经济学基础(第三版)练习题答案第12章答案.tmp
经济学原理第三版习题答案
SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. When a competitive firm doubles the amount it sells, the price remains the same, so its totalrevenue doubles.2. The price faced by a profit-maximizing firm is equal to its marginal cost because if price were abovemarginal cost, the firm could increase profits by increasing output, while if price were belowmarginal cost, the firm could increase profits by decreasing output.A profit-maximizing firm decides to shut down in the short run when price is less than averagevariable cost. In the long run, a firm will exit a market when price is less than average total cost.3. In the long run, with free entry and exit, the price in the market is equal to both a firm’s marginalcost and its average total cost, as Figure 1 shows. The firm chooses its quantity so that marginal cost equals price; doing so ensures that the firm is maximizing its profit. In the long run, entry into and exit from the industry drive the price of the good to the minimum point on theaverage-total-cost curve.Figure 1Questions for Review1. A competitive firm is a firm in a market in which: (1) there are many buyers and many sellers inthe market; (2) the goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same; and (3) usually firms can freely enter or exit the market.2. Figure 2 shows the cost curves for a typical firm. For a given price (such as P*), the level of outputthat maximizes profit is the output where marginal cost equals price (Q*), as long as price is greater than average variable cost at that point (in the short run), or greater than average total cost (in the long run).Figure 23. A firm will shut down temporarily if the revenue it would get from producing is less than thevariable costs of production. This occurs if price is less than average variable cost.4. A firm will exit a market if the revenue it would get if it stayed in business is less than its total cost.This occurs if price is less than average total cost.5. A firm's price equals marginal cost in both the short run and the long run. In both the short runand the long run, price equals marginal revenue. The firm should increase output as long asmarginal revenue exceeds marginal cost, and reduce output if marginal revenue is less thanmarginal cost. Profits are maximized when marginal revenue equals marginal cost.6. The firm's price equals the minimum of average total cost only in the long run. In the short run,price may be greater than average total cost, in which case the firm is making profits, or price may be less than average total cost, in which case the firm is making losses. But the situation isdifferent in the long run. If firms are making profits, other firms will enter the industry, which will lower the price of the good. If firms are making losses, they will exit the industry, which will raise the price of the good. Entry or exit continues until firms are making neither profits nor losses. At that point, price equals average total cost.7. Market supply curves are typically more elastic in the long run than in the short run. In acompetitive market, since entry or exit occurs until price equals the minimum of average total cost, the supply curve is perfectly elastic in the long run.Problems and Applications1. A competitive market is one in which: (1) there are many buyers and many sellers in the market;(2) the goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same; and (3) usually firms can freelyenter or exit the market. Of these goods, bottled water is probably the closest to a competitive market. Tap water is a natural monopoly because there's only one seller. Cola and beer are not perfectly competitive because every brand is slightly different.2. Since a new customer is offering to pay $300 for one dose, marginal revenue between 200 and 201doses is $300. So we must find out if marginal cost is greater than or less than $300. To do this, calculate total cost for 200 doses and 201 doses, and calculate the increase in total cost.Multiplying quantity by average total cost, we find that total cost rises from $40,000 to $40,401, so marginal cost is $401. So your roommate should not make the additional dose.3. a. Remembering that price equals marginal cost when firms are maximizing profit, we knowthe marginal cost must be 30 cents, since that is the price.b. The industry is not in long-run equilibrium since price exceeds average total cost.4. Once you have ordered the dinner, its cost is sunk, so it does not represent an opportunity cost.As a result, the cost of the dinner should not influence your decision about stuffing yourself.5. Since Bob’s average total cost is $280/10 = $28, which is greater than the price, he will exit theindustry in the long run. Since fixed cost is $30, average variable cost is ($280 - $30)/10 = $25, which is less than price, so Bob won’t shut down in the short run.6. Here’s the table showing costs, revenues, and profits:a. The firm should produce 5 or 6 units to maximize profit.b. Marginal revenue and marginal cost are graphed in Figure 3. The curves cross at aquantity between 5 and 6 units, yielding the same answer as in part (a).c. This industry is competitive since marginal revenue is the same for each quantity. Theindustry is not in long-run equilibrium, since profit is positive.Figure 37. a. Figure 4 shows the short-run effect of declining demand for beef. The shift of theindustry demand curve from D1 to D2 reduces the quantity from Q1 to Q2 and reduces theprice from P1 to P2. This affects the firm, reducing its quantity from q1 to q2. Before thedecline in the price, the firm was making zero profits; afterwards, profits are negative, asaverage total cost exceeds price.Figure 4b. Figure 5 shows the long-run effect of declining demand for beef. Since firms were losingmoney in the short run, some firms leave the industry. This shifts the supply curve fromS1 to S3. The shift of the supply curve is just enough to increase the price back to itsoriginal level, P1. As a result, industry output falls still further, to Q3. For firms thatremain in the industry, the rise in the price to P1 returns them to their original situation,producing quantity q1 and earning zero profits.Figure 58. Figure 6 shows that although high prices cause an industry to expand, entry into the industryeventually returns prices to the point of minimum average total cost. In the figure, the industry is originally in long-run equilibrium. The industry produces output Q1, where supply curve S1intersects demand curve D1, and the price is P1. At this point the typical firm produces output q1.Since price equals average total cost at that point, the firm makes zero economic profit.Now suppose an increase in demand occurs, with the demand curve shifting to D2. This causes "high prices" in the industry, as the price rises to P2. It also causes the industry to increase output to Q2. With the higher price, the typical firm increases its output from q1 to q2, and now makes positive profits, since price exceeds average total cost.However, the positive profits that firms earn encourage other firms to enter the industry. Their entry, "an expansion in an industry," leads the supply curve to shift to S3. The new equilibrium reduces the price back to P1, "bringing an end to high prices and manufacturers' prosperity," since now firms produce q1 and earn zero profit again. The only long-lasting effect is that industryoutput is Q3, a higher level than originally.Figure 69. a. Figure 7 shows the typical firm in the industry, with average total cost ATC1, marginal costMC1, and price P1.b. The new process reduces Hi-Tech’s marginal cost to MC2 and its average total cost to ATC2,but the price remains at P1 since other firms cannot use the new process. Thus Hi-Techearns positive profits.c. When the patent expires and other firms are free to use the technology, all firms’average-total-cost curves decline to ATC2, so the market price falls to P3 and firms earn noprofits.Figure 710. The rise in the price of petroleum increases production costs for individual firms and thus shifts theindustry supply curve up, as shown in Figure 8. The typical firm's initial marginal-cost curve is MC1 and its average-total-cost curve is ATC1. In the initial equilibrium, the industry supply curve, S1, intersects the demand curve at price P1, which is equal to the minimum average total cost of the typical firm. Thus the typical firm earns no economic profit.The increase in the price of oil shifts the typical firm's cost curves up to MC2 and ATC2, and shifts the industry supply curve up to S2. The equilibrium price rises from P1 to P2, but the price does not increase by as much as the increase in marginal cost for the firm. As a result, price is less than average total cost for the firm, so profits are negative.In the long run, the negative profits lead some firms to exit the industry. As they do so, theindustry-supply curve shifts to the left. This continues until the price rises to equal the minimum point on the firm's average-total-cost curve. The long-run equilibrium occurs with supply curve S3, equilibrium price P3, industry output Q3, and firm's output q3. Thus, in the long run, profits arezero again and there are fewer firms in the industry.Figure 811. a. Figure 9 illustrates the situation in the U.S. textile industry. With no international trade,the market is in long-run equilibrium. Supply intersects demand at quantity Q1 and price$30, with a typical firm producing output q1.Figure 9b. The effect of imports at $25 is that the market supply curve follows the old supply curve upto a price of $25, then becomes horizontal at that price. As a result, demand exceedsdomestic supply, so the country imports textiles from other countries. The typicaldomestic firm now reduces its output from q1 to q2, incurring losses, since the large fixedcosts imply that average total cost will be much higher than the price.c. In the long run, domestic firms will be unable to compete with foreign firms because theircosts are too high. All the domestic firms will exit the industry and other countries willsupply enough to satisfy the entire domestic demand.12. a. Figure 10 shows the current equilibrium in the market for pretzels. The supply curve, S1,intersects the demand curve at price P1. Each stand produces quantity q1 of pretzels, sothe total number of pretzels produced is 1,000 x q1. Stands earn zero profit, since priceequals average total cost.b. If the city government restricts the number of pretzel stands to 800, the industry-supplycurve shifts to S2. The market price rises to P2, and individual firms produce output q2.Industry output is now 800 x q2. Now the price exceeds average total cost, so each firm ismaking a positive profit. Without restrictions on the market, this would induce other firmsto enter the market, but they cannot, since the government has limited the number oflicenses.c. The city could charge a license fee for the licenses. Since it is a lump-sum fee for thelicense, not based on the quantity of sales, such a tax has no effect on marginal cost, sowon't affect the firm's output. It will, however, reduce the firm's profits. As long as thefirm is left with a zero or positive profit, it will continue to operate. So the license fee thatbrings the most money to the city is to charge each firm the amount (P2 - ATC2)q2, theamount of the firm's profit.Figure 1013. a. Figure 11 illustrates the gold market (industry) and a representative gold mine (firm).The demand curve, D1, intersects the supply curve at industry quantity Q1 and price P1.Since the industry is in long-run equilibrium, the price equals the minimum point on therepresentative firm's average total cost curve, so the firm produces output q1 and makeszero profit.b. The increase in jewelry demand leads to an increase in the demand for gold, shifting thedemand curve to D2. In the short run, the price rises to P2, industry output rises to Q2,and the representative firm's output rises to q2. Since price now exceeds average totalcost, the representative firm now earns positive profits.c. Since gold mines are earning positive economic profits, over time other firms will enter theindustry. This will shift the supply curve to the right, reducing the price below P2. Butit's unlikely that the price will fall all the way back to P1, since gold is in short supply.Costs for new firms are likely to be higher than for older firms, since they'll have to discovernew gold sources. So it's likely that the long-run supply curve in the gold industry isupward sloping. That means the long-run equilibrium price will be higher than it wasinitially.Figure 1114. a. Figure 12 shows cost curves for a California refiner and a non-California refiner. Since theCalifornia refiner has access to lower-cost oil, its costs are lower.Figure 12b. In long-run equilibrium, the price is determined by the costs of non-California refiners,since California refiners cannot supply the entire market. The market price will equal theminimum average total cost of the other refiners; they will thus earn zero profits. SinceCalifornia refiners have lower costs, they will earn positive profits, equal to (P* - ATC C) xQ C.c. Yes, there is a subsidy to California refiners that is not passed on to consumers. Thesubsidy accounts for the long-run profits of the California refiners. It arises simplybecause the oil cannot be exported.。
经济学基础习题(三)含答案.doc
经济学基础习题（三）一、单项选择题（每小题备选答案中只有一个正确答案，请将选定的答案填在对应的答题卡上。
每小题1分，共15分）1、当总效用达到最大值拐点时，边际效用（）。
A、最大B、最小C、为零D、不变2、当需求曲线是平行于横轴的直线时（）。
A、需求价格弹性为零B、需求价格弹性为无穷大C、需求价格弹性为-1D、供给无弹性3、X产站的替代站的价格上升则X产站需求量（）。
A、增加B、减少C、先增后减D、先减后增4、新古典经济学派的代表人物是（）。
A、配第B、马歇尔C、斯密D、李嘉图5、被称为“现代经济学之的经济学家是（)o父”A、配第B、马歇尔C、斯密D、李嘉图6、“政府在扩大就业方面还应该起到更大的作用”采用的是（）。
A、实证分析方法B、不确定C、定性分析方法D、规范分析方法7、如果一•个消费者想要一单位甲产品的心情甚于想要一单位乙产品的心情，这说明（）oA、产品甲的效用高B、产品甲的价格低C、产殆甲紧缺D、产殆甲更能满足精神需要8、消费者剩余是指（）oA、消费者消费剩余的部分B、消费者的主观感受C、剩余货币D、实际所得9、供给曲线反应（）oA、价格与供给数量间反方向变动关系B、收入与供给数量间的正比例关系C、消费与储蓄间的循环关系D、价格与供给数量间同方向变动关系10、厂商利润最大化原则是（)oA、MR>MCB、MR<MCC、D、MR=ACMR=MC11、一-个经济周期通常分成四个阶段（）。
A、萧条、繁荣、衰退、复苏B、复苏、繁荣、萧条、衰退C、萧条、复苏、繁荣、衰退D、繁荣、衰退、复苏、萧条12、当边际产量大于平均产量时，平均产量（)oA、先增后减B、递增C、递减D、先减后增13、完全竞争市场屮，在MR二MC的均衡产量水平上，厂商（）。
A、得到最大利润B、若获得利润，则利润最大；若亏损，则亏损最小C、得到最小亏损D、得到最大利润的同时亏损最小14、下列哪项不属于引起市场失灵的原因（）。
微观经济学课后答案第12章
第十二章国民收入核算1、解答：政府转移支付不计入GDP，因为政府转移支付只是简单地通过税收（包括社会保障税）和社会保险及社会救济等把收入从一个人或一个组织转移到另一个人或另一个组织手中，并没有相应的货物或劳物发生。
例如，政府给残疾人发放救济金，并不是残疾人创造了收入；相反，倒是因为他丧失了创造收入的能力从而失去生活来源才给予救济的。
购买一辆用过的卡车不计入GDP，因为在生产时已经计入过。
购买普通股票不计入GDP，因为经济学上所讲的投资是增加或替换资本资产的支出，即购买新厂房，设备和存货的行为，而人们购买股票和债券只是一种证券交易活动，并不是实际的生产经营活动。
购买一块地产也不计入GDP，因为购买地产只是一种所有权的转移活动，不属于经济意义的投资活动，故不计入GDP。
2、解答：社会保险税实质是企业和职工为得到社会保障而支付的保险金，它由政府有关部门（一般是社会保险局）按一定比率以税收形式征收的。
社会保险税是从国民收入中扣除的，因此社会保险税的增加并不影响GDP ，NDP和NI，但影响个人收入PI。
社会保险税增加会减少个人收入，从而也从某种意义上会影响个人可支配收入。
然而，应当认为，社会保险税的增加并不影响可支配收入，因为一旦个人收入决定以后，只有个人所得税的变动才会影响个人可支配收入DPI。
3、如果甲乙两国合并成一个国家，对GDP总和会有影响。
因为甲乙两国未合并成一个国家时，双方可能有贸易往来，但这种贸易只会影响甲国或乙国的GDP，对两国GDP总和不会有影响。
举例说：甲国向乙国出口10台机器，价值10万美元，乙国向甲国出口800套服装，价值8万美元，从甲国看，计入GDP的有净出口2万美元，计入乙国的有净出口–2万美元；从两国GDP总和看，计入GDP的价值为0。
如果这两个国家并成一个国家，两国贸易变成两个地区的贸易。
甲地区出售给乙地区10台机器，从收入看，甲地区增加10万美元；从支出看乙地区增加10万美元。
经济学基础课后习题习题答案大全
第1章习题答案一、名词解释欲望：是人们为了满足生理和心理上的需要而产生的渴望。
简单地说，欲望是一种缺乏的感受与求得满足的愿望。
稀缺性：人类生活的一个显而易见的事实是人们所需要的东西总是超过人们所能得到的东西，我们很难想象一个所有的需要都被满足的社会。
也就是说，人类社会的资源总是有限的。
在经济学中，这种资源的有限性被称为稀缺性。
时机本钱：为了得到*种东西而放弃的另一种东西就是作出决策的时机本钱。
生产可能性曲线：生产可能性曲线又称为生产可能性边界限或生产转换线，它是在既定资源和技术条件下生产两类商品最正确产出数量的不同组合点的轨迹。
微观经济学：以单个经济主体〔作为消费者的单个家庭，单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品市场〕的经济行为作为考察对象，通过研究单个经济单位的经济行为和相应的经济变量数值的决定，来说明价格机制如何解决社会的资源配置问题。
宏观经济学：研究整个社会的国民经济，考察社会的经济总量。
它研究的变量包括国生产总值、总需求、总供给、总储蓄、总投资、总就业量、货币供给量及物价水平等。
实证分析：规分析：是在给出假定的前提下，研究经济现象之间的关系，分析经济活动的运行过程，预测经济活动的结果。
均衡分析：是指经济事物中的有关变量在一定条件的相互作用下所到达的一种相对静止的状态。
过程分析：是包含着时间因素的经济分析。
事实上，任何经济变量从不均衡状态变动到均衡状态总是要经过或长或短的时间，过程分析就是要分析变化发生的过程。
由于过程分析通常要把经济运动过程划分为连续的分析期间，以便考察有关经济变量在各期间的变化情况，所以过程分析也称为"期间分析〞或"序列分析〞。
静态分析：是指不考虑时间因素，不考虑均衡到达和变动的过程，只是在假定条件下分析均衡到达和变动的条件。
比拟静态分析：是在静态分析的根底上，考察当原有的条件〔变量〕发生变化时，原有的均衡状态将如何变化，并分析比拟新旧均衡状态。
动态分析：是在引进时间变量的根底上，考察研究不同时点上诸变量的相互作用在均衡的形成和变化过程中所起的作用，以及在时间变化过程中均衡状态的实际变化过程。
经济学基础12第十二章习题及答案
经济学基础12第十二章习题及答案第十二章经济周期、经济增长与开放经济习题答案【案例讨论】20世纪90年代中国的经济波动提示：本周期初始阶段，改革开放的进一步深化，形成增长的原始动力，之后，改革动力释放完全，国有企业改革进入攻坚阶段，经济放缓，而亚洲金融危机又恶化这种趋势，进入谷底，此后，政府运用各种手段，刺激经济复苏，伴随99年后东亚国家走出金融危机影响，外部经济环境趋好，我国经济进入下一轮增长。
【案例讨论】让“三驾马车”协调拉动中国经济增长提示：为了促进消费，政府在居民购买家电和汽车方面进行补贴，并且完善农村电网，并征收利息税以减少储蓄增加消费，并采取了其他措施。
进一步促进消费，政府需要根据现阶段特点，从增加居民收入，完善保障，缩小居民收入差距方面着手。
【案例讨论】人民币对美元汇率中间价再创新高提示：人民币升值，使进口品价格相对下降，进口增加；使出口品价格相对上升，出口下降；外贸盈余下降。
【案例讨论】中美贸易摩擦会否愈演愈烈?提示：中国提升出口产品附加价值，美国增加具有比较优势的高技术产品。
【复习与练习】一、选择题1．经济周期的四个阶段依次是（）A 复苏、衰退、萧条、繁荣B 复苏、衰退、繁荣、萧条C 复苏、繁荣、衰退、萧条D 复苏、繁荣、萧条、衰退2.当某一社会经济处于周期的扩张阶段时，（）A 经济的生产能力超过它的消费需求B 总需求逐渐增长，但没有超过总供给C 存货的增加与总需求的减少D 总需求超过总供给3.现在人们一般认为，经济周期是指（）A GDP值上升和下降的交替过程B 人均GDP值的上升和下降的交替过程C GDP增长率的上升和下降的交替过程D 以上各项都对4.下列各项中，不属于生产要素供给增长的是（）A 投资的增加B 就业人口的增加 C发展教育事业 D 人才的合理流动5.GDP是衡量经济增长的一个极好指标，是因为（）A GDP以货币表示，易于比较B GDP的增长总是意味着已发生的实际经济增长C GDP不仅反映一国的经济实力，还反映经济福利程度D 以上说法都对6.小李欲出国一趟，需要从银行购入美元外汇。
高教社经济学基础(第三版)习题答案
一、单项选择题1.C2.A3.D4.B5.A6.A7.D8.C9.D 10.B二、判断题1.√2.X3.X4.X5.X6.√三、简答题1.稀缺性产生于人类欲望的无限性与资源的有限性这一矛盾。
稀缺性强调的不是资源绝对数量的多少，而是相对于欲望无限性的有限性；稀缺性是人类社会永远存在的问题，任何人在任何社会、任何时候都无法摆脱稀缺性，相对于人们的愿望资源总是稀缺的；经济学正是由于稀缺性的存在而产生的。
没有稀缺性就没有经济学存在的必要。
2.机会成本是指当一项资源被用于某一活动时所放弃的将该项资源用于其他活动中所能获得的最大的收益。
3. 实证分析法不带价值判断，所表述的问题可以用事实、证据或者从逻辑上加以证明或证伪，即“是什么”；而规范分析是以一定的价值判断为基础，提出分析问题的理论标准，并研究如何才能符合这些标准，即“应该是什么”，它研究的内容没有客观性，其结论也无法通过事实来直接检验。
一、单项选择题1.A2.D3.A4.A5.C6.A7.B8.D9.A 10.C二、判断题1.X2.X3.X4.√5.√6.√7.X8.X9.X 10.√三、简答题1.影响需求的因素：商品自身的价格、消费者的收入、相关商品价格、消费者的偏好、消费者的预期；影响供给的因素：商品本身的价格、生产要素的价格、相关商品价格、技术水平、对未来的预期；2.根据凡勃伦效应，消费者购买高档商品大多是为了满足炫耀的需求。
当高档名牌服装在超市打折后，消费者对这种商品的偏好发生了变化，使得需求曲线左移。
所以，一方面，根据需求规律，打折后该商品的需求量有所上升，另一方面，偏好的变化使得需求减少了，如果需求的减少超过了需求量的增加，该商品打折后反而卖不出去。
3.均衡价格是指一种商品需求量与供给量相等时的价格。
供需定理：（1）需求的变动引起均衡价格和均衡数量同方向变动（2）供给的变动引起均衡价格反方向变动和均衡数量的同方向变动（3）需求和供给同方向变动引起均衡数量同方向变动，但均衡价格的变动则不确定(存在上升、下降或不变三种可能)。
宏观经济学第12章练习题及答案.doc
第十二章练习题及答案一、判断题1．国民收入核算体系将GNP作为核算国民经济活动的核心指标。
（）2．GDP被定义为在某一既定时期一国之内所生产的全部产品的市场价值总和。
（）3．用货币去度量性质不同的各种产品，才能使各种产品能够进行加总，得出一国产出的总价值。
（）4．如果农民种植的粮食用于自己消费，则这种粮食的价值就无法计入GDP之内。
（）5．家庭成员提供的家务劳动要计入GDP之内。
（）6．本年生产但未销售出去的最终产品价值不应计入本年的GDP之内。
（）7．最终产品只包括消费品，不包括投资品。
（）8．最终产品是按照产品的物质属性来划分的。
（）9．某种物品是中间产品还是最终产品取决于它本身的性质，例如，汽车一定是最终产品，煤只能是中间产品。
（）10．国内生产总值中的最终产品只是指有形的物质产品。
（）11．用价值增值法计算一国产出的总价值，可以避免重复计算的问题。
（）12．国民生产总值等于各种最终产品和中间产品的价值总和。
（）13．对于整个经济来说，所有的价值增值之和必定等于所有的最终产品的总价值。
（）14．若某企业年生产20万元的产品，只销售掉10万元的产品，则当年该企业所创造的GDP为10万元。
（）15．以前所生产而在当年售出的存货，应当是当年GDP的一部分。
（）16．某公司生产的汽车多卖掉一些比少卖掉一些时，GDP增加要多一些。
（）17．某人2000年用10万元购买了一辆产于1998年的小汽车，这10万元应该计入2000年的GDP。
（）18．一栋旧建筑物的销售额应加到国民生产总值中去。
（）19．销售一栋建筑物的房地产经纪商的佣金应加到国民生产总值中去。
（）20．一个在日本工作的美国公民的收入是美国GDP的一部分，也是日本GNP的一部分。
（）21．国内生产总值是重要的流量变量。
（）22．计算国内生产总值有三种方法，当计算结果出现差异时，以收入法的结果为主。
（）23．国民收入的核算中使用的生产法、收入法和支出法其内在逻辑是不一致的，因而它们最后所计算出来的国民生产总值数量也可能是不一致的。
许纯祯《西方经济学》(第3版)课后习题详解(第12章 通货膨胀和失业)
许纯祯《西方经济学》（第3版）第十二章 通货膨胀和失业课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、基本概念通货膨胀 爬行通货膨胀 温和的通货膨胀 奔腾式的通货膨胀 超级通货膨胀 平衡的通货膨胀 非平衡的通货膨胀 需求拉动的通货膨胀 成本推进的通货膨胀 经济资源配置效应 非效率效应 结构性通货膨胀 北欧模型 奥肯定律 失业 结构性失业 自然失业率 工资粘性 价格粘性 菲利普斯曲线 滞胀答：略。
二、思考题1．怎样从需求、供给和结构角度分析通货膨胀？答：（1）需求拉动的通货膨胀需求拉动的通货膨胀理论在西方经济学中是流行较早的、比较重要的一种理论。
把通货膨胀的原因归结为社会总需求过度增长，即“过多的货币追逐过少的商品”。
需求拉动的通货膨胀可用图12-8的AS AD 模型来说明。
图12-8 需求拉动的通货膨胀图12-8中，AD 与AS 曲线分别表示总需求曲线和总供给曲线。
AS 开始一般呈现水平状态，说明在总产量较低时，总需求的增加不会引起物价上升，总产量增加到1Q 前，一直保持稳定的物价水平。
1AD 与AS 相交于1E 时，决定了1P 、1Q 。
当总产量达到1Q 而继续增加总供给时，就会遇到生产过程中的所谓瓶颈现象，即由于劳动、原料、生产设备等的不足而使成本提高，从而引起一般物价水平上涨。
1AD 继续提高，向右上方移动时，AS 便开始逐渐向右上方倾斜，一般物价水平也逐渐上升。
2AD 与AS 相交于2E 决定了较高的产量和物价水平2Q 、2P 。
当总产量达到最大时，整个社会经济资源全部得到利用，这时产量称为做充分就业的产量。
黄亚钧《微观经济学》(第3版)习题详解(第12章 一般均衡与福利)
黄亚钧《微观经济学》（第3版）第三篇市场经济问题研究第十二章一般均衡与福利课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．整个经济原来处于一般均衡状态，如果某种原因使商品X的市场供给增加，那么：（1）X商品的替代品市场和互补品市场有什么变化？（2）生产要素市场上会有什么变化？（3）收入的分配会有什么变化？答：（1）如果商品X的市场供给增加，其均衡价格下降，均衡产量增加。
由于商品X的价格下降，人们会提高对其互补品的需求，降低对其替代品的需求，这样，互补品的价格和数量会上升，替代品的价格和数量会下降。
（2）商品X和其互补品市场价格的上升，会使生产这些产品的要素的边际产品价值上升，从而导致对这些生产要素的需求增加，这样，要素市场的价格和数量会上升。
X替代品市场价格下降的作用正好相反。
（3）由于（2）的变化，不同生产要素所有者的收入也会发生变化。
生产商品X及其互补品的要素的价格上升，这些要素所有者的收入也会增加；而生产X替代品的要素的价格下降，这些要素所有者的收入也会下降。
2．小朱和小张最初都有50瓶牛奶和100个面包。
在小朱心目中，一瓶牛奶和一个面包没有任何差别，两者完全可以替代；而小张每喝一瓶牛奶时必须吃一个面包，牛奶和面包是完全互补品。
试用消费的埃奇沃斯方框图找出他们愿意交换的区域。
答：由于牛奶和面包对于小朱来说无任何差异，因此小朱的无差异曲线为斜率为-1的直线，而小张没喝一瓶牛奶必须吃一个面包，则其无差异曲线为折线。
由于两人的初始禀赋都为（50，100）则他们愿意交换的区域如图12-9所示。
杨洁、喻文丹《经济学基础》(第3版)-习题参考答案(2019年9月更新)-已认证老师可下载
第一章边学边练一、单项选择题１.A 2.C 3.B 4. B ５. C6.A7.B8.D9.A 10.B二、多项选择题１.ABCEF 2.BCDEF 3. BCD 4. ACD５.BD6.ABD7.AC8.BCD9.ABC 10.ABC三、判断题1.F2.F3.F4.T5.F6.T7.F8.F9.T 10.T四、简答题1.答：微观经济学研究的基本内容包括: 均衡价格理论、消费者行为理论、生产理论、分配理论、市场失灵与微观经济政策。
2.答：经济学的基本问题在于一个人类面临的矛盾，就是资源的稀缺与欲望的无限性之间的矛盾。
这一问题的解决构成了经济学研究的基本内容，因此稀缺意味着人类必须做出选择，而资源的多种用途又为这种选择提供了可能性。
这个问题是要考察你对资源稀缺性的认识，对资源的稀缺性与多种用途又为这种选择提供了可能性。
3.答：实证分析和规范分析如果仅从概念上区分是比较简单的，他们无非是回答了不同的问题，“实证分析”回答的是是什么的问题，“规范分析”回答的是“应该是什么”的问题。
在回答这些不同问题时，很显然规范分析是存在一个价值判断体系的，实证分析不存在这种价值判断体系。
五、课堂实训1.经济学企图摆脱或排斥一切价值判断，只研究经济本身的内在规律，并根据这些规律，分析和预测人们经济行为的效果。
它要回答“是什么”的问题；规范经济学以一定的价值判断为基础，提出某些标准作为分析处理经济问题的标准，树立经济理论的前提，作为制定经济政策的依据，并研究如何才能符合这些标准。
它要回答“应该是什么”的问题。
从实证经济学的角度，要研究造成农产品的减产的因素，这种减产本身是否具有什么规律，等等。
从规范经济学的角度，我们研究造纸厂造成农产品减产到底是一件好事，还是一件坏事。
具有不同价值判断标准的人对这一问题会有不同的看法。
有人从造纸厂带动地方经济增长的角度出发，认为是一件好事；有人从造纸厂对当地环境的污染和农产品的减产的角度出发，认为是一件坏事。
经济学基础第三版补充习题及参考答案
经济学基础习题目录第一章导论 (3)一、单项选择题 (3)二、多项选择题 (5)三、判断题 (6)四、案例 (7)五、实训项目 (7)第二章需求、供给与均衡价格 (8)一、单项选择题 (8)二、多项选择题 (10)三、判断题 (11)四、案例 (12)五、实训项目 (14)第三章消费者行为分析 (14)一、单项选择题 (14)二、多项选择题 (16)四、案例 (17)五、实训项目 (18)第四章生产理论 (18)一、单项选择题 (18)二、多项选择题 (20)三、判断题 (21)四、案例 (22)五、实训项目 (23)第五章成本理论 (24)一、单项选择题 (24)二、多项选择题 (26)三、判断题 (27)四、案例 (28)五、实训项目 (30)第六章市场与竞争分析 (30)一、单项选择题 (30)二、多项选择题 (32)三、判断题 (33)四、案例 (33)第七章生产要素理论 (34)一、单项选择题 (34)二.多项选择题 (36)三.判断正误题 (38)四、案例 (39)五、实训项目 (41)第八章国民收入的核算 (41)一、单项选择题 (41)二、多项选择题 (43)三、判断题 (45)四、案例 (46)五、实训项目 (48)第九章国民收入的决定理论 (49)一、单项选择题 (49)二、多项选择题 (50)三、判断题 (51)四、案例 (52)五、实训项目 (57)第十章经济周期与经济增长 (57)一、单项选择题 (57)二、多项选择题 (59)三、判断题 (61)四、案例 (61)五、实训项目 (63)第十一章通货膨胀与失业 (63)一、单项选择题 (63)二、多项选择题 (66)三、判断题 (67)四、案例 (68)五、实训项目 (68)第十二章宏观经济政策 (68)一、单项选择题 (68)二、多项选择题 (70)三、判断题 (71)四、案例 (72)五、实训项目 (75)经济学基础习题第一章导论一、单项选择题1.在任何一个经济中，（ C ）。
经济学原理第三版习题答案
SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. Figure 1 shows the supply and demand curves for cookies, with equilibrium quantity Q1 andequilibrium price P1. When the government imposes a tax on cookies, the price to buyers rises to P B, the price received by sellers declines to P S, and the equilibrium quantity falls to Q2. Thedeadweight loss is the triangular area below the demand curve and above the supply curvebetween quantities Q1 and Q2. The deadweight loss shows the fall in total surplus that resultsfrom the tax.Figure 12. A tax on beer would have a larger deadweight loss than a tax on milk, since the demand for beer ismore elastic than the demand for milk and the deadweight loss of a tax is larger the greater is the elasticity of demand.3. If the government doubles the tax on gasoline, the revenue from the gasoline tax could rise or fall,depending on where the tax falls on the Laffer curve. However, if the government doubles the tax on gasoline, you can be sure that the deadweight loss of the tax rises, since deadweight loss always rises as the tax rate rises.Questions for Review1. When the sale of a good is taxed, both consumer surplus and producer surplus decline. Thedecline in consumer surplus and producer surplus exceeds the amount of government revenue that is raised, so society's total surplus declines. The tax distorts the incentives of both buyers andsellers, so resources are allocated inefficiently.2. Figure 2 illustrates the deadweight loss and tax revenue from a tax on the sale of a good. Withouta tax, the equilibrium quantity would be Q1, the equilibrium price would be P1, consumer surpluswould be A+B+C, and producer surplus would be D+E+F. The imposition of a tax places a wedge between the price buyers pay, P B, and the price sellers receive, P S, where P B = P S + tax. Thequantity sold declines to Q2. Now consumer surplus is A, producer surplus is F, and government revenue is B+D. The deadweight loss of the tax is C+E, since that area is lost because of thedecline in quantity from Q1 to Q2.Figure 23. The greater the elasticities of demand and supply, the greater the deadweight loss of a tax. Sinceelasticity measures the response of quantity to a change in price, higher elasticity means the tax induces a greater reduction in quantity, hence a greater distortion to the market.4. Experts disagree about whether labor taxes have small or large deadweight losses because theyhave different views about the elasticity of labor supply. Some believe that labor supply isinelastic, so a tax on labor has a small deadweight loss. But others think that workers can adjust their hours worked in various ways, so labor supply is elastic, and thus a tax on labor has a large deadweight loss.5. The deadweight loss of a tax rises more than proportionally as the tax rises. Tax revenue,however, may increase initially as the tax rises, but as the tax rises further, revenue eventuallydeclines.Problems and Applications1. a. Figure 3 illustrates the market for pizza. The equilibrium price is P1, the equilibriumquantity is Q1, consumer surplus is area A+B+C, and producer surplus is area D+E+F.There is no deadweight loss, as all the potential gains from trade are realized; total surplusis the entire area between the demand and supply curves A+B+C+D+E+F.Figure 3b. With a $1 tax on each pizza sold, the price paid by buyers, P B, is now higher than the pricereceived by sellers, P S, where P B = P S + $1. The quantity declines to Q2, consumersurplus is area A, producer surplus is area F, government revenue is area B+D, anddeadweight loss is area C+E. Consumer surplus declines by B+C, producer surplusdeclines by D+E, government revenue increases by B+D, and deadweight loss increasesby C+E.c. If the tax were removed and consumers and producers voluntarily transferred B+D to thegovernment to make up for the lost tax revenue, then everyone would be better off thanwithout the tax. The equilibrium quantity would be Q1, as in the case without the tax, andthe equilibrium price would be P1. Consumer surplus would be A+C, because consumersget surplus of A+B+C, then voluntarily transfer B to the government. Producer surpluswould be E+F, since producers get surplus of D+E+F, then voluntarily transfer D to thegovernment. Both consumers and producers are better off than the case when the taxwas imposed. If consumers and producers gave a little bit more than B+D to thegovernment, then all three parties, including the government, would be better off. Thisillustrates the inefficiency of taxation.2. a. The statement, "If the government taxes land, wealthy landowners will pass the tax on totheir poorer renters," is incorrect. With a tax on land, landowners can not pass the tax on.Since the supply curve of land is perfectly inelastic, landowners bear the entire burden ofthe tax. Renters will not be affected at all.b. The statement, "If the government taxes apartment buildings, wealthy landowners willpass the tax on to their poorer renters," is partially correct. With a tax on apartmentbuildings, landowners can pass the tax on more easily, though the extent to which they dothis depends on the elasticities of supply and demand. In this case, the tax is a directaddition to the cost of rental units, so the supply curve will shift up by the amount of thetax. The tax will be shared by renters and landowners, depending on the elasticities ofdemand and supply.3. a. The statement, "A tax that has no deadweight loss cannot raise any revenue for thegovernment," is incorrect. An example is the case of a tax when either supply or demandis perfectly inelastic. The tax has neither an effect on quantity nor any deadweight loss,but it does raise revenue.b. The statement, "A tax that raises no revenue for the government cannot have anydeadweight loss," is incorrect. An example is the case of a 100 percent tax imposed onsellers. With a 100 percent tax on their sales of the good, sellers won't supply any of thegood, so the tax will raise no revenue. Yet the tax has a large deadweight loss, since itreduces the quantity sold to zero.4. a. With very elastic supply and very inelastic demand, the burden of the tax on rubber bandswill be borne largely by buyers. As Figure 4 shows, consumer surplus declinesconsiderably, by area A+B, but producer surplus doesn't fall much at all, just by area C+D.Figure 4b. With very inelastic supply and very elastic demand, the burden of the tax on rubber bandswill be borne largely by sellers. As Figure 5 shows, consumer surplus does not declinemuch, just by area A+B, while producer surplus falls substantially, by area C+D.Compared to part (a), producers bear much more of the burden of the tax, and consumersbear much less.Figure 55. a. The deadweight loss from a tax on heating oil is likely to be greater in the fifth year after it is imposed rather than the first year. In the first year, the elasticity of demand is fairlylow, as people who own oil heaters are not likely to get rid of them right away. But overtime they may switch to other energy sources and people buying new heaters for theirhomes will more likely choose gas or electric, so the tax will have a greater impact onquantity.b. The tax revenue is likely to be higher in the first year after it is imposed than in the fifthyear. In the first year, demand is more inelastic, so the quantity does not decline as muchand tax revenue is relatively high. As time passes and more people substitute away fromoil, the equilibrium quantity declines, as does tax revenue.6. Since the demand for food is inelastic, a tax on food is a good way to raise revenue because it doesnot lead to much of a deadweight loss; thus taxing food is less inefficient than taxing other things.But it is not a good way to raise revenue from an equity point of view, since poorer people spend a higher proportion of their income on food, so the tax would hit them harder than it would hitwealthier people.7. a. This tax has such a high rate that it is not likely to raise much revenue. Because of thehigh tax rate, the equilibrium quantity in the market is likely to be at or near zero.b. Senator Moynihan's goal was probably to ban the use of hollow-tipped bullets. In thiscase, a tax is as effective as an outright ban.8. a. Figure 6 illustrates the market for socks and the effects of the tax. Without a tax, theequilibrium quantity would be Q1, the equilibrium price would be P1, total spending byconsumers equals total revenue for producers, which is P1 x Q1, which equals areaB+C+D+E+F, and government revenue is zero. The imposition of a tax places a wedgebetween the price buyers pay, P B, and the price sellers receive, P S, where P B = P S + tax.The quantity sold declines to Q2. Now total spending by consumers is P B x Q2, whichequals area A+B+C+D, total revenue for producers is P S x Q2, which is area C+D, andgovernment tax revenue is Q2 x tax, which is area A+B.b. Unless supply is perfectly elastic, the price received by producers falls because of the tax.Total receipts for producers fall, since producers lose revenue equal to area B+E+F.Figure 6c. The price paid by consumers rises, unless demand is perfectly elastic. Whether totalspending by consumers rises or falls depends on the price elasticity of demand. Ifdemand is elastic, the percentage decline in quantity exceeds the percentage increase inprice, so total spending declines. If demand is inelastic, the percentage decline inquantity is less than the percentage increase in price, so total spending rises. Whethertotal consumer spending falls or rises, consumer surplus declines because of the increasein price and reduction in quantity.9. Since the tax on gadgets was eliminated, all tax revenue must come from the tax on widgets. Thetax revenue from the tax on widgets equals the tax per unit times the quantity produced.Assuming that neither the supply nor the demand curves for widgets are perfectly elastic orinelastic and since the increased tax causes a smaller quantity of widgets to be produced, then it is impossible for tax revenue to double--multiplying the tax per unit (which doubles) times thequantity (which declines) gives a number that is less than double the original tax revenue fromwidgets. So the government's tax change will yield less money than before.10. a. Figure 7 illustrates the effects of the tax increase on the new car market in New Jersey.The quantity of cars sold declines from Q1 to Q2, the price paid by consumers rises from P B1to P B2, and the price received by producers declines from P S1 to P S2, where P B1 = P S1 +$100 and P B2 = P S2 + $150.Figure 7d. The change in deadweight loss is positive, as it increases by C+E+G, meaning that theeconomy as a whole is worse off.e. The demand for cars in New Jersey is probably fairly elastic, since people could travel tonearby states to buy cars. With elastic demand, area B in the figure will be very small, sothe additional tax is less likely to increase government revenue. New Jersey could try toreduce the elasticity of demand by requiring people to pay sales tax to New Jersey whenthey buy a car outside the state.11. From the standpoint of economic efficiency, the British poll tax is wonderful, because it does notdistort any economic incentives, so it has no deadweight loss. But such a tax is inequitable,because it is more burdensome on the poor than on the rich. As a result, the tax was quiteunpopular.12. Figure 8 illustrates the effects of the $2 subsidy on a good. Without the subsidy, the equilibriumprice is P1 and the equilibrium quantity is Q1. With the subsidy, buyers pay price P B, producers receive price P S (where P S = P B + $2), and the quantity sold is Q2. The following table illustrates the effect of the subsidy on consumer surplus, producer surplus, government revenue, and total surplus. Since total surplus declines by area D+H, the subsidy leads to a deadweight loss in that13. a. Setting quantity supplied equal to quantity demanded gives 2P = 300 –P. Adding P toboth sides of the equation gives 3P = 300. Dividing both sides by 3 gives P = 100.Plugging P = 100 back into either equation for quantity demanded or supplied gives Q =200.b. Now P is the price received by sellers and P+T is the price paid by buyers. Equatingquantity demanded to quantity supplied gives 2P = 300 - (P+T). Adding P to both sidesof the equation gives 3P = 300 –T. Dividing both sides by 3 gives P = 100 - T/3. This isthe price received by sellers. The buyers pay a price equal to the price received by sellersplus the tax (P+T = 100 + 2T/3). The quantity sold is now Q = 2P = 200 – 2T/3.c. Since tax revenue is equal to T x Q and Q = 200 - 2T/3, tax revenue equals200T - 2T2/3. Figure 9 shows a graph of this relationship. Tax revenue is zero at T = 0and at T = 300.Figure 9d. As Figure 10 shows, the area of the triangle (laid on its side) that represents thedeadweight loss is 1/2 x base x height, where the base is the change in the price, which isthe size of the tax (T) and the height is the amount of the decline in quantity (2T/3). Sothe deadweight loss equals 1/2 x T x 2T/3 = T2/3. This rises exponentially from 0 (whenT = 0) to 45,000 when T = 300, as shown in Figure 11.Figure 10Figure 11e. A tax of $200 per unit is a bad idea, because it's in a region in which tax revenue isdeclining. The government could reduce the tax to $150 per unit, get more tax revenue($15,000 when the tax is $150 versus $13,333 when the tax is $200), and reduce thedeadweight loss (7,500 when the tax is $150 compared to 13,333 when the tax is $200).。
经济学基础12章习题及答案(供参考)
文档来源为:从网络收集整理.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.《经济学基础》第一章绪论习题及参考答案一、单选题1、资源的稀缺性是指（D）。
A、资源的绝对有限性；B、资源的充足性；C、资源的稀少性；D、资源的相对有限性；3、微观经济学的中心理论是（ A ）。
A、均衡价格理论；B、消费者行为理论；C、生产者行为理论；D、分配理论；4、宏观经济学的中心理论是（A ）。
A、国民收入决定理论；B、失业与通货膨胀理论；C、经济周期与经济增长理论；D、宏观经济政策；5、解决“应该是什么”问题的经济学是（D）。
A、理论经济学；B、应用经济学；C、实证经济学；D、规范经济学；6、解决“是什么”问题的经济学是（C ）。
A、理论经济学；B、应用经济学；C、实证经济学；D、规范经济学；7、以个别居民与厂商为研究对象的经济学理论是（A）。
A、微观经济学；B、宏观经济学；C、实证经济学；D、规范经济学；8、以整个国民经济为研究对象的经济学理论是（B）。
A、微观经济学；B、宏观经济学；C、实证经济学；D、规范经济学；二、判断题3、微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。
（对）6、只要有人类社会，就会存在稀缺性（对）7、“生产什么”、“如何生产”和“为谁生产”这三个问题被称为资源利用问题。
（错）9、实证经济学要解决“应该是什么”的问题，规范经济学要解决“是什么”的问题。
（ X）10、“人们的收入差距大一点好还是小一点好”的命题属于实证经济学问题。
（ X）《经济学基础》第二章均衡价格理论习题及参考答案一、选择题1、下列哪一项会导致粮食制品的均衡价格下降（ B ）A、鸡蛋价格上升B、良好的天气情况C、牛奶价格上升D、收入上升2、下列因素中除哪一项以外都会使需求曲线移动（ D）A、购买者（消费者）收入变化B、消费者偏好变化C、其他有关商品价格变化D、商品价格变化3、当其他条件不变时，汽车的价格上升，将导致（ B）A、汽车需求量的增加B、汽车供给量的增加C、汽车需求的增加D、汽车供给的减少4、在需求和供给同时减少的情况下（ C ）A、均衡价格和均衡交易量都将下降B、均衡价格将下降，均衡交易量的变化无法确定C、均衡价格的变化无法确定，均衡交易量将减少D、均衡价格将上升，均衡交易量将下降5、粮食市场的需求是缺乏弹性的，当粮食产量因灾害而减少时（ B）A 粮食生产者的收入减少，因粮食产量下降B 粮食生产者的收入增加，因粮食价格会更大幅度上升C 粮食生产者的收入减少，因粮食需求量会大幅度减少D 粮食生产者的收入不变，因粮食价格上升与需求量减少的比率相同6、政府把价格限制在均衡水平以下可能导致（C ）A、买者按低价买到了希望购买的商品数量B、大量积压C、黑市交易D、A和C7、如果价格下降10%能使消费者的购买量增加1%，则这种商品的需求量对价格（ C）A、富有弹性B、具有单位弹性C、缺乏弹性D、弹性不能确定8．下列哪种情况将导致商品需求量的变动而不是需求的变化（ D）。
经济学基础第三版习题答案
第一章1，一般的，相对于人类社会的无限欲望而言，生产人类所需物品的资源总是不足的。
这就是资源的稀缺性。
资源的稀缺性不是指资源绝对数量的多少，而是指相对于无限的欲望而言，再多的资源也是不足的。
即稀缺性是就相对意义而言的。
欲望的基本特点在于无限性，即人们得欲望永远没有完全得到满足的时候，人的欲望要用各种物品或劳务来满足，而物品要用各种资源来生产，这些资源包括人力资源和自然资源。
然而，人类赖以生存的地球的资源是有限的，这样无限的欲望与有限的资源的矛盾就形成了经济学所说的稀缺性。
2，人类社会作面临的基本问题。
面对资源稀缺性的事实，人类社会都必须面对和解决三个基本的经济问题。
他们是：生产什么，如何生产和为谁生产。
（1）生产什么商品和生产多少。
一个社会必须决定，在诸多可能的物品和劳务中，每一种应该生产多少以及何时生产，生产多少消费品和投资品。
（2）如何生产物品。
一个社会必须决定谁来生产，使用何种资源，以及采用何种生产技术。
（3）为谁生产。
谁来享用经济活动的成果？收入和财富的分配是公平合理的吗？社会产品如何在不同的居民之间进行分配？是否会出现贫富差距？3，微观经济学以单个经济单位为研究对象，通过研究单个经济单位的经济行为和相应的经济变量数值的决定来说明价格机制如何解决社会的资源配置问题。
可见，微观经济学研究的对象是单个经济单位的经济行为，即家庭和企业的经济行为。
微观经济学解决的问题是资源配置。
微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论。
微观经济学的研究方法是个量分析。
相对而言，宏观经济学以整个国民经济为研究对象，通过研究经济中各有关总量的决定及其变化，来说明资源如何才能得到充分利用。
可见，与微观经济学的几个方面相对应的，宏观经济学研究的对象是整个经济。
而不是经济中的各个单位。
宏观经济学解决的问题是资源利用。
它把资源配置最为既定的前提，研究现有资源未能得到充分利用的原因，大到充分利用的途径，以及如何增长等问题。
宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入决定理论。
世界经济概论(第三版) 习题与答案 (8)[3页]
![世界经济概论(第三版) 习题与答案 (8)[3页]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/47e225eff705cc1755270946.png)
第十二章习题与答案1．中国为什么要推行市场化的经济改革，其主要内容是什么？改革前中国的这种计划经济作为高度集中的、事前调节的计划经济运行体制，面临两个难以克服的障碍：一是信息不完备不充分，难以实现资源的优化配置。
因为即使在生产力水平较低的情况下，仍然存在商品货币关系．人们的劳动出于生产条件差异和劳动者本身质与量的差异而难以直接衡量，劳动耗费也不可直接用劳可时间来计量，而制定计划的中央决策机构难以掌握大量分散的、不断变化的信息、计规划管理部门处理信息、编制计划的手段也就不可能具有高度的科学性、精确性和适时性，因而制定的计划缺乏科学性，无法实现资源的优化配置。
二是缺乏足够的激励约束机制。
中国现阶段的生产力水平决定了如果否定经济单位和劳动者个人独立的经济利益，也就否定了他们在经济利益的激励和约束下才能产生的动力：同时，行政命令取代自由竞争的结果，势必从外部消除经济单位之间的竞争压力，而一个既缺乏动力又缺乏压力的经济是很难不陷入停滞的。
建国后前30年的实践证明，我们原来建立的计划经济体制超越了现实能够提供的空间，这导致了改革和对中国经济体制的重新选择。
市场化取向改革明显提高了国民经济的市场化程度，市场配置资源的基础性作用逐步增强，已经基本建立起社会主义市场经济体制，成为发展中的市场经济国家，具体而言：（1）市场在资源配置中发挥了基础性作用；（2）多种所有制经济共同发展的格局基本形成；（3）与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的政府管理体制基本形成；（4）适应社会主义市场经济的法律体系基本建立；（5）收入分配领域改革逐步深入。
2. 中国的对外开放取得了哪些成效？一、外贸体制改革及其成效。
中国在世界贸易中的地位也大大提高，其名次在1978年居第32位，到2011年已经跃居世界第2位。
随着对外贸易的发展，中国进出口商品结构不断优化升级。
中国在大力发展货物进出口贸易的同时，也积极发展服务贸易。
二、引进外资和对外投资的增长及结构的提升。
经济学基础 课后习题答案
课后习题答案第一章一、选择题纠错：11.D.企业取得利润的活动三、综合分析5.下面哪些说法是实证的，那些说法是规范的（1）实证，规范（2）规范，实证，规范（3）规范（4）实证，实证（5）规范（6）实证第二章一、选择题二、计算题1. 解：（1）5051056,20D S Q Q P P P Q =⇒-=-+⇒== （2）6051057,25D S Q Q P P P Q =⇒-=-+⇒== （3）50555 5.5,22.5D S Q Q P P P Q =⇒-=-+⇒== 2.解：（1）当收入为1时，需求价格弹性为121232408()/2(4032)/23611082()/2(108)/29D Q Q QE P P P ∆--++=-=-=-=∆-++ 当收入为1.2时，需求价格弹性为121245505()/29(4550)/247.5108219()/2(108)/29D Q Q QE P P P ∆--++=-=-=-=∆-++ （2）当价格为12时，需求收入弹性为121230246()/211(2430)/2271.210.29()/2(1.21)/2 1.1I Q Q Q E I I I ∆-++====∆-++ 当价格为16时，需求收入弹性为12121284()/211(128)/2101.210.25()/2(1.21)/2 1.1I Q Q Q E I I I ∆-++====∆-++ 第三章 一、选择题纠错： 5. 选项B.X Y X Y MU MU P P < 选项C.X YX YMU MU P P =7.题干：某消费者X YX YMU MU P P <，三、计算题 1.解：4053,255403051X Y X Y X Y I P X P Y X Y X Y MU MU X Y P P =⨯+⨯⎫=+⎫⎪⎪⇒⇒==-+-+⎬⎬==⎪⎪⎭⎭2.解：2250025125,502225X Y X Y X Y I P X P Y X Y X Y MU MU XY X Y P P =⨯+⨯=+⎫⎫⎪⎪⇒⇒==⎬⎬==⎪⎪⎭⎭第四章 一、选择题纠错：16.选项C.改为：平均固定成本下降 三、计算题 1.解：（1）230(219)07,49L L L TP TP L L L L TP ''=+-=⇒==当时，达到最大值，即：（2）2219,920, 4.5,41.25LL L TP AP L L APL L L AP L'==+-=-=⇒==当时为最大值 （3）221183,1860,3,45L L L L MP TP L L MP L L MP ''==+-=-=⇒==时最大2.解：232323810041004100MC Q Q TVC Q Q Q TC Q Q Q TFC =-+⇒=-+⇒=-++10,2400800Q TC TFC ==⇒=32228004100800,4100,4100TC Q Q Q AC Q Q AVC Q Q Q=-++=-++=-+第五章 一、选择题三、计算题 1.解： （1）2266,3123031230666,176P AR MR MC TC Q Q MR MC Q Q Q TR TC π'=====-+=⇒-+=⇒==-=利润最大化：（2）240630,02,4224TC AC Q Q AC Q AC TR TC Q Qπ'==-++=⇒==⇒=-=-亏损，（3）2(630)03,2121AVC Q Q Q AVC P ''=-+=⇒===，即时停止营业。