to avoid obtaining infeasible solutions because of the approximations used in the traditional approach.Interval uncertainty-based robust optimization for convex and non-convex quadratic programs are considered in Li et al.(2011).Takeda et al.(2010)studies robustness for uncertain convex quadratic programming problems with ellipsoidal uncertainties and proposes a relaxation technique based on random sampling for robust deviation optimization sserre(2011)considers minimax and robust models of polynomial optimization.A special case of nonlinear problems that are linear in the decision variables but convex in the uncertainty when the worst-case objective is to be maximized is investigated in Kawas and Thiele(2011a).In that setting,exact and tractable robust counterparts can be derived.A special class of nonconvex robust optimization is examined in Kawas and Thiele(2011b).Robust nonconvex optimization is examined in detail in Teo(2007),which presents a method that is applicable to arbitrary objective functions by iteratively moving along descent directions and terminates at a robust local minimum.3Applications of Robust OptimizationWe describe below examples to which robust optimization has been applied.While an appealing feature of robust optimization is that it leads to models that can be solved using off-the-shelf software,it is worth pointing the existence of algebraic modeling tools that facilitate the formulation and subsequent analysis of robust optimization problems on the computer(Goh and Sim,2011).3.1Production,Inventory and Logistics3.1.1Classical logistics problemsThe capacitated vehicle routing problem with demand uncertainty is studied in Sungur et al.(2008),with a more extensive treatment in Sungur(2007),and the robust traveling salesman problem with interval data in Montemanni et al.(2007).Remli and Rekik(2012)considers the problem of combinatorial auctions in transportation services when shipment volumes are uncertain and proposes a two-stage robust formulation solved using a constraint gener-ation algorithm.Zhang(2011)investigates two-stage minimax regret robust uncapacitated lot-sizing problems with demand uncertainty,in particular showing that it is polynomially solvable under the interval uncertain demand set.3.1.2SchedulingGoren and Sabuncuoglu(2008)analyzes robustness and stability measures for scheduling in a single-machine environment subject to machine breakdowns and embeds them in a tabu-search-based scheduling algorithm.Mittal (2011)investigates efﬁcient algorithms that give optimal or near-optimal solutions for problems with non-linear objective functions,with a focus on robust scheduling and service operations.Examples considered include parallel machine scheduling problems with the makespan objective,appointment scheduling and assortment optimization problems with logit choice models.Hazir et al.(2010)considers robust scheduling and robustness measures for the discrete time/cost trade-off problem.3.1.3Facility locationAn important question in logistics is not only how to operate a system most efﬁciently but also how to design it. Baron et al.(2011)applies robust optimization to the problem of locating facilities in a network facing uncertain demand over multiple periods.They consider a multi-periodﬁxed-charge network location problem for which they ﬁnd the number of facilities,their location and capacities,the production in each period,and allocation of demand to facilities.The authors show that different models of uncertainty lead to very different solution network topologies, with the model with box uncertainty set opening fewer,larger facilities.?investigate a robust version of the location transportation problem with an uncertain demand using a2-stage formulation.The resulting robust formulation is a convex(nonlinear)program,and the authors apply a cutting plane algorithm to solve the problem exactly.Atamt¨u rk and Zhang(2007)study the networkﬂow and design problem under uncertainty from a complexity standpoint,with applications to lot-sizing and location-transportation problems,while Bardossy(2011)presents a dual-based local search approach for deterministic,stochastic,and robust variants of the connected facility location problem.The robust capacity expansion problem of networkﬂows is investigated in Ordonez and Zhao(2007),which provides tractable reformulations under a broad set of assumptions.Mudchanatongsuk et al.(2008)analyze the network design problem under transportation cost and demand uncertainty.They present a tractable approximation when each commodity only has a single origin and destination,and an efﬁcient column generation for networks with path constraints.Atamt¨u rk and Zhang(2007)provides complexity results for the two-stage networkﬂow anddesign plexity results for the robust networkﬂow and network design problem are also provided in Minoux(2009)and Minoux(2010).The problem of designing an uncapacitated network in the presence of link failures and a competing mode is investigated in Laporte et al.(2010)in a railway application using a game theoretic perspective.Torres Soto(2009)also takes a comprehensive view of the facility location problem by determining not only the optimal location but also the optimal time for establishing capacitated facilities when demand and cost parameters are time varying.The models are solved using Benders’decomposition or heuristics such as local search and simulated annealing.In addition,the robust networkﬂow problem is also analyzed in Boyko(2010),which proposes a stochastic formulation of minimum costﬂow problem aimed atﬁnding network design andﬂow assignments subject to uncertain factors,such as network component disruptions/failures when the risk measure is Conditional Value at Risk.Nagurney and Qiang(2009)suggests a relative total cost index for the evaluation of transportation network robustness in the presence of degradable links and alternative travel behavior.Further,the problem of locating a competitive facility in the plane is studied in Blanquero et al.(2011)with a robustness criterion.Supply chain design problems are also studied in Pan and Nagi(2010)and Poojari et al.(2008).3.1.4Inventory managementThe topic of robust multi-stage inventory management has been investigated in detail in Bienstock and Ozbay (2008)through the computation of robust basestock levels and Ben-Tal et al.(2009)through an extension of the Afﬁnely Adjustable Robust Counterpart framework to control inventories under demand uncertainty.See and Sim (2010)studies a multi-period inventory control problem under ambiguous demand for which only mean,support and some measures of deviations are known,using a factor-based model.The parameters of the replenishment policies are obtained using a second-order conic programming problem.Song(2010)considers stochastic inventory control in robust supply chain systems.The work proposes an inte-grated approach that combines in a single step dataﬁtting and inventory optimization–using histograms directly as the inputs for the optimization model–for the single-item multi-period periodic-review stochastic lot-sizing problem.Operation and planning issues for dynamic supply chain and transportation networks in uncertain envi-ronments are considered in Chung(2010),with examples drawn from emergency logistics planning,network design and congestion pricing problems.3.1.5Industry-speciﬁc applicationsAng et al.(2012)proposes a robust storage assignment approach in unit-load warehouses facing variable supply and uncertain demand in a multi-period setting.The authors assume a factor-based demand model and minimize the worst-case expected total travel in the warehouse with distributional ambiguity of demand.A related problem is considered in Werners and Wuelﬁng(2010),which optimizes internal transports at a parcel sorting center.Galli(2011)describes the models and algorithms that arise from implementing recoverable robust optimization to train platforming and rolling stock planning,where the concept of recoverable robustness has been deﬁned in。

MOBIAK Foam Fire Extinguisher Material Safety Data

Foam Fire ExtinguisherMaterial Safety Data SheetUpdated: 01-05-2017Page 11. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATIONProduct name:MOBIAK Foam Fire Extinguisher Manufacturer:E-Mail:**************MOBIAK SA, AKROTIRI, CHANIA, P.C.: 73100Tel: +30 2821063222, FAX: +30 28210 662602. COMPOSITION / CLASSIFICATIONChemical name Chemical formula CAS no Quota % Risk/safety phrases Ethanol F; R11Xi; R36/37/38Unde ned. (GHS)Flam. Liq. 2;H225C2H5OH64-17-5＞5%，<10%Urea CH 4N 2O 57-13-6＞0.5%， <5%3.HAZARD IDENTIFICATIONIngestion: Burning sensation. Cough. Cramps. May cause burns or irritation of the linings ofthe mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract.Swallowing a small quantity of this material will result in serious health hazard.Must not come into contact with food or be consumed.4.FIRST AID MEASURESInhalationAssure fresh air breathing Skin contactFlush with plenty of water Eye contactSeek medical attention immediately IngestionSeek medical attention immediately5.FIRE FIGHTING MEASURESThe product is a re-extinguisher. After use remove residual reextinguishing agent from corrosion sensitive materials.6.ACCIDENTAL RELEASES MEASURESGeneral precautions : Remove ignition sources.Personal precautions : Spill should be handled by trained cleaning personnel properly equipped with respiratory and eye protection.Environmental precautions : Prevent entry to sewers and public waters.Notify authorities if product enters sewers or public waters. Clean up methods : Collect spills and put it into appropriated container.7.HANDLING AND STORAGEStorag e temperature: +5°C - 60°C, dry and free from vibrations. Keep away from natriumhypochlorite (bleach).8.EXPOSURE CONTROLS AND PERSONALPROTECTIONWear chemical glove and blinker to use it, wash hand after use.9.PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPH value 8.0—10 Density(20℃) 1.07 Flash poi nt [°C] 47 Solubi lity in water Complete ExplodeNo reliable data available10.STABILITY AND REACTIVITYStable under normal conditions11.TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIESEye contact: The foam can cause discomfort or irritation.12.ECOTOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATIONOECD 302B resp. EU C.9: The test substance can be considered as "inherently biodegradable".13.DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONDispose in a safe manner in accordance with local/national regulations.General: Hazardous waste.Dispose in a safe manner in accordance with local/national regulations.14.TRANSPORT INFORMATIONADR RID IMDGDGR( yg)UN nr: 10441044UN no:Class:Class:2.2Class: 2.2EmS:F-C,S-V Marine Pollutant:NoPacking group:Shipping Name: Fire extinguishers containing compressed or lique ed gaShipping Name: Fire extinguishers containing compressed or lique ed gas 15.REGULATORY INFORMATIONThe foam is not classi ed as hazardous according to regulations for chemicals. (Information about hazards and packaging of wares, 1994). Control rules for working environment and hazardous elements in the working environment. This material safety sheet does not replace the user’s own judgement of the size of the workplace and environment in accordance with the abovementioned rules. In some cases, depending on packaging size, the rules for manual handling of the product might apply.16.OTHER INFORMATIONThe informa tion about the re extinguishing agent in this document is based on the manufacturer’s data. The information is based on the knowledge and regulations of today. It is a guide for health andenvironment concerns concerning to the product and should not be considered a guarantee of function. The product should never beused for anything but re ghting, without rst contacting the supplier. The user is responsible that valid laws and regulations are being followed. Additional information exists in the health and safety documents at the manufacturers’.CONTACT: FACTORY: AKROTIRI, CHANIA, P .C .: 73100, ΤEL.: +30 2821063222, F AX: +30 28210 66260CENTRAL EXHIBITION: 96-98 M. MP OTSARI str. P .C .: 73136, CHANIA, GREECE, ΤEL.: +30 28210 91561, F AX: +30 28210 91644A THENS DISTRIBUTION CENTER: M A GOULA - ASP ROPIR GOS, P .C .: 19300, ΤEL.: +30 210 4614006, F AX: +30 210 5595986N.GREECE DISTRIB. CENTER: 8 ARKADIOU st r. KA LOCHORI - THESSAL ONIKI, P .C .: 57009, ΤEL.: +30 2310 785668, F AX: +30 2310 574793 CEN T . & EAST CRETE DISTRIB. CENTER: P’ st r . INDUSTRIAL ZONE OF HERAKLION - CRETE, P .C .: 71601, ΤEL./F AX: +30 2810 333151。

鸡传染性法氏囊疫病的防控

畜牧兽医科技信息２０１９年第０２期鸡传染性法氏囊病是由鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒引起的一种对幼鸡免疫器官产生严重破坏的传染性疾病，鸡一旦感染这种疾病，就会受到严重的危害。

鸡传染性法氏囊病目前有两个血清型，分别为血清１型和２型，其中血清１型有致病力，而血清２型则没有致病力。

而随着该病毒株的变异，其传播流行变得更加复杂，造成的经济损失更加严重。

只有对其进行有效的防控，才能降低其对鸡群的影响，保证养鸡业的经济效益。

１流行特点１．１发病日龄范围大从目前流行的状态看，该病的发病日龄范围扩大，最早发病的幼鸡只有３日龄，而最晚发病的鸡则为６月龄。

１．２宿主范围广在鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒的宿主范围较广，不仅为鸡，鸭、鹅同样是该病毒的宿主，这种现象造成其传播速度更快。

１．３毒株变异鸡传染性法氏囊病在流行过程中，其病毒毒株的变异率较高，传统疫苗只能发挥２５％的效果，为该病的防控工作带来了较大的难度。

典型的病变是法氏囊萎缩，失去免疫能力。

１．４并发症多在鸡感染传染性法氏囊病后，其法氏囊会受到破坏，失去免疫作用，增加鸡感染其他疫病的概率，出现各种并发症。

２临床症状在鸡感染鸡传染性法氏囊病后，其会出现精神萎靡、羽毛色暗、头颈前伸垂地、躯体抖动等现象。

病鸡行走时会出现步态不稳，不爱走动，经常蜷缩在墙角。

如果病情加重，体温会升高至４３℃，并会出现卧地不起的现象。

此时病鸡排出水样粪便，呈白色或黄色，严重的脱水导致脚瓜干枯。

在病鸡临死时，体温会迅速下降，爪腿冰凉、爪趾干枯以及眼窝凹陷等现象严重，直至衰竭而死亡。

在以过程中，病鸡的骨骼肌会出现脱水现象，股肌、胸肌、肠黏膜、腺胃以及交界位置出血现象。

此外，病鸡出现肾脏肿大，并有尿酸盐沉积在输尿管中，呈花斑肾的现象。

病初，病鸡的法氏囊出现水肿、充血，２～３ｄ后，这种病状更加明显，法氏囊的大小和重量可达到正常的２倍，浆膜表面会覆盖淡黄色胶状渗出物。

法氏囊会由白色变成奶油色，如果病情加重，会出现出血现象，呈紫葡萄状，如果将其切开，会在粘膜折皱位置发现出血点，并存在脓性分泌物。

激励电路

压差 V ≤2.0
(2) LM117/LM317 系列三端可调集成稳压器
LM117/LM317 是美国国家半导体公司的三端可调正稳压器集成电路。我国和世界各大集成电路生产商均有同类产品可供选用，是使用极为广泛的一类串连集成稳压器。 LM117/LM317 的输出电压范围是 1.2V 至 37V，负载电流最大为 1.5A。它的使用非常简单，仅需两个外接电阻来设置输出电压。此外它的线性调整率和负载调整率也比标准的固定稳压器好。LM117/LM317 内置有过载保护、安全区保护等多种保护电路。
(3) Maxim(美信)公司的基准电源
(4) 开关电源模块 (5) 其他 AC-DC DC-DC模块
2.3.2 恒流源恒流源电路是负载电阻在允许范围内变化时，输出电流保持稳定的电路。因此，设计时必须注意负载的变化范围。设负载电阻的最大值为 RLmax,最小值 RLmin,恒定电流为IL,那么输出电压 RLmax IL<Vo<RLmin IL. 由此可见，恒流源的输出电压应与恒定电流和负载的电阻的变化范围保持响应的关系。
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2
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10kohm
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R1
1
3
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V2
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R2
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R5
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40%
（4）集成恒流电路(p17) LM334是美国国家半导体公司生产的三端可调恒流源器件, 在工作电流内恒流源可调范围比为10000:1, 并且具有1到40V宽的动态电压范围, 恒流特性非常好。恒流源的建立只需一只外接电阻而不再需要其它元件。 LM344是无需独立电源供电的真正悬浮恒流源。主要特性：1-40V的宽工作电压范围 0.002%/V电流稳定度 1vA-10mA可编程电流范围 TO-93、SO-8、TO-46三种封装。

数控机床常用英语词汇大全

1)计算机数值控制(Computerized Numerical Control, CNC)用计算机控制加工功能，实现数值控制。

2)轴(Axis)机床的部件可以沿着其作直线移动或回转运动的基准方向。

3)机床坐标系( Machine Coordinate Systern )固定于机床上，以机床零点为基准的笛卡尔坐标系。

4)机床坐标原点( Machine Coordinate Origin )机床坐标系的原点。

5)工件坐标系( W orkpiece Coordinate Syst em )固定于工件上的笛卡尔坐标系6)工件坐标原点( Wrok-piexe Coordinate Origin)工件坐标系原点。

7)机床零点( Machine zero )由机床制造商规定的机床原点。

8)参考位置( Reference Position )机床启动用的沿着坐标轴上的一个固定点，它可以用机床坐标原点为参考基准9)绝对尺寸(Absolute Dimension)/绝对坐标值(Absolute Coordinates)距一坐标系原点的直线距离或角度。

10)增量尺寸( Incremental Dimension ) /增量坐标值(Incremental Coordinates)在一序列点的增量中，各点距前一点的距离或角度值。

11)最小输人增量(Least Input Increment)在加工程序中可以输人的最小增量单位。

12)命令增量(Least command Increment)从数值控制装置发出的命令坐标轴移动的最小增量单位。

13)插补(InterPolation)在所需的路径或轮廓线上的两个已知点间根据某一数学函数(例如：直线，圆弧或高阶函数)确定其多个中间点的位置坐标值的运算过程。

14)直线插补(Llne Interpolation)这是一种插补方式，在此方式中，两点间的插补沿着直线的点群来逼近，沿此直线控制刀具的运动。

模具英语词汇表

模具英语词汇表Aabrasive grinding 强力磨削L3abrasive[E'breisiv] a.磨料的, 研磨的L2,3absence ['AbsEns] n.. 不在，缺席 L17accesssory[Ak'sesEri] n.附件 L10accommodate[E'kCmEdeit] v. 适应L5accordingly[E'kC:diNli] adv.因此,从而,相应地L7,13 accuracy['AkjurEsi] n精度,准确性 L1,3actuate['Aktjueit] vt.开动(机器), 驱动L8adequate['Adikwit] a. 足够的 L13adhesive[Ed'hi:siv] n. 粘合剂 L22adjacent[E'dVeisnt] a. 邻近的 L13adopt[E'dCpt] vt. 采用L4advance [Ed'vA:ns] n.进步L7advisable [Ed'vaizbl] adj. 可取的 L20agitate['AdViteit] v. 摇动L2a large extent 很大程度L4,13algorithm ['Al^EriTEm] n. 算法L6align [E'lain] v 定位，调准 L17alignment[E'lainmEnt] n. 校直 L11all-too-frequent 频繁 L17allowance[E'lEuens] n. 容差, 余量L5alternate['C:ltEnit]v.交替,轮流 L1alternative[C:l'tE:nEtiv] n. 替换物L3alternatively[C:l'tE:nEtivli] ad. 做为选择, 也许L5 aluminiun[7Alju'minjEm] n.铝L2ample['Ampl] adj. 充沛的 L20analysis [E'nAlEsis] n. 阐发L6ancillary['AnsilEri] a.补助的, 副的L4angular ['A^julE] adj. 有角的 L20annealing[E'li:liN] n.退火L2aperture ['ApEtFE] n.孔 L17applied loads 作用力 L1appropriate [E'prEuprieit] a. 适当的L6,20arc[a:k] n.弧, 弓形 L10arise[E'raiz] vi. 呈现, 发生 L21arrange[E'reidV] v. 安排 L12article['a:tikl] n.成品, 产物 L21ascertain[7AsE'tein] vt. 确定, 查明 L1assemble[E'sembl] vt.组装L4attitude ['Atitju:d] n 态度 L17auxiliary [C:^'ziljEri]adj. 辅助的L8avoid[E'vCid] v.防止L7axis['Aksis] n.轴L5axle['Aksl] n.轮轴, 车轴 L1Bbackup['bAk7Qp] n. 备份L9batch [bAtF] n 一批 L17bearing['bZEriN] n.轴承,支座 L21bed[bed] n. 床身L5behavior[bi'heivjE] n. 性能 L1bench-work 钳工工作L4bend[bend] v.弯曲 L1beneath[bi'ni:W] prep在···下L4bin [bin] n. 仓，料架 L19blank [blANk] n. 坯料 L20blank [blANk] v. 冲裁,落料 L17blanking tool 落料模 L17blast [blQst] n.一阵〔风〕 L18blemish['blemiF] n. 错误谬误, 污点 L13bolster['bEulstE] n. 模座,垫板L4,5boost[bu:st] n. 推进L9boring['bC:riN] n.镗削, 镗孔 L4,5bracket ['brAkit] n. 支架 L19brass [brAs] n.黄铜L2break down 破坏 L1breakage ['breikidV] n.破坏 L17bridge piece L16brine[brain] n. 盐水L2brittle['britl] adv.易碎的 L1buffer [bQfE] n.缓冲器L8built-in 内装的L9bulging [bQldViN] n. 凸肚 L22burr [bE:] n. 毛刺 L17bush [buF] n. 衬套 L17bush[buF]n. 衬套L5by far (修饰比较级, 第一流)···得多, 最L3 by means of 借助于L5Ccabinet ['kAbinit] n.橱柜L7call upon 要求 L17carbide['ka:baid] n.碳化物 L10carburzing['ka:bjuretiN] n. 渗碳L2carriage['kAridV] n.拖板, 大拖板L5carry along 一起带走 L18carry down over 从···上取下 L21carry out 完成 L17case hardening 外表硬化L2case[keis] n. 壳, 套L2cast steel 铸钢 L17casting['ka:stiN] n. 锻造,铸件L3category['kAtE^Euri] n. 种类L6,15caution ['kC:FEn] n. 警告，警示 L17cavity and core plates 凹模和凸模板 L11cavity['kAviti] n.型腔, 腔, 洞L4,10centre-drilling 中心孔L5ceramic[si'rAmik] n.陶瓷成品L3chain doted line 点划线 L11channel['tFAnl] n.通道, 信道L8characteristic[kArEktE'ristik] n.特性 L1check[tFek] v.核算 L21chip[tFip] n.切屑, 铁屑L3chuck [tFQk] n.卡盘 L5,8chute [Fu:t] n. 斜道 L19circa ['sEkE:] adv. 大约L7circlip['sE:klip] n.(开口)簧环 L22circuit['sE:kit] n. 回路, 环路 L13circular supoport block L5circulate['sE:kjuleid] v.(使)循环 L13clamp [klAmp] vt 夹紧 L17clamp[klAmp] n.压板 L12clay[klei] n. 泥土 L2,7clearance ['kliErEns] n. 间隙 L17clip [klip] vt. 堵截，夹住 L19cold hobbing 冷挤压L4cold slug well 冷料井 L12collapse[kE'lAps] vi.崩塌, 崩溃 L22collapsible[kE'lApsEbl] adj.可分解的 L22 combination [kCmbi'neiFEn] n. 组合 L18 commence[kE'mens] v. 开始, 着手 L16commence[kE'mens]v. 开始 L21commercial [kE'mE:FEl] adj. 商业的L7 competitive[kEm'petitiv] a. 竞争的L9 complementary[7kCmpli'mentEri] a. 互补的L5 complexity [kem'pleksiti] n.复杂性L8 complicated['kCmplEkeitid] adj.复杂的L2 complication [kCmpli'keiFEn] n. 复杂化L5,20compression [kEm'preFEn] n.压缩 L1comprise[kEm'prais] vt.包含 L16compromise['kCmprEmaiz] n. 妥协, 折衷 L13concern with 关于L6concise[kEn'sais] a. 简明的, 简练的L9confront[kEn'frQnt] vt. 使面临 L14connector[kE'nektE] n. 连接口, 接头L14 consequent['kCnsikwEnt] a. 随之发生的, 必然的L3 console ['kCnsoul] n.控制台L8consume [kEn'sjum] vt. 消耗, 占用L7 consummate [kEn'sQmeit] vt. 使完善L6container[kEn'teinE] n. 容器 L11contingent[ken'tindVEnt] a.可能发生的L9contour['kEntuE] n.轮廓L5,21conventional[kEn'venFEnl] a. 常规的L4converge[kEn'vE:dV] v.集中于一点 L21conversant[kCn'vE:sEnt] a. 熟悉的 L15conversion[kEn'vE:FEn] n 换算, 转换L7conveyer[ken'veiE] n. 运送装置 L12coolant['ku:lEnt] n. 冷却液 L13coordinate [kEu'C:dnit] vt. (使)协调L8copy machine 仿形(加工)机床L4core[kC:] n. 型芯, 核心 L2,4corresponding [ka:ri'spCdiN] n.相应的L7 counteract [kauntE'rAkt] vt. 反作用,抵当 L20 couple with 伴随 L20CPU (central processing unit) 中央处置器L9 crack[krAk ] v.〔使〕破裂，裂纹L1,17critical['kritikl] adj.临界的L2cross-hatching 剖面线 L16cross-section drawn 剖面图 L11cross-slide 横向滑板L5CRT (cathoder-ray tube) 阴极射线管L9crush[krQF]vt.压碎 L1cryogenic[7kraiE'dVenik ]a.低温学的 L1crystal['kristl] adj.结晶状的 L1cubic['kju:bik] a. 立方的, 立方体的L3cup [kQp] vt (使)成杯状, 引伸 L18curable ['kjurEbl] adj. 可矫正的 L20curvature['kE:vEtFE] n.弧线 L21curve [kE:v] vt. 使弯曲 L20cutter bit 刀头, 刀片L3cyanide['saiEnaid] n.氰化物L2Ddash [dAF] n. 破折号L6daylight ['deilait] n. 板距 L12decline[di'klain] v.下落,下降,减少, L3,9deform[di'fC:m] v. (使)变形 L1,3demonstrate['demEstreit ] v证明 L21depict[di'pikt ] vt 描述 L18deposite [di'pCzit] vt. 放置 L20depression[di'preFEn] n. 凹穴 L12descend [di'sent] v. 下降 L20desirable[di'zairEbl] a. 适宜的L2detail ['diteil] n.细节，详情 L17deterioration[ditiEri:E'reiFEn] n. 退化, 恶化 L12 determine[di'tE:min] v.决定 L16diagrammmatic[7daiEgrE'mAtik].a.图解的，图表的 L10 dictate['dikteit] v. 支配 L12die[dai] n.模具, 冲模, 凹模 L2dielectric[daii'lektrik] n. 电介质 L10die-set 模架 L19digital ['didVitl ] n.数字式数字, a.数字的 L3,6 dimensional[dddi'menFEnl] a. 尺寸的, 空间的L3 discharge[dis'tFa:dV] n.v. 放电, 卸下, 排出L3 discharge[dis'tFa:dV] v.卸下L8discrete [dis'cri:t] adj. 离散的,分立的L7 dislodge[dis'lCdV] v. 拉出, 取出 L12dissolution[disE'lu:FEn] n.结束L9distinct [dis'tiNkt] a.不同的，显著的L6distort [dis'dC:t] vt. 扭曲 L20distort[dis'tC:t] vt. (使)变形, 扭曲 L1distributed system 分布式系统L9dowel ['dauEl] n. 销子 L19dramaticlly [drE'mAtikli] adv. 显著地L7drastic ['drAstik] a.剧烈的 L17draughting[dra:ftiN] n. 绘图 L16draughtsman['drAftsmEn] n. 草拟人 L16drawing['drC:iN] n. 制图 L11drill press 钻床L8drum [drQm] n.鼓轮L8dual ['dju:El] adv. 双的，双重的 L18ductility [dQk'tiliti ] n.延展性L1,21 dynamic [dai'nAmik ] adj 动力的L6Eedge [edV] n .边缘 L20e.g.(exempli gratia) [拉] 例如 L12ejector [i'dVektE] n.排出器， L18ejector plate 顶出板 L16ejector rob 顶杆L5elasticity[ilA'stisiti] n.弹性 L1electric dicharge machining 电火花加工L3 electrical discharge machining电火花加工L10electrochemical machining 电化学加工L3electrode[i'lektrEud] n. 电极 L10electro-deposition 电铸L4elementary [elE'mentEri] adj.底子的L2 eliminate[i'limineit] vt. 消除, 除去 L10 elongate[i'lCN^et] vt. (使)伸长, 耽误 L1 emerge [i'mE:dV] vi. 形成, 显现 L20emphasise['emfEsaiz] vt. 强调L4endeavour[en'devE] n. 尽力L17engagement[in'^eidVment] n. 约束, 接合 L22 enhance[in'hAns] vt. 提高, 增强L9ensure [in'FuE] vt. 确保，包管 L17envisage[in'vizidV] vt.设想 L15erase[i'reis] vt. 抹去, 擦掉 L16evaluation[i'vAlju7eiFEn] n. 评价, 估价L1 eventually[i'vEntFuEli ] adv.终于 L21evolution[evE'lu:FEn] n.进展 L16excecution[eksi'kju:FEn] n. 执行, 完成L9 execute ['ekskju:t] v. 执行L8exerte [i^'zE:t] vt. 施加 L20experience[iks'piriEns] n. 经验 L16explosive[iks'plEusiv]adj.爆炸(性)的 L22extend[eks'tend] v. 伸展L2external[eks'tE:nl] a. 外部的L5,11extract[eks'trAkt] v. 拔出 L14extreme[iks'tri:m] n. 极端 L13extremely[iks'tri:mli] adv. 非常地 L12extremity[iks'tmiti] n. 极端 L13extrusion[eks'tru:VEn] n. 挤压, 挤出L3FF (Fahrenheit)['fArEnhait]n.华氏温度L2fabricate ['fAbrikeit] vt.制作,制造L7 facilitate [fE'siliteit] vt. 帮忙L6facility[fE'siliti] n. 设备L4facing[feisiN] n. 端面车削L5fall within 属于, 适合于 L15fan[fAn] n.电扇L7far from 毫不, 一点不, 远非L9fatigue[fE'ti^] n.疲劳 L1feasible ['fi:zEbl] a 可行的 L18feature ['fi:tFE] n.特色, 特征L7,17 feed[fi:d] n.. 进给L5feedback ['fi:dbAk] n. 反响L8female['fi:meil] a. 阴的, 凹形的 L11ferrule['ferEl] n. 套管 L14file system 文件系统L9fitter['fitE] n.装配工, 钳工L4fix[fiks] vt. 使固定, 安装, vi. 固定 L11 fixed half and moving half 定模和动模 L11 flat-panel technology 平面(显示)技术L9 flexibility[fleksi'biliti] n. 适应性, 柔性L9 flexible['fleksEbl] a. 柔韧的 L13flow mark 流动斑点 L13follow-on tool 持续模 L18foregoing ['fC:'^EuiN]adj. 在前的,前面的L8foretell[fC:'tell] vt. 预测, 预示, 预言L9 forge[fC:dV] n. v. 锻造L3forming[fC:miN] n. 成型L3four screen quadrants 四屏幕象限L9 fracture['frAktFE] n.破裂 L21free from 免于 L21Ggap[^Ap] n. 裂口, 间隙 L10gearbox['^iEbCks] n.齿轮箱L5general arrangement L16govern['^QvEn] v.统治, 支配, 办理 L13grain [^rein] n. 纹理 L20graphic ['^rAfik] adj. 图解的L6grasp [^rAsp] vt. 抓住L8grid[^rid] n. 格子, 网格 L16grind[^raind] v. 磨, 磨削, 研磨L3grinding ['^raindiN] n. 磨光,磨削L3,20 grinding machine 磨床L5gripper[^ripE] n. 抓爪, 夹具L9groove[^ru:v] n. 凹槽 L12guide bush 导套L5guide pillar 导柱L5guide pillars and bushes 导柱和导套 L11Hhandset['hAndset] n. 听筒L4hardness['ha:dnis] n.硬度 L1,2hardware ['ha:dwZE] n. 硬件L6headstock['hedstCk] n.床头箱, 主轴箱L5hexagonal[hek'sA^Enl] a. 六角形的, 六角的 L11 hindrance['hindrEns] n.障碍, 障碍物L11hob[hCb] n. 滚刀, 冲头L4hollow-ware 空心件 L21horizontal[hCri'zCntl] a. 程度的 L16hose[hEuz] n. 软管, 水管 L13hyperbolic [haipE'bClik] adj.双曲线的L7Ii.e. (id est) [拉] 也就是 L12identical[ai'dentikl] a同样的 L16identify [ai'dentifai] v. 确定, 识别L7idle ['aidl] adj.空闲的L8immediately[i'mi:djEtli] adv. 正好, 恰好 L12 impact['impAkt] n.冲击 L1impart [im'pa:t] v.赐与L11,17implement ['implimEnt] vt 实现L6impossibility[impCsE'biliti] n.不成能 L21impression[im'preFEn] n. 型腔 L11in contact with 接触 L1in terms of 依据 L1inasmuch (as)[inEz'mQtF] conj.因为, 由于L3inch-to-metric conversions 英公制转换L7 inclinable [in'klainEbl] adj. 可倾斜的 L20inclusion [in'kluFEn] n. 内含物 L19inconspicuous[inkEn'spikjuEs] a. 不显眼的 L14 incorporate [in'kC:pEreit] v 合并,混合L17 indentation[7inden'teiFEn ] n.压痕 L1indenter[in'dentE] n. 压头 L1independently[indi'peinEntli] a. 单独地, 独登时 L16 inevitably[in'evitEbli] ad. 不成防止地 L14 inexpensive[inik'spensiv]adj. 廉价的L2inherently [in'hiErEntli] adv.固有的L7injection mould 注塑模 L11injection[in'dVekFEn] n. 打针 L11in-line-of-draw 直接脱模 L14insert[in'sE:t] n. 嵌件 L16inserted die 嵌入式凹模 L19inspection[in'spekFEn] n.查抄,监督L9installation[instE'leiFEn] n. 安装 L10integration [inti'^reiFEn] n.集成L6intelligent[in'telidVEnt]a. 智能的L9intentinonally [in'tenFEnEli] adv 加强地，集中地 L17 interface ['intEfeis] n.. 界面L6internal[in'tE:nl] a. 内部的 L1,5interpolation [intEpE'leiFEn] n.插值法L7 investment casting 熔模锻造L4irregular [i'regjulE] adj. 不规那么的，无规律 L17 irrespective of 不管, 不管 L11irrespective[iri'spektiv] a. 掉臂的, 不考虑的 L11 issue ['isju] vt. 发布，发出L6Jjoint line 结合线 L14Kkerosene['kerEsi:n] n.煤油 L10keyboard ['ki:bC:d ] n. 健盘L6knock [nRk] v 敲，敲打 L17Llance [la:ns] v. 切缝 L19lathe[leiT] n. 车床L4latitude ['lAtitju:d] n. 自由 L17lay out 安插 L13limitation[limi'teiFEn] n.限度,限制,局限(性) L3local intelligence局部智能L9locate [lEu'keit] vt. 定位 L18logic ['lCdVik] n. 逻辑L7longitudinal['lCndVE'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的L5 longitudinally['lCndVE'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的 L13look upon 视作, 对待 L17lubrication[lju:bri'keiFEn ] n.润滑 L21Mmachine shop 车间L2machine table 工作台L8machining[mE'Fi:niN] n. 加工L3made-to-measure 定做 L15maintenance['meintinEns] n.维护,维修L7majority[mE'dVa:riti] n.大都 L21make use of 操纵L2male[meil] a. 阳的, 凸形的 L11malfunction['mAl'fQNFEn] n. 故障L9mandrel['mAdtil] n.心轴 L22manifestation[mAnifEs'teiFEn] n. 表示, 显示L9 massiveness ['mAsivnis ] 厚实，大块L19measure['meVE] n. 大小, 度量 L1microcomputer 微型计算机L9microns['maikrCn] n.微米 L10microprocessor 微处置器L9mild steel 低碳钢 L17milling machine 铣床L4mineral['minErEl] n.矿物, 矿产L2minimise['minimaiz] v.把···减到最少, 最小化 L13minute['minit] a.微小的 L10mirror image 镜像 L16mirror['mirE] n. 镜子 L16MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 麻省理工学院L7moderate['mCdErit]adj. 适度的 L1,2modification [mRdifi'keiFEn ] n. 点窜, 修正L6modulus['mCdjulEs] n.系数 L1mold[mEuld] n. 模, 铸模, v. 制模, 造型L3monitor ['mCnitE ] v. 监控L6monograph['mCnE^ra:f] n. 专著L4more often than not 常常L20motivation[mEuti'veiFEn] n. 动机L9mould split line 模具分型线 L12moulding['mEudiN] n. 注塑件L5,11move away from 丢弃 L17multi-imprssion mould 多型腔模 L12Nnarrow['nArEu] a. 狭窄的 L12NC (numerical control ) 数控L7nevertheless[7nevETE'les] conj.,adv.然而,不外 L11nonferrous['nCn'ferEs] adj.不含铁的, 非铁的L2normally['nC:mli]adv.通常地 L22novice['nCvis] n. 新手, 初学者 L16nozzle['nCzl] n. 喷嘴, 注口 L12numerical [nju'merikl] n. 数字的L6Oobjectionable [Eb'dVekFEbl] adj. 有贰言的，讨厌的 L17 observe[Eb'zE:v] vt. 不雅察L2obviously ['CbviEsli] adv 明显地 L17off-line 脱机的L6on-line 联机L9operational [CpE'reiFEnl] adj.操作的, 运作的L8 opportunity[CpE'tju:niti] n. 时机, 时机 L13opposing[E'pEuziN] a.对立的, 对面的L12opposite['CpEzit] n. 背面L1 a.对立的,对面的L12 optimization [Rptimai'zeiFEn] n.最优化L6orient ['C:riEnt] vt. 确定标的目的L8orthodox ['C:WEdCks] adj. 正统的，正规的 L19 overall['EuvErC:l] a.全面的,全部的L8,13overbend v.过度弯曲 L20overcome[EuvE'kQm] vt.克服, 战胜 L10overlaping['EuvE'lApiN] n. 重叠L4overriding[EuvE'raidiN] a. 主要的, 占优势的 L11pack[pAk] v. 包装L2package ['pAkidV] vt.包装L7pallet ['pAlit] n.货盘L8panel ['pAnl] n.面板L7paraffin['pArEfin] n. 白腊 L10parallel[pArElel] a.平行的L5penetration[peni'treiFEn ] n.穿透 L1peripheral [pE'rifErEl] adj 外围的L6periphery [pE'rifEri] n. 外围 L18permit[pE'mit] v. 许可, 允许 L16pessure casting 压力锻造L4pillar['pilE] n. 柱子, 导柱L5,17pin[pin] n. 销, 栓, 钉L5,17pin-point gate 针点式浇口 L12piston ['pistEn] n.活塞 L1plan view 主视图 L16plasma['plAzmE] n. 等离子L9plastic['plAstik] n. 塑料L3platen['plAtEn] n. 压板 L12plotter[plCtE] n. 绘图机L9plunge [plQndV] v翻孔 L18plunge[plQndV] v.投入L2plunger ['plQndVE ] n. 柱塞 L19pocket-size 袖珍L9portray[pC:'trei] v.描绘 L21pot[pCt] n.壶 L21pour[pC:] vt. 灌, 注 L22practicable['prAktikEb] a. 行得通的 L14preferable['prefErEbl] a.更好的, 更可取的L3 preliminary [pri'liminEri] adj 初步的，预备的 L19 press setter 装模工 L17press[pres] n.压,压床,冲床,压力机L2,8prevent [pri'vent] v. 阻碍 L20primarily['praimErili] adv.主要地L4procedure[prE'si:dVE] n.步调, 方法, 程序L2,16 productivity.[prEudQk'tiviti] n. 出产力L9profile ['prEufail] n.轮廓 L10progressively[prE'^resiv] ad.渐进地 L15project[prE'dVekt] n.工程L2project[prE'dVekt] v. 凸出 L11projection[prE'dVekFEn] n.突出局部 L21proper['prCpE] a. 本身的 L10property['prCpEti] n.特性 L1prototype ['prEutEtaip] n. 原形L7proximity[prCk'simiti] n.接近L9prudent['pru:dEnt] a. 谨慎的 L16punch [pQntF] v. 冲孔L3punch shapper tool 刨模机 L17punch-cum-blanking die 凹凸模 L18punched tape 穿孔带L3purchase ['pE:tFEs] vt. 买，购置L6push back pin 回程杆L5pyrometer[pai'nCmitE] n. 高温计L2Qquality['kwaliti] n. 质量 L1,3quandrant['kwCdrEnt] n. 象限L9quantity ['kwCntiti] n. 量，数量 L17quench[kwentF] vt. 淬火L2Rradial['reidiEl] adv.放射状的 L22ram [rAm] n 撞锤. L17rapid['rApid]adj. 迅速的L2rapidly['rApidli]adv. 迅速地L1raster['rAstE] n. 光栅L9raw [rC:] adj. 未加工的L6raw material 原材料L3ream [ri:m] v 铰大 L17reaming[ri:miN] n. 扩孔, 铰孔L8recall[ri'kC:l] vt. 记起, 想起 L13recede [ri'si:d] v. 收回, 撤退退却 L20recess [ri'ses] n. 凹槽,凹座,凹进处L4,18redundancy[ri'dQndEnsi] n. 过多L9re-entrant 凹入的 L12refer[ri'fE:] v. 指, 涉及, 谈及L1,12 reference['refErEns] n.参照,参考 L21refresh display 刷新显示L9register ring 定位环 L11register['redVstE] v. 记录, 显示, 记数L2regrind[ri:'^aind](reground[ri:'gru:nd]) vt. 再磨研 L12 relative['relEtiv] a. 相当的, 比较的 L12relay ['ri:lei] n. 继电器L7release[ri'li:s] vt. 释放L1relegate['relE7geit] vt. 把··降低到L9 reliability [rilaiE'biliti] n. 可靠性L7 relief valves 安然阀 L22relief[ri'li:f] n.解除 L22relieve[ri'li:v ]vt.减轻, 解除L2remainder[ri'meindE] n. 残剩物, 其余局部L4 removal[ri'mu:vl] n. 取出 L14remove[ri'mu:v] v. 切除, 切削L4reposition [ripE'ziFEn] n.从头安排 L17 represent[7repri'zentE] v 代表,象征 L11 reputable['repjutEbl] a. 有名的, 受尊敬的 L15 reservoir['rezEvwa: ] n.容器, 储存器 L22 resident['rezidEnt] a. 驻存的L9resist[ri'zist] vt.抵当 L1resistance[ri'zistEns] n.阻力, 抵当L1 resolution[7rezE'lu:FEn] n. 分辨率L9 respective[ri'spektiv] a.别离的,各自的L11 respond[ris'pCnd] v.响应, 作出反响L9 responsibility[rispCnsE'biliti] n.责任 L13 restrain[ris'trein]v.按捺 L21restrict [ris'trikt] vt 限制，限定 L18 restriction[ris'trikFEn] n. 限制 L12retain[ri'tein] vt.保持, 保留L2,12 retaining plate 顶出固定板 L16reveal [ri'vil] vt.显示，展现 L17reversal [ri'vEsl] n. 反向L1,20right-angled 成直角的 L20rigidity[ri'dViditi] n. 刚度L1rod[rCd] n. 杆, 棒 L1,5rotate['rEuteit] vt.(使)旋转L5rough machining 粗加工L5rough[rQf] a. 粗略的L5,21routine [ru:'ti:n] n. 程序L7rubber['rQbE] n.橡胶L3,22runner and gate systems 流道和浇口系统 L11Ssand casting 砂型锻造L3satisfactorily[7sAtis'fAktrili] adv. 对劲地 L1 saw[aC:] n. 锯子L4scale[skeil]n. 硬壳L2score[skC:] v. 刻划 L14scrap[skrAp] n.废料, 边角料, 切屑L2,3screwcutting 切螺纹L4seal[si:l] vt.密封 L22secondary storage L9section cutting plane 剖切面 L16secure[si'kjuE] v.固定 L22secure[si'kjuE] vt.紧固,夹紧,固定L5,22segment['se^mEnt] v. 分割 L10sensitive['sensitiv]a.敏感的 L1,7sequence ['si:kwEns] n. 次序L6sequential[si'kwenFEl] a.相继的 L16seriously['siEriEsli] adv.严重地 L1servomechanism ['sE:vE'mekEnizm] n.伺服机构L7 Servomechanism Laboratoies 伺服机构尝试室L7 servomotor ['sE:vEmEutE] n.伺服马达L8setter ['setE] n 安装者 L17set-up 机构 L20sever ['sevE] v 堵截 L17severity [si'veriti] n. 严重 L20shaded[FAdid] adj.暗影的 L21shank [FANk] n. 柄. L17shear[FiE]n.剪,切 L1shot[FCt] n. 打针 L12shrink[FriNk] vi. 收缩 L11side sectional view 侧视图 L16signal ['si^nl] n.信号L8similarity[simi'lAriti] n.类似 L15simplicity[sim'plisiti] n. 简单 L12single-point cutting tool 单刃刀具L5situate['sitjueit] vt. 使位于, 使处于 L11slide [slaid] vi. 滑动, 滑落 L20slideway['slaidwei] n. 导轨L5slot[slCt] n. 槽L4slug[slQ^] n. 嵌条 L12soak[sEuk] v. 浸, 泡, 均热L2software ['sCftwZE] n. 软件L6solid['sClid] n.立体, 固体L9solidify[sE'lidifai] vt.vi. (使)凝固, (使)固化 L13 solution[sE'lu:FEn] n.溶液 L2sophisiticated [sE'fistikeitid] adj.尖端的,完善的L8 sound[saund] a. 结实的, 稳固的) L1spark erosion 火花蚀刻 L10spindle['spindl] n. 主轴 L5,8spline[splain] n.花键L4split[split] n. 侧向分型, 分型L12,14spool[spu:l] n. 线轴 L14springback n.反弹 L20spring-loaded 装弹簧的 L18sprue bush 主流道衬套 L11sprue puller 浇道拉杆 L12square[skwZE] v. 使成方形L4stage [steidV] n. 阶段L16,19standardisation[7stAndEdai'zeiFEn] n. 尺度化 L15 startling['sta:tliN] a. 令人吃惊的 L10steadily['stedEli ] adv. 不变地 L21step-by-step 逐步L8stickiness['stikinis] n.粘性 L22stiffness['stifnis] n. 刚度 L1stock[stCk] n.毛坯, 坯料L3storage tube display 储存管显示L9storage['stC:ridV] n. 储存器L9straightforward[streit'fC:wEd]a.直接的L10strain[strein] n.应变 L1strength[streNW] n.强度 L1stress[stres] n.压力,应力 L1stress-strain应力--应变L6stretch[stretF] v.伸展L1,21strike [straik] vt. 冲击 L20stringent['strindVEnt ] a.严厉的 L22stripper[stripE] n. 推板 L15stroke[strouk] n. 冲程, 行程 L12structrural build-up 布局上形成的 L11sub-base 垫板 L19subject['sQbdVikt] vt.使受到 L21submerge[sEb'mE:dV] v.淹没 L22subsequent ['sQbsikwent] adj. 后来的 L20 subsequently ['sQbsikwentli] adv. 后来, 随后L5 substantial[sEb'stAnFEl] a. 本色的 L10substitute ['sQbstitju:t] vt. 代替,.替换L7 subtract[sEb'trAkt] v.减, 减去 L15suitable['su:tEbl] a. 适宜的, 适当的L5suitably['su:tEbli] ad.适宜地 L15sunk[sQNk](sink的过去分词) v. 下沉, 下陷L11 superior[sE'piEriE] adj.上好的 L22susceptible[sE'septEbl] adj.易受影响的L7sweep away 扫过 L17symmetrical[si'metrikl] a. 对称的L14 synchronize ['siNkrEnaiz] v.同步,同时发生L8Ttactile['tAktail] a. 触觉的, 有触觉的L9tailstock['teilstCk] n.尾架L5tapered['teipEd] a. 锥形的 L12tapping['tApiN] n. 攻丝L8technique[tek'ni:k] n. 技术 L16tempering['tempErN] n.回火L2tendency['tendEnsi] n. 趋向, 倾向L13tensile['tensail] a.拉力的, 可拉伸的L2 拉紧的, 张紧的L1tension ['tenFEn] n.拉紧,张紧 L1terminal ['tE:mEnl ] n. 终端机L6terminology[tE:mi'nClEdVi ] n. 术语, 用辞 L11theoretically [Wi:E'retikli ] adv.理论地 L21thereby['TZEbai] ad. 因此, 从而 L15thermoplastic['WE:mEu'plAstik] a. 热塑性的, n. 热塑性塑料L3 thermoset['WE:mEset] n.热固性 L12thoroughly['WQrEuli] adv.十分地, 彻底地L2thread pitch 螺距L5thread[Wred] n. 螺纹L5thrown up 推上 L17tilt [tilt] n. 倾斜, 翘起 L20tolerance ['tClErEns] n..公差 L17tong[tCN] n. 火钳L2tonnage['tQnidV] n.吨位, 总吨数L3tool point 刀锋L3tool room 东西车间 L10toolholder['tu:lhEuldE] n.刀夹,东西柄L5toolmaker ['tu:l'meikE] n 模具制造者L17toolpost grinder 东西磨床L4toolpost['tu:l'pEust] n. 刀架L4torsional ['tC:FEnl] a扭转的. L1toughness['tCfnis] n. 韧性L2trace [treis] vt.追踪L7tracer-controlled milling machine 仿形铣床L4 transverse[trAns'vE:s] a. 横向的L5tray [trei] n. 盘，盘子，蝶 L19treatment['tri:tmEnt] n.处置 L2tremendous[tri'mendEs] a. 惊人的, 巨大的L9trend [trend] n.趋势L7trigger stop 始用挡料销 L17tungsten['tQNstEn] n.钨L10turning['tE:niN] n.车削L4,5twist[twist ] v.扭曲，扭转 L1two-plate mould 双板式打针模 L12Uultimately['Qltimitli] adv终于. L6undercut moulding 侧向分型模 L14undercut['QndEkQt] n. 侧向分型 L14undercut['QndEkQt] n.底切 L12underfeed['QndE'fi:d] a, 底部进料的 L15undergo[QndE'^Eu] vt.经受 L1underside['QndEsaid] n 下面,下侧 L11undue[Qn'dju:] a.不适当的, 过度的L4,10uniform['ju:nifC:m] a.统一的, 一致的 L12utilize ['ju:tilaiz] v 操纵 L17Utopian[ju'tEupiEn] adj.乌托邦的, 抱负化的 L21Vvalve[vAlv] n.阀 L22vaporize['veipEraiz] vt.vi. 汽化, (使)蒸发 L10 variation [vZEri'eiFEn] n. 变化 L20various ['vZEriEs] a.不同的,各种的L1,20vector feedrate computation 向量进刀速率计算L7 vee [vi:] n. v字形 L20velocity[vi'lCsiti] n.速度 L1versatile['vEsEtail] a.多才多艺的,万用的L5,8 vertical['vE:tikl] a. 垂直的 L16via [vaiE] prep.经,通过L8vicinity[vE'siniti] n.附近 L13viewpoint['vju:pCint] n. 不雅点L4Wwander['wCndE] v. 偏离标的目的 L13warp[wC:p] v. 翘曲L2washer ['wCFE] n. 垫圈 L18wear [wZE] v.磨损L7well line 结合线 L13whereupon [hwZErE'pCn] adv. 于是 L19winding ['waindiN] n. 绕, 卷L8with respect to 相对于 L1,5withstand[wiT'stAnd] vt.经受,经得起L1work[wE:k] n. 工件L4workstage 工序 L19wrinkle['riNkl] n.皱纹vt.使皱 L21Yyield[ji:ld] v. 出产L9Zzoom[zu:] n. 图象电子放大L9GLOSSARYAabrasive grinding 强力磨削L3abrasive[E'breisiv] a.磨料的, 研磨的L2,3absence ['AbsEns] n.. 不在，缺席 L17accesssory[Ak'sesEri] n.附件 L10accommodate[E'kCmEdeit] v. 适应L5accordingly[E'kC:diNli] adv.因此,从而,相应地L7,13 accuracy['AkjurEsi] n精度,准确性 L1,3actuate['Aktjueit] vt.开动(机器), 驱动L8adequate['Adikwit] a. 足够的 L13adhesive[Ed'hi:siv] n. 粘合剂 L22adjacent[E'dVeisnt] a. 邻近的 L13adopt[E'dCpt] vt. 采用L4advance [Ed'vA:ns] n.进步L7advisable [Ed'vaizbl] adj. 可取的 L20agitate['AdViteit] v. 摇动L2a large extent 很大程度L4,13algorithm ['Al^EriTEm] n. 算法L6align [E'lain] v 定位，调准 L17alignment[E'lainmEnt] n. 校直 L11all-too-frequent 频繁 L17allowance[E'lEuens] n. 容差, 余量L5alternate['C:ltEnit]v.交替,轮流 L1alternative[C:l'tE:nEtiv] n. 替换物L3alternatively[C:l'tE:nEtivli] ad. 做为选择, 也许L5 aluminiun[7Alju'minjEm] n.铝L2ample['Ampl] adj. 充沛的 L20analysis [E'nAlEsis] n. 阐发L6ancillary['AnsilEri] a.补助的, 副的L4angular ['A^julE] adj. 有角的 L20annealing[E'li:liN] n.退火L2aperture ['ApEtFE] n.孔 L17applied loads 作用力 L1appropriate [E'prEuprieit] a. 适当的L6,20arc[a:k] n.弧, 弓形 L10arise[E'raiz] vi. 呈现, 发生 L21arrange[E'reidV] v. 安排 L12article['a:tikl] n.成品, 产物 L21ascertain[7AsE'tein] vt. 确定, 查明 L1assemble[E'sembl] vt.组装L4attitude ['Atitju:d] n 态度 L17auxiliary [C:^'ziljEri]adj. 辅助的L8avoid[E'vCid] v.防止L7axis['Aksis] n.轴L5axle['Aksl] n.轮轴, 车轴 L1Bbackup['bAk7Qp] n. 备份L9batch [bAtF] n 一批 L17bearing['bZEriN] n.轴承,支座 L21bed[bed] n. 床身L5behavior[bi'heivjE] n. 性能 L1bench-work 钳工工作L4bend[bend] v.弯曲 L1beneath[bi'ni:W] prep在···下L4bin [bin] n. 仓，料架 L19blank [blANk] n. 坯料 L20blank [blANk] v. 冲裁,落料 L17blanking tool 落料模 L17blast [blQst] n.一阵〔风〕 L18blemish['blemiF] n. 错误谬误, 污点 L13bolster['bEulstE] n. 模座,垫板L4,5boost[bu:st] n. 推进L9boring['bC:riN] n.镗削, 镗孔 L4,5bracket ['brAkit] n. 支架 L19brass [brAs] n.黄铜L2break down 破坏 L1breakage ['breikidV] n.破坏 L17bridge piece L16brine[brain] n. 盐水L2brittle['britl] adv.易碎的 L1buffer [bQfE] n.缓冲器L8built-in 内装的L9bulging [bQldViN] n. 凸肚 L22burr [bE:] n. 毛刺 L17bush [buF] n. 衬套 L17bush[buF]n. 衬套L5by far (修饰比较级, 第一流)···得多, 最L3 by means of 借助于L5Ccabinet ['kAbinit] n.橱柜L7call upon 要求 L17carbide['ka:baid] n.碳化物 L10carburzing['ka:bjuretiN] n. 渗碳L2carriage['kAridV] n.拖板, 大拖板L5carry along 一起带走 L18carry down over 从···上取下 L21carry out 完成 L17case hardening 外表硬化L2case[keis] n. 壳, 套L2cast steel 铸钢 L17casting['ka:stiN] n. 锻造,铸件L3category['kAtE^Euri] n. 种类L6,15caution ['kC:FEn] n. 警告，警示 L17cavity and core plates 凹模和凸模板 L11cavity['kAviti] n.型腔, 腔, 洞L4,10centre-drilling 中心孔L5ceramic[si'rAmik] n.陶瓷成品L3chain doted line 点划线 L11channel['tFAnl] n.通道, 信道L8characteristic[kArEktE'ristik] n.特性 L1check[tFek] v.核算 L21chip[tFip] n.切屑, 铁屑L3chuck [tFQk] n.卡盘 L5,8chute [Fu:t] n. 斜道 L19circa ['sEkE:] adv. 大约L7circlip['sE:klip] n.(开口)簧环 L22circuit['sE:kit] n. 回路, 环路 L13circular supoport block L5circulate['sE:kjuleid] v.(使)循环 L13clamp [klAmp] vt 夹紧 L17clamp[klAmp] n.压板 L12clay[klei] n. 泥土 L2,7clearance ['kliErEns] n. 间隙 L17clip [klip] vt. 堵截，夹住 L19cold hobbing 冷挤压L4cold slug well 冷料井 L12collapse[kE'lAps] vi.崩塌, 崩溃 L22collapsible[kE'lApsEbl] adj.可分解的 L22 combination [kCmbi'neiFEn] n. 组合 L18 commence[kE'mens] v. 开始, 着手 L16commence[kE'mens]v. 开始 L21commercial [kE'mE:FEl] adj. 商业的L7 competitive[kEm'petitiv] a. 竞争的L9 complementary[7kCmpli'mentEri] a. 互补的L5 complexity [kem'pleksiti] n.复杂性L8 complicated['kCmplEkeitid] adj.复杂的L2 complication [kCmpli'keiFEn] n. 复杂化L5,20 compression [kEm'preFEn] n.压缩 L1comprise[kEm'prais] vt.包含 L16compromise['kCmprEmaiz] n. 妥协, 折衷 L13。

模具常用英语[整理版]

模具常用术语中英文对照模芯 Prting Core局部视图 Prtil View冷料# Cold Slg线切割 Wire E.D.M轮廊 Contour螺纹孔 Tpping Hole连接件 ittings斜针 ngle Pin接合 Engge替换镶件Interchngeble Mold Inserts 指定吨位的注塑机 Speciic Press水嘴接头 Wter ittings螺纹 Eyebolt Thred回针 Stop Pin二级顶出针 Sub-Lederd Pin镶件 Mold Insert加硬 Hrden唧嘴 Sprue设计筒图 Design Preliminry名称块表 Title Block版本标识 Revision Level材料清单 Stock List制模 Build Mold手动滑块 Hnd Slide漏水测试 Lek Test流道排气 Runner Vents抛光 Drw Polish侧抽芯 Side ction加强筋 Reinorcing三角撑 Gusset柱子 Bossed出模斜度 Drt外廊 Contour落单会议 Kick-O Meeting装卸孔 Hndling Hole运输安全带 Moldstrp码模槽 Clmp Slot撑头 Support Pillr螺牙1/2-13 Eye Bolt 1/2-13Tp导柱位 Leder Pin Loction耐落胶 Telon Pste偏移量 Oset撬模脚 Ppy Slot重新加工 Reworked配件 Components补偿 Compenstion平面度 Prllel倒角 Chmer模胚 Mold Bse热嘴 Hotnozzle火花机 Edm熔接线 Weildline压机 Press晒纹 Texturing梯形 Trpezoid凸缘、法兰 lnge方铁 Spcer Block顶针板 Ejector Plte顶针底板 Ejector Retiner Plte垫板 Retiner Plte后模镶针 Core Pin拉圾钉 Stop Pin有托顶针 Shoulder Ejector Pin顶针板导套 Guided Ejection Bushing针板导柱 Guided Ejection Leder Pin唧嘴 Sprue Bushing三板模延伸式唧嘴Extension Nozzle Bushing 水口板导套 Runner Stripper Plte Bushing 定位圈（法兰） Locting Ring管钉（定位销） Dowel Pin管状管钉 Tubulr Dowel吊环 Sety Hoist Ring日期印 Dting Insert环保印 Recycling Insert气顶 ir Poppet Vlve截水口镶件 Runner Shut-O Insert早回 Erly Ejector Return加速项 ccelerted Ejector客户 Client产品名 Prt Nme产品编号 Prt No缩水 Shrinkge版本 Rev模胚 Mold Bse下模镶件 Core Block小镶件 Sub-Insert下模小镶件 Core Sub-Insert上模小镶件 Cvity Sub-Insert行位 Slide行位镶件 Slide Insert压条 Gib压紧块（铲机） Jw硬片（摩擦片） Wer Plte水口铁 Runner Br上模水口铁 Upper Runner Br下模水口铁 Lower Runner Br弹簧 Spring水口勾针 Sprue Puller Pin顶针 Ejector Pin撑头 Support Pillr直身锁 Side Lock斜度锁 Interlock锁模板 Sety Br‘O’令（密封圈） O'Ring喉塞 Plug隔水片 Ble波子螺丝（行位定位螺丝） Bll-Ctch斜顶 Liter控制开关 Switch回针 Return Pin斜导柱 ngle Pin推板 Stripper Plte’板 'PlteB’板 B'Plte方铁（垫铁）Spcer Block顶针板 Ejector Plte顶针底板 Ejector Retiner Plte垫板 Retiner Plte垃圾钉 Stop Pin有托顶针 Shoulder Ejector Pin顶针板导套 Guided Ejection Bushing针板导柱 Guided Ejection Leder Pin唧嘴 Sprue Bushing三板模延伸式唧嘴Extension Nozzle Bushing 水口板导套 Runner Stripper Plte Bushing 定位圈（法兰） Locting Ring管钉（定位销） Dowel Pin管状管钉 Tubulr Dowel日期印 Dting Insert环保印 Recycling Insert气顶 ir Poppet Vlve截水口镶件 Runner Shut-O Insert早回 Erly Ejector Return加速顶 ccelerted Ejector扁顶 Blde出模斜波 Drt手动滑块模具 Hnd Slide-In Type Mold 回针板 Bckup合模 Shuto空隙槽 Clernce Slot导柱及导套 Leder Pin Bushing水口拉钩 Spuer Puller模框镶件 Pocket Insert成型热固性塑胶模具 Thermoset Mold 三板模 3-Plt Mold分型面 Prting Line司筒 Ejector Sleeve垫圈 Wsher熔接线（夹水纹） Weldline吸针 Sucker Pin回针板 Retiner Plte顶出板 Knock -Out Plte电动安全开关Electricl-Sety Switch 脱开 Cut O Position预先决定 Prelod缓冲器 Bumper衬垫 Cushion公差 Tolernce突然性动作 Slm销针 Dowel钩槽 Gib精磨 inished通框 Through Window粘后模 Sticking Core粘水口 Sticking Sprue夹水纹 Weld Line变形 Wrpge走水不平均 illing Uneven走不齐 Short Shot挂成品 Prt Hnging漏水 Wter Lekge漏电 Ele Lekge困气 ir Trpping温度 Temperture注塑模 Injection Mold入水 Gte试板 Smpling压力 Pressure倒圆 illet顶棍 Ejector顶白 Stress Mrk粘前模 Sticking Cv名称块表 Title Block版本标识 Revision Level材料清单 Stock List斜导柱（斜边） ngle Pin板 'plteB板 B'plte倒扣 Under-Cut披峰 lsh缩水 Sink Mrk氮化 Nitride不规则四边形Trpezoid缩水 Shrinkge连续的 Consecutive雕刻 Engrve出模角 Drt分模面 Prting Surce擦位 Shut-O(S/0)导套 Bushing回针 Return Pin加硬 Hrden唧嘴 Sprue设计筒图 Design Preliminry丝印 Silkprint不干胶 dhesive Sticker导向针 Guide Din公差 Tolernce线切割 Wire-Cut电火花 Edm抛光 Polishing蚀纹 Texture探热针 Thermocouple三打螺丝毫（限螺丝） Stripper Bolt齿轮 Ger油唧 Hydrulic Cylinder司筒 Ejector Sleeve导柱 Leder Pin冷料# Cold Slg线切割 Wire E.D.M.轮廓 Contour螺纹孔 Tpping Hole连接件 ittings斜针 ngle Pin接合 Engge替换镶件 Interchngeble Mold Inserts 指定吨位的注塑机 Speciic Press水嘴接头 Wter ittings螺纹 Eyebolt Thred回针 Stop Pin二级顶出针 Sub-Leder Pin镶件 Mold Insert锁定位 Lock楔子(铲鸡) Wedge高产量模量 High Volume Running Mold 剖面图 Cross Section模具结构 Mold Construction模芯 Prting Core局部视图 Prtil View热流道 Mniold热嘴 Hot Nozzle型腔数 Cv No模号 Mold No胶料 Mteril尺寸 Dimension重要尺寸 Criticl Dimension雕刻 Engrvessembly line组装线Lyout布置图Conveyer流水线物料板Rivet tble拉钉机Rivet gun拉钉枪Screw driver起子Pneumtic screw driver气动起子worktble 工作桌OOB开箱检查it together组装在一起ixture 夹具(治具)pllet栈板brcode条码brcode scnner条码扫描器use together熔合use mchine热熔机repir修理opertor作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME制造工程师MT制造生技cosmetic inspect外观检查inner prts inspect内部检查thumb screw大头螺丝lbs. inch镑、英寸EMI gsket导电条ront plte前板rer plte后板chssis 基座bezel pnel面板power button电源按键reset button重置键Hi-pot test o SPS高源高压测试Voltge switch o SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metl prts 冲件plstic prts塑胶件SOP制造作业程序mteril check list物料检查表work cell工作间trolley台车crton纸箱sub-line支线let ork叉车personnel resource deprtment 人力资源部production deprtment生产部门plnning deprtment企划部QC Section品管科stmping ctory冲压厂pinting ctory烤漆厂molding ctory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler nd strightener整平机punching mchine 冲床robot机械手hydrulic mchine油压机lthe车床plner |'plein?|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床liner cutting线切割electricl sprkle电火花welder电焊机stker=reviting mchine铆合机position职务president董事长generl mnger总经理specil ssistnt mnger特助ctory director厂长deprtment director部长deputy mnger | =vice mnger副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leder/supervisor组长line supervisor线长ssistnt mnger助理to move, to crry, to hndle搬运be put in storge入库pck pcking包装to pply oil擦油to ile burr 锉毛刺inl inspection终检to connect mteril接料to reverse mteril 翻料wet sttion沾湿台Tin天那水clening cloth抹布to lod mteril上料to unlod mteril卸料to return mteril/stock to退料scrped |'skr?pid|报废scrpe ..v.刮;削deicient purchse来料不良mnucture procedure制程deicient mnucturing procedure制程不良oxidtion |' ksi'dei?n|氧化scrtch刮伤dents压痕deective upsiding down抽芽不良deective to stking铆合不良embedded lump镶块eeding is not in plce送料不到位stmping-missing漏冲production cpcity生产力eduction nd trining教育与训练proposl improvement提案改善spre prts=buer备件orklit叉车triler=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plte=plte pinch压板bolt螺栓dministrtion/generl irs dept总务部utomtic screwdriver电动启子thickness guge厚薄规guge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器deective product lbel不良标签identiying sheet list标示单loction地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible deprtment负责单位pre-ixed inishing dte预定完成日pproved by / checked by / prepred by核准/审核/承办PCE ssembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remrk备注production control conirmtion生产确认checked by初审pproved by核准deprtment部门stock ge nlysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hnd inventory现有库存vilble mteril良品可使用obsolete mteril良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工totl合计cuse description原因说明prt number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/clss类别qulity品质prepred by制表 notes说明yer-end physicl inventory dierence nlysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physicl inventory盘点数量physicl count quntity帐面数量dierence quntity差异量cuse nlysis原因分析rw mterils原料mterils物料inished product成品semi-inished product半成品pcking mterils包材good product/ccepted goods/ ccepted prts/good prts良品deective product/non-good prts不良品disposed goods处理品wrehouse/hub仓库on wy loction在途仓overse loction海外仓spre prts physicl inventory list备品盘点清单spre molds loction模具备品仓skid/pllet栈板tox mchine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolernce工差score=groove压线cm block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drg orm压锻差pocket or the punch hed挂钩槽slug hole废料孔eture die公母模rdius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-lme cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝orm block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shpe punch=die insert异形子stock locter block定位块under cut=scrp chopper清角ctive plte活动板ble plte挡块cover plte盖板mle die公模emle die母模groove punch压线冲子ir-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plte弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club cr高尔夫球车cpbility能力prmeter参数ctor系数phosphte皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度lklidipping脱脂min mniold主集流脉bezel斜视规blnking穿落模dejecting顶固模demgnetiztion去磁;消磁high-speed trnsmission高速传递het dissiption热传 rck上料degrese脱脂rinse水洗lkline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromte铬酸处理nodize阳性处理sel封孔revision版次good products良品scrped products报放心品deective products不良品inished products成品disposed products处理品brcode条码low chrt流程表单ssembly组装stmping冲压molding成型spre prts=buer备品coordinte座标dismntle the die折模uxiliry uction辅助功能poly-line多义线heter bnd 加热片thermocouple热电偶snd blsting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting mchine除锈机degte打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=rection=interction感应rm连杆edge inder巡边器concve凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班sply 银纹gs mrk焦痕delmintion起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽stin texture段面咬花witness line证示线ptent专利grit沙砾grnule=peuet=grin细粒grit mker抽粒机cushion缓冲mgnlium镁铝合金mgnesium镁金metl plte钣金lthe车 mill锉plne刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡illet镶;嵌边through-hole orm通孔形式voller pin ormlity滚针形式cm driver铡楔shnk摸柄crnk sht曲柄轴ugulr oset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火nneling退火crboniztion碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的orgnic solvent有机溶剂brcket小磁导liison联络单voltile挥发性resistnce电阻ion离子titrtor滴定仪becon警示灯coolnt冷却液crusher破碎机模芯 Prting Core局部视图 Prtil View冷料# Cold Slg线切割 Wire E.D.M轮廊 Contour螺纹孔 Tpping Hole连接件 ittings斜针 ngle Pin接合 Engge替换镶件Interchngeble Mold Inserts 指定吨位的注塑机 Speciic Press 水嘴接头 Wter ittings螺纹 Eyebolt Thred回针 Stop Pin二级顶出针 Sub-Lederd Pin镶件 Mold Insert加硬 Hrden唧嘴 Sprue设计筒图 Design Preliminry名称块表 Title Block版本标识 Revision Level材料清单 Stock List制模 Build Mold手动滑块 Hnd Slide漏水测试 Lek Test流道排气 Runner Vents抛光 Drw Polish侧抽芯 Side ction加强筋 Reinorcing三角撑 Gusset柱子 Bossed出模斜度 Drt外廊 Contour落单会议 Kick-O Meeting装卸孔 Hndling Hole运输安全带 Moldstrp码模槽 Clmp Slot撑头 Support Pillr螺牙1/2-13 Eye Bolt 1/2-13Tp 导柱位 Leder Pin Loction耐落胶 Telon Pste偏移量 Oset水塞 Wter Line Plug撬模脚 Ppy Slot重新加工 Reworked配件 Components补偿 Compenstion平面度 Prllel倒角 Chmer模胚 Mold Bse热嘴 Hotnozzle火花机 Edm熔接线 Weildline压机 Press晒纹 Texturing梯形 Trpezoid凸缘、法兰 lnge方铁 Spcer Block顶针板 Ejector Plte顶针底板 Ejector Retiner Plte垫板 Retiner Plte后模镶针 Core Pin拉圾钉 Stop Pin有托顶针 Shoulder Ejector Pin顶针板导套 Guided Ejection Bushing针板导柱 Guided Ejection Leder Pin唧嘴 Sprue Bushing三板模延伸式唧嘴Extension Nozzle Bushing 水口板导套 Runner Stripper Plte Bushing定位圈（法兰） Locting Ring管钉（定位销） Dowel Pin管状管钉 Tubulr Dowel吊环 Sety Hoist Ring日期印 Dting Insert环保印 Recycling Insert气顶 ir Poppet Vlve截水口镶件 Runner Shut-O Insert 早回 Erly Ejector Return 加速项 ccelerted Ejector客户 Client产品名 Prt Nme产品编号 Prt No缩水 Shrinkge版本 Rev模胚 Mold Bse下模镶件 Core Block上模镶件 Cvity Block小镶件 Sub-Insert下模小镶件 Core Sub-Insert上模小镶件 Cvity Sub-Insert行位 Slide行位镶件 Slide Insert压条 Gib压紧块（铲机） Jw硬片（摩擦片） Wer Plte水口铁 Runner Br上模水口铁 Upper Runner Br下模水口铁 Lower Runner Br弹簧 Spring水口勾针 Sprue Puller Pin顶针 Ejector Pin撑头 Support Pillr直身锁 Side Lock斜度锁 Interlock锁模板 Sety Br‘O’令（密封圈） O'Ring喉塞 Plug隔水片 Ble波子螺丝（行位定位螺丝） Bll-Ctch 斜顶 Liter控制开关 Switch回针 Return Pin斜导柱 ngle Pin推板 Stripper Plte’板 'PlteB’板 B'Plte方铁（垫铁）Spcer Block顶针板 Ejector Plte顶针底板 Ejector Retiner Plte垫板 Retiner Plte垃圾钉 Stop Pin有托顶针 Shoulder Ejector Pin顶针板导套 Guided Ejection Bushing针板导柱 Guided Ejection Leder Pin唧嘴 Sprue Bushing三板模延伸式唧嘴Extension Nozzle Bushing 水口板导套 Runner Stripper Plte Bushing 定位圈（法兰） Locting Ring管钉（定位销） Dowel Pin管状管钉 Tubulr Dowel吊环 Sety Hoist Ring日期印 Dting Insert环保印 Recycling Insert气顶 ir Poppet Vlve截水口镶件 Runner Shut-O Insert早回 Erly Ejector Return加速顶 ccelerted Ejector扁顶 Blde出模斜波 Drt手动滑块模具 Hnd Slide-In Type Mold 回针板 Bckup合模 Shuto空隙槽 Clernce Slot导柱及导套 Leder Pin Bushing水口拉钩 Spuer Puller模框镶件 Pocket Insert成型热固性塑胶模具 Thermoset Mold三板模 3-Plt Mold分型面 Prting Line司筒 Ejector Sleeve垫圈 Wsher熔接线（夹水纹）Weldline吸针 Sucker Pin回针板 Retiner Plte顶出板 Knock -Out Plte电动安全开关Electricl-Sety Switch脱开 Cut O Position预先决定 Prelod缓冲器 Bumper衬垫 Cushion公差 Tolernce突然性动作 Slm销针 Dowel钩槽 Gib精磨 inished通框 Through Window粘后模 Sticking Core粘水口 Sticking Sprue夹水纹 Weld Line变形 Wrpge走水不平均 illing Uneven 走不齐 Short Shot挂成品 Prt Hnging漏水 Wter Lekge刮花（擦伤） Glling漏电 Ele Lekge困气 ir Trpping温度 Temperture注塑模 Injection Mold入水 Gte试板 Smpling压力 Pressure倒圆 illet顶棍 Ejector顶白 Stress Mrk粘前模 Sticking Cv名称块表 Title Block版本标识 Revision Level 材料清单 Stock List斜导柱（斜边） ngle Pin 板 'plteB板 B'plte倒扣 Under-Cut披峰 lsh缩水 Sink Mrk氮化 Nitride不规则四边形Trpezoid缩水 Shrinkge连续的 Consecutive雕刻 Engrve出模角 Drt分模面 Prting Surce擦位 Shut-O(S/0)导套 Bushing回针 Return Pin加硬 Hrden唧嘴 Sprue设计筒图 Design Preliminry丝印 Silkprint不干胶 dhesive Sticker导向针 Guide Din公差 Tolernce线切割 Wire-Cut电火花 Edm抛光 Polishing蚀纹 Texture探热针 Thermocouple三打螺丝毫（限螺丝） Stripper Bolt 盖板 Cover Plte齿轮 Ger油唧 Hydrulic Cylinder司筒 Ejector Sleeve导柱 Leder Pin冷料# Cold Slg线切割 Wire E.D.M.轮廓 Contour螺纹孔 Tpping Hole连接件 ittings斜针 ngle Pin接合 Engge替换镶件 Interchngeble Mold Inserts 指定吨位的注塑机 Speciic Press水嘴接头 Wter ittings螺纹 Eyebolt Thred回针 Stop Pin二级顶出针 Sub-Leder Pin镶件 Mold Insert锁定位 Lock楔子(铲鸡) Wedge高产量模量 High Volume Running Mold 剖面图 Cross Section模具结构 Mold Construction模芯 Prting Core局部视图 Prtil View热流道 Mniold热嘴 Hot Nozzle型腔数 CvNo模号 Mold No胶料 Mteril尺寸 Dimension重要尺寸 Criticl Dimension 雕刻 Engrve。

模具术语

clamp [klAmp] vt 夹紧 L17
clamp[klAmp] n．压板 L12
clay[klei] n．泥土 L2，7
clearance ['kliErEns] n．间隙 L17
clip [klip] vt．切断，夹住 L19
cold hobbing 冷挤压 L4
compromise['kCmprEmaiz] n．妥协，折衷 L13
concern with 关于 L6
concise[kEn'sais] a．简明的，简练的 L9
confront[kEn'frQnt] vt．使面临 L14
connector[kE'nektE] n．连接口，接头 L14
bearing['bZEriN] n．轴承，支座 L21
bed[bed] n．床身 L5
behavior[bi'heivjE] n．性能 L1
bench－work 钳工工作 L4
bend[bend] v．弯曲 L1
beneath[bi'ni：W] prep在···下 L4
chute [Fu：t] n．斜道 L19
circa ['sEkE：] adv．大约 L7
circlip['sE：klip] n．（开口）簧环 L22
circuit['sE：kit] n．回路，环路 L13
circular supoport block L5
circulate['sE：kjuleid] v．（使）循环 L13
agitate['AdViteit] v．摇动 L2

Editorial-Board_2016_Tribology-International

Tribology is the science of rubbing surfaces and contributes to every facet of our everyday life, from live cell friction to engine lubrication and seismology. As such tribology is truly multidisciplinary and this extraor-dinary breadth of scientific interest is reflected in the scope of Tribology International.Tribology International seeks to publish original and novel research papers of the highest scientific quality to provide an archival resource for scientists from all backgrounds. Written contributions are invited reporting experimental and modelling studies both in established areas of tribology and emerging fields. Scientific topics include the physics or chemistry of tribo-surfaces, bio-tribology, surface engineering and materials, contact mechanics, nano-tribology, lubricants and hydro-dynamic lubrication.EditorsMichel FillonUniversite de Poitiers, Institut Pprime, Poitiers, FranceHong LiangTexas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123Weimin LiuLanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou, ChinaInternational Advisory Editorial BoardM.J. AdamsResearch and Engineering Division, Unilever Research Port Sunlight Laboratory, Wirral, UKM.D. BermudezUniversidad Politecnicade Cartagena,Cartagena, Murcia, SpainG. CarbonePolitecnico di Bari,Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Gestionale, Bari, ItalyA. ChateauminoisEcole Superieure de Physique et Chimie Laboratoire PCSM Paris, FranceD. DiniImperial College London, London, UK K. FriedrichInstitute for Composite Materials Ltd, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany S. HsuGeorge Washington University, Germantown, MD, USAM.M. KhonsariDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State Building,Baton Rouge, LA, USA A.A. LubrechtLaMCoS, INSA de Lyon, FranceJ. LuoTsinghua University,State Key Laboratory of Tribology,Beijing, ChinaA. MartiniUniversity of California at Merced,Merced, CA, USAK. MiyoshiCentre for Advanced Materialsand Technology, Nippon Instituteof Technology (NIT),Saitama, JapanM. PriestUniversity of Bradford, Bradford, UKB. Bou-SaïdINSA de Lyon, Villeurbanne, FranceS.K. SinhaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,National University of Singapore,10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore119260, SingaporeN.D. SpencerLaboratory for Surface Science &Technology, Department of MaterialsSwiss Federal Institute of TechnologyZurich, SwitzerlandG.W. StachowiakDepartment of Mechanical & MaterialsEngineering, University of WesternAustralia, Nedlands WA,AustraliaM. StackDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,University of Strathclyde,Glasgow, UKJ. SugimuraKyushu University, Fukuoka,JapanR.J.K. WoodSchool of Engineering Sciences,University of Southampton,Highfield, Southampton,UKZhong ZhangNational Center for NanoScienceand Technology, Zhongguancun,Beijing, ChinaF. ZhouChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),Lanzhou, China。

家具行业英汉翻译词汇教材

家具行业英汉翻译词汇(3)家具生产技术词汇AA high degree of light-fastness 高质量不褪色A highly compressed special particle board 具有高密度的特殊粒子层的镶板Abrasion 机械磨蚀Abrasion hardness 磨损硬度Abrasive band 砂带Abrasive grain 磨粒Abrasive paper 砂纸Absolute humidity 绝对温度Absolute viscosity 绝对粘度Accelerating aging 加速老化Accomplishment 业绩Achievement 完成Air circulation 空气循环Air-dried condition 气干条件Airless spraying 无气喷涂All-in cost 总费用Allowance for finishing 精加工留量，裕度Amazingly true-to-nature wood decors 具有惊人的逼真效果的木材装饰An aver age of … units of chairs per annum 每年平均生产。

套座椅Angle bar 平底鱼尾板，角钢Angle bridle joint 直角啮接Angle of hook 锯齿角，齿钩角Annual outlet 年度生产Annual output 年产量Anvil 铁砧Area of bearing 支撑面积Armrest 带扶手Artificial grain 人造花纹Artisan industry 手工业Assembly line 装配线Automation 自动化BBack bevel angle 后斜角Back boxing 里衬，内衬Back of tooth 齿背Ball bearing 滚珠轴承Banded core 封边板心Beautifully finished 加工完美Bed linens （亚麻）床上用品Bent work 弯曲加工Bevel 斜面，制成斜面Beveled tenon 斜榫Billet-sawn 分段锯切Binging 粘合，夹锯Blade straining device 带锯拉紧装置Blank 毛坯，细缝Bleach 漂白Blister 气泡Bond stress 胶接应力Bottom-board 底板，抽屉底Bovine leather 牛皮Bow door 弓形门Box-lock 套接Braced miter joint 联结斜接Brake drum 制动轮Brake ratchet wheel 棘轮制动器Break-even point 等值点Brush 毛刷，漆刷Buckling strength 扭压强度Buckling stress 扭曲应力Built-up area 建筑面积Butt 截头，切方Butt and butt 两头对接Butt tenon 对头接榫Butt joint 对接，平接CCabinet maker's blank 细木工坯料Cabinet work 细木工Cabriole leg 弯脚Cantilever base 伸臂底座Capable of produc ing …能生产。

常用机械英语大全

常用机械英语大全Assembly line 组装线 [?'sembli] Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机rivet ['rivit]n. 铆钉vt. 铆接；固定；（把目光、注意力等）集中于Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子pneumatic [nju:'m?tik]adj. 气动的；有气胎的；充气的n. 气胎worktable 工作桌OOBA开箱检查OOBA out of box audit：开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器 ['sk?n?]fuse together 熔合fuse [fju:z]vi. 融合；熔化，熔融vt. 使融合；使熔化，使熔融n. 保险丝；导火线，雷管fuse machine 热熔机repair 修理operator 作业员QC 品管supervisor 课长 ['sju:p?vaiz?]ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查 [k?z'metik] inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝thumb [θ?m]vt. 以拇指拨弄；作搭车手势；笨拙地摆弄；翻阅vi. 用拇指翻书页；竖起拇指要求搭车n. 拇指lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket导电条电磁干扰（Electro-Magnetic Interference）；电子乐器工业（Electrical Music Industry）；百代唱片（Electrical And Musical Industries.front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座chassis ['??si]n. 底盘，底架bezel panel 面板bezel ['bez?l]n. 刀具的刃角；宝石的斜面；遮光板；斜视规vt. 把…切成或磨成斜面power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键voltage ['v?ultid?]n. [电]电压sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序 [s?p]material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车 ['tr?li]carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department 生产部门planning department 企划部QC Section 品管科stamping factory 冲压厂painting factory 烤漆厂molding factory 成型厂common equipment 常用设备uncoiler and straightener 整平机uncoiler [?n'k?il?]基本翻译n. 开卷机；闭卷送料机；展卷机网络释义uncoiler:闭卷送料机|开卷机|展卷机mandrel uncoiler:卷筒式开卷机uncoiler leveller:开卷-矫直机straightener ['streit?n?]基本翻译n. 矫直机，矫正机；矫直装置网络释义straightener:矫直机|矫直器|矫正机wire straightener:线材矫直机|钢丝校正机|线材整直器pipe straightener:管子矫直机|管子校直器|钢管矫直机punching machine 冲床robot 机械手hydraulic machine油压机hydraulic [hai'dr?:lik]基本翻译adj. 液压的；水力的；水力学的网络释义hydraulic:水力的，水压的|水力的|液压Hydraulic components:液压元件|压元件|液压组件hydraulic leather:水压机革(密封用革)|水压机革(密封用革) 皮革类英语|水压机革（密封用革）lathe车床 [leie]planer |plein|刨床miller 铣床grinder 磨床 ['ɡraind?]linear cutting 线切割 ['lini?]electrical sparkle 电火花sparkle ['spɑ:kl]n. 活力；火花；闪耀vt. 使闪耀；使发光vi. 闪耀；发泡；活跃welder 电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director 厂长department director 部长deputy manager | =vice manager 副理['depjuti]section supervisor 课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor 组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺burr [b?:]n. 粗喉音，呼呼声vi. 用喉音说话vt. 以粗喉音发出final inspection 终检to connect material 接料to reverse material 翻料wet station 沾湿台Tiana 天那水cleaning cloth 抹布to load material 上料to unload material 卸料to return material/stock to 退料scraped 报废 [skreipt]scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase 来料不良purchase ['p?:t??s]n. 购买；紧握；起重装置vt. 购买；赢得vi. 购买东西manufacture procedure 制程deficient manufacturing procedure 制程不良 oxidation | [,?ksi'dei??n] |氧化scratch刮伤 [skr?t?]dents压痕defective up siding down抽芽不良defective to staking 铆合不良embedded lump 镶块feeding is not in place 送料不到位stamping-missing 漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer 备件forklift叉车 ['f?:k,lift]trailer=long vehicle拖板车['vi:ikl,compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch 压板 [pint?] bolt 螺栓administration/general affairs dept 总务部automatic screwdriver 电动启子['skru:,draiv?]thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具 [ɡeid?]power wire 电源线buzzle 蜂鸣器defective product label 不良标签identifying sheet list 标示单location 地点present members 出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department 负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by 核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model 机锺work order 工令revision 版次remark 备注production control confirmation 生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department 部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存inventory ['inv?nt?ri, -t?:ri]n. 存货，存货清单；详细目录；财产清册available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞obsolete ['?bs?li:t, ,?bs?'li:t] adj. 老式的；废弃的n. 废词；陈腐的人vt. 废弃；淘汰to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type 形态item/group/class 类别quality 品质prepared by 制表notes 说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量 ['inv?nt?ri physical count quantity 帐面数量difference quantity 差异量cause analysis 原因分析raw materials 原料materials 物料finished product 成品semi-finished product 半成品packing materials 包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts 良品defective product/non-good parts 不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub 仓库on way location在途仓oversea location 海外仓spare parts physical inventory list 备品盘点清单 spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM 线割EDM 放电机Coil stock 卷料sheet stock 片料tolerance 工差score=groove 压线cam block 滑块pilot 导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔 feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius 半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut 火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper 清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块baffle ['b?fl]基本翻译n. 挡板；困惑vt. 使…困惑；使…受挫折；用挡板控制vi. 做徒劳挣扎网络释义baffle:挡板|遮蔽体|调节阻板baffle plate:遮挡板|隔板,导流板|导流板baffle board:反射板|挡板|挡水板cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch 压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod 气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate 弹簧箱顶板bushing block 衬套insert 入块club car 高尔夫球车capability 能力parameter 参数 [p?'r?mit?]factor 系数phosphate 皮膜化成 ['f?sfeit]viscosity 涂料粘度 [vi'sk?s?ti] alkalidipping 脱脂main manifold 主集流脉bezel 斜视规 ['bez?l]blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模 [di'd?ekt] demagnetization去磁;消磁['di:,m?ɡnitai'zei??n, -ti'z-]high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation 热传 [disi'pei??n] rack 上料degrease 脱脂 [di:'ɡri:s]rinse 水洗alkaline etch 龄咬 ['?lk?lain] [et?] desmut 剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理 ['kr?umeit]Anodize阳性处理 ['?n?udaiz]seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N 料号good products 良品scraped products 报放心品 [skreipt] defective products 不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart 流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer 备品coordinate座标[k?u'?:dinit, k?u'?:dineit]dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction 辅助功能auxiliary [?:ɡ'zilj?ri]基本翻译n. 助动词；辅助者，辅助物；附属机构adj. 辅助的；副的；附加的网络释义Auxiliary:辅助的|助动词|附属的auxiliary projection:辅助投影|辅视图|辅助视图auxiliary function:辅助函数|辅助功能|辅助功能[函数，操作程序poly-line 多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple 热电偶['θ?:m?u,k?pl] sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾 [ɡrit]derusting machine除锈机 [di:'r?sti?] degate打浇口 [di:'geit]dryer 烘干机induction 感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder 巡边器concave凸concave [k?n'keiv, 'k?nkeiv]基本翻译n. 凹面adj. 凹的，凹面的vt. 使成凹形网络释义concave:凹的|脚窝板面凹下部分，板凹可增加板面强度和滑手动作的杠杆作用。

Bosch Serie 4 积分式洗衣机说明书

Serie 4, Lavastoviglie integrabile, 60 cm, acciaio inox, XXLSBI4HCS48EAccessori specialiSGZ0BI11 Kit di adattamento e fissaggio NiroSGZ0IC00 :SGZ1010 Prolunga acqua-stop sgs/gi/gv/guSMZ1051EU :SMZ2014 Cestello per bicchieri a stelo lungoSMZ5000 Set completo spazio 51SMZ5003 Cerniera ribaltabile per dimensioni alte SMZ5045 :SMZ5100 Cestello porta posateSMZ5300 Accessorio lavastoviglie da incasso Caricare facilmente le stoviglie e gestirela lavastoviglie tramite l'app Home Connect.• ExtraDry: opzione selezionabile per un'ulteriore asciugatura.• CestelloVario - Flessibilità nel terzo livello di carico• Home Connect: elettrodomestici interconnessi di Bosch per unapiù facile gestione della quotidianità• AquaStop: protezione antiallagamento, con una garanzia a vita al 100%.Dati tecniciClasse di efficienza energetica: ........................................................D Consumo energetico del programma Eco per 100 cicli : .........85 kWh Numero massimo di coperti: .. (14)Consumo di acqua del programma eco in litri per ciclo: ..............9.5 l Durata del programma: .............................................................4:55 h Emissioni di rumore aereo: ......................................44 dB(A) re 1 pW Classe di emissioni di rumore aereo: ................................................B Da incasso / a libera installazione: .....................................Da incasso Altezza senza piano di lavoro: ....................................................0 mm Dimensioni (lxp): ................................................865 x 598 x 573 mm Dimensioni del vano per l'installazione: .......865-925 x 600 x 550 mm Profondità con porta aperta a 90 gradi: ...............................1200 mm piedini regolabili: ...................................................Yes - all from front Regolazione massima dei piedini: ............................................60 mm Zoccolo regolabile: ..........................................verticale ed orizontale Peso netto: ..............................................................................37.6 kg Peso lordo: ..............................................................................39.5 kg Potenza: ..................................................................................2400 W Corrente: .....................................................................................10 A Tensione: .............................................................................220-240 V Frequenza: ...........................................................................50; 60 Hz Lunghezza del cavo di alimentazione elettrica: .....................175.0 cm Tipo di spina: ..........................................................................Schuko Lunghezza tubo entrata: ..........................................................165 cm Lunghezza tubo uscita: ............................................................190 cm Codice EAN: (4242005184019)Installazione: ......................................................................IntegrabileSerie 4, Lavastoviglie integrabile, 60cm, acciaio inox, XXLSBI4HCS48ECaricare facilmente le stoviglie e gestire la lavastoviglie tramite l'app Home Connect.Prestazioni e consumo- Classe di efficienza energetica¹: D- Energia² / Acqua³: 85 kWh / 9.5 litri- Capacità: 14 coperti- Durata del programma⁴: 4:55 (h:min)- Livello sonoro: 44 dB(A) re 1 pW- Livello di rumore programma Silence: 41(A) re 1 pW- Classe di efficienza di rumore: BProgrammi e opzioni- 6 Programmi: Eco 50 °C, Auto 45-65°, Intensive 70 °C, Express 65°, Silence- Prelavaggio- 4 Programmi supplementari: Home Connect, Asciugatura extra, Mezzo carico, SpeedPerfect+- Home Connect-capibile via WLAN- Programma manutenzione- Silence on demand (tramite App)Tecnologia lavaggio- Scambiatore di calore.- DosageAssist- EcoSilence Drive- Automatismo di pulizia- Sistema di filtri autopulenti con ondulazione a 3 livelli- Contenitore interno: Materiale della vasca interna in acciaio inox Sistema Cestelli- Cestelli Flex- VarioCestello- Ruote con scorrimento facile nel cestello inferiore e nel terzo cestello- Cestello inferiore con blocco (rackStopper) per evitare che fuoriesca dalle guide.- Cestello superiore regolabile in altezza con Rackmatic (3 livelli)- Griglie abbattibili nel cestello superiore (2x)- Griglie abbattibili nel cestello inferiore (2x)- Ripiani per tazze nel cestello superiore (2x)- Carrello inferiore con ripiani per tazze (2x)Indicazione e funzionamento- Iscrizioni di testo in chiaro (inglese)- Indicazione tempo residuo (min.)- Programmatore inizio lavaggio (1-24 h)Sicurezza- AquaStop: una garanzia Bosch per danni causati dall'acqua - durata del dispositivo*- Sicurezza bambini (Tasti)- Tecnologia di protezione del vetro - Aiuto per il riempimento del sale (Imbuto)- Protezione contro il vaporeDimensioni- Dimensioni del prodotto (HxLxP): 86.5 x 59.8 x 57.3 cm¹ In una scala di classi di efficienza energetica da A a G² Consumo di energia in kWh per 100 cicli (nel programma Eco 50°C)³ Consumo di acqua in litiri per ciclo (nel programma Eco 50 °C)⁴ Durata del programma Eco 50 °C* Verificare i termini di garanzia al link/ch/it/condizioni-generali-di-garanziaSerie 4, Lavastoviglie integrabile, 60 cm, acciaio inox, XXLSBI4HCS48E。

华为绩效考核体系abc

华为绩效考核体系abc华为绩效考核体系abc（附全套流程表格）WceDyKFKeTJRVDvSfoEnusZFxT5ysyZeQK1wYKTXVGs2v6pZ 8G6wn1dd3OGVFGSfue1BByuLKhHe0WKqeWqbrcqOgNt93yHE nC8G5eN9Mkc6kydW4QqjQqoHncUo4kIMQ2qoO3k08gF60keik N5d7XoxOqTT9Z5cSFgh7o80fqakbhH3ym3hfeFsEtQXaHqZbcek 4wavE4yGw3LgZPVMVNwn0nTEObQN019y3Wy1C7SbgyvAXjxA mT3DfqkGSLXddaGvuNd3QTANuL61sJgeeFbWxvIDliYqapx6izFA 6tjIJfIKjjN9fszOyjxz4QIiuJn5N0Is3VYkVJCHcyT1KPBhqZ8z1G6ga 1N0sDwjRU69KEsfXgM6wGNV75ForJrmPs9UvBPP1kaqI2NbhTR Lt0jKdrtmy8r7dJjS4NjLGx4BfXD4id6OrVsP8pq4HcRttSCzJuXJj64 wwYe6ep4K1SG7QJKEXf3eWAHCKEkn5nflQwTZBkPSY6sRC4YzaJ m42QQlGRlQ4GFDnVgUqk2nFb5QIq0FflDm1ai0WhJkyzNHqedg O38qGyoRLzTPQVkJ3SCCmgy8QIoGDnZdDJrccNW2mHfWEuJT F3ENSQuh50PxAXDXQpC7d7hgw9QV1SuWzL19ZCAmP9XbxYsE 476OiBp7MYQJ0Ogc6txpW3yEfPiTa5iOHBRtMVonVun0lrl0TuV3 a2i09rjITLWGp22pxnGa5AJcFxTneh0gZenETQjUmVJ9NWBiow2f dvyQi5lCOvdmLpgAFoLX3loZqAEilkyhfK2egMVNfW5qsXoXq0S 0bUcr6PaYr2Qewv60n2UtIxsXgyhILgslIy6AiAYHmwWc5RtwQoko WZhdc5B8hHDA9fMypwHcUD7MRFRE4lsWw4EiGTXdyPZUiLTP5v7TW7JISLCMdw4wPgE5QdiLOed 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(30)装配车间主任对直接下属指定量（效果）标考核表 (31)调试车间主任对直接下属定量（效果）指标考核表 (33)设备动力科科长对直接下属考定量（效果）指标考核表 (35) 财务总监对直接下属定量（效果）指标考核表 (36)财务部经理对直接下属定量（效果）指标考核表 (37)乙类人员考核评分计算表 (40)丙类人员考核评分计算表 (42)○月度○季度○半年度各岗位考核分汇总表 (44)年终各岗位考核分汇总表 (45)各岗位考评主体对照表 (46)甲类人员定性指标权重设定表 (50)乙类人员定性指标权重设定表 (52)丙类人员定性指标权重设定表 (53)XX公司各岗位定量考核指标 (54)营销各岗位定量指标与标准 (54)物流部门各岗位定量考核指标 (56)生产部门定量指标 (59)技术部人员定量指标 (63)质量管理人员定量指标 (66)效果指标和权重设定表 (67)XX公司考核规则第一章总则第一条公司员工考核目的1.对员工在一定时期内担当职务工作所表现出来的能力、努力程度以及工作实绩进行分析，做出客观评价，把握员工工作执行和适应情况，确定人才开发的方针政策及教育培训方向，合理配置人员，明确员工工作的导向；2.保障组织有效运行；3.给予员工与其贡献相应的激励以及公正合理的待遇，以促进科技管理的公正和民主，激发员工工作热情和提高工作效率。

塑料模具专业英语词汇

分类：塑胶模具模具英语词汇表Aabrasive grinding 强力磨削 L3 abrasive[E'breisiv] a.磨料的, 研磨的 L2,3 absence ['AbsEns] n.. 不在，缺席 L17accesssory[Ak'sesEri] n.附件 L10accommodate[E'kCmEdeit] v. 适应 L5accordingly[E'kC:diNli] adv.因此,从而,相应地 L7,13 accuracy['AkjurEsi] n精度,准确性 L1,3actuate['Aktjueit] vt.开动(机器), 驱动 L8adequate['Adikwit] a. 足够的 L13adhesive[Ed'hi:siv] n. 粘合剂 L22adjacent[E'dVeisnt] a. 邻近的 L13adopt[E'dCpt] vt. 采用 L4advance [Ed'vA:ns] n.进步 L7advisable [Ed'vaizbl] adj. 可取的 L20agitate['AdViteit] v. 摇动 L2a large extent 很大程度 L4,13algorithm ['Al^EriTEm] n. 算法 L6align [E'lain] v 定位，调准 L17alignment[E'lainmEnt] n. 校直 L11all-too-frequent 频繁 L17allowance[E'lEuens] n. 容差, 余量 L5alternate['C:ltEnit]v.交替,轮流 L1alternative[C:l'tE:nEtiv] n. 替换物 L3alternatively[C:l'tE:nEtivli] ad. 做为选择, 也许 L5 aluminiun[7Alju'minjEm] n.铝 L2ample['Ampl] adj. 充足的 L20analysis [E'nAlEsis] n. 分析 L6ancillary['AnsilEri] a.补助的, 副的 L4angular ['A^julE] adj. 有角的 L20annealing[E'li:liN] n.退火 L2aperture ['ApEtFE] n.孔 L17applied loads 作用力 L1appropriate [E'prEuprieit] a. 适当的 L6,20arc[a:k] n.弧, 弓形 L10arise[E'raiz] vi. 出现, 发生 L21arrange[E'reidV] v. 安排 L12article['a:tikl] n.制品, 产品 L21ascertain[7AsE'tein] vt. 确定, 查明 L1assemble[E'sembl] vt.组装 L4attitude ['Atitju:d] n 态度 L17auxiliary [C:^'ziljEri]adj. 辅助的 L8avoid[E'vCid] v.避免 L7axis['Aksis] n.轴 L5axle['Aksl] n.轮轴, 车轴 L1Bbackup['bAk7Qp] n. 备份 L9batch [bAtF] n 一批 L17bearing['bZEriN] n.轴承,支座 L21bed[bed] n. 床身 L5behavior[bi'heivjE] n. 性能 L1bench-work 钳工工作 L4bend[bend] v.弯曲 L1beneath[bi'ni:W] prep在···下 L4bin [bin] n. 仓，料架 L19blank [blANk] n. 坯料 L20blank [blANk] v. 冲裁,落料 L17blanking tool 落料模 L17blast [blQst] n.一阵（风） L18blemish['blemiF] n. 缺点, 污点 L13bolster['bEulstE] n. 模座,垫板 L4,5boost[bu:st] n. 推进 L9boring['bC:riN] n.镗削, 镗孔 L4,5bracket ['brAkit] n. 支架 L19brass [brAs] n.黄铜 L2break down 破坏 L1breakage ['breikidV] n.破坏 L17bridge piece L16brine[brain] n. 盐水 L2brittle['britl] adv.易碎的 L1buffer [bQfE] n.缓冲器 L8built-in 内装的 L9bulging [bQldViN] n. 凸肚 L22burr [bE:] n. 毛刺 L17bush [buF] n. 衬套 L17bush[buF]n. 衬套 L5by far (修饰比较级, 最高级)···得多, 最 L3 by means of 借助于 L5Ccabinet ['kAbinit] n.橱柜 L7call upon 要求 L17carbide['ka:baid] n.碳化物 L10carburzing['ka:bjuretiN] n. 渗碳 L2 carriage['kAridV] n.拖板, 大拖板 L5carry along 一起带走 L18carry down over 从···上取下 L21carry out 完成 L17case hardening 表面硬化 L2case[keis] n. 壳, 套 L2cast steel 铸钢 L17casting['ka:stiN] n. 铸造,铸件 L3category['kAtE^Euri] n. 种类 L6,15caution ['kC:FEn] n. 警告，警示 L17cavity and core plates 凹模和凸模板 L11cavity['kAviti] n.型腔, 腔, 洞 L4,10centre-drilling 中心孔 L5ceramic[si'rAmik] n.陶瓷制品 L3chain doted line 点划线 L11channel['tFAnl] n.通道, 信道 L8characteristic[kArEktE'ristik] n.特性 L1 check[tFek] v.核算 L21chip[tFip] n.切屑, 铁屑 L3chuck [tFQk] n.卡盘 L5,8chute [Fu:t] n. 斜道 L19circa ['sEkE:] adv. 大约 L7circlip['sE:klip] n.(开口)簧环 L22circuit['sE:kit] n. 回路, 环路 L13circular supoport block L5circulate['sE:kjuleid] v.(使)循环 L13clamp [klAmp] vt 夹紧 L17clamp[klAmp] n.压板 L12clay[klei] n. 泥土 L2,7clearance ['kliErEns] n. 间隙 L17clip [klip] vt. 切断，夹住 L19cold hobbing 冷挤压 L4cold slug well 冷料井 L12collapse[kE'lAps] vi.崩塌, 瓦解 L22collapsible[kE'lApsEbl] adj.可分解的 L22 combination [kCmbi'neiFEn] n. 组合 L18 commence[kE'mens] v. 开始, 着手 L16 commence[kE'mens]v. 开始 L21commercial [kE'mE:FEl] adj. 商业的 L7 competitive[kEm'petitiv] a. 竞争的 L9 complementary[7kCmpli'mentEri] a. 互补的 L5 complexity [kem'pleksiti] n.复杂性 L8 complicated['kCmplEkeitid] adj.复杂的 L2 complication [kCmpli'keiFEn] n. 复杂化 L5,20 compression [kEm'preFEn] n.压缩 L1comprise[kEm'prais] vt.包含 L16compromise['kCmprEmaiz] n. 妥协, 折衷 L13 concern with 关于 L6concise[kEn'sais] a. 简明的, 简练的 L9confront[kEn'frQnt] vt. 使面临 L14connector[kE'nektE] n. 连接口, 接头 L14 consequent['kCnsikwEnt] a. 随之发生的, 必然的 L3 console ['kCnsoul] n.控制台 L8consume [kEn'sjum] vt. 消耗, 占用 L7 consummate [kEn'sQmeit] vt. 使完善 L6container[kEn'teinE] n. 容器 L11contingent[ken'tindVEnt] a.可能发生的 L9contour['kEntuE] n.轮廓 L5,21conventional[kEn'venFEnl] a. 常规的 L4converge[kEn'vE:dV] v.集中于一点 L21conversant[kCn'vE:sEnt] a. 熟悉的 L15conversion[kEn'vE:FEn] n 换算, 转换 L7conveyer[ken'veiE] n. 运送装置 L12coolant['ku:lEnt] n. 冷却液 L13coordinate [kEu'C:dnit] vt. (使)协调 L8copy machine 仿形(加工)机床 L4core[kC:] n. 型芯, 核心 L2,4corresponding [ka:ri'spCdiN] n.相应的 L7 counteract [kauntE'rAkt] vt. 反作用,抵抗 L20 couple with 伴随 L20CPU (central processing unit) 中央处理器 L9 crack[krAk ] v.（使）破裂，裂纹 L1,17critical['kritikl] adj.临界的 L2cross-hatching 剖面线 L16cross-section drawn 剖面图 L11cross-slide 横向滑板 L5CRT (cathoder-ray tube) 阴极射线管 L9crush[krQF]vt.压碎 L1cryogenic[7kraiE'dVenik ]a.低温学的 L1crystal['kristl] adj.结晶状的 L1cubic['kju:bik] a. 立方的, 立方体的 L3cup [kQp] vt (使)成杯状, 引伸 L18curable ['kjurEbl] adj. 可矫正的 L20curvature['kE:vEtFE] n.弧线 L21curve [kE:v] vt. 使弯曲 L20cutter bit 刀头, 刀片 L3cyanide['saiEnaid] n.氰化物 L2Ddash [dAF] n. 破折号 L6daylight ['deilait] n. 板距 L12decline[di'klain] v.下落,下降,减少, L3,9deform[di'fC:m] v. (使)变形 L1,3demonstrate['demEstreit ] v证明 L21depict[di'pikt ] vt 描述 L18deposite [di'pCzit] vt. 放置 L20depression[di'preFEn] n. 凹穴 L12descend [di'sent] v. 下降 L20desirable[di'zairEbl] a. 合适的 L2detail ['diteil] n.细节，详情 L17deterioration[ditiEri:E'reiFEn] n. 退化, 恶化 L12 determine[di'tE:min] v.决定 L16diagrammmatic[7daiEgrE'mAtik].a.图解的，图表的 L10 dictate['dikteit] v. 支配 L12die[dai] n.模具, 冲模, 凹模 L2dielectric[daii'lektrik] n. 电介质 L10die-set 模架 L19digital ['didVitl ] n.数字式数字, a.数字的 L3,6 dimensional[dddi'menFEnl] a. 尺寸的, 空间的 L3 discharge[dis'tFa:dV] n.v. 放电, 卸下, 排出 L3 discharge[dis'tFa:dV] v.卸下 L8discrete [dis'cri:t] adj. 离散的,分立的 L7 dislodge[dis'lCdV] v. 拉出, 取出 L12dissolution[disE'lu:FEn] n.结束 L9distinct [dis'tiNkt] a.不同的，显著的 L6distort [dis'dC:t] vt. 扭曲 L20distort[dis'tC:t] vt. (使)变形, 扭曲 L1distributed system 分布式系统 L9dowel ['dauEl] n. 销子 L19dramaticlly [drE'mAtikli] adv. 显著地 L7drastic ['drAstik] a.激烈的 L17draughting[dra:ftiN] n. 绘图 L16draughtsman['drAftsmEn] n. 起草人 L16drawing['drC:iN] n. 制图 L11drill press 钻床 L8drum [drQm] n.鼓轮 L8dual ['dju:El] adv. 双的，双重的 L18ductility [dQk'tiliti ] n.延展性 L1,21dynamic [dai'nAmik ] adj 动力的 L6Eedge [edV] n .边缘 L20e.g.(exempli gratia) [拉] 例如 L12ejector [i'dVektE] n.排出器， L18ejector plate 顶出板 L16ejector rob 顶杆 L5elasticity[ilA'stisiti] n.弹性 L1electric dicharge machining 电火花加工L3 electrical discharge machining电火花加工 L10electrochemical machining 电化学加工L3 electrode[i'lektrEud] n. 电极 L10electro-deposition 电铸 L4elementary [elE'mentEri] adj.基本的 L2 eliminate[i'limineit] vt. 消除, 除去 L10 elongate[i'lCN^et] vt. (使)伸长, 延长 L1 emerge [i'mE:dV] vi. 形成, 显现 L20 emphasise['emfEsaiz] vt. 强调 L4endeavour[en'devE] n. 尽力 L17engagement[in'^eidVment] n. 约束, 接合 L22 enhance[in'hAns] vt. 提高, 增强 L9ensure [in'FuE] vt. 确保，保证 L17envisage[in'vizidV] vt.设想 L15erase[i'reis] vt. 抹去, 擦掉 L16evaluation[i'vAlju7eiFEn] n. 评价, 估价L1 eventually[i'vEntFuEli ] adv.终于 L21 evolution[evE'lu:FEn] n.进展 L16excecution[eksi'kju:FEn] n. 执行, 完成 L9 execute ['ekskju:t] v. 执行 L8exerte [i^'zE:t] vt. 施加 L20experience[iks'piriEns] n. 经验 L16 explosive[iks'plEusiv]adj.爆炸(性)的 L22 extend[eks'tend] v. 伸展 L2external[eks'tE:nl] a. 外部的 L5,11 extract[eks'trAkt] v. 拔出 L14extreme[iks'tri:m] n. 极端 L13extremely[iks'tri:mli] adv. 非常地 L12 extremity[iks'tmiti] n. 极端 L13extrusion[eks'tru:VEn] n. 挤压, 挤出 L3FF (Fahrenheit)['fArEnhait]n.华氏温度 L2fabricate ['fAbrikeit] vt.制作,制造 L7 facilitate [fE'siliteit] vt. 帮助 L6facility[fE'siliti] n. 设备 L4facing[feisiN] n. 端面车削 L5fall within 属于, 适合于 L15fan[fAn] n.风扇 L7far from 毫不, 一点不, 远非 L9fatigue[fE'ti^] n.疲劳 L1feasible ['fi:zEbl] a 可行的 L18feature ['fi:tFE] n.特色, 特征 L7,17feed[fi:d] n.. 进给 L5feedback ['fi:dbAk] n. 反馈 L8female['fi:meil] a. 阴的, 凹形的 L11ferrule['ferEl] n. 套管 L14file system 文件系统 L9fitter['fitE] n.装配工, 钳工 L4fix[fiks] vt. 使固定, 安装, vi. 固定 L11fixed half and moving half 定模和动模 L11flat-panel technology 平面(显示)技术 L9 flexibility[fleksi'biliti] n. 适应性, 柔性 L9 flexible['fleksEbl] a. 柔韧的 L13flow mark 流动斑点 L13follow-on tool 连续模 L18foregoing ['fC:'^EuiN]adj. 在前的,前面的L8foretell[fC:'tell] vt. 预测, 预示, 预言 L9 forge[fC:dV] n. v. 锻造 L3forming[fC:miN] n. 成型 L3four screen quadrants 四屏幕象限 L9fracture['frAktFE] n.破裂 L21free from 免于 L21Ggap[^Ap] n. 裂口, 间隙 L10gearbox['^iEbCks] n.齿轮箱 L5general arrangement L16govern['^QvEn] v.统治, 支配, 管理 L13grain [^rein] n. 纹理 L20graphic ['^rAfik] adj. 图解的 L6grasp [^rAsp] vt. 抓住 L8grid[^rid] n. 格子, 网格 L16grind[^raind] v. 磨, 磨削, 研磨 L3grinding ['^raindiN] n. 磨光,磨削 L3,20 grinding machine 磨床 L5gripper[^ripE] n. 抓爪, 夹具 L9groove[^ru:v] n. 凹槽 L12guide bush 导套 L5guide pillar 导柱 L5guide pillars and bushes 导柱和导套 L11Hhandset['hAndset] n. 电话听筒 L4hardness['ha:dnis] n.硬度 L1,2hardware ['ha:dwZE] n. 硬件 L6headstock['hedstCk] n.床头箱, 主轴箱 L5hexagonal[hek'sA^Enl] a. 六角形的, 六角的 L11 hindrance['hindrEns] n.障碍, 障碍物 L11hob[hCb] n. 滚刀, 冲头 L4hollow-ware 空心件 L21horizontal[hCri'zCntl] a. 水平的 L16hose[hEuz] n. 软管, 水管 L13hyperbolic [haipE'bClik] adj.双曲线的 L7Ii.e. (id est) [拉] 也就是 L12identical[ai'dentikl] a同样的 L16identify [ai'dentifai] v. 确定, 识别 L7idle ['aidl] adj.空闲的 L8immediately[i'mi:djEtli] adv. 正好, 恰好 L12impact['impAkt] n.冲击 L1impart [im'pa:t] v.给予 L11,17implement ['implimEnt] vt 实现 L6impossibility[impCsE'biliti] n.不可能 L21impression[im'preFEn] n. 型腔 L11in contact with 接触 L1in terms of 依据 L1inasmuch (as)[inEz'mQtF] conj.因为, 由于L3inch-to-metric conversions 英公制转换 L7 inclinable [in'klainEbl] adj. 可倾斜的 L20inclusion [in'kluFEn] n. 内含物 L19inconspicuous[inkEn'spikjuEs] a. 不显眼的 L14 incorporate [in'kC:pEreit] v 合并,混合L17 indentation[7inden'teiFEn ] n.压痕 L1indenter[in'dentE] n. 压头 L1independently[indi'peinEntli] a. 独自地, 独立地 L16 inevitably[in'evitEbli] ad. 不可避免地 L14 inexpensive[inik'spensiv]adj. 便宜的 L2inherently [in'hiErEntli] adv.固有的 L7injection mould 注塑模 L11injection[in'dVekFEn] n. 注射 L11in-line-of-draw 直接脱模 L14insert[in'sE:t] n. 嵌件 L16inserted die 嵌入式凹模 L19inspection[in'spekFEn] n.检查,监督 L9installation[instE'leiFEn] n. 安装 L10integration [inti'^reiFEn] n.集成 L6intelligent[in'telidVEnt]a. 智能的 L9intentinonally [in'tenFEnEli] adv 加强地，集中地 L17interface ['intEfeis] n.. 界面 L6internal[in'tE:nl] a. 内部的 L1,5interpolation [intEpE'leiFEn] n.插值法 L7 investment casting 熔模铸造 L4irregular [i'regjulE] adj. 不规则的，无规律 L17 irrespective of 不论, 不管 L11irrespective[iri'spektiv] a. 不顾的, 不考虑的 L11 issue ['isju] vt. 发布，发出 L6Jjoint line 结合线 L14Kkerosene['kerEsi:n] n.煤油 L10keyboard ['ki:bC:d ] n. 健盘 L6knock [nRk] v 敲，敲打 L17Llance [la:ns] v. 切缝 L19lathe[leiT] n. 车床 L4latitude ['lAtitju:d] n. 自由 L17lay out 布置 L13limitation[limi'teiFEn] n.限度,限制,局限(性) L3 local intelligence局部智能 L9locate [lEu'keit] vt. 定位 L18logic ['lCdVik] n. 逻辑 L7longitudinal['lCndVE'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的 L5 longitudinally['lCndVE'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的 L13 look upon 视作, 看待 L17lubrication[lju:bri'keiFEn ] n.润滑 L21Mmachine shop 车间 L2machine table 工作台 L8machining[mE'Fi:niN] n. 加工 L3made-to-measure 定做 L15maintenance['meintinEns] n.维护,维修 L7majority[mE'dVa:riti] n.多数 L21make use of 利用 L2male[meil] a. 阳的, 凸形的 L11malfunction['mAl'fQNFEn] n. 故障 L9mandrel['mAdtil] n.心轴 L22manifestation[mAnifEs'teiFEn] n. 表现, 显示 L9 massiveness ['mAsivnis ] 厚实，大块 L19measure['meVE] n. 大小, 度量 L1microcomputer 微型计算机 L9microns['maikrCn] n.微米 L10microprocessor 微处理器 L9mild steel 低碳钢 L17milling machine 铣床 L4mineral['minErEl] n.矿物, 矿产 L2minimise['minimaiz] v.把···减到最少, 最小化 L13minute['minit] a.微小的 L10mirror image 镜像 L16mirror['mirE] n. 镜子 L16MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 麻省理工学院 L7 moderate['mCdErit]adj. 适度的 L1,2modification [mRdifi'keiFEn ] n. 修改, 修正 L6modulus['mCdjulEs] n.系数 L1mold[mEuld] n. 模, 铸模, v. 制模, 造型 L3monitor ['mCnitE ] v. 监控 L6monograph['mCnE^ra:f] n. 专著 L4more often than not 常常 L20motivation[mEuti'veiFEn] n. 动机 L9mould split line 模具分型线 L12moulding['mEudiN] n. 注塑件 L5,11move away from 抛弃 L17multi-imprssion mould 多型腔模 L12Nnarrow['nArEu] a. 狭窄的 L12NC (numerical control ) 数控 L7nevertheless[7nevETE'les] conj.,adv.然而,不过 L11nonferrous['nCn'ferEs] adj.不含铁的, 非铁的 L2normally['nC:mli]adv.通常地 L22novice['nCvis] n. 新手, 初学者 L16nozzle['nCzl] n. 喷嘴, 注口 L12numerical [nju'merikl] n. 数字的 L6Oobjectionable [Eb'dVekFEbl] adj. 有异议的，讨厌的 L17observe[Eb'zE:v] vt. 观察 L2obviously ['CbviEsli] adv 明显地 L17off-line 脱机的 L6on-line 联机 L9operational [CpE'reiFEnl] adj.操作的, 运作的 L8opportunity[CpE'tju:niti] n. 时机, 机会 L13opposing[E'pEuziN] a.对立的, 对面的L12opposite['CpEzit] n. 反面 L1 a.对立的,对面的 L12 optimization [Rptimai'zeiFEn] n.最优化 L6orient ['C:riEnt] vt. 确定方向 L8orthodox ['C:WEdCks] adj. 正统的，正规的 L19overall['EuvErC:l] a.全面的,全部的 L8,13overbend v.过度弯曲 L20overcome[EuvE'kQm] vt.克服, 战胜 L10overlaping['EuvE'lApiN] n. 重叠 L4overriding[EuvE'raidiN] a. 主要的, 占优势的 L11 Ppack[pAk] v. 包装 L2package ['pAkidV] vt.包装 L7pallet ['pAlit] n.货盘 L8panel ['pAnl] n.面板 L7paraffin['pArEfin] n. 石蜡 L10parallel[pArElel] a.平行的 L5penetration[peni'treiFEn ] n.穿透 L1peripheral [pE'rifErEl] adj 外围的 L6periphery [pE'rifEri] n. 外围 L18permit[pE'mit] v. 许可, 允许 L16pessure casting 压力铸造 L4pillar['pilE] n. 柱子, 导柱 L5,17pin[pin] n. 销, 栓, 钉 L5,17pin-point gate 针点式浇口 L12piston ['pistEn] n.活塞 L1plan view 主视图 L16plasma['plAzmE] n. 等离子 L9plastic['plAstik] n. 塑料 L3platen['plAtEn] n. 压板 L12plotter[plCtE] n. 绘图机 L9plunge [plQndV] v翻孔 L18plunge[plQndV] v.投入 L2plunger ['plQndVE ] n. 柱塞 L19pocket-size 袖珍 L9portray[pC:'trei] v.描绘 L21pot[pCt] n.壶 L21pour[pC:] vt. 灌, 注 L22practicable['prAktikEb] a. 行得通的 L14 preferable['prefErEbl] a.更好的, 更可取的 L3 preliminary [pri'liminEri] adj 初步的，预备的 L19 press setter 装模工 L17press[pres] n.压,压床,冲床,压力机 L2,8prevent [pri'vent] v. 妨碍 L20primarily['praimErili] adv.主要地 L4procedure[prE'si:dVE] n.步骤, 方法, 程序 L2,16 productivity.[prEudQk'tiviti] n. 生产力 L9profile ['prEufail] n.轮廓 L10progressively[prE'^resiv] ad.渐进地 L15project[prE'dVekt] n.项目 L2project[prE'dVekt] v. 凸出 L11projection[prE'dVekFEn] n.突出部分 L21proper['prCpE] a. 本身的 L10property['prCpEti] n.特性 L1prototype ['prEutEtaip] n. 原形 L7proximity[prCk'simiti] n.接近 L9prudent['pru:dEnt] a. 谨慎的 L16punch [pQntF] v. 冲孔 L3punch shapper tool 刨模机 L17punch-cum-blanking die 凹凸模 L18punched tape 穿孔带 L3purchase ['pE:tFEs] vt. 买，购买 L6push back pin 回程杆 L5pyrometer[pai'nCmitE] n. 高温计 L2Qquality['kwaliti] n. 质量 L1,3quandrant['kwCdrEnt] n. 象限 L9quantity ['kwCntiti] n. 量，数量 L17quench[kwentF] vt. 淬火 L2Rradial['reidiEl] adv.放射状的 L22ram [rAm] n 撞锤. L17rapid['rApid]adj. 迅速的 L2rapidly['rApidli]adv. 迅速地 L1raster['rAstE] n. 光栅 L9raw [rC:] adj. 未加工的 L6raw material 原材料 L3ream [ri:m] v 铰大 L17reaming[ri:miN] n. 扩孔, 铰孔 L8recall[ri'kC:l] vt. 记起, 想起 L13recede [ri'si:d] v. 收回, 后退 L20recess [ri'ses] n. 凹槽,凹座,凹进处 L4,18redundancy[ri'dQndEnsi] n. 过多 L9re-entrant 凹入的 L12refer[ri'fE:] v. 指, 涉及, 谈及 L1,12reference['refErEns] n.参照,参考 L21refresh display 刷新显示 L9register ring 定位环 L11register['redVstE] v. 记录, 显示, 记数 L2regrind[ri:'^aind](reground[ri:'gru:nd]) vt. 再磨研 L12 relative['relEtiv] a. 相当的, 比较的 L12relay ['ri:lei] n. 继电器 L7release[ri'li:s] vt. 释放 L1relegate['relE7geit] vt. 把··降低到 L9reliability [rilaiE'biliti] n. 可靠性 L7relief valves 安全阀 L22relief[ri'li:f] n.解除 L22relieve[ri'li:v ]vt.减轻, 解除 L2remainder[ri'meindE] n. 剩余物, 其余部分 L4 removal[ri'mu:vl] n. 取出 L14remove[ri'mu:v] v. 切除, 切削 L4reposition [ripE'ziFEn] n.重新安排 L17 represent[7repri'zentE] v 代表,象征 L11 reputable['repjutEbl] a. 有名的, 受尊敬的 L15 reservoir['rezEvwa: ] n.容器, 储存器 L22 resident['rezidEnt] a. 驻存的 L9resist[ri'zist] vt.抵抗 L1resistance[ri'zistEns] n.阻力, 抵抗 L1 resolution[7rezE'lu:FEn] n. 分辨率 L9 respective[ri'spektiv] a.分别的,各自的 L11 respond[ris'pCnd] v.响应, 作出反应 L9 responsibility[rispCnsE'biliti] n.责任 L13 restrain[ris'trein]v.抑制 L21restrict [ris'trikt] vt 限制，限定 L18 restriction[ris'trikFEn] n. 限制 L12retain[ri'tein] vt.保持, 保留 L2,12 retaining plate 顶出固定板 L16reveal [ri'vil] vt.显示，展现 L17reversal [ri'vEsl] n. 反向 L1,20right-angled 成直角的 L20rigidity[ri'dViditi] n. 刚度 L1rod[rCd] n. 杆, 棒 L1,5rotate['rEuteit] vt.(使)旋转 L5rough machining 粗加工 L5rough[rQf] a. 粗略的 L5,21routine [ru:'ti:n] n. 程序 L7rubber['rQbE] n.橡胶 L3,22runner and gate systems 流道和浇口系统 L11Ssand casting 砂型铸造 L3satisfactorily[7sAtis'fAktrili] adv. 满意地 L1 saw[aC:] n. 锯子 L4scale[skeil]n. 硬壳 L2score[skC:] v. 刻划 L14scrap[skrAp] n.废料, 边角料, 切屑 L2,3 screwcutting 切螺纹 L4seal[si:l] vt.密封 L22secondary storage L9section cutting plane 剖切面 L16secure[si'kjuE] v.固定 L22secure[si'kjuE] vt.紧固,夹紧,固定 L5,22segment['se^mEnt] v. 分割 L10sensitive['sensitiv]a.敏感的 L1,7sequence ['si:kwEns] n. 次序 L6sequential[si'kwenFEl] a.相继的 L16seriously['siEriEsli] adv.严重地 L1servomechanism ['sE:vE'mekEnizm] n.伺服机构 L7 Servomechanism Laboratoies 伺服机构实验室 L7 servomotor ['sE:vEmEutE] n.伺服马达 L8setter ['setE] n 安装者 L17set-up 机构 L20sever ['sevE] v 切断 L17severity [si'veriti] n. 严重 L20shaded[FAdid] adj.阴影的 L21shank [FANk] n. 柄. L17shear[FiE]n.剪,切 L1shot[FCt] n. 注射 L12shrink[FriNk] vi. 收缩 L11side sectional view 侧视图 L16signal ['si^nl] n.信号 L8similarity[simi'lAriti] n.类似 L15simplicity[sim'plisiti] n. 简单 L12single-point cutting tool 单刃刀具 L5situate['sitjueit] vt. 使位于, 使处于 L11slide [slaid] vi. 滑动, 滑落 L20slideway['slaidwei] n. 导轨 L5slot[slCt] n. 槽 L4slug[slQ^] n. 嵌条 L12soak[sEuk] v. 浸, 泡, 均热 L2software ['sCftwZE] n. 软件 L6solid['sClid] n.立体, 固体 L9solidify[sE'lidifai] vt.vi. (使)凝固, (使)固化 L13 solution[sE'lu:FEn] n.溶液 L2sophisiticated [sE'fistikeitid] adj.尖端的,完善的 L8 sound[saund] a. 结实的, 坚固的) L1spark erosion 火花蚀刻 L10spindle['spindl] n. 主轴 L5,8spline[splain] n.花键 L4split[split] n. 侧向分型, 分型 L12,14spool[spu:l] n. 线轴 L14springback n.反弹 L20spring-loaded 装弹簧的 L18sprue bush 主流道衬套 L11sprue puller 浇道拉杆 L12square[skwZE] v. 使成方形 L4stage [steidV] n. 阶段 L16,19standardisation[7stAndEdai'zeiFEn] n. 标准化 L15 startling['sta:tliN] a. 令人吃惊的 L10steadily['stedEli ] adv. 稳定地 L21step-by-step 逐步 L8stickiness['stikinis] n.粘性 L22stiffness['stifnis] n. 刚度 L1stock[stCk] n.毛坯, 坯料 L3storage tube display 储存管显示 L9storage['stC:ridV] n. 储存器 L9straightforward[streit'fC:wEd]a.直接的 L10strain[strein] n.应变 L1strength[streNW] n.强度 L1stress[stres] n.压力,应力 L1stress-strain应力--应变 L6stretch[stretF] v.伸展 L1,21strike [straik] vt. 冲击 L20stringent['strindVEnt ] a.严厉的 L22stripper[stripE] n. 推板 L15stroke[strouk] n. 冲程, 行程 L12structrural build-up 结构上形成的 L11sub-base 垫板 L19subject['sQbdVikt] vt.使受到 L21submerge[sEb'mE:dV] v.淹没 L22subsequent ['sQbsikwent] adj. 后来的 L20 subsequently ['sQbsikwentli] adv. 后来, 随后 L5 substantial[sEb'stAnFEl] a. 实质的 L10substitute ['sQbstitju:t] vt. 代替,.替换 L7 subtract[sEb'trAkt] v.减, 减去 L15suitable['su:tEbl] a. 合适的, 适当的 L5suitably['su:tEbli] ad.合适地 L15sunk[sQNk](sink的过去分词) v. 下沉, 下陷 L11 superior[sE'piEriE] adj.上好的 L22susceptible[sE'septEbl] adj.易受影响的 L7sweep away 扫过 L17symmetrical[si'metrikl] a. 对称的 L14 synchronize ['siNkrEnaiz] v.同步,同时发生L8Ttactile['tAktail] a. 触觉的, 有触觉的 L9 tailstock['teilstCk] n.尾架 L5tapered['teipEd] a. 锥形的 L12tapping['tApiN] n. 攻丝 L8technique[tek'ni:k] n. 技术 L16tempering['tempErN] n.回火 L2tendency['tendEnsi] n. 趋向, 倾向 L13tensile['tensail] a.拉力的, 可拉伸的 L2 拉紧的, 张紧的 L1 tension ['tenFEn] n.拉紧,张紧 L1terminal ['tE:mEnl ] n. 终端机 L6terminology[tE:mi'nClEdVi ] n. 术语, 用辞 L11theoretically [Wi:E'retikli ] adv.理论地 L21thereby['TZEbai] ad. 因此, 从而 L15thermoplastic['WE:mEu'plAstik] a. 热塑性的, n. 热塑性塑料 L3thermoset['WE:mEset] n.热固性 L12thoroughly['WQrEuli] adv.十分地, 彻底地 L2thread pitch 螺距 L5thread[Wred] n. 螺纹 L5thrown up 推上 L17tilt [tilt] n. 倾斜, 翘起 L20tolerance ['tClErEns] n..公差 L17tong[tCN] n. 火钳 L2tonnage['tQnidV] n.吨位, 总吨数 L3tool point 刀锋 L3tool room 工具车间 L10toolholder['tu:lhEuldE] n.刀夹,工具柄 L5toolmaker ['tu:l'meikE] n 模具制造者 L17toolpost grinder 工具磨床 L4toolpost['tu:l'pEust] n. 刀架 L4torsional ['tC:FEnl] a扭转的 . L1toughness['tCfnis] n. 韧性 L2trace [treis] vt.追踪 L7tracer-controlled milling machine 仿形铣床 L4transverse[trAns'vE:s] a. 横向的 L5tray [trei] n. 盘，盘子，蝶 L19treatment['tri:tmEnt] n.处理 L2tremendous[tri'mendEs] a. 惊人的, 巨大的 L9trend [trend] n.趋势 L7trigger stop 始用挡料销 L17tungsten['tQNstEn] n.钨 L10turning['tE:niN] n.车削 L4,5twist[twist ] v.扭曲，扭转 L1two-plate mould 双板式注射模 L12Uultimately['Qltimitli] adv终于. L6undercut moulding 侧向分型模 L14undercut['QndEkQt] n. 侧向分型 L14undercut['QndEkQt] n.底切 L12underfeed['QndE'fi:d] a, 底部进料的 L15undergo[QndE'^Eu] vt.经受 L1underside['QndEsaid] n 下面,下侧 L11undue[Qn'dju:] a.不适当的, 过度的 L4,10uniform['ju:nifC:m] a.统一的, 一致的 L12utilize ['ju:tilaiz] v 利用 L17Utopian[ju'tEupiEn] adj.乌托邦的, 理想化的 L21Vvalve[vAlv] n.阀 L22vaporize['veipEraiz] vt.vi. 汽化, (使)蒸发 L10 variation [vZEri'eiFEn] n. 变化 L20various ['vZEriEs] a.不同的,各种的 L1,20vector feedrate computation 向量进刀速率计算 L7 vee [vi:] n. v字形 L20velocity[vi'lCsiti] n.速度 L1versatile['vEsEtail] a.多才多艺的,万用的 L5,8 vertical['vE:tikl] a. 垂直的 L16via [vaiE] prep.经,通过 L8vicinity[vE'siniti] n.附近 L13viewpoint['vju:pCint] n. 观点 L4Wwander['wCndE] v. 偏离方向 L13warp[wC:p] v. 翘曲 L2washer ['wCFE] n. 垫圈 L18wear [wZE] v.磨损 L7well line 结合线 L13whereupon [hwZErE'pCn] adv. 于是 L19winding ['waindiN] n. 绕, 卷 L8with respect to 相对于 L1,5withstand[wiT'stAnd] vt.经受,经得起 L1work[wE:k] n. 工件 L4workstage 工序 L19wrinkle['riNkl] n.皱纹vt.使皱 L21Yyield[ji:ld] v. 生产 L9Zzoom[zu:] n. 图象电子放大 L9GLOSSARY。

法语最常用单词音标中文解释

亲爱的寻找马头发在……家里，在……住所狗数字选择，挑选选择事物，东西跌落，失败这里，此地天，天空五五十情况，时机明亮的明亮的，光亮的班级，等级心脏，内心角落，楔子愤怒山冈，山丘战斗多少，多么定购，控制，指挥好像，如同开始开始，着手如何，怎么 adj. common ； joint ； s.m. common people 公司同伴，伙伴完整的完全地，完整地；全面地组成，写作懂得．明白，理解计算，总数，账目，帐户打算，想要作出结论，缔结，商定判刑，定罪
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chasse chasser chat chaud chef chemin chemise
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artikl asp? aswar ase asiste asyre ata?e atake at? ?dr at ɑ？dr at ɑ？t at ɑ？sj? ? atire atityd ok?~
oparav ɑ？ opr? osi osito ot ɑ？ ot?r ot?rite otur otr otr?fwa otr?m ɑ？ av ɑ？s av ɑ？se av ɑ？ av?k avnir av ɑ？tyr avi avwar avwe bese b ɑ？ b ɑ？d barb ba
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模具英语

GLOSSARYAabrasive grinding 强力磨削 L3 abrasive[E'breisiv] a.磨料的, 研磨的 L2,3 absence ['AbsEns] n.. 不在，缺席 L17 accesssory[Ak'sesEri] n.附件 L10 accommodate[E'kCmEdeit] v. 适应 L5 accordingly[E'kC:diNli] adv.因此,从而,相应地 L7,13 accuracy['AkjurEsi] n精度,准确性 L1,3 actuate['Aktjueit] vt.开动(机器), 驱动 L8 adequate['Adikwit] a. 足够的 L13 adhesive[Ed'hi:siv] n. 粘合剂 L22 adjacent[E'dVeisnt] a. 邻近的 L13 adopt[E'dCpt] vt. 采用 L4 advance [Ed'vA:ns] n.进步 L7 advisable [Ed'vaizbl] adj. 可取的 L20 agitate['AdViteit] v. 摇动 L2 a large extent 很大程度 L4,13 algorithm ['Al^EriTEm] n. 算法 L6 align [E'lain] v 定位，调准 L17 alignment[E'lainmEnt] n. 校直 L11 all-too-frequent 频繁 L17 allowance[E'lEuens] n. 容差, 余量 L5 alternate['C:ltEnit]v.交替,轮流 L1 alternative[C:l'tE:nEtiv] n. 替换物 L3 alternatively[C:l'tE:nEtivli] ad. 做为选择, 也许 L5 aluminiun[7Alju'minjEm] n.铝 L2 ample['Ampl] adj. 充足的 L20 analysis [E'nAlEsis] n. 分析 L6 ancillary['AnsilEri] a.补助的, 副的 L4 angular ['A^julE] adj. 有角的 L20 annealing[E'li:liN] n.退火 L2 aperture ['ApEtFE] n.孔 L17 applied loads 作用力 L1 appropriate [E'prEuprieit] a. 适当的 L6,20 arc[a:k] n.弧, 弓形 L10 arise[E'raiz] vi. 出现, 发生 L21 arrange[E'reidV] v. 安排 L12 article['a:tikl] n.制品, 产品 L21 ascertain[7AsE'tein] vt. 确定, 查明 L1 assemble[E'sembl] vt.组装 L4 attitude ['Atitju:d] n 态度 L17 auxiliary [C:^'ziljEri]adj. 辅助的 L8 avoid[E'vCid] v.避免 L7 axis['Aksis] n.轴 L5axle['Aksl] n.轮轴, 车轴 L1Bbackup['bAk7Qp] n. 备份 L9 batch [bAtF] n 一批 L17 bearing['bZEriN] n.轴承,支座 L21 bed[bed] n. 床身 L5 behavior[bi'heivjE] n. 性能 L1 bench-work 钳工工作 L4 bend[bend] v.弯曲 L1 beneath[bi'ni:W] prep在···下 L4bin [bin] n. 仓，料架 L19 blank [blANk] n. 坯料 L20 blank [blANk] v. 冲裁,落料 L17 blanking tool 落料模 L17 blast [blQst] n.一阵（风） L18 blemish['blemiF] n. 缺点, 污点 L13 bolster['bEulstE] n. 模座,垫板 L4,5boost[bu:st] n. 推进 L9 boring['bC:riN] n.镗削, 镗孔 L4,5 bracket ['brAkit] n. 支架 L19 brass [brAs] n.黄铜 L2 break down 破坏 L1 breakage ['breikidV] n.破坏 L17 bridge piece L16 brine[brain] n. 盐水 L2 brittle['britl] adv.易碎的 L1 buffer [bQfE] n.缓冲器 L8 built-in 内装的 L9 bulging [bQldViN] n. 凸肚 L22 burr [bE:] n. 毛刺 L17 bush [buF] n. 衬套 L17 bush[buF]n. 衬套 L5by far (修饰比较级, 最高级)···得多, 最 L3 by means of 借助于 L5Ccabinet ['kAbinit] n.橱柜 L7 call upon 要求 L17 carbide['ka:baid] n.碳化物 L10 carburzing['ka:bjuretiN] n. 渗碳 L2 carriage['kAridV] n.拖板, 大拖板 L5 carry along 一起带走 L18 carry down over 从···上取下 L21carry out 完成 L17 case hardening 表面硬化 L2 case[keis] n. 壳, 套 L2 cast steel 铸钢 L17 casting['ka:stiN] n. 铸造,铸件 L3 category['kAtE^Euri] n. 种类 L6,15 caution ['kC:FEn] n. 警告，警示 L17 cavity and core plates 凹模和凸模板 L11 cavity['kAviti] n.型腔, 腔, 洞 L4,10 centre-drilling 中心孔 L5 ceramic[si'rAmik] n.陶瓷制品 L3 chain doted line 点划线 L11 channel['tFAnl] n.通道, 信道 L8 characteristic[kArEktE'ristik] n.特性 L1 check[tFek] v.核算 L21 chip[tFip] n.切屑, 铁屑 L3chuck [tFQk] n.卡盘 L5,8 chute [Fu:t] n. 斜道 L19 circa ['sEkE:] adv. 大约 L7 circlip['sE:klip] n.(开口)簧环 L22 circuit['sE:kit] n. 回路, 环路 L13 circular supoport block L5 circulate['sE:kjuleid] v.(使)循环 L13 clamp [klAmp] vt 夹紧 L17 clamp[klAmp] n.压板 L12clay[klei] n. 泥土 L2,7 clearance ['kliErEns] n. 间隙 L17 clip [klip] vt. 切断，夹住 L19 cold hobbing 冷挤压 L4cold slug well 冷料井 L12 collapse[kE'lAps] vi.崩塌, 瓦解 L22 collapsible[kE'lApsEbl] adj.可分解的 L22 combination [kCmbi'neiFEn] n. 组合 L18 commence[kE'mens] v. 开始, 着手 L16 commence[kE'mens]v. 开始 L21 commercial [kE'mE:FEl] adj. 商业的 L7 competitive[kEm'petitiv] a. 竞争的 L9 complementary[7kCmpli'mentEri] a. 互补的 L5 complexity [kem'pleksiti] n.复杂性 L8 complicated['kCmplEkeitid] adj.复杂的 L2 complication [kCmpli'keiFEn] n. 复杂化 L5,20 compression [kEm'preFEn] n.压缩 L1 comprise[kEm'prais] vt.包含 L16 compromise['kCmprEmaiz] n. 妥协, 折衷 L13 concern with 关于 L6 concise[kEn'sais] a. 简明的, 简练的 L9 confront[kEn'frQnt] vt. 使面临 L14 connector[kE'nektE] n. 连接口, 接头 L14 consequent['kCnsikwEnt] a. 随之发生的, 必然的 L3console ['kCnsoul] n.控制台 L8 consume [kEn'sjum] vt. 消耗, 占用 L7 consummate [kEn'sQmeit] vt. 使完善 L6 container[kEn'teinE] n. 容器 L11 contingent[ken'tindVEnt] a.可能发生的 L9 contour['kEntuE] n.轮廓 L5,21 conventional[kEn'venFEnl] a. 常规的 L4 converge[kEn'vE:dV] v.集中于一点 L21 conversant[kCn'vE:sEnt] a. 熟悉的 L15 conversion[kEn'vE:FEn] n 换算, 转换 L7 conveyer[ken'veiE] n. 运送装置 L12 coolant['ku:lEnt] n. 冷却液 L13 coordinate [kEu'C:dnit] vt. (使)协调 L8 copy machine 仿形(加工)机床 L4core[kC:] n. 型芯, 核心 L2,4 corresponding [ka:ri'spCdiN] n.相应的 L7 counteract [kauntE'rAkt] vt. 反作用,抵抗 L20 couple with 伴随 L20CPU (central processing unit) 中央处理器 L9crack[krAk ] v.（使）破裂，裂纹 L1,17 critical['kritikl] adj.临界的 L2 cross-hatching 剖面线 L16cross-section drawn 剖面图 L11cross-slide 横向滑板 L5CRT (cathoder-ray tube) 阴极射线管 L9crush[krQF]vt.压碎 L1 cryogenic[7kraiE'dVenik ]a.低温学的 L1 crystal['kristl] adj.结晶状的 L1 cubic['kju:bik] a. 立方的, 立方体的 L3cup [kQp] vt (使)成杯状, 引伸 L18 curable ['kjurEbl] adj. 可矫正的 L20 curvature['kE:vEtFE] n.弧线 L21 curve [kE:v] vt. 使弯曲 L20 cutter bit 刀头, 刀片 L3 cyanide['saiEnaid] n.氰化物 L2Ddash [dAF] n. 破折号 L6 daylight ['deilait] n. 板距 L12 decline[di'klain] v.下落,下降,减少, L3,9 deform[di'fC:m] v. (使)变形 L1,3 demonstrate['demEstreit ] v证明 L21 depict[di'pikt ] vt 描述 L18 deposite [di'pCzit] vt. 放置 L20 depression[di'preFEn] n. 凹穴 L12 descend [di'sent] v. 下降 L20 desirable[di'zairEbl] a. 合适的 L2 detail ['diteil] n.细节，详情 L17 deterioration[ditiEri:E'reiFEn] n. 退化, 恶化 L12 determine[di'tE:min] v.决定 L16 diagrammmatic[7daiEgrE'mAtik].a.图解的，图表的 L10dictate['dikteit] v. 支配 L12die[dai] n.模具, 冲模, 凹模 L2 dielectric[daii'lektrik] n. 电介质 L10 die-set 模架 L19digital ['didVitl ] n.数字式数字, a.数字的 L3,6 dimensional[dddi'menFEnl] a. 尺寸的, 空间的 L3 discharge[dis'tFa:dV] n.v. 放电, 卸下, 排出 L3 discharge[dis'tFa:dV] v.卸下 L8 discrete [dis'cri:t] adj. 离散的,分立的 L7 dislodge[dis'lCdV] v. 拉出, 取出 L12 dissolution[disE'lu:FEn] n.结束 L9 distinct [dis'tiNkt] a.不同的，显著的 L6distort [dis'dC:t] vt. 扭曲 L20 distort[dis'tC:t] vt. (使)变形, 扭曲 L1 distributed system 分布式系统 L9 dowel ['dauEl] n. 销子 L19 dramaticlly [drE'mAtikli] adv. 显著地 L7 drastic ['drAstik] a.激烈的 L17 draughting[dra:ftiN] n. 绘图 L16 draughtsman['drAftsmEn] n. 起草人 L16 drawing['drC:iN] n. 制图 L11 drill press 钻床 L8drum [drQm] n.鼓轮 L8 dual ['dju:El] adv. 双的，双重的 L18 ductility [dQk'tiliti ] n.延展性 L1,21 dynamic [dai'nAmik ] adj 动力的 L6Eedge [edV] n .边缘 L20e.g.(exempli gratia) [拉] 例如 L12 ejector [i'dVektE] n.排出器， L18 ejector plate 顶出板 L16 ejector rob 顶杆 L5 elasticity[ilA'stisiti] n.弹性 L1 electric dicharge machining 电火花加工L3 electrical discharge machining电火花加工 L10 electrochemical machining 电化学加工L3 electrode[i'lektrEud] n. 电极 L10 electro-deposition 电铸 L4 elementary [elE'mentEri] adj.基本的 L2 eliminate[i'limineit] vt. 消除, 除去 L10 elongate[i'lCN^et] vt. (使)伸长, 延长 L1 emerge [i'mE:dV] vi. 形成, 显现 L20 emphasise['emfEsaiz] vt. 强调 L4 endeavour[en'devE] n. 尽力 L17 engagement[in'^eidVment] n. 约束, 接合 L22 enhance[in'hAns] vt. 提高, 增强 L9 ensure [in'FuE] vt. 确保，保证 L17 envisage[in'vizidV] vt.设想 L15 erase[i'reis] vt. 抹去, 擦掉 L16 evaluation[i'vAlju7eiFEn] n. 评价, 估价L1 eventually[i'vEntFuEli ] adv.终于 L21 evolution[evE'lu:FEn] n.进展 L16 excecution[eksi'kju:FEn] n. 执行, 完成 L9 execute ['ekskju:t] v. 执行 L8 exerte [i^'zE:t] vt. 施加 L20 experience[iks'piriEns] n. 经验 L16 explosive[iks'plEusiv]adj.爆炸(性)的 L22 extend[eks'tend] v. 伸展 L2 external[eks'tE:nl] a. 外部的 L5,11 extract[eks'trAkt] v. 拔出 L14 extreme[iks'tri:m] n. 极端 L13 extremely[iks'tri:mli] adv. 非常地 L12 extremity[iks'tmiti] n. 极端 L13 extrusion[eks'tru:VEn] n. 挤压, 挤出 L3 FF (Fahrenheit)['fArEnhait]n.华氏温度 L2 fabricate ['fAbrikeit] vt.制作,制造 L7 facilitate [fE'siliteit] vt. 帮助 L6 facility[fE'siliti] n. 设备 L4 facing[feisiN] n. 端面车削 L5 fall within 属于, 适合于 L15 fan[fAn] n.风扇 L7 far from 毫不, 一点不, 远非 L9 fatigue[fE'ti^] n.疲劳 L1 feasible ['fi:zEbl] a 可行的 L18 feature ['fi:tFE] n.特色, 特征 L7,17 feed[fi:d] n.. 进给 L5 feedback ['fi:dbAk] n. 反馈 L8 female['fi:meil] a. 阴的, 凹形的 L11 ferrule['ferEl] n. 套管 L14file system 文件系统 L9fitter['fitE] n.装配工, 钳工 L4 fix[fiks] vt. 使固定, 安装, vi. 固定 L11 fixed half and moving half 定模和动模 L11flat-panel technology 平面(显示)技术 L9 flexibility[fleksi'biliti] n. 适应性, 柔性 L9 flexible['fleksEbl] a. 柔韧的 L13 flow mark 流动斑点 L13 follow-on tool 连续模 L18 foregoing ['fC:'^EuiN]adj. 在前的,前面的L8 foretell[fC:'tell] vt. 预测, 预示, 预言 L9 forge[fC:dV] n. v. 锻造 L3 forming[fC:miN] n. 成型 L3 four screen quadrants 四屏幕象限 L9 fracture['frAktFE] n.破裂 L21 free from 免于 L21Ggap[^Ap] n. 裂口, 间隙 L10 gearbox['^iEbCks] n.齿轮箱 L5 general arrangement L16 govern['^QvEn] v.统治, 支配, 管理 L13 grain [^rein] n. 纹理 L20 graphic ['^rAfik] adj. 图解的 L6 grasp [^rAsp] vt. 抓住 L8grid[^rid] n. 格子, 网格 L16 grind[^raind] v. 磨, 磨削, 研磨 L3 grinding ['^raindiN] n. 磨光,磨削 L3,20 grinding machine 磨床 L5 gripper[^ripE] n. 抓爪, 夹具 L9 groove[^ru:v] n. 凹槽 L12 guide bush 导套 L5 guide pillar 导柱 L5guide pillars and bushes 导柱和导套 L11 Hhandset['hAndset] n. 电话听筒 L4 hardness['ha:dnis] n.硬度 L1,2 hardware ['ha:dwZE] n. 硬件 L6 headstock['hedstCk] n.床头箱, 主轴箱 L5 hexagonal[hek'sA^Enl] a. 六角形的, 六角的 L11 hindrance['hindrEns] n.障碍, 障碍物 L11hob[hCb] n. 滚刀, 冲头 L4 hollow-ware 空心件 L21 horizontal[hCri'zCntl] a. 水平的 L16 hose[hEuz] n. 软管, 水管 L13 hyperbolic [haipE'bClik] adj.双曲线的 L7 Ii.e. (id est) [拉] 也就是 L12 identical[ai'dentikl] a同样的 L16 identify [ai'dentifai] v. 确定, 识别 L7idle ['aidl] adj.空闲的 L8 immediately[i'mi:djEtli] adv. 正好, 恰好 L12 impact['impAkt] n.冲击 L1 impart [im'pa:t] v.给予 L11,17 implement ['implimEnt] vt 实现 L6 impossibility[impCsE'biliti] n.不可能 L21 impression[im'preFEn] n. 型腔 L11 in contact with 接触 L1in terms of 依据 L1 inasmuch (as)[inEz'mQtF] conj.因为, 由于L3inch-to-metric conversions 英公制转换 L7 inclinable [in'klainEbl] adj. 可倾斜的 L20 inclusion [in'kluFEn] n. 内含物 L19 inconspicuous[inkEn'spikjuEs] a. 不显眼的 L14 incorporate [in'kC:pEreit] v 合并,混合L17 indentation[7inden'teiFEn ] n.压痕 L1 indenter[in'dentE] n. 压头 L1 independently[indi'peinEntli] a. 独自地, 独立地 L16 inevitably[in'evitEbli] ad. 不可避免地 L14 inexpensive[inik'spensiv]adj. 便宜的 L2 inherently [in'hiErEntli] adv.固有的 L7 injection mould 注塑模 L11 injection[in'dVekFEn] n. 注射 L11in-line-of-draw 直接脱模 L14 insert[in'sE:t] n. 嵌件 L16 inserted die 嵌入式凹模 L19 inspection[in'spekFEn] n.检查,监督 L9 installation[instE'leiFEn] n. 安装 L10 integration [inti'^reiFEn] n.集成 L6 intelligent[in'telidVEnt]a. 智能的 L9 intentinonally [in'tenFEnEli] adv 加强地，集中地 L17 interface ['intEfeis] n.. 界面 L6 internal[in'tE:nl] a. 内部的 L1,5 interpolation [intEpE'leiFEn] n.插值法 L7 investment casting 熔模铸造 L4 irregular [i'regjulE] adj. 不规则的，无规律 L17 irrespective of 不论, 不管 L11 irrespective[iri'spektiv] a. 不顾的, 不考虑的 L11 issue ['isju] vt. 发布，发出 L6Jjoint line 结合线 L14Kkerosene['kerEsi:n] n.煤油 L10 keyboard ['ki:bC:d ] n. 健盘 L6 knock [nRk] v 敲，敲打 L17Llance [la:ns] v. 切缝 L19 lathe[leiT] n. 车床 L4 latitude ['lAtitju:d] n. 自由 L17 lay out 布置 L13 limitation[limi'teiFEn] n.限度,限制,局限(性) L3 local intelligence局部智能 L9 locate [lEu'keit] vt. 定位 L18 logic ['lCdVik] n. 逻辑 L7 longitudinal['lCndVE'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的 L5 longitudinally['lCndVE'tju:dinl] a. 纵向的 L13look upon 视作, 看待 L17 lubrication[lju:bri'keiFEn ] n.润滑 L21Mmachine shop 车间 L2 machine table 工作台 L8 machining[mE'Fi:niN] n. 加工 L3 made-to-measure 定做 L15 maintenance['meintinEns] n.维护,维修 L7 majority[mE'dVa:riti] n.多数 L21 make use of 利用 L2 male[meil] a. 阳的, 凸形的 L11 malfunction['mAl'fQNFEn] n. 故障 L9 mandrel['mAdtil] n.心轴 L22 manifestation[mAnifEs'teiFEn] n. 表现, 显示 L9 massiveness ['mAsivnis ] 厚实，大块 L19 measure['meVE] n. 大小, 度量 L1 microcomputer 微型计算机 L9 microns['maikrCn] n.微米 L10 microprocessor 微处理器 L9 mild steel 低碳钢 L17 milling machine 铣床 L4mineral['minErEl] n.矿物, 矿产 L2 minimise['minimaiz] v.把···减到最少, 最小化 L13minute['minit] a.微小的 L10mirror image 镜像 L16 mirror['mirE] n. 镜子 L16MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 麻省理工学院 L7moderate['mCdErit]adj. 适度的 L1,2 modification [mRdifi'keiFEn ] n. 修改, 修正 L6 modulus['mCdjulEs] n.系数 L1 mold[mEuld] n. 模, 铸模, v. 制模, 造型 L3monitor ['mCnitE ] v. 监控 L6 monograph['mCnE^ra:f] n. 专著 L4 more often than not 常常 L20 motivation[mEuti'veiFEn] n. 动机 L9mould split line 模具分型线 L12 moulding['mEudiN] n. 注塑件 L5,11move away from 抛弃 L17multi-imprssion mould 多型腔模 L12Nnarrow['nArEu] a. 狭窄的 L12NC (numerical control ) 数控 L7 nevertheless[7nevETE'les] conj.,adv.然而,不过 L11 nonferrous['nCn'ferEs] adj.不含铁的, 非铁的 L2 normally['nC:mli]adv.通常地 L22 novice['nCvis] n. 新手, 初学者 L16 nozzle['nCzl] n. 喷嘴, 注口 L12 numerical [nju'merikl] n. 数字的 L6Oobjectionable [Eb'dVekFEbl] adj. 有异议的，讨厌的 L17observe[Eb'zE:v] vt. 观察 L2 obviously ['CbviEsli] adv 明显地 L17off-line 脱机的 L6on-line 联机 L9 operational [CpE'reiFEnl] adj.操作的, 运作的 L8 opportunity[CpE'tju:niti] n. 时机, 机会 L13 opposing[E'pEuziN] a.对立的, 对面的L12 opposite['CpEzit] n. 反面 L1 a.对立的,对面的 L12optimization [Rptimai'zeiFEn] n.最优化 L6 orient ['C:riEnt] vt. 确定方向 L8 orthodox ['C:WEdCks] adj. 正统的，正规的 L19overall['EuvErC:l] a.全面的,全部的 L8,13 overbend v.过度弯曲 L20 overcome[EuvE'kQm] vt.克服, 战胜 L10 overlaping['EuvE'lApiN] n. 重叠 L4 overriding[EuvE'raidiN] a. 主要的, 占优势的 L11Ppack[pAk] v. 包装 L2 package ['pAkidV] vt.包装 L7 pallet ['pAlit] n.货盘 L8 panel ['pAnl] n.面板 L7 paraffin['pArEfin] n. 石蜡 L10 parallel[pArElel] a.平行的 L5 penetration[peni'treiFEn ] n.穿透 L1 peripheral [pE'rifErEl] adj 外围的 L6 periphery [pE'rifEri] n. 外围 L18 permit[pE'mit] v. 许可, 允许 L16 pessure casting 压力铸造 L4 pillar['pilE] n. 柱子, 导柱 L5,17 pin[pin] n. 销, 栓, 钉 L5,17pin-point gate 针点式浇口 L12 piston ['pistEn] n.活塞 L1plan view 主视图 L16 plasma['plAzmE] n. 等离子 L9 plastic['plAstik] n. 塑料 L3 platen['plAtEn] n. 压板 L12 plotter[plCtE] n. 绘图机 L9 plunge [plQndV] v翻孔 L18 plunge[plQndV] v.投入 L2 plunger ['plQndVE ] n. 柱塞 L19 pocket-size 袖珍 L9 portray[pC:'trei] v.描绘 L21 pot[pCt] n.壶 L21 pour[pC:] vt. 灌, 注 L22 practicable['prAktikEb] a. 行得通的 L14 preferable['prefErEbl] a.更好的, 更可取的 L3 preliminary [pri'liminEri] adj 初步的，预备的 L19 press setter 装模工 L17 press[pres] n.压,压床,冲床,压力机 L2,8 prevent [pri'vent] v. 妨碍 L20 primarily['praimErili] adv.主要地 L4 procedure[prE'si:dVE] n.步骤, 方法, 程序 L2,16 productivity.[prEudQk'tiviti] n. 生产力 L9 profile ['prEufail] n.轮廓 L10 progressively[prE'^resiv] ad.渐进地 L15 project[prE'dVekt] n.项目 L2 project[prE'dVekt] v. 凸出 L11 projection[prE'dVekFEn] n.突出部分 L21 proper['prCpE] a. 本身的 L10 property['prCpEti] n.特性 L1 prototype ['prEutEtaip] n. 原形 L7proximity[prCk'simiti] n.接近 L9 prudent['pru:dEnt] a. 谨慎的 L16 punch [pQntF] v. 冲孔 L3 punch shapper tool 刨模机 L17 punch-cum-blanking die 凹凸模 L18 punched tape 穿孔带 L3 purchase ['pE:tFEs] vt. 买，购买 L6 push back pin 回程杆 L5 pyrometer[pai'nCmitE] n. 高温计 L2Qquality['kwaliti] n. 质量 L1,3 quandrant['kwCdrEnt] n. 象限 L9 quantity ['kwCntiti] n. 量，数量 L17 quench[kwentF] vt. 淬火 L2Rradial['reidiEl] adv.放射状的 L22 ram [rAm] n 撞锤. L17 rapid['rApid]adj. 迅速的 L2 rapidly['rApidli]adv. 迅速地 L1 raster['rAstE] n. 光栅 L9raw [rC:] adj. 未加工的 L6 raw material 原材料 L3ream [ri:m] v 铰大 L17 reaming[ri:miN] n. 扩孔, 铰孔 L8 recall[ri'kC:l] vt. 记起, 想起 L13 recede [ri'si:d] v. 收回, 后退 L20 recess [ri'ses] n. 凹槽,凹座,凹进处 L4,18 redundancy[ri'dQndEnsi] n. 过多 L9 re-entrant 凹入的 L12 refer[ri'fE:] v. 指, 涉及, 谈及 L1,12 reference['refErEns] n.参照,参考 L21 refresh display 刷新显示 L9 register ring 定位环 L11 register['redVstE] v. 记录, 显示, 记数 L2 regrind[ri:'^aind](reground[ri:'gru:nd]) vt. 再磨研 L12relative['relEtiv] a. 相当的, 比较的 L12 relay ['ri:lei] n. 继电器 L7 release[ri'li:s] vt. 释放 L1 relegate['relE7geit] vt. 把··降低到 L9 reliability [rilaiE'biliti] n. 可靠性 L7 relief valves 安全阀 L22 relief[ri'li:f] n.解除 L22 relieve[ri'li:v ]vt.减轻, 解除 L2 remainder[ri'meindE] n. 剩余物, 其余部分 L4 removal[ri'mu:vl] n. 取出 L14 remove[ri'mu:v] v. 切除, 切削 L4 reposition [ripE'ziFEn] n.重新安排 L17 represent[7repri'zentE] v 代表,象征 L11 reputable['repjutEbl] a. 有名的, 受尊敬的 L15 reservoir['rezEvwa: ] n.容器, 储存器 L22 resident['rezidEnt] a. 驻存的 L9 resist[ri'zist] vt.抵抗 L1 resistance[ri'zistEns] n.阻力, 抵抗 L1 resolution[7rezE'lu:FEn] n. 分辨率 L9 respective[ri'spektiv] a.分别的,各自的 L11 respond[ris'pCnd] v.响应, 作出反应 L9 responsibility[rispCnsE'biliti] n.责任 L13 restrain[ris'trein]v.抑制 L21 restrict [ris'trikt] vt 限制，限定 L18 restriction[ris'trikFEn] n. 限制 L12 retain[ri'tein] vt.保持, 保留 L2,12 retaining plate 顶出固定板 L16 reveal [ri'vil] vt.显示，展现 L17 reversal [ri'vEsl] n. 反向 L1,20 right-angled 成直角的 L20 rigidity[ri'dViditi] n. 刚度 L1 rod[rCd] n. 杆, 棒 L1,5 rotate['rEuteit] vt.(使)旋转 L5 rough machining 粗加工 L5 rough[rQf] a. 粗略的 L5,21 routine [ru:'ti:n] n. 程序 L7 rubber['rQbE] n.橡胶 L3,22 runner and gate systems 流道和浇口系统 L11Ssand casting 砂型铸造 L3 satisfactorily[7sAtis'fAktrili] adv. 满意地 L1saw[aC:] n. 锯子 L4 scale[skeil]n. 硬壳 L2 score[skC:] v. 刻划 L14 scrap[skrAp] n.废料, 边角料, 切屑 L2,3 screwcutting 切螺纹 L4 seal[si:l] vt.密封 L22 secondary storage L9 section cutting plane 剖切面 L16 secure[si'kjuE] v.固定 L22 secure[si'kjuE] vt.紧固,夹紧,固定 L5,22 segment['se^mEnt] v. 分割 L10 sensitive['sensitiv]a.敏感的 L1,7 sequence ['si:kwEns] n. 次序 L6 sequential[si'kwenFEl] a.相继的 L16 seriously['siEriEsli] adv.严重地 L1 servomechanism ['sE:vE'mekEnizm] n.伺服机构 L7 Servomechanism Laboratoies 伺服机构实验室 L7 servomotor ['sE:vEmEutE] n.伺服马达 L8 setter ['setE] n 安装者 L17set-up 机构 L20 sever ['sevE] v 切断 L17 severity [si'veriti] n. 严重 L20 shaded[FAdid] adj.阴影的 L21shank [FANk] n. 柄. L17 shear[FiE]n.剪,切 L1shot[FCt] n. 注射 L12 shrink[FriNk] vi. 收缩 L11 side sectional view 侧视图 L16 signal ['si^nl] n.信号 L8 similarity[simi'lAriti] n.类似 L15 simplicity[sim'plisiti] n. 简单 L12 single-point cutting tool 单刃刀具 L5 situate['sitjueit] vt. 使位于, 使处于 L11 slide [slaid] vi. 滑动, 滑落 L20 slideway['slaidwei] n. 导轨 L5 slot[slCt] n. 槽 L4 slug[slQ^] n. 嵌条 L12 soak[sEuk] v. 浸, 泡, 均热 L2 software ['sCftwZE] n. 软件 L6 solid['sClid] n.立体, 固体 L9 solidify[sE'lidifai] vt.vi. (使)凝固, (使)固化 L13 solution[sE'lu:FEn] n.溶液 L2 sophisiticated [sE'fistikeitid] adj.尖端的,完善的 L8 sound[saund] a. 结实的, 坚固的) L1 spark erosion 火花蚀刻 L10 spindle['spindl] n. 主轴 L5,8 spline[splain] n.花键 L4 split[split] n. 侧向分型, 分型 L12,14 spool[spu:l] n. 线轴 L14 springback n.反弹 L20 spring-loaded 装弹簧的 L18 sprue bush 主流道衬套 L11 sprue puller 浇道拉杆 L12 square[skwZE] v. 使成方形 L4 stage [steidV] n. 阶段 L16,19 standardisation[7stAndEdai'zeiFEn] n. 标准化 L15 startling['sta:tliN] a. 令人吃惊的 L10 steadily['stedEli ] adv. 稳定地 L21 step-by-step 逐步 L8 stickiness['stikinis] n.粘性 L22 stiffness['stifnis] n. 刚度 L1 stock[stCk] n.毛坯, 坯料 L3 storage tube display 储存管显示 L9 storage['stC:ridV] n. 储存器 L9 straightforward[streit'fC:wEd]a.直接的 L10 strain[strein] n.应变 L1 strength[streNW] n.强度 L1 stress[stres] n.压力,应力 L1 stress-strain应力--应变 L6 stretch[stretF] v.伸展 L1,21 strike [straik] vt. 冲击 L20 stringent['strindVEnt ] a.严厉的 L22 stripper[stripE] n. 推板 L15 stroke[strouk] n. 冲程, 行程 L12 structrural build-up 结构上形成的 L11sub-base 垫板 L19 subject['sQbdVikt] vt.使受到 L21 submerge[sEb'mE:dV] v.淹没 L22 subsequent ['sQbsikwent] adj. 后来的 L20 subsequently ['sQbsikwentli] adv. 后来, 随后 L5 substantial[sEb'stAnFEl] a. 实质的 L10 substitute ['sQbstitju:t] vt. 代替,.替换 L7 subtract[sEb'trAkt] v.减, 减去 L15 suitable['su:tEbl] a. 合适的, 适当的 L5suitably['su:tEbli] ad.合适地 L15sunk[sQNk](sink的过去分词) v. 下沉, 下陷 L11 superior[sE'piEriE] adj.上好的 L22 susceptible[sE'septEbl] adj.易受影响的 L7sweep away 扫过 L17 symmetrical[si'metrikl] a. 对称的 L14 synchronize ['siNkrEnaiz] v.同步,同时发生L8Ttactile['tAktail] a. 触觉的, 有触觉的 L9 tailstock['teilstCk] n.尾架 L5 tapered['teipEd] a. 锥形的 L12 tapping['tApiN] n. 攻丝 L8 technique[tek'ni:k] n. 技术 L16 tempering['tempErN] n.回火 L2 tendency['tendEnsi] n. 趋向, 倾向 L13 tensile['tensail] a.拉力的, 可拉伸的 L2 拉紧的, 张紧的 L1tension ['tenFEn] n.拉紧,张紧 L1 terminal ['tE:mEnl ] n. 终端机 L6 terminology[tE:mi'nClEdVi ] n. 术语, 用辞 L11 theoretically [Wi:E'retikli ] adv.理论地 L21 thereby['TZEbai] ad. 因此, 从而 L15 thermoplastic['WE:mEu'plAstik] a. 热塑性的, n. 热塑性塑料 L3thermoset['WE:mEset] n.热固性 L12 thoroughly['WQrEuli] adv.十分地, 彻底地 L2thread pitch 螺距 L5thread[Wred] n. 螺纹 L5 thrown up 推上 L17tilt [tilt] n. 倾斜, 翘起 L20 tolerance ['tClErEns] n..公差 L17tong[tCN] n. 火钳 L2tonnage['tQnidV] n.吨位, 总吨数 L3tool point 刀锋 L3tool room 工具车间 L10toolholder['tu:lhEuldE] n.刀夹,工具柄 L5 toolmaker ['tu:l'meikE] n 模具制造者 L17toolpost grinder 工具磨床 L4 toolpost['tu:l'pEust] n. 刀架 L4 torsional ['tC:FEnl] a扭转的 . L1 toughness['tCfnis] n. 韧性 L2 trace [treis] vt.追踪 L7 tracer-controlled milling machine 仿形铣床 L4 transverse[trAns'vE:s] a. 横向的 L5 tray [trei] n. 盘，盘子，蝶 L19 treatment['tri:tmEnt] n.处理 L2 tremendous[tri'mendEs] a. 惊人的, 巨大的 L9 trend [trend] n.趋势 L7 trigger stop 始用挡料销 L17 tungsten['tQNstEn] n.钨 L10 turning['tE:niN] n.车削 L4,5twist[twist ] v.扭曲，扭转 L1 two-plate mould 双板式注射模 L12Uultimately['Qltimitli] adv终于. L6 undercut moulding 侧向分型模 L14 undercut['QndEkQt] n. 侧向分型 L14 undercut['QndEkQt] n.底切 L12 underfeed['QndE'fi:d] a, 底部进料的 L15 undergo[QndE'^Eu] vt.经受 L1 underside['QndEsaid] n 下面,下侧 L11 undue[Qn'dju:] a.不适当的, 过度的 L4,10 uniform['ju:nifC:m] a.统一的, 一致的 L12 utilize ['ju:tilaiz] v 利用 L17 Utopian[ju'tEupiEn] adj.乌托邦的, 理想化的 L21Vvalve[vAlv] n.阀 L22 vaporize['veipEraiz] vt.vi. 汽化, (使)蒸发 L10 variation [vZEri'eiFEn] n. 变化 L20 various ['vZEriEs] a.不同的,各种的 L1,20 vector feedrate computation 向量进刀速率计算 L7vee [vi:] n. v字形 L20 velocity[vi'lCsiti] n.速度 L1 versatile['vEsEtail] a.多才多艺的,万用的 L5,8 vertical['vE:tikl] a. 垂直的 L16 via [vaiE] prep.经,通过 L8 vicinity[vE'siniti] n.附近 L13 viewpoint['vju:pCint] n. 观点 L4Wwander['wCndE] v. 偏离方向 L13 warp[wC:p] v. 翘曲 L2 washer ['wCFE] n. 垫圈 L18 wear [wZE] v.磨损 L7 well line 结合线 L13 whereupon [hwZErE'pCn] adv. 于是 L19 winding ['waindiN] n. 绕, 卷 L8 with respect to 相对于 L1,5 withstand[wiT'stAnd] vt.经受,经得起 L1 work[wE:k] n. 工件 L4 workstage 工序 L19 wrinkle['riNkl] n.皱纹vt.使皱 L21 Yyield[ji:ld] v. 生产 L9Zzoom[zu:] n. 图象电子放大 L9。

list of aircraft manufacturers

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchThis is a list of aircraft manufacturers sorted alphabetically by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)/common name. It contains the ICAO/common name, manufacturers name(s), country and other data, with the known years of operation in parenthesis.The ICAO names are listed in bold. Having an ICAO name does not mean that a manufacturer is still in operation today, just that some of the aircraft produced by that manufacturer are still flying.See also:aircraft, list of aircraft engine manufacturersA B-C D-G H-L M-P Q-S T-Z∙A2I2 - see Allied Aerospace Industries∙AAA - see Advanced Amphibious Aircraft∙AAC - see Advanced Aircraft Corporation∙AAC - see Amphibian Airplanes of Canada∙Aachen Flugzeugbau (Germany) - founded 1914, renamed Aachener Segelflugzeugbau in 1921∙Aachener Segelflugzeugbau (Germany) - renamed from Aachen Flugzeugbau 1921, absorbed into Junkers in 1923∙AAI - see Aircraft Armaments Incorporated∙AAI - see Aviation Association Ilyushin∙AAI Corporation (United States) - renamed from Aircraft Armaments Incorporated in 1985, currently operational∙AAMSA - see Aeronáutica Agrícola Mexicana SA∙AAS - see Ateliers Aãronautiques de Suresnes∙AASI - see Advanced Aerodynamics and Structures Inc. - filed for bankruptcy in 2004 (defunct)∙AAT - Unknown, (1945–1950)∙AAT - Advantage Aviation Technologies Inc. (United States) - Cleburne Texas - FAA certified repair station and parts manufacturer - from 1993–present∙A-B Helicopters (United States)∙ABAP - Unknown, (1958-?)∙Abaris Aircraft Corporation (United States) - formed 2001, currently operational∙Abbot (E. D. Abbott Ltd.) (United Kingdom∙ABC Motors Ltd. (United Kingdom) - formed 1912, absorbed into Vickers in 1951∙ABHCO - see Arab British Helicopter Company∙Abraham, Abraham - France∙Abrams Air Craft Corporation (United States), formed 1937, defunct 1940∙ABS, ABS Aircraft - Germany, (1985-?)∙ABS, ABS Aircraft AG - Switzerland, (1985-?)∙AC Mobil 34, AC Mobil 34 - France∙ACAZ - Ateliers de Construction Aãronautique de Zeebruges, Belgium ∙ACBA, Aãro Club de Bas Armagnac - France∙Ace, Ace Aircraft Manufacturing and Supply - United States∙Ace, Ace Aircraft Manufacturing Company - United States, (1929–1931) > Corben Aircraft Company∙Ace, Ace Aircraft Manufacturing Inc - United States∙Aceair, Aceair SA - Switzerland∙Aces High, Aces High Light Aircraft Ltd - Canada∙ACS, Advanced Composites Solutions - United States∙ACME, Air Craft Marine Engineering - United States, (1954-?)∙Acme, Acme Aircraft Corp - United States, (1929-?)∙Acro Sport, Acro Sport Inc - United States, (?-present)∙AD Aerospace, AD Aerospace Ltd - United Kingdom∙ADA, Aeronautical Development Agency - India, (1984–present) ∙Adam (1), Roger Adam - France, (1948–1955)∙Adam (2), Adam Aircraft Industries LLC - United States, (1998, defunct 2008) (AAI)∙Adamoli-Cattani, Adamoli-Cattani - Italy∙Adams Aero, Adams Aeronautics Company, Inc - United States∙Adams, Adams Industries Inc - United States∙Adams-Toman, Adams-Toman Aircraft Co - United States∙Adams-Wilson, Adams-Wilson Helicopters Inc - United States∙Adaro, Adaro - Spain∙ADC Aircraft, Aircraft Disposals Company - United Kingdom, (1920–1930)∙Adcox, Adcox Aviation Trade School - United States∙Adkisson, Earl and Jerry Adkisson - United States∙Adler, Adler (Adlerwerke vorm Heinrich Kleyer) - Germany, (1934-?) ∙Admiralty, British Admiralty Air Department - United Kingdom, (AD) ∙Advanced Aerodynamics and Structures, Inc. (AASI) (United States) - founded 1989, renamed to Mooney Aerospace Group in 2002 ∙Advanced Aeromarine, Advanced Aeromarine - United States, > Keuthan Aircraft∙Advanced Aircraft Corporation (AAC) - United States∙Advanced Amphibious Aircraft (AAA) - Germany/Italy, (1988-?)∙Advanced Aviation, Advanced Aviation Inc - United States∙Advanced Soaring Concepts, Advanced Soaring Concepts - United States∙Adventure Air, Adventure Air - United States∙AD-Y, Antonov Dnipropetrovsk-Pivdenmash - Ukraine∙AEA, Aeronautical Engineers Australia Research Pty Ltd - Australia, (1978–present)∙AEA, Aerial Experiment Association - Canada, (1907–1909) > Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company∙AEC, Aircraft Engineering Corp - United States∙AEG, Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft - Germany, (1910–1918) (General Electricity Company)∙AEKKEA-RAAB, AEKKEA - Greece (1935–1940)∙AER, Aer Aircraft Corp. - United States∙Aer Lualdi, Aer Lualdi & C SpA - Italy∙Aer Pegaso, Aer Pegaso - Argentina∙Aerauto, Aerauto - Italy, (1950–1953)∙Aereon, Aereon - United States, (1967-?)∙Aerfer, Aerfer-Industrie Aerospaziali Meridionali SpA - Italy, (1955–1969) > Aeritalia∙Aerfer, Aerfer-Industrie Meccaniche Aeronautiche Meridionali SpA - Italy∙Aerfer-Aermacchi, see AERFER and AERMACCHI - Italy∙Aerial Distributors, Aerial Distributors - United States, (1967-?) ∙Aerial Service Corporation, Aerial Service Corporation - United States, (1920-?) > Mercury Aircraft∙Aãriane, Aãriane - Belgium∙Aeritalia, Aeritalia-Società Aerospaziale Italiana pA - Italy, (1969–1981) > Alenia∙Aeritalia-Aermacchi, see AERITALIA and AERMACCHI - Italy∙Aermacchi, Aermacchi SpA - Italy, (1913–present)∙'Aermacchi, Aeronautica Macchi SpA - Italy∙Aero (1), Aero Design and Engineering Company - United States, (1944–1960) > Rockwell∙Aero (2), Aero Vodochody AS - Czech Republic, (1994–present) ∙Aero (2), Aero Vodochody Národní Podnik - Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, (1919–1994)∙Aero (3), Aero Sp z oo - Poland∙Aero Adventure, Aero Adventure Inc - United States∙ A.E.R.O. Aircraft Services, LLC, United States - manufacturer of Lake amphibian aircraft∙Aero Boero, Aero Boero SA - Argentina, (1952–present)∙Aero Boero, Aero Boero SRL - Argentina∙Aero Boero, Aero Talleres Boero SRL - Argentina∙Aero Bravo, Aerobravo Industria Aeronautica Ltda - Brazil, (1993–present)∙Aero Commander, Aero Commander Inc - United States∙Aero Composites, Aero Composites - United States∙Aero Design Associates - United States∙Aero Designs, Aero Designs Inc - United States∙Aero Gare, Aero Gare - United States∙Aero Jaen, Aeronautica de Jaen - Spain∙Aero Kuhlmann, Aero Kuhlmann - France∙Aero Mercantil, Aero Mercantil SA - Colombia∙Aero Mirage, Aero Mirage Inc - United States∙Aero Mod, Aero Mod General - United States∙Aero Resources - United States∙Aero Spacelines, Aero Spacelines Inc - United States, (1961–1974) > Tracor∙AeroCad, AeroCad Inc - United States∙Aero-Cam, Aero-Cam Pty Ltd - (South Africa)∙Aerocar, Aerocar Inc - United States∙Aerocar International, Aerocar International - United States, (1945–1961)∙Aãrocentre, Sociãtã Nationale de Constructions Aãronautiques du Centre - France, (SNCAC)∙Aero-Club, Aero-Club der Schweiz - Switzerland∙Aerocomp, Aerocomp Inc - United States∙Aero-Composites, Aero-Composites Technologies Inc - United States ∙Aero-Craft, Aero-Craft - Unknown∙Aero-Difusión, Aero-Difusión SL - Spain (1955- )∙Aãrodis, Aãrodis SARL - France∙Aero-Flight, Aero-Flight - United States∙Aerion Corporation - United States∙Aero-Jodel, Aero Flugzeugbau Hubert Zuerl - Germany∙Aerokopter, OOO Aerokopter - Ukraine∙AeroLites, Aerolites Inc - United States∙Aeromarine, Aeromarine Plane and Motor Co. - United States, (1908–1935) (Prior to 1914 was the Boland Aeroplane and Motor Co.) > Burnelli∙Aeromere, Aeromere SpA - Italy∙Aeromot, Aeromot Industria Mecanico-Metalurgica Ltda - Brazil ∙Aeromot, Aeronaves e Motores SA - Brazil∙Aeronautica Agrícola Mexicana SA (AAMSA) (Mexico) - founded 1971, dissolved 1984∙Aeronautical Engineering Co., Aeronautical Engineering Co. - United States∙Aeroneering - United States∙Aeronca, Aeronautical Corporation of America - United States, (1928–1951)∙Aeronca, Aeronca Manufacturing Corporation - United States∙Aeroplastika, Aeroplastika - Lithuania∙Aeropract, Aeropract JSC - Russia∙Aeropract, KB Aeropract - Russia∙Aeropract, LM Aeropract Samara - Russia∙Aeropract, OKB Aeroprakt - Russia∙Aeropract, Aeroprakt Firma - Ukraine∙Aeropract, Aeroprakt ooo - Ukraine∙Aeropro, Aeropro sro - Slovakia∙Aeroprogress, Aeroprogress Corporation - Russia∙Aeroric, Aeroric Nauchno-Proizvodstvennoye Predpriyatie OOO - Russia∙AEROSPACE MANUFACTURING Inc United States∙Aeros, Aeros - Ukraine∙Aerospace General - United States∙Aãrospatiale, Sociãtã Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale - France, (1970–1999) (SONACA) > Aãrospatiale-Matra∙Aãrospatiale-Matra, Aãrospatiale-Matra - France, (1999–2000) > EADS∙Aerospool, Aerospool spol sro - Slovakia∙Aerosport, Aerosport Inc - United States∙Aerostar, SC Aerostar SA - Romania∙Aerostar Aircraft, Aerostar Aircraft Corporation - United States ∙Aãrostructure, Aãrostructure SARL - France∙Aerosud, Aerosud - (South Africa)∙Aerotaller, Aerotaller - Argentina∙Aerotec, Aerotec SA Industria Aeronáutica - Brazil, (1962–1987) ∙Aerotechnik, Aerotechnik CZ SRO - Czech Republic∙Aerotãcnica - Spain∙Aerotek (1), Aerotek Inc - United States∙Aerotek (2), Aeronautical Systems Technology - (South Africa) ∙Aero-Volga, NPO Aero-Volga - Russia∙Aesl, Aero Engine Services Ltd - New Zealand∙AFIC, AFIC Pty Ltd - (South Africa)∙AFU - Switzerland∙Ag-Cat, Ag-Cat Corporation - United States∙AGO Flugzeugwerke, Ago Flugzeugwerke - Germany∙Agro-Copteros, Agro-Copteros Ltda - Colombia∙Agrolot, Fundacja Agrolot - Poland∙Agrolot, Wyposazen Agrolotniczych - Poland∙Agusta, Agusta SpA - Italy, (1907–present)∙Agusta, Agusta, Division of Finmeccanica - Italy∙Agusta, Costruzioni Aeronautiche Giovanni Agusta SpA - Italy∙Ahrens, Ahrens Aircraft Corp. - United States (1975-?)∙AI(R), Aero International (Regional) - UK/France/Italy∙AIAA, Atelier Industriel de l'Aãronautique d'Alger - Algeria, (1948–1960)∙Aichi Kokuki, Aichi Kokuki KK - Japan, (1931–1945) (Aichi Aircraft Company)∙AICSA, Aero Industrial Colombiana SA - Colombia∙AIDC, Aero Industry Development Center - Republic of China (Taiwan) ∙AIDC, Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation - Republic of China (Taiwan)∙AIEP, Aeronautical Industrial Engineering and Project Management Company Ltd - Nigeria∙AII, Aviation Industries of Iran - Iran, (1993–present)∙AIL, Aeronautics (India) Ltd - India∙AIR, Aircraft Investor Resources LLC - United States∙Air & Space, Air & Space America Inc - United States∙Air & Space, Air & Space Manufacturing Inc - United States∙Air Command, Air Command International Inc - United States∙Air Parts, Air Parts (NZ) Ltd - New Zealand∙Air Products, Air Products Company Inc - United States∙Air Tractor, Air Tractor Inc - United States, (1972–present) ∙Airbus, Airbus SAS - European Union, (1970–present)∙Airbus, GIE Airbus Industrie - European Union∙Airco, Aircraft Manufacturing Company - United Kingdom, (1912–1920) > de Havilland∙Airconcept, Airconcept Flugzeug und Gerätebau GmbH und Co KG - Germany∙Aircraft Armaments Incorporated (AAI) (United States) - founded 1950, renamed to AAI Corporation 1985∙Aircraft Cooperative, Aircraft Cooperative - United States∙Aircraft Designs, Aircraft Designs Inc - United States, (1986–present) (ADI)∙Aircraft Hydro-Forming, Aircraft Hydro-Forming Inc - United States ∙Aircraft Parts, Aircraft Parts and Development Corporation - United States∙Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Co, Aircraft Spruce & Specialty Company - United States∙Aircraft Technologies, Aircraft Technologies Inc - United States ∙Air-Fouga, Air-Fouga - France∙Airmaster, Airmaster Inc - United States∙Airspeed, Airspeed Ltd - United Kingdom, (1931–1951) > de Havilland∙Airtech (1), Airtech Canada Aviation Services Ltd - Canada∙Airtech (2), Aircraft Technology Industries - Indonesia/Spain ∙AISA, Aeronautica Industrial SA - Spain∙AJEP, AJEP Developments - United Kingdom∙AJI, American Jet Industries Inc - United States∙Akaflieg Berlin, Akademische Fliegergruppe Berlin eV - Germany ∙Akaflieg Braunschweig, Akaflieg Braunschweig - Germany∙Akaflieg Darmstadt, Akademische Fliegergruppe Darmstadt eV - Germany∙Akaflieg Hannover, Akaflieg Hannover - Germany∙Akaflieg Karlsruhe, Akademische Fliegergruppe Karlsruhe eV - Germany∙Akaflieg Munchen, Akademische Fliegergruppe München eV - Germany ∙Akaflieg Stuttgart, Akaflieg Stuttgart - Germany∙Akron, Akron Aircraft Company Inc - United States∙Akrotech, Akrotech Aviation Inc - United States∙Akrotech Europe, Akrotech Europe SA - France∙Alanne, Pentti Alanne - Finland∙Alaparma - Italy∙Albatros, Fabrika aviona Albatros - Yugoslavia∙Albatros Flugzeugwerke, Albatros Flugzeugwerke - Germany, (1910–1931) > Focke-Wulf∙Albatros-Flugzeugwerke, Ostdeutsche Albatros Werke - Germany, (East German Albatros Works)∙Alenia, Alenia - Italy, (1981–present)∙Alenia, Alenia Aerospazio, Division of Finmeccanica - Italy∙Alexander Aircraft Company, Englewood/Colorado Springs, Colorado - United States (1926–1932)∙Alfa-M, Alfa-M Nauchno-Proizvodstvennoye Predpriyatie AOOT - Russia∙Alisport, Alisport - Italy∙All American - USA∙Alliance Aeroplane Company, Alliance Aeroplane Company Ltd, United Kingdom∙Alliant, Alliant Techsystems - United States∙Allied Aerospace Industries - United States, (?-present)∙Allied Aviation - United States∙Allison, Allison Gas Turbine Division GMC - United States∙Alon, Alon Inc - United States, (1964–1967) > Mooney∙Alpavia, Alpavia SA - France, (1959–1966) > Sportavia-Putzer∙Alpavia, Sociãtã Alpavia - France∙Alpha, Alpha - Poland∙Alpi, Alpi Aviation Srl - Italy∙Alpla, Alpla-Werke Alwin Lechner OHG - Austria∙Altair Coelho, Altair Coelho - Brazil∙Alturair, Alturair - United States∙Alvarez, Joseph P. Alvarez - United States∙Amax, Amax Engineering - Australia∙Ambrosini, Societa Aeronautica Italiana Ing. A. Ambrosini & Companie - Italy, (1934–1958)∙Amc, Aircraft Manufacturing Company - United States, (1917–1920) ∙Amd, Aircraft Manufacturing and Development Company Inc - United States∙Ameagle, AmEagle Corporation - United States∙American, American Aviation Corporation - United States∙American Affordable, American Affordable Aircraft - United States, (AAA)∙American Aircraft, American Aircraft Inc - United States∙American Airmotive - United States∙Ameri-Cana Ultralights - Canada∙American Autogyro, American Autogyro Inc - United States∙American Champion, American Champion Aircraft Corporation - United States∙American Eagle, American Eagle Aircraft Corporation - United States ∙American General, American General Aircraft Company - United States ∙American Homebuilts, American Homebuilts' Inc - United States ∙American Sportscopter, American Sportscopter Inc - United States ∙American Utilicraft, American Utilicraft Corporation - United States∙Ameur Aviation SA (or simply "Ameur") - France∙Ameur Aviation Technologie (or simply "Ameur") - France∙Amiot, Amiot - France, (1915–1945) (Amiot-Peneau) > Ateliers Aeronautiques de Colombes, SNCAC∙Amoy, Amoy - Unknown, (1930–1935)∙Amphibian Airplanes of Canada (AAC) - Canada, (1998-?)∙AMS-Flight, AMS-Flight DOO - Slovenia∙AMX, AMX International Ltd - Italy/Brazil∙Anahuac, Fabrica de Aviones Anahuac SA - Mexico∙Anatra - Russia∙ANBO- Antanas Gustaitis at the Lithuanian Army Aviation Workshops - Lithuania∙Anderson, Anderson Aircraft Corporation - United States∙Anderson, Earl Anderson - United States∙Anderson-Greenwood, Anderson, Greenwood and Company - United States∙Andreasson, Björn Andreasson - Sweden∙ANF Mureaux, ANF Mureaux - France, (1918–1937) > SNCAN∙Angel, Angel Aircraft Corporation - United States∙Anglin, Anglin Engineering - United States∙Anglin, Anglin Special Aero Planes Inc - United States∙Anglo Normandy, Anglo Normandy Aero Engineering - United Kingdom ∙Ansaldo - Italy, (1916–1928)∙Antoinette, Antoinette - France, (1906–1912)∙Antoniewski, Tomek Antoniewski - Poland∙Antonov, Antonov OKB - Ukraine, (1947–present)∙Antonov, Aviatsionny Nauchno-Tekhnichesky Kompleks Imeni O K Antonova - Ukraine∙AOI, Arab Organisation for Industrialisation, Aircraft Factory - (Egypt)∙Apex Aircraft - France∙Applebay, Applebay Inc - United States∙Applegate & Weyant, Applegate & Weyant - United States∙Aquaflight, United States (1946)∙Aquila, Aquila Technische Entwicklungen GmbH - Germany∙Arab British Helicopter Company (ABHCO) (Egypt)∙Arado, Arado Flugzeugwerke GmbH - Germany, (1925–1945)∙Arc Atlantique, Arc Atlantique Aviation - France∙Arctic, Arctic Aircraft Company - United States∙ARDC, Air Force Research and Development Center - Philippines ∙Arkhangelski, Arkhangelski OKB - Russia∙Armstrong Siddeley, Armstrong Siddeley - United Kingdom, Possibly engine maker∙Armstrong Whitworth, Sir W. G. Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom, (1913–1958) > Hawker Siddeley∙Arnet Pereyra, Arnet Pereyra Aero Design - United States∙Arocet - United States∙Arpin, M. B. Arpin & Co. - United Kingdom∙Arrow (1), Arrow Airplane & Motors Corporation - United States ∙Arrow (2), Arrow Aircraft Company - Canada∙Arrow Aircraft, Arrow Airplane Company - United States, (1931–1935)∙Arrow Aircraft Ltd. - United Kingdom∙Arsenal de l'Aeronautique, Arsenal de l'Aeronautique - France, (1936–1953) > SFECMAS∙ARV, ARV Aviation Ltd - United Kingdom∙ASAP, Aircraft Sales & Parts - Canada∙ASJA - Sweden∙ASL, ASL Hagfors Aero AB - Sweden∙Asso Aerei, Asso Aerei Srl - Italy∙Associated Air, Associated Air - United States∙ASTA, Aerospace Technologies of Australia Pty Ltd - Australia, (1987–present)∙Astra, Astra Societe de Constructions Aeronautiques - France, (1909–1921) > Nieuport∙ATB, First Naval Air Technical Bureau (abbreviated Kugisho) - Japan, (1969–1996) > Aeronautical Development Agency∙Ateliers Aeronautiques de Colombes, Ateliers Aeronautiques de Colombes - France, -1945∙Ateliers Aãronautiques de Suresnes (AAS) (France) - founded 1945, now defunct∙Ateliers, Ateliers de Construction Aãronautique de Zeebrugge - Belgium, (1923–1933) (ACAZ) (Zeebrugge Aeronautical Construction Company) (ZACCO)∙Atlantic-Fokker, Atlantic Fokker Corporation (American Fokker) - United States∙Atlas, Atlas Aircraft Company - USA (1948)∙Atlas, Atlas Aircraft Corporation of South Africa (Pty) Ltd - (South Africa), (1965–present)∙Atlas, Atlas Aviation (Pty) Ltd - (South Africa)∙Atlas, Atlas Aviation, Division of Denel (Pty) Ltd - (South Africa)∙ATR, GIE Avions de Transport Rãgional - France/Italy, (1981–present)∙Aubert, Aubert Aviation - France, (1932–1940, 1945–1959)∙Aurora Flight Sciences, Aurora Flight Sciences Corp. - United States (1989–present)∙Auster, Auster Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom, (1946–1961)∙Austflight, Austflight ULA Pty Ltd - Australia∙Austin Motors, Austin Motors Ltd. - United Kingdom∙Australian Aircraft & Engineering, Australian Aircraft & Engineering - Australia, (1910–1923)∙Australian Aircraft Consortium, Australian Aircraft Consortium - Australia, (1982–1985) (A joint venture between the Government Aircraft Factory, the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation and Hawker de Havilland.) > Hawker de Havilland∙Australian Autogyro - Australia (1984-?)∙Australite, Australite Inc - United States∙Auto-Aero, Auto-Aero - Hungary∙Avcraft, AvCraft Aviation LLC - United States∙AVE, Advanced Vehicle Engineers - United States, (1971–1973) ∙Avia (1), Azionari Vercellese Industrie Aeronautiche - Italy ∙Avia (2), Avia-Zavody Jirího Dimitrova - Czechoslovakia, (1919–1958)∙Avia (3), Nauchno-Proizvodstvennoe Obedinenie Avia - Russia∙Avia Baltika, Avia Baltika Aviation Ltd - Lithuania∙Aviabellanca, AviaBellanca Aircraft Corporation - United States, (1983–present)∙Aviafiber - Switzerland∙Aviamilano, Aviamilano Costruzioni Aeronautiche SRL - Italy, (1959-?)∙Aviastroitel, AviaStroitel Ltd - Russia∙Aviat, Aviat Aircraft Inc - United States∙Aviat, Aviat Inc - United States∙Aviatik, Österreichische-Ungarische Flugzeugfabrik Aviatik - Austria, (1910–1918) (Automobil und Aviatik)∙Aviatika, Aviatika JSC - Russia∙Aviatika, Kontsern Aviatika - Russia∙Aviation, Aviaton Nauchno-Proizvodstvennaya Aviatsionnaya Firma - Russia∙Aviation Association Ilyushin (Russia) - Formed 1992∙Aviation Composite Technology, Aviation Composite Technology - Philippines, (1990-?) (ACT)∙Aviation Development, Aviation Development International Ltd - United States∙Aviation Farm, Aviation Farm Ltd - Poland∙Aviation Industries of Iran, Iran∙Aviation Scotland, Aviation Scotland Ltd - United Kingdom∙Aviation Traders, Aviation Traders (Engineering) Ltd - United Kingdom, (1949–1962)∙Avibras, Avribras Aeroespacial SA - Brazil, (1963–1967) (Aviation Brazil)∙Avid, Avid Aircraft Inc - United States∙Avioane Craiova, SC Avioane Craiova SA - Romania∙Aviones Colombia, Aviones de Colombia SA - Colombia∙Avions Fairey, Avions Fairey SA - Belgium, (1931–1978) > Aärospatiale∙Avions Fairey, Fairey SA - Belgium∙Avions JDM - France∙Aviotechnica, Aviotechnica Ltd - Bulgaria/Russia∙Avipro, AviPro Aircraft Ltd - United States∙AVIS, AVIS Aircraft - Unknown, (1917–1923) -1941∙Avro, A. V. Roe & Company - United Kingdom, (1910–1963) > Hawker Siddeley∙Avro, A. V. Roe & Company Ltd - United Kingdom∙Avro, Avro International Aerospace Ltd - United Kingdom∙Avro Canada, Avro Aircraft Canada - Canada, (1945–1962) > Hawker Siddeley∙Avtek, Avtek Corporation - United States∙Ayres, Ayres Corporation - United States, (?-2001) > Thrush Aircraft∙Clãment Ader, Ader, Clement - France, (1886–1897)∙B&B Manufacturing Company Inc Valencia Ca, ∙B/E Aerospace - United States, UK, UAE, ∙B&W, Boeing & Westervelt - United States, (1916) > Pacific Aero ∙British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) Ltd - United Kingdom, (1959-1977) > British Aerospace∙Bach Aircraft - United States∙Bachem, Bachem - Germany, (1944-1945)∙BAE Systems, BAE Systems PLC - United Kingdom, (1999-present) ∙BAE Systems Australia, BAE Systems Australia Ltd - Australia∙BAI, Bureau of Aircraft Industry - Republic of China, (1946-1969) > Air Technical Bureau∙Bakeng, Bakeng Aircraft - United States∙Bakeng, Gerald Bakeng - United States∙Ball-Bartoe - United States∙Barkley-Grow, Barkley Grow Aircraft Corporation - United States ∙Barnett, Barnett Rotorcraft - United States∙Barr, Barr Aircraft - United States∙Barrows, Bob Barrows - United States∙Bartel - Poland∙Bartlett Aircraft - United States∙Basler, Basler Turbo Conversions Inc - United States∙BAT, British Aerial Transport Co. Ltd. - United Kingdom∙Bay Aviation, Bay - United States∙Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, Bayerische Flugzeugwerke - Germany, (1926-1938) (BFW - Bavarian Aircraft Works) > Messerschmitt∙Bd-Micro, BD-Micro Technologies Inc - United States∙Beagle, Beagle Aircraft (1969) Ltd - United Kingdom, (?-1970) > Scottish Aviation∙Beagle, Beagle Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom∙Beagle-Auster, Beagle-Auster Ltd - United Kingdom∙Beardmore, William Beardmore & Co - United Kingdom∙Beaujon Aircraft - United States∙Bede, BD Micro Technologies Inc - United States∙Bede, Bede Aircraft Corporation - United States∙Bede, Bede Aircraft Inc - United States∙Bede, Bede Aviation Corporation - United States∙Bede, Bede Jet Corporation - United States∙Bede, BEDEAmerica Aerosport LLC - United States∙Beech, Beech Aircraft Corporation - United States, (1932-1980) > Raytheon > Hawker Beechcraft∙Beech-Sferma, see BEECH and SFERMA - United States/France∙Beecraft, Bee Aviation Associates, Inc. - United States, (1948-1960)∙Beets, Glenn Beets - United States∙Beijing Keyuan, Beijing Keyuan Light Aircraft Industrial Company Ltd - China∙Belairbus, Belairbus - Belgium, (1979-present)∙Bel-Aire, Bel-Aire Aviation - United States∙Bell, Bell Aircraft Corporation - United States, (1935-1960)∙Bell, Bell Helicopter Company, Division of Bell Aerospace Corporation - United States, (1960-present)∙Bell, Bell Helicopter Textron Inc - United States∙Bell, Bell Helicopter Textron, Division of Textron Canada Ltd - Canada∙Bell, Bell Helicopter Textron, Division of Textron Inc - United States∙Bell-Agusta, Bell-Agusta Aerospace Company - United States/Italy ∙Bellanca, Bellanca Aircraft Corporation - United States, (1927-1983) > AviaBellanca∙Bellanca, Bellanca Aircraft Engineering - United States∙Bellanca, Bellanca Inc - United States∙Bellanca, Bellanca Sales Manufacturing Inc - United States∙Bell-Boeing, see BELL and BOEING - United States∙Beneš & Hajn, Beneš & Hajn - Unknown, (1923) > Avia∙B eneš-Mráz - Czechoslovakia∙Bengis, Bengis Aircraft Company (Pty) Ltd - South Africa∙Bensen, Bensen Aircraft Corporation - United States, (?-1987) ∙Bereznyak-Isayev, Alexander Yakovlevich Bereznyak and Alexei Mikhailovich Isayev - Soviet Union∙Berger, Hans Berger - Switzerland∙Beriev, Beriev OKB - Russia, (1934-present) (Beriev Aircraft Company)∙Beriev, Berieva Aviatsionnyi Kompaniya - Russia∙Beriev, Taganrogsky Aviatsionnyi Nauchno-Tekhnicheskiy Kompleks Imeni G. M. Berieva - Russia∙Berkut, Berkut Engineering Inc - United States∙Berliner, Berliner Aircraft Co. - United States, (1926-1929) > Berliner-Joyce∙Berliner-Joyce, Berliner-Joyce Aircraft Corp. - United States, (1929-?)∙Bernard, Sociãtã des Avions Bernard - France∙Berwick, FW Berwick and Company Ltd. - United Kingdom∙Besson, Besson - France, (1915-1928) > ANF Mureaux∙Best Off, Best Off - France, (?-present)∙Bharat, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd - India∙Billie, Billie Aero Marine - France∙Binder, Binder Aviatik KG - Germany∙Birdman, Birdman Aircraft, USA∙Birdman, Birdman Enterprises, Canada∙Bisnovat, Bisnovat - Russia∙Bitz, Bitz Flugzeugbau GmbH - Germany∙Bitz, Fa. Josef Bitz - Germany∙Blackburn, Blackburn Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom, (1914-1949) > General Aircraft Ltd∙Blãriot, Sociãtã Blãriot Aãronautique - France, (1906-1914) > Blãriot-SPAD∙Blãriot-SPAD, Blãriot-SPAD - France, (1914-1936) > Sud-Ouest∙Blãriot-Voisin, Blãriot-Voisin - France, (1903-1906) > Blãriot, Voisin∙Bloch, Societã des Avions Marcel Bloch - France, (1930-1936) (1945) > Sud-Ouest, Dassault∙Blohm + Voss, Blohm + Voss - Germany, (1930-1969) > Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm∙Blue Yonder, Blue Yonder Aviation Inc - Canada∙Blume, Walter Blume - Germany∙B-N Group, B-N Group Ltd - United Kingdom, (1964-present) (Britten-Norman)∙Boeing, Boeing Aircraft Company - United States, (1917-present) ∙Boeing, The Boeing Airplane Company - United States∙Boeing, The Boeing Company - United States∙Boeing Canada, Boeing Aircraft of Canada Ltd - Canada∙Boeing North American, Boeing North American, Inc. - United States, (1996-present)∙Boeing Vertol, Boeing Vertol Company - United States∙Boeing-Sikorsky, see BOEING and SIKORSKY - United States∙Boeve, Boeve Fiberglass Components Inc - United States∙Bohemia, Bohemia - Czechia∙Boisavia, Sociãtã Boisavia - France∙Bolkow, Bölkow-Apparatebau GmbH - Germany, (1948-1968) > Messerschmitt-Bölkow∙Bolkow, Bölkow-Entwicklungen GmbH - Germany∙BOOTH AEROSPACE North America - United States∙Bombardier, Bombardier Inc - Canada, (1986-present)∙Borel, Etablissements Borel, France > SGCIM∙Boulton & Paul Ltd United Kingdom, (1914-1934)∙Boulton Paul Aircraft Ltd - United Kingdom, (1934-1961)∙Bowers, Peter M. Bowers - United States∙Bradley, Bradley Aerospace - United States∙Brandenburg, Brandenburg - Germany∙Brandli, Max Brändli - Switzerland∙Brantly, Brantly Helicopter Corporation - United States∙Brantly, Brantly Helicopter Industries USA Company Ltd - United States。

Stewart, I.D.,& Oke,T.R.Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies

LOCAL CLIMATE ZONES FOR URBAN TEMPERATURE STUDIESby I. D. S tewart anD t. r. O keThe new “local climate zone” (LCZ) classification system provides a research framework for urban heat island studies and standardizes the worldwide exchange of urban temperature observations.The study of urban heat islands (UHIs) implicates two of the most serious environmental issues of the twentieth century: population growth and climate change. This partly explains why the worldwide stock of heat island studies has grown so remarkably in recent decades. From Cairo to Tokyo, London to Dallas, and Delhi to Nairobi, cit-ies of every cultural and physical description have been the focus of a formal heat island investigation. The global reach of this literature reflects both the widespread repercussions of the heat island effect in all urban areas, and the scientific curiosity about a phenomenon so seemingly simple.“Urban heat island,” a term first coined in the 1940s (e.g., Balchin and Pye 1947), refers to the atmospheric warmth of a city compared to its countryside. Heat islands occur in almost all urban areas, large or small, in warm climates or cold. The traditionally described heat island is that which is measured at standard screen height (1–2 m above ground), below the city’s mean roof height in a thin section of the boundary layer atmosphere called the urban canopy layer. Air in this layer is typically warmer than that at screen height in the countryside. The physical explanation for this is more com-plex than generally acknowledged in the literature (Table 1). The main causes of the heat island relate to structural and land cover differences of urban and rural areas. Cities are rough with buildings extending above ground level, and are dry and impervious with construction materials extending across natural soils and vegetation. Also important is theView of LCZ 1 in Seattle, Washington. Photo: I. D. Stewartheat and moisture release from people and their activities. These urban characteristics alter the natural surface energy and radiation balances such that cities are relatively warm places (Oke 1982; Lowry and Lowry 2001).The extra warmth in cities has several practical implications. Whether these are considered to be positive or negative depends upon the macroclimate of the city. In cities with a relatively cold climate, or with a cold season, the heat island can convey benefits such as cheaper house heating costs, improved outdoor comfort, fewer road weather hazards such as surface icing or fog, and more benign conditions for plant growth and animal habitat. On the other hand, heat islands in relatively hot climates or seasons can increase discomfort and potentially raise the threat of heat stress and mortality, and heighten the cost of air conditioning and the demand for energy.Heat islands also have climatological implications. The fact that temperatures are elevated at urban stations means that their use in databases to assess historical climate series may have “contaminated” the global air temperature record. The concern is whether the presence of urban data has created a warm bias in the time series. Bias could occur if urban stations are used in the temperature record in greater numbers than is warranted by their representation as a land cover type on Earth.To fully understand these and other issues, it has been the preoccupation of researchers for many decades to measure the heat island effect through simple comparisons of “urban” and “rural” air tem-peratures. The conventional approach is to gather temperatures at screen height for two or more fixed sites and/or from mobile temperature surveys. Sites are classified as either urban or rural, and their tem-perature differences are taken to indicate the heat island magnitude. Classifying measurement sites into urban and rural categories has given researchers a simple framework to separate the effects of city and country on local climate (e.g., Lowry 1977). However, recent research shows that through this popular use of urban–rural classification, the methods and communication in heat island literature have suffered critically. In a review of many such studies, Stewart (2011a,b) found that more than three-quarters of the observational heat island literature fails to give quantitative metadata of site exposure or land cover. Most investigators simply rely on the so-called urban and rural qualifiers to describe the local land-scapes of their measurement sites. Here we develop a climate-based classification of urban and rural sites that applies universally and relatively easily to local temperature studies using screen-level observations. Our aim in this classification is twofold: 1) to facilitate consistent documentation of site metadata and thereby improve the basis of intersite comparisons, and 2) to provide an objective protocol for measuring the magnitude of the urban heat island effect in any city. We do not aim to supplant the terms urban and rural from heat island discourse, but instead to encourage a more constrained use of these terms when describing the local physical conditions of a field site. The terms urban and rural alone cannot sufficiently describe a field site or its local surroundings. INADEQUACIES OF SIMPL E URBAN–RURAL DIVISION.Urban is defined in standard dictionaries as “constituting, forming, or including a city, town…or part of such,” with town being a “densely populated area…opposed to the country or suburbs,” and characterized physically as a “cluster of dwellings or buildings.” Rural, in contrast, is an “agricultural or pastoral area . . . characteristic of the country or country life,” with country being “the parts of a region distant from cities.” From these definitions, we interpret rural landscapes to be less populated than cities, with fewer built structures and more abundant natural space for agricultural use, whereas urban landscapes have significantly more built structures and larger populations. By extension, suburban landscapes are those lying immediately outside or adjacent to a town or city, and that have natural and built-up spaces with population densities lower than cities but higher than the country. While such definitions of urban and rural may be evocative of the landscape, they are vague as objects of scientific analysis (Stewart and Oke 2006). In the heat island literature, for example, the term urban evokes an eclectic mix of local settings from which its observations have originated: the wooden quartersAFFILIATIONS:S tewart anD O ke—Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaCORRESPONDING AUTHOR: I. D. Stewart, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1984 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, CanadaE-mail: stewarti@interchange.ubc.caThe abstract for this article can be found in this issue, following the table of contents.DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1A supplement to this article is available online (10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.2) In final form 1 May 2012©2012 American Meteorological Society1880december 2012|of old Hiroshima, Japan(Shitara 1957); the parks and playing fields ofPretoria, South Africa(L o u w a n d M e y e r1965); the courtyardsand stonework streetsof London, England(Chandler 1965); theskyscraper canyons ofDallas, Texas (Ludwig1970); the industrialplants and refineries of Ashdod, Israel (Sharonand Koplowitz 1972);the shaded avenuesa nd l aw n s of Ne w Delhi, India (Bahl andPad ma nabha mu r t y 1979); the school and col lege g rou nd s of Nairobi, Kenya (Okoola 1980); the factories andworkshops of Cairo, Egypt (Robaa 2003); the brick and tin shanties of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Nunes da Silva and Ribeiro 2006); and the high-rise housing estates of Singapore (Chow and Roth 2006). A significant problem in this literature, and in heat island method-ology, is that the term urban has no single, objective meaning, and thus no climatological relevance. What is described as urban in one city or region differs from that of another city (Fig. 1). The term urban is there-fore impossible to define universally for its physical structure, its surface properties, or its thermal climate.Equally problematic is that urban and rural are becoming outmoded constructs in landscape classi-fication, for the developing world and especially Asia (Lin 1994; McGee and Robinson 1995; Lo and Yeung 1998). In these and other densely populated regions, thesocial, political, and economic space that separates cities and countrysides is no longer distinguished by a clear urban–rural divide. Urban form is becoming increas-ingly dispersed and decentralized as traditional and nontraditional land uses coexist, and as people, capital, commodities, and information flow continuously be-tween city and countryside. Urban theorists now con-tend that the spatial demarcation between urban and rural is artificial, and that the relation between city and country is more accurately described as a continuum, or a dynamic, rather than as a dichotomy (Gugler 1996).The densely populated Kanto Plain surrounding Tokyo is a perfect case in point. In a study of the Tokyo heat island, Yamashita (1990) paired an urban site in the city center with a rural site 60 km to the north. He defined UHI magnitude for Tokyo as the temperature difference between the urban and rural sites. Despite being located 60 km from the city center, the so-called rural site was still within the mixed urban–rural surroundings of metropolitan Tokyo, in the small city of Kumagaya. This gave a curious portrayal of the rural landscape to some urban climatologists (Fig. 2), but one that is, nonetheless, understandable given the dense settlement patterns of the Kanto Plain. Yamashita’s remark that “the whole area of the Kanto Plain is more or less urban-ized” correctly speaks to the difficulty of classifying urban and rural landscapes in highly dispersed and decentralized cities.EXISTING URBAN AND RURAL L AND-SCAPE CLASSIFICATIONS. We recognize that all classifications are limited in scope and function, and further that none of the systems we review in this section was designed to classify heat island field sites, and none makes that claim. Therefore what we iden-tify as advantageous, or restrictive, with these systems relates only to the aims of the new classification.Chandler (1965) was perhaps the first heat island investigator to develop a climate-based clas-sification of the city. He divided Greater London into four local regions, each distinguished by its climate, physiography, and built form. FollowingChandler’s lead, Auer (1978) proposed an urban–1. Greater absorption of solar radiation due to multiple reflection and radiation trapping by building walls and vertical surfaces in the city.Greater absorption is not, as often assumed, due solely to lower albedo of urban materials.2. Greater retention of infrared radiation in street canyons due to restricted view of the radiatively “cold” sky hemisphere.Sky view becomes increasingly restricted with taller and more compact buildings.3. Greater uptake and delayed release of heat by buildings and paved surfaces in the city. Often incorrectly attributed only to the thermal properties of the materials, this effect is also due to the solar and infrared radiation “trap” and to reduced convective losses in thecanopy layer where airflow is retarded.4. Greater portion of absorbed solar radiation at the surface is converted to sensible rather than latent heat forms.This effect is due to the replacement of moist soils and plants with paved and waterproofedsurfaces, and a resultant decline in surface evaporation.5. Greater release of sensible and latent heat from the combustion of fuels forurban transport, industrial processing, and domestic space heating/cooling. Heat and moisture are also released from human metabolism, but this is usually a minor component of the surface energy balance.Source: Oke 19821881december 2012AmerIcAN meTeOrOLOGIcAL SOcIeTY|rural classification for the city of St. Louis, Missouri. He recognized 12 “meteorologically significant” land uses in St. Louis, based on the city’s vegeta-tion and building characteristics. Ellefsen (1991) derived a system of 17 neighborhood-scale “urban terrain zones” (UTZs) from the geometry, street configuration, and construction materials of 10 U.S. cities. His was the first system to represent city structure and materials, initially for acid rain studies. A key feature of Ellefsen’s system is the division of building types into “attached” and“detached” forms.F ig . 1. Examples of urban field sites in climate literature. Conventional methodology defines these sites as universally “urban” despite obvious differences in building structure, land cover, and human activity: (a) modern core of Vancouver, Canada; (b) old core of Uppsala, Sweden; (c) town center of Toyono, Japan; (d) business district of Akure, Nigeria; (e) city airport of Phoenix, Arizona; (f) university campus of Szeged, Hungary.1882december 2012|Combining features of both Auer’s and Ellefsen’s schemes, Oke (2004, 2008) designed a simple and generic classification of city zones to improve siting of meteorological instruments in urban areas. Hisscheme divides city terrain into seven homogenous regions called “urban climate zones” (UCZs), which range from semi-rural to intensely developed sites. The zones are distinguished by their urban structure (building/street dimensions), cover (permeability), fabric (materials), metabolism (human activity), and potential to modify the natural, or “preurban,” sur-face climate. Most recently, Loridan and Grimmond (2011) developed “urban zones for characterizing energy partitioning,” or UZEs. Their classes are de-fined by threshold values for the active vegetative and built surface fractions of cities (“active” here meaning engaged in energy exchange). The classification helps atmospheric modelers to distinguish urban areas with respect to their partitioning of incoming radiation.National land cover and land use classifications often include categories for both urban and rural environments. For example, the U.S. National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) divides the coterminous United States into 16 land cover classes, 4 of which are deemed “urban oriented” (Homer et al. 2007). In some European countries, the “climatope” system has traditionally been used to classify urban terrain and urban climates, largely for planning purposes (Wilmers 1991; Scherer et al. 1999). Climatopes derive from local knowledge of wind, temperature, land use, building structure, surface relief, and population den-sity. These data are integrated across an urban area to reveal special climates of local places, or climatopes. Wilmers (1991) identified nine such climates for the city of Hannover, Germany, based on vegetation, surface structure, and land use criteria. Scherer et al. (1999) documented many more climatopes in Basel, Switzerland, based on ventilation and land cover characteristics.These previous classifications contain many fea-tures that align with the aims of heat island observa-tion. Their limitations, however, must be recognized. First, not all classifications use a full set of surface climate properties to define its classes. A complete set consists of the physical properties of surface structure, cover, fabric, and metabolism (Oke 2004). Second, a system that excludes rural landscapes is not well suited to heat island investigation, nor is one with class names and definitions that are culture or region specific. The classifications of Chandler, Auer, Ellefsen, and Oke are all predisposed to the form and function of modern, developed cities, so their use in more diverse economic settings is limited. Third, although the climatope concept is well adapted to most urban settings, its class names and definitions vary widely with place, and thus cannot provideclassification systems with a means for comparison.F ig . 2. “Rural” site used by Yamashita (1990) to measure UHI magnitude in Tokyo (red circles indicate site location). Urban and rural influences on surface climate are seen at (top, center) micro and (center, bottom) local scales. This overlap in landscapes and spatial scales on the Kanto Plain makes the urban–rural dichotomy an awkward fit for site classification. Aerial photographs courtesy of Google Earth.1883december 2012AmerIcAN meTeOrOLOGIcAL SOcIeTY|CONSTRUCTING A NEW CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. In a classic paper on the logic, method, and theory of classification, Grigg (1965) listed several criteria that a system should meet. First, itshould invoke a simple and logical nomenclature by which objects/areas can be named and described. A system’s nomenclature is critical to its validity and acceptance. Second, a classification system should facilitate information transfer by associating objects/ areas in the real world with an organized system of generic classes. Users can then make comparative statements about the members belonging to each class. This condition led Grigg to his third and most important criterion: inductive generalization. A properly constructed classification system should simplify the objects/areas under study, and thereafter promote theoretical statements about their proper-ties and relations. To Grigg’s criteria, we add that a new classification of urban and rural field sites should be inclusive of all regions, independent of all cultures, and, for heat island assessment, quantifiable according to class properties that are relevant to sur-face thermal climate at the local scale (i.e., hundreds of meters to several kilometers).Classification by logical division. Scientific classification is essentially a process of definition. It begins with a “universe” class, which is divided into subclasses (Black 1952). The basis for division at each class level is a differentiating principle, or property, of theoreti-cal interest. The universe for the new classification is “landscape,” which we define as a local-scale tract of land with physical and/or cultural characteristics that have been shaped by physical and/or cultural agents. The landscape universe is divided according to properties that influence screen-height tempera-ture, namely surface structure (height and spacing of buildings and trees) and surface cover (pervious or impervious). Surface structure affects local climate through its modification of airflow, atmospheric heat transport, and shortwave and longwave radiation bal-ances, while surface cover modifies the albedo, mois-ture availability, and heating/cooling potential of the ground. These properties tend to “cluster” spatially, such that in locations where the building height-to-width ratio is large, so is the fraction of impervious cover and the density of urban construction materials. Dividing the landscape into these properties gen-erates dozens of prototype classes, many having clus-ters that are considered highly improbable or logically unacceptable in the real world (e.g., closely spaced buildings on pervious cover or closely spaced trees on impervious cover). Such clusters were removed from the system while others were added to represent landscapes defined not by their structural or surface cover characteristics, but by building materials or anthropogenic heat emissions. The resulting classes were quantified by their surface properties and assigned simple, concise names. Throughout this process, prospective users of the system in the inter-national climate community were asked for feedback on the general nature of the system, its application to local settings, and its cultural and regional biases. This early exposure of the system to its target com-munity resulted in substantial changes to the number, nature, and naming of the individual classes.Data sources. Quantitative data to characterize the classes by their surface properties were selected from the urban climate observational and numerical mod-eling literature. Measured and estimated values of geometric, thermal, radiative, metabolic, and surface cover properties were gathered from urban and rural field sites worldwide. Quantitative data were also retrieved from the classifications of Anderson et al. (1976), Auer (1978), Häubi and Roth (1980), Ellefsen (1990/91), Theurer (1999), and Oke (2004), and from reviews of empirical urban climate literature (e.g., Wieringa 1993; Grimmond and Oke 1999).Data to adapt the classes to the real world were chosen from the urban design literature, which gives qualitative attributes to urban form through expres-sions of “fabric,” “texture,” and “morphology” (e.g., Brunn and Williams 1983; O’Connor 1983; Vance 1990; Kostof 1991; Potter and Lloyd-Evans 1998). These are the same expressions to which urban cli-matologists give quantitative attributes. This overlap was especially useful to assimilate regional urban form into the classification system, and to balance its temporal (old vs modern) and spatial (core vs periph-ery) representation. These data also give support to culturally neutral definitions for each class. LOCAL CLIMATE ZONES. Hereafter, all classes to emerge from logical division of the landscape uni-verse are called “local climate zones” (LCZs; Table 2) (Stewart 2011a). The name is appropriate because the classes are local in scale, climatic in nature, and zonal in representation. We formally define local climate zones as regions of uniform surface cover, structure, material, and human activity that span hundreds of meters to several kilometers in hori-zontal scale. Each LCZ has a characteristic screen-height temperature regime that is most apparent over dry surfaces, on calm, clear nights, and in areas of simple relief. These temperature regimes persist1884december 2012|Built typesDefinitionLand cover typesDefinition1. Compact high-riseDense mix of tall buildings to tens of stories. Few or no trees. Land cover mostly paved. Concrete, steel, stone, and glass construction materials.A. Dense treesHeavily wooded landscape ofdeciduous and/or evergreen trees. Land cover mostly pervious (low plants). Zone function is naturalforest, tree cultivation, or urban park.2. Compact midriseDense mix of midrise buildings (3–9 stories). Few or no trees. Land cover mostly paved. Stone, brick, tile, and concrete construction materials.B. Scattered treesLightly wooded landscape ofdeciduous and/or evergreen trees. Land cover mostly pervious (low plants). Zone function is naturalforest, tree cultivation, or urban park.3. Compact low-riseDense mix of low-rise buildings (1–3 stories). Few or no trees. Land cover mostly paved. Stone, brick, tile, and concrete construction materials.C. Bush, scrubOpen arrangement of bushes, shrubs, and short, woody trees. Land cover mostly pervious (bare soil or sand). Zone function is natural scrubland or agriculture.4. Open high-riseOpen arrangement of tall buildings to tens of stories. Abundance of pervious land cover (low plants, scattered trees). Concrete, steel, stone, and glass construction materials.D. Low plants Featureless landscape of grass or herbaceous plants/crops. Few or no trees. Zone function is natural grassland, agriculture, or urban park.5. Open midriseOpen arrangement of midrise buildings (3–9 stories). Abundance of pervious land cover (low plants, scattered trees). Concrete, steel, stone, and glass construction materials.E. Bare rock or paved Featureless landscape of rock or paved cover. Few or no trees orplants. Zone function is natural desert (rock) or urban transportation.6. Open low-riseOpen arrangement of low-rise buildings (1–3 stories). Abundance of pervious land cover (low plants, scattered trees). Wood, brick, stone, tile, and concrete construction materials.F. Bare soil or sand Featureless landscape of soil or sand cover. Few or no trees or plants. Zone function is natural desert or agriculture.7. Lightweight low-riseDense mix of single-story buildings. Few or no trees. Land cover mostly hard-packed. Lightweight construction materials (e.g., wood, thatch, corrugated metal).G. Water Large, open water bodies such as seas and lakes, or small bodies such as rivers, reservoirs, and lagoons.8. Large low-rise Open arrangement of large low-rise buildings (1–3 stories). Few or no trees. Land cover mostly paved. Steel, concrete, metal, and stone construction materials.VARIABLE LAND COVER PROPERTIESVariable or ephemeral land cover properties that changesignificantly with synoptic weather patterns, agricultural practices, and/or seasonal cycles.9. Sparsely builtSparse arrangement of small or medium-sized buildings in a natural setting. Abundance of pervious land cover (low plants, scattered trees).b. bare treesLeafless deciduous trees (e.g., winter). Increased sky view factor. Reduced albedo.s. snow cover Snow cover >10 cm in depth. Low admittance. High albedo.10. Heavy industryLow-rise and midrise industrial struc-tures (towers, tanks, stacks). Few or no trees. Land cover mostly paved or hard-packed. Metal, steel, and concrete construction materials.d. dry ground Parched soil. Low admittance. Large Bowen ratio. Increased albedo.w. wet groundWaterlogged soil. High admittance. Small Bowen ratio. Reduced albedo.1885december 2012AmerIcAN meTeOrOLOGIcAL SOcIeTY|Local climate zone(LCZ)Sky viewfactor aAspectratio bBuildingsurfacefraction cImpervioussurfacefraction dPervioussurfacefraction eHeight ofroughnesselements fTerrainroughnessclass gLCZ 10.2–0.4> 240–6040–60< 10> 258 Compact high-riseLCZ 20.3–0.60.75–240–7030–50< 2010–256–7 Compact midriseLCZ 30.2–0.60.75–1.540–7020–50< 303–106 Compact low-riseLCZ 40.5–0.70.75–1.2520–4030–4030–40>257–8 Open high-riseLCZ 50.5–0.80.3–0.7520–4030–5020–4010–255–6 Open midriseLCZ 60.6–0.90.3–0.7520–4020–5030–603–105–6 Open low-riseLCZ 70.2–0.51–260–90< 20<302–44–5 Lightweight low-riseLCZ 8>0.70.1–0.330–5040–50<203–105 Large low-riseLCZ 9> 0.80.1–0.2510–20< 2060–803–105–6 Sparsely builtLCZ 100.6–0.90.2–0.520–3020–4040–505–155–6 Heavy industryLCZ A<0.4>1<10<10>903–308 Dense treesLCZ B0.5–0.80.25–0.75<10<10>903–155–6 Scattered treesLCZ C0.7–0.90.25–1.0<10<10>90<24–5 Bush, scrubLCZ D>0.9<0.1<10<10>90<13–4 Low plantsLCZ E>0.9<0.1<10>90<10<0.251–2 Bare rock or pavedLCZ F>0.9<0.1<10<10>90< 0.251–2 Bare soil or sandLCZ G>0.9<0.1<10<10>90–1 Watera Ratio of the amount of sky hemisphere visible from ground level to that of an unobstructed hemisphereb Mean height-to-width ratio of street canyons (LCZs 1–7), building spacing (LCZs 8–10), and tree spacing (LCZs A–G)c Ratio of building plan area to total plan area (%)d Ratio of impervious plan area (paved, rock) to total plan area (%)e Ratio of pervious plan area (bare soil, vegetation, water) to total plan area (%)f Geometric average of building heights (LCZs 1–10) and tree/plant heights (LCZs A–F) (m)g Davenport et al.’s (2000) classification of effective terrain roughness (z) for city and country landscapes. See Table 5 for class descriptions 1886december 2012|year-round and are associated with the homogeneous environ-ments or ecosystems of cities (e.g., parks, commercial cores), natural biomes (e.g., forests, deserts), and agricultural lands (e.g., orchards, cropped fields). Each LCZ is individually named and ordered by one (or more) distinguishing surface prop-erty, which in most cases is the height/packing of roughness objects or the dominant land cover. The physical properties of all zones are measurable and nonspecific as to place or time (Tables 3 and 4).The landscape universe con-sists of 17 standard LCZs, of which 15 are defined by surface structure and cover and 2 by construction materials and anthropogenic heat emissions. The standard set is divided into “built types” 1–10, and “land cover types” A–G (Table 2). Built types are composed of constructed features on a pre-dominant land cover, which is paved for compact zones and low plants / scattered trees for open zones. Land cover types can be classified into seasonal or ephemeral properties (i.e., bare trees, snow-covered ground, dry/wet ground).Thermal differentiation of LCZ classes. The logical structure of the LCZ system is supported by observational and numerical modeling data (Stewart and Oke 2010; Stewart 2011a). Mobile temperature observations from Uppsala, Sweden (Sundborg 1951; Taesler 1980); Nagano, Japan (Sakakibara and Matsui 2005); and Vancouver, Canada (T. Oke and A. Christen) were used to measure thermal con-trasts among LCZ classes. During calm, clear evenings,thermal contrasts are drivenLocal climate zone(LCZ)Surface admittance aSurface albedobAnthropogenic heat output cLCZ 11,500–1,8000.10–0.2050–300Compact high-rise LCZ 21,500–2,2000.10–0.20<75Compact midrise LCZ 31,200–1,8000.10–0.20<75Compact low-rise LCZ 41,400–1,8000.12–0.25<50Open high-rise LCZ 51,400–2,0000.12–0.25<25Open midrise LCZ 61,200–1,8000.12–0.25<25Open low-rise LCZ 7800–1,5000.15–0.35<35Lightweight low-rise LCZ 81,200–1,8000.15–0.25<50Large low-rise LCZ 91,000–1,8000.12–0.25<10Sparsely built LCZ 101,000–2,5000.12–0.20>300Heavy industry LCZ A unknown 0.10–0.200Dense trees LCZ B 1,000–1,8000.15–0.250Scattered trees LCZ C 700–1,5000.15–0.300Bush, scrub LCZ D 1,200–1,6000.15–0.250Low plants LCZ E1,200–2,5000.15–0.300Bare rock or paved LCZ F 600–1,4000.20–0.350Bare soil or sand LCZ G 1,5000.02–0.10Watera Ability of surface to accept or release heat (J m –2 s –1/2 K –1). Varies with soil wetness and material density. Few estimates of local-scale admittance exist in the literature; values given here are therefore subjective and should be used cautiously. Note that the “surface” in LCZ A is undefined and its admittance unknown.bRatio of the amount of solar radiation reflected by a surface to the amount received by it. Varies with surface color, wetness, and roughness.cMean annual heat flux density (W m −2) from fuel combustion and human activity(transportation, space cooling/heating, industrial processing, human metabolism). Varies significantly with latitude, season, and population density.1887december 2012AmerIcAN meTeOrOLOGIcAL SOcIeTY|。