Situations and Countermeasures of CNPC Energy Saving and Consumption Reduction
2021国际内审师-CIA综合练习题(精选试题)
101、管理的系统方法和过程方法研究的对象都与过程有关。
102、组织应对顾客以口头的方式提出的与产品有关的要求进行评审。
103、阐明所取得的结果或提供所完成活动的证据文件是质量计划。
104、对顾客提供的原材料，组织应进行验证，如检查合格证.外观.数量。
105、产品标识能够达到防止误用不合格品的目的。
106、组织对外包过程负有责任。
107、组织对生产和服务提供过程的控制不包括对交付产品后实施的活动的控制。
108、组织最高管理者的管理承诺是建立.实施质量管理体系并持续改进其有效性。
109、当顾客财产发生丢失.损坏或发现不适用时应向顾客报告。
199、ISO9001：2008规定组织要有哪几个“形成文件的程序”？
200、简述质量管理体系中使用的文件有哪些？
201、在编制形成文件的纠正措施程序时，要对哪几个方面的要求作出的规定？
202、试述内审的一般顺序（4分）
203、什么是质量管理八大原则？（4分）
204、质量体系审核范围有哪三大内容？（4分）
C.是为了规定与产品有关的法律法规要求
D.以上都不是
二、判断题下列各题中，你认为正确的在（）中划“√”，错误的划“×”
92、持续改进的对象可以是质量管理体系.过程.产品等。
93、ISO9000族标准强调质量管理体系是组织管理体系的一个组成部分，应与其他管理体系相容。
94、不合格品在经过纠正后应进行再次验证。
214、在某电器厂QA部审核客户投诉时，发现有6份同一客户的投诉报告均为客户关于VCD机画面抖动，每次均采取了纠正措施，QA部及营业部均与客户联络，且对坏机进行了退换处理，纠正措施也是有效的。
CIA-第3科-201706考试题库试题总结2
战略管理(双语课程)_南京晓庄学院中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
战略管理（双语课程）_南京晓庄学院中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.“把鸡蛋放在一只篮子里的做法”是什么战略的形象表述参考答案:集中化战略2.进入国际市场的方式中拥有最大控制权的方式是参考答案:建立全新企业3.（）是企业战略制定的出发点、依据和限制条件。
参考答案:企业能力4.确定企业宗旨必须弄清企业与（）之间的关系。
参考答案:顾客5.企业现在和将来应从事什么样的事业活动，以及应成为什么性质的企业或组织类型，它反映了这个企业的（）。
参考答案:企业宗旨6.一个企业为其经营活动或方式所确立的价值观、态度、信念和行为准则反映了这个企业的（）。
参考答案:企业哲学7.经验效益法中的“经验”指（）。
参考答案:累积产量或服务量8.企业培育核心能力最主要的方法应是（）。
参考答案:利用自身力量9.环境分析技术主要有战略要素评估矩阵和( )两种参考答案:SWOT分析10.那些现有和潜在竞争对手极少能拥有的能力，是企业核心能力判断标准的（）标准。
参考答案:独特的能力11.企业是否有科学的文化建设目标、计划、工作内容、预算保证等属于企业文化分析中的（）。
参考答案:文化建设分析12.在企业财务能力分析中，考察企业在一定时期内经营能力的发展变化趋势采用（）。
参考答案:成长性指标13.如果企业处于SWOT矩阵的第Ⅱ象限，那么宜采取的战略是( )。
参考答案:先稳定后发展战略14.企业的竞争优势源于（）。
参考答案:企业的核心竞争力15.分析资源利用情况，原则上运用（）来进行。
参考答案:产出与资源投入的比率16.企业更愿意将（）作为企业能力和核心竞争力的基础。
参考答案:无形资源17.被称为特殊有形资源的是（）。
参考答案:人力资源18.战略管理的目的是（）。
参考答案:提高企业的环境适应能力19.董事会参与程度低、高层管理者参与程度高的企业战略管理方式属于（）。
参考答案:自由企业家式管理20.董事会参与程度高、高层管理者参与程度高的企业战略管理方式属于（）。
ib真题21年11月
ib真题21年11月一、单选题1.过程运行环境中的心理因素，描述不正确的是（）。
A.舒缓心理压力B.预防过度疲劳C.美化服务场景D.保证情绪稳定2.组织的环境是多变的，应对这些内部和外部因素的相关信息进行（）。
A.监测B.评审C.跟踪D.监视和评审3.我国已颁布的有关产品质量的法律是（）。
A.标准化法B.计量法C.产品质量法D.公司法4.下列关于GB/T19001-2016标准采用的方法，描述最恰当的是（）。
A.采用过程方法，将PDCA（策划、实施、检查、处置）循环与基于风险的方法相结合B.采用风险管理办法,将PDCA（策划、实施、检查、处置）循环与过程方法相结合C.采用基于风险管理的PDCA（策划、实施、检查、处置）循环方法D.采用基于PDCA（策划、实施、检查、处置）循环的过程方法5.检验是对符合规定要求的确定，检验的结果可以表明合格、不合格或合格的（）。
A.性质B.原因C.分类D.程度6.组织应确定与其宗旨和战略方向相关并影响其实现质量管理体系（）的能力的各种外部和内部的因素。
A.绩效B.结果C.预期结果D.及其过程7.在对铸件进行检验时，根据样本中包含的不合格铸件数和根据样本中包含的不合格砂眼数判断该批产品是否接收的判定方式属于（）检验。
A.计点和计量B.计件和计点C.计数和计量D.计数和序贯8.在“以顾客为关注焦点”的质量管理原则中，质量管理的主要关注点是满足顾客要求并努力（）。
A.满足顾客未来的需求和期望B.超越顾客的要求C.超越顾客期望D.满足顾客和其他相关方的需求和期望9.质量管理原则中的领导作用是指（）建立统一的宗旨和方向，并且创造全员积极参与实现组织的质量目标的条件。
A.领导B.高层领导C.最高管理者D.各级领导10.某机场公司的驳运车司机正在按航班信息和乘客人数的控制要求进行乘客驳运作业，最适用于这一情景的条款是（）。
A.7.1.3B.8.1C.8.2.1D.8.5.111.组织除了纠正和持续改进，还有必要采取各种形式的改进，比如突破性变革、()和重组。
Countermeasures of Rural Public Product Supply Problems in New Socialist Rural Construction
Counte rme a s ure s of Rura l Public Product S upply Proble ms in Ne w Socialis t Rural ConstructionAb s tra c t ：The status of rura l public goods'supply plays a decisive role in China agricultural development and in new socia list rural construction.For the current situation of insuf cient supply of public goods in rural areas,this article explained the signi cance of strengthening the construction of rural public goods supply system,analyzed the reasons for the shortage of rural public goods supply ,and proposed strategies and measures to solve problems of rural public goods supply,which are of advantages to enhance and improve the ef ciency of rural public goods,having certain practical and theoretical values.Ke y wor ds ：new socia list rural construction,rural public goods,supply system CLC nu m be r :F323.9Doc um e n t c o de :AArtic le ID:1006-8104(2010)-02-0078-07IntroductionNew socialist rural construction is the great historical task of a compre hensive construction of well-off society in China and implementing the process of modernization;the necessary requirement to solve the urban-rural gap and building a harmonious society;the important safeguards of expanding domestic sub-stantial development of demand.In December 2005,the CPC Central Committee,State Council stressed in "Advice on new socialist rural construction"that "New socialist rural construction is the major historic task in China's modernization process."Contents and objectives in new socialist rural construction include "the production development,sufficient life,rural civilization,clean village,and democratic manage-ment"and other aspects.In order to achieve these contents and objectives,the status of rural public goodssupply to improve production and living standards ofrural residents needs to be greatly improved. Rural public goods refers to relatively meet the needs of rural agriculture,rural areas or farmers,liv-ing together with sharing products or services,charac-terized of non-competition and non-exclusion.On the one hand,it is including rural transport,power grid,irrigation a nd water conservancy facilities,health and education facilities,mandatory for public goods;on the other hand,including information technology services,skills training,public order maintenance,institutional arrangements,public goods such as soft-featured public goods [1]. Rural public goods supply system is the important foundation for the rural economic social development.From a certain sense,the new socialist rural con-struction process refers to the improvement of the ef -ciency of the rural public goods supply and the opti-mization process of supply structure.Therefore,con-Received 24March 2010Supported by Countermeasures Study of Cities and Countrysides Harmoized Development of China (LBH-205024)ZHANG Jing (1970-),female,Ph.D,associate professor,engaged in the research of applied linguistics.E-mail:zhangjing-cherry@ *I NG ,D,f ,f y j @y ZHANG Jing 1,2,and JIANG Hua 3*1Pos t-doctoral M ob ile Center on History and Cultural College,Shandong University,Jinan 250100,China 2College of Liberal and Social Science,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China 3College of Philosophy,Heilongjiang University ,Harbin 150086,ChinaCorresponding au thor.J A Hua Ph.pro essor engaged in the research o intercultural philosoph .E-mail:ianghu structing a comprehensive systematic and scientific system of rural public goods by broadening the diver-sity of rural public goods supply channel has important practical significance in promoting the harmonious development of urban and rural areas and new socialist rural construction.S ig nific a n c e of S tre n gthe ning th e C ons truction of Rura l Public Goods S ys temAs China's existing current urban-rural dual structure and the imbalance of rural public goods and services supply,strengthening the construction of the supply of public goods and services in rural areas has the im-portant practical signi cance in promoting the building of new socialist rural areas.Pro mo ting the n ew s o cia lis t ru ral c on s tru ction to pr o vid e s e c ur ity fo r th e ru r a l e c o n o mic d e velo pme n tThe new socialist rural construction strategic is at the primary stage of socialism in China,but urban-rural gap growing modernization into the mid-stage of economic development background,as the rural"three rural"issues raised. If China can achieve the overall development in the process of modernization,narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas,constructing well into the political,economic,cultural,and social aspects of coordinating the development of new rural areas, if our country can achie ve a truly comprehensive modernization. For a long time,as urban-rural dual system of non-symmetrical,leading to the supply of rural public facilities and public services can not much of the actual meet rural needs,restricting the further development of rural economy,outstanding the re ect serious shortage of public utilities such as education,health,culture and other aspects,which has brought about a serious and negative impact on agricultural and rural development. Therefore,the public goods supply situation in rural areas directly affect the development of China's agri-cultural economy and the new socialist rural con-struction in China,with the need to greatly strengthen rural infrastructure and development of rural social undertaking.Ad va n ta g e s to im pr o ve th e ru ra l c o n s um e r d e ma nd a n d s pe n ding po we rThe level of public goods supply in rural areas directly affected the level of spending power of farmers and consumption demand because the vast majority of public goods in rural areas are the necessity for pea-sants'work in agricultural production and life.Once the government or other public units'products can not provide enough public goods to meet farmers' demands,peasants have to provide for themselves, which makes up the low efficiency of part of the public goods supply and enhance the burden of the peasants,also lower the demand for peasants to con-sume and thus stimula te consumption and have a negative impact on expanding domestic demand. On the other hand,public goods and private goods have close complementarities.The inadequate supply of public goods and services will be seriously restricted in some peasants'consumption demand for products. Therefore,the supply of public goods and services in rural areas is not suf cient,mechanism is not sound, the absence of public services,which would seriously affect the rural consumer market expansion and the development of modernization of the rural economy. Through the provision of public goods,increasing peasants'income can greatly expand the rural con-sumption market,which will play an important role in solving the existing investment and seriously irrational consumption structure.P r o m o tin g s u b s ta n t ia l d e ve lo p me n t ru r a l e c on om yThe rural public goods and the public services are taken as the foundation and the essential condition for the rural economic development,the premise and the guarantee for the rural economy and sustainabledevelopment.Many rural areas of our country exist obsolete agricultural water conservancy facilities,the inconvenient transportation,the expensive electri-city price,the worn-out school building,the backward public health condition,lacking public conditions, safeguard,public services vacancy and so on.This kind of insufficient supplies situation has restricted the rural social economy of sustainable development enormously.Especially the rural education's back-wardness and public products'insufficiency have the immediate influence in rural are as such as human resources'quality and level,creating the lack of rural scientists and technicia ns,affecting the e ffec tive implementation of agriculture through science and technology,having restricted the substantial rural economy development.There fore,providing the public products and enhancing the rural labor force's quality comprehensively,which provide the certain labor force for a long time for the rural economy of sustained growth.Pro m otin g th e s ta b ility a n d d e ve lo pm e n t of s oc ia l p olitic sSolving the problem of insufficient rural public pro-duct supply is advantageous in eliminating the signi-ficant aspects of social contradiction and a social crisis in the social comprehensive reforming time. China is an agricultural nation of large size with big arable fields and numerous agricultural population, stability and advancement of rural areas,having the signi cant in uence on the entire national and social development. Since the foundation of the nation,in order to accele-rate the economic development to realize the indus-trialization as soon as possible,China has practised the urban-rural dual system,formulating the policy of public product supplies has satisfied the lowest public product to need as the goal and the heavy urban light countryside,and this kind of difference policy of city and countryside in public product supplies caused the rural public product,to a certain extent,a serious de ciency. Causing the demand of farmers is unable to obtain satisfies in social stability,health,road traffic,water conservation water and electricity facility,education and environmental protection,social security,basic public products and the service and so on.Farmer's living environment worsens unceasingly,when their taxes and fees'burden is heavier day by day and the public goods and the service are seriously deficient, the disparity of the level of rural public goods and the service supplies and the farmers'demand grow s larger day by day,which causes the contradiction and the conflict between the farmer and the basic unit of political power and have affected the rural areas of economic development and social political stability.Un b a la n c e d R e a s o n s fo r R u ra l Public P roduct Supplyme nt of China China's current rural public goods and service supplies presently are under serious unbalanced conditions, especially along with the reform of rural taxes and fees, after implementing cancellations of the agricultural tax policy,causing the rural public goods the unbalanced supplies question being more prominent.The concrete manifestation is not perfect in the rural infrastructure and the public services mechanism,such as the health system insufficiency,education backwardness,the farmers lack the condition such as the social security, water and electricity facility backwardness and so on. Each level of public goods and the service supplies are insufficient.Our rural public goods supplies produce unbalanced the reason is variety,and the sole supplies system is the primary cause of the rural public goods crisis. First,the main body of the rural public goods supply system is the government.Sinc e long,the Chinese rural public goods system is unitary supplies mechanism with the government as the main body, particularly as lower rural management organization's villages'and towns'government.But the government of villages and towns,whose nancial power and the governance are asymmetrical,has small property rightsbut big governance.If the rural elementary education, the birth control,the water and electricity facility,the road traf c and so on public products and the service supplies are mainly under-taken by the rural villages and towns government as well as the village,who are responsible,because the rural basic unit of villages and towns,whose governmental financial resource are limited,cannot provide full amount to the public product,causing the deficiency of the rural public goods and public services vacancy. Second,government function in rural basic unit is dislocated.The government of rural basic unit's villages and towns plans and organizes the village public utility and public utility's construction by state power's status,providing the public goods and the public services for the countryside,but because the villages and towns government has the phenomenon of function dislocation,cannot provide the essential public services effectively to the countryside,causing the rural public goods system to be insufficient. Looking from the present villages and towns'govern-ment function movement,quite many villages and towns governments place the key emphasis in work in the economic development,which does on large scale caters to the higher authority"the achievements project",originally causing the use for the rural public goods and its service as the main body with placing basic unit of government,in order to provide the public product and the public services of financial revenue investing heavily to the economic development.And as a result of countryside villages and towns govern-ment nance's insuf ciency and crisis,not only caus-ing the villages and towns government supplies public product ability to weaken greatly,but also the public services responsibility fainted,causing the rural public goods system serious deficient,and the rural public resource disposition in low ef ciency. Third,mechanism of stimulating the farmers'parti-cipation in the public goods investment is lack.The household undertake the responsibility syste m to vacillate the collectivization time rural public goods system gradually,causing the rural public goods sys-tem to lose the economic basis.As a result of limit-ed an unitary and supplies system,too much relies on government's investment,having not established the drive of farmer who adapts with the market economy, personal,the enterprise to put into the public product construction the mechanism.Meanwhile,along with market economy system's development,farmers'group consciousness is faint gradually,the individual rstly strikes root in the hearts of people[2].The market eco-nomy condition servants cause the advantage of point of view in the countryside to struggle oneself in advan-tageous matter that farmers are doing on,but regarding countryside in some public affairs,the public utility is actually not willing to do.The public goods has suppli-es association and is impossible to remove other people expense the characteristics,having provided the possi-bility for the vehicle's phenomenon's widespread exi-stence.Public goods'non-exclusiveness caused many farmers both want to share the benefit and not to be willing to undertake the cost,universal existence"while vehicle"psychology.Moreover,the public products and the collective services have certain bene t over ow, the farmer embarks from own bene t,did not care and be unwilling to invest the Non-pro t organization. Fourth,in uence to rural public goods system was brought out after the reform of taxes and fees.Because our rural areas implement the public product supplies of the unitary system,the government takes the supplies as the main body.Therefore,implementing the taxes and fees reform in the countryside,after cancelling the agricultural tax,the county township pecuniary condition was more unbalanced,weakened the rural public goods system ability.Moreover,after country-side taxes and fees reform adopts"the discuss everyth-ing that happens"in view of the countryside public utility the system not to be able to have thorough settle-ment in rural public goods system question.Counte rme as ure s to Solve the Rural Public Goods Sys tem Ques tionFacing the present difficult position of China's ruralpublic product and the public services supplies,pro-moting the ability and the responsibility of govern-ment's rural public goods system,strengthening rural lower management organization's function reforming, planning the urban and rural areas in the foundation to adopt the multiplex ways to provide the public goods, the implementation integration and the multiplication unify supplies system,thus enhancing the ef ciency of the rural public goods system.Prom otin g gove rn me nt's ab ility a n d r es p ons i-bility in ru ra l pub lic g oo ds s yste mSpeaking of the developing country,the government is the important impelling force in modernization,taking the executor of the public authority,providing the public goods is the important measurable to justify if government's ability is strong or weak.Looking from the fact that some developed countries and the deve-loping countries experience from the world that pro-vides public products to the rural areas,the government should undertake the completely responsibility and the duty,also realizing the urban and rural accord with the basic way of development. Currently our government's finance disbursement was still lower than the growth of the financial re-venue,and the proportion of the nancial disbursement of supporting agriculture accounts for the expenditure is back and forth. "2000-2003,the financial supporting agriculture disbursement yearly average grows14.0%,but the nancial revenue yearly average grows17.4%,which is lower than3.4%points;moreover,the financial supporting agriculture disbursement acc ounts for the expenditure the proportion is paces back and forth between7.12%-7.75%[3]."Therefore,the government must undertake vigorously in the rural public goods with providing the responsibility,continuing to enlarge the finance to the agricultural investment dynamics, enhancing the growth rate of the government's fin-ancial disbursement,and guarantee ing the stable growth of the rural public goods system fund total quantity.Stre ngth ening the tra ns formation of th e mana ge-me nt fun ctio n o f the ru ra l ba s ic u nit go ver n-me nt,e n ha nc in g th e ab ility of th e p ub lic p ro-duc t su pp liesIn view of the transformation of the management function of the rural basic unit government,causing serious insufficient phenomenon of the rural public services vacancy and the rural public goods system, the rural basic unit government should carry on the role and the function localization positively,prominent public product supplies and service function and con-sciousness.As facing the countryside directly,which provides the public goods and services of countryside basic-level organization for the countryside,in the transformation government function's process,realiz-ing by the administration government to the service government's transformation,which must be clear about the countryside basic unit government's gover-nance with emphasis,implementing principle whose property rights and the governance are uni ed,in view of the countryside basic unit government's financial dif cult position,enlarging the central committee and provincial level government nance support dynamics, enhancing ability of the rural basic unit government in supplying public goods,changing the rural basic unit government to take into consideration the rural public goods and the public services that demand present situation incapable.Es ta b lis h in g th e p u b lic p ro d u c t s u p p lie s sys tem of in te g ration a nd m ultip lica tionThe so-called integration refers to the implementation of consistent supplies mechanism of the urban and rural areas;the so-called multiplication refers to the multiplication of the rural public goods supplies'main body,the supplies way,and the fund raising channel[4]. The integration is mainly the solution to the dual supplies mechanism question,providing the fair policy environment and the system platform for the urban and rural public goods'supplies,causing the urban and rural areas obtain the same treatment equally,andimplementing the urban and rural overall plan.The government as the supplies'main body,undertakes main body's responsibility of the rural public goods system,enlarges the rural public goods and the service nancial investment,causes rural and the urban shar-ing modern civilization.Based on this,the reform of the unitary supplies system promotes the rural public goods system of multiplication positively,speci cally manifesting in the following aspects. (1)Main body of implementing multiplex rural public goods system.As a result of the insuf ciency of the nance ability of the rural basic unit government and the inherent limitation of government supplies efficiency,causing the sole government supplies that is not adapt to the advanced rural community's develop-ment demand.There fore,constructing multiplica-tion rural public goods system should be carried out acc ording to the level and the nature of the rura l public goods.The main body of rural public goods' supplie s may be approximate ly divided into the government supplies,the personal supplies and the third department supplies.And the government is the supplies main body.The government on behalf of society's public interest,the government has the responsibility to have the duty to undertake the rural public goods system as the main body responsibility. Based on this,the display personal supplies main body and the non-governmental organizations supplies main body's strength,forming the supplies main body of the multiplex mechanism. (2)Forming fund procure ment me chanism of multiplex rural public goods.After the reform of taxes and fees,the reason that the rural public product presents the supplies to be short,a substantial clause is used to provide the public goods the sources of fund mainly to rely on the government,when the govern-ment cannot collect the enough fund,definitely will affect the public product supplies.Therefore,it should go through the construction raising fund channel's multiplex mechanism,and the solution supplies short contradictory.The raising fund mainly has govern-ment's financial shift fund;personal,the enterprise's fund;countryside community's collective fund;do-mestic and foreign non-governmental organizations' fund raising channels and so on fund.The government finance takes public products and the public services supplies fund main channel,especially after public nance system establishment,which will provide the system safeguard for the countryside public product and the collective services supplies in the fund raising aspect.In regard of the charge arranged the public goods to be possibly provided,depending upon in the market economy by personal or the enterprise invest-ment,the exchange of equal value and the principle of paid,which collects through the market to the society. (3)To carry out supply ways of multiplex rural public goods system.The rural public goods system refers to how the supplies process organized by the main body of supplies the rural public goods.Along with the rural public goods system main body and the sources of fund channel's multiplication,the rural public goods system must be multiplication.Mainly dividing into the direct supplies and the indirect supp-lies two forms.The direct supplies way refers to the government to provide the certain countryside public products or the collective services directly as the supp-lies main body.Under the market economy system, genera lly speaking,selecting the dire ct supplie s method,many are some pure public products.The indirect supplies way also needs the privatization way, is refers to the government to be possible to personal to provide the rural public product request.The supplies way which regarding these is mainly may collect fees the rural public goods.In addition the government has subsidy,such as the enterprise,the non-governmental orga nizations and the personal supplies way.The government to provide the efficiency or the atone-ment financial resource is insufficient,may through the direct grants either the indirect subsidy way,en-couraging with the help of individual or the enterprise provided the countryside public product. (4)Establishing perfect supervising mechanism and discuss and introduc mechanism.The rural public goods system's construction is also to establish thescience reasonable evaluation criteria,adopting the opening transparent operator schema,guaranteeing the supervising mechanism and the appraisal mecha-nism validity of the rural public goods system,thus guaranteeing the positive cycle and the sustainable development of the rural public goods system. In the brief,the rural public goods supply condition has the pivotal function in Chinese agricultural deve-lopment and the new socialist rural construction.In present's work,consummating the rural public goods supply system unceasingly,the rural public goods supply system of constructing a mutually support with supplementing the integration unified the multiplica-tion,thus promoting the new socialist rural construc-tion powerfully.Re fe re n ce s1Liu J P,Gong D S.After the reform of taxes and fees,rural public goods supply s ystem's multi-central system discuss ion[J].China Administration,2006(7):70.2Meng Z Z.The Chinese farmers need the through conscious nes s and the new idea[J].Investigation World,2003(6):34.3Yi C Z,Lo ng C H.Go vern ment ability in socialism new rural recons truction[J].New China Digest,2007(7):5.4Wang X N.Depen dence and inn ovation o f rural pub lic g ood s supply system vicissitude[J].China Administration,2006(7):74.。
宁夏农业社会化服务体系发展现状、存在问题及对策建议— — 以土地托管为例
·农业经济·管理·宁夏农林科技，基金项目：宁夏农林科学院科技创新引导项目“宁夏社会化服务组织模式选择与运作策略研究———以土地托管为例”（NKYJ-20-08）。
作者简介：王微（1988-），女，宁夏银川人，助理研究员，主要从事农业经济方面的研究工作，Email：收稿日期：2021-10-10修回日期：2021-10-161宁夏农业社会化服务体系发展现状宁夏农业社会化服务体系发展现状、存在问题及对策建议———以土地托管为例王微，张静宁夏农林科学院农业经济与信息技术研究所，宁夏银川750002摘要：农业社会化服务已成为实现小农户和现代农业有机衔接的基本途径和主要机制。
本文聚焦土地托管经营方式，对宁夏农业社会化服务体系发展现状与存在问题进行调研分析，提出了相应的对策建议，以期为建立健全宁夏农业社会化服务体系提供借鉴参考。
关键词：农业社会化服务；土地托管；小农户；现代农业中图分类号：F326.6文献标识码：A文章编号：1002-204X （2021）11-0055-05doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-204x.2021.11.015Development Status,Existing Problems and Countermeasures of Ningxia 's Agricul-tural Socialization Service System-----Taking Land Trusteeship as an ExampleAbstract Key words5562卷11期王微，等宁夏农业社会化服务体系发展现状、存在问题及对策建议———以土地托管为例图12014—2019年宁夏农业市场化水平发展趋势数据来源：《宁夏统计年鉴》（2015—2020年）。
表1衡量农业社会化发展水平的主要维度与指标1.1农业市场化发展趋势1.2农业机械化水平发展趋势5662卷11期图22014—2019年宁夏农业机械化水平发展趋势数据来源：《宁夏统计年鉴》（2015—2020年）。
学术英语社科unit3 A翻译
1、失去一份工作可能是最痛楚的经济事件在一个人的生活。
大多数人们依托自己的劳动收入来维持他们的生活标准,许多人会从他们的工作取得的不仅是收入，还有自己的成绩感。
一个失去工作意味着此刻要定一个更低的生活标准,焦虑以后,并丧失自尊心。
这并非奇怪,因此,政治家竞选办公室常常谈论他们所提出的政策将帮忙制造就业机遇。
2、尽管必然程度的失业是不可幸免的，在一个复杂的经济与成千上万的企业和以百万计的工人，失业量的转变大致随着时刻的推移和席卷整个国家。
当一国维持其尽可能充分就业的工人，它实现了更高水平的国内生产总值会比留下了很多工人闲置更好。
3、失业问题一样分为两类，长期的问题和短时间的问题。
经济的自然失业率一般是指充分就业状态下的失业率。
周期性失业是指今年年失业率围绕其自然率的波动，它是紧密相关的经济活动的短时间起伏。
4、判定失业问题有何等严峻时，其中一个问题确实是要考虑是不是失业一般是一个短时间或长期的条件。
若是失业是短时间的，人们可能会得出结论，它不是一个大问题。
工人可能需要几个礼拜的工作之间找到最适合他们的口味和技术的开口。
但是，若是失业是长期的，人们可能会得出结论，这是一个严峻的问题。
许多个月的失业工人更易蒙受经济和心理上的困难。
5、经济引发一些失业的缘故之一是寻觅工作。
求职是工人与适合的职位相匹配的进程。
若是所有工人和所有工作一样，使所有工人，一样适用于所有作业，求职就可不能是一个问题。
下岗职工会专门快找到新的工作，超级适合他们。
可是，事实上，工人有不同的方式和技术,职位有不同的属性，在经济生活中众多的企业和家庭关于应聘者和职位空缺的信息缓慢传播。
6、摩擦性失业往往是在不同企业之间的劳动力需求转变的结果。
当消费者决定，他们更喜爱富士通而不是宏碁，富士通增加就业职位，宏碁就辞退工人。
前宏碁的工人必需寻觅新的就业机遇，而富士通必需决定招聘新工人开辟了各类作业。
这种转变的结果是一段时刻的失业。
7、一样，由于不同地域的国家生产不同的商品，在一个地区就业增加，在另一个减少。
PBA商业分析师资格认证考试(试卷编号122)
PBA商业分析师资格认证考试(试卷编号122)说明：答案和解析在试卷最后1.[单选题]以下所有内容均为商业分析专业人士的职责,除了A)获得相关方签字确认需求已最终确定。
B)为项目仔细选择合适的相关方C)弄清楚相关方何时参与到项目中以及涉及的范围有多广D)询问相关方项目沟通和相互关系的问题2.[单选题]下面哪个选项可以产生项目范围说明书中最大的误解?( )A)不精确的语言B)糟糕的模式、结构和顺序C)工作包大小或工作细节的小变化D)太多的细节3.[单选题]以下所有情况均在创建项目章程之前发生,除了A)商业论证开B)项目建议书C)项目选择。
D)团队发展。
4.[单选题]以下哪个不属于跟踪的收益?( )A)投资B)价值C)期望D)范围5.[单选题]你刚刚知道,你的团队中有一位成员,没有通过足够的培训来完成所分配给他的项目活动。
你该如何处理这种情况?()A)用一个更为合格的成员来替换这个团队成员B)要求职能经理提供适当的培训C)修订进度来适应该资源效率降低的程度D)在项目进展的剩余部分辅导该成员6.[单选题]关于用例图,以下哪个说法是正确的?( )A)用于显示系统范围,并且通常由用户配置文件支持B)必须始终由用户故事支持D)必须始终由误用用例支持7.[单选题]在设计解決方案时,技术团队想增加企业未要求的能力。
为什么商业分析专业人土可能会同意这样做?A)这些能力有额外的收益(项目镀金)B)这些能力具备提供未来灵活性的潜力C)这些能力是企业未考虑到的D)这些能力易于被开发团队所增加8.[单选题]为什么必须记录需求?A)为了在资源库中维护需求和复用,必须记录需求B)当使用变更驱动型方法,例如敏捷(agil 或 scrum)时,不需要记录需求。
C)大多数解决方案团队为远程的,因此需求必须以文档形式发给他们D)大多数方法论要求具备正式的需求文件。
9.[单选题]下列各项当中,除了哪一项之外,其余的都是沟通管理计划的一部分?( )A)能够与项目经理对话的相关方的名单B)当电话系统损坏时,那些正在接听电话的人员的名单C)用于收集和存取信息的方法D)相关方的名单以及将项目状态信息递送给他们的指导书10.[单选题]最积极主动进行变更管理的方法应着重于A)制造变更。
专八英语阅读
英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。
矿物质缺乏引发的疾病
Pedosphere24(1):13–38,2014ISSN1002-0160/CN32-1315/Pc 2014Soil Science Society of China Published by Elsevier B.V.and SciencePressSources and Deficiency Diseases of Mineral Nutrients inHuman Health and Nutrition:A ReviewU.C.GUPTA1,∗1and S.C.GUPTA21Agriculture and Agri-Canada Canada,Crops and Livestock Research Centre,Charlottetown,PE C1A4N6(Canada)2The Department of Plastic Surgery,Loma Linda University,Loma Linda,CA92354(USA)(Received August30,2013;revised December8,2013)ABSTRACTMineral nutrients are fundamentally metals and other inorganic compounds.The life cycle of these mineral nutrients begins in soil,their primary source.Soil provides minerals to plants and through the plants the minerals go to animals and humans;animal products are also the source of mineral nutrients for humans.Plant foods contain almost all of the mineral nutrients established as essential for human nutrition.They provide much of our skeletal structure,e.g.,bones and teeth.They are critical to countless body processes by serving as essential co-factors for a number of enzymes.Humans can not utilize most foods without critical minerals and enzymes responsible for digestion and absorption.Though mineral nutrients are essential nutrients,the body requires them in small,precise amounts.We require them in the form found in crops and they can be classified into three different categories:major, secondary,and micro or trace minerals.This classification is based upon their requirement rather than on their relative importance. Major minerals such as potassium(K)and phosphorus(P)are required in amounts of up to10g d−1.The daily requirement of secondary and micro minerals ranges from400to1500mg d−1and45μg d−1to11mg d−1,respectively.To protect humans from mineral nutrient deficiencies,the key is to consume a variety of foods in modest quantities,such as different whole grains,low fat dairy,and different meats,vegetables and fruits.For insurance purposes,a supplement containing various mineral nutrients can be taken daily.Key Words:deficiency diseases,deficiency symptoms,origin,recommended daily dose,toxicityCitation:Gupta,U.C.and Gupta,S.C.2014.Sources and deficiency diseases of mineral nutrients in human health and nutrition: A review.Pedosphere.24(1):13–38.INTRODUCTIONLike water,carbohydrates,proteins,fats,vitamins and the enzymes required to digest them,mineral nu-trients are also essential to life.Minerals are inorganic substances,present in all body tissues andfluids and their presence is necessary for the maintenance of cer-tain physicochemical processes which are essential to life(Soetan et al.,2010).Over99%of the adult body’s 1000–1200g calcium(Ca)is in the bones and teeth, yet the remainder,less than1%,plays an essential part in the functioning of many diverse vital activities,such as maintenance and functioning of cell membranes and activation of enzymes and hormone secretion(Wise-man,2002).Humans require a number of mineral nu-trients known to play key role in maintaining human health.This investigation will include mineral nutri-ents which have been shown to be essential and of ut-most importance to human health.Silica(Si),tin(Sn) and cobalt(Co)are excluded from discussion as these are in plentiful supply in nature and their deficiency is seldom encountered.Furthermore,the understanding of their roles is less exact.Carbon(C),oxygen(O)and hydrogen(H)are primarily derived from air and water and are not discussed;nitrogen(N),a major mineral, has also been excluded as it is a component of proteins and that is not a part of the objective of this study.Mineral nutrients are the key to the engines we know of as vitamins.No vitamin can be absorbed or can carry out its intended function without the spe-cific minerals in very particular amounts.Minerals are fundamentally metals and other inorganic compounds that provide much of our skeletal structure,e.g.,bones and teeth.In addition,they are critical to countless body processes(Wikipedia Foundation Inc.,2002).Mineral nutrients can be separated into major,se-condary and micro or trace minerals.This classifica-tion is based on their requirement by humans rather than their relative importance.The mineral nutrients included in this study are categorized as follows.Ma-jor:P and K;secondary:calcium(Ca),magnesium (Mg)and sulfur(S);and micro,trace or rare:boron∗1Corresponding author.E-mail:umesh.gupta@agr.gc.ca.14U.C.GUPTA AND S.C.GUPTA(B),chlorine(Cl),chromium(Cr),fluoride(Fl),iodine (I),iron(Fe),manganese(Mn),molybdenum(Mo), nickel(Ni),selenium(Se),sodium(Na),vanadium(V) and zinc(Zn).With ongoing and future research,this list is expected to grow longer.The objective of this review was to report up-to-date information on mineral nutrients,their origin and natural occurrence,sources,daily requirement,func-tions,symptoms associated with their deficiency dis-eases,and their role in human nutrition.NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF MINERALSPlant foods contain almost the entire nutrient mi-nerals and organic nutrients established as essential for human nutrition.Every form of living matter re-quires these inorganic elements or mineral nutrients for their normal life processes(Soetan,2010).Mine-rals are inorganic(non-carbon)containing nutrients and are either positively charged(cation)or nega-tively charged(anion).Mineral nutrients are elements remaining after foods are burned completely to ash (Greene,2000).The primary and the only source of mi-neral nutrients found in plants,animals and humans is soil.The kinds of nutrients found vary depending upon the origin of the soil.For example,B occurs in high concentrations in sedimentary rocks and in clay-rich marine sediment due to the relatively high concentra-tion of B in seawater(Samir et al.,2011).Deposits of B are found in association with volcanic activity and where marshes or lakes have evaporated under arid conditions(Samir et al.,2011).The abundance and diversity of nutrient minerals are controlled directly by their chemistry,in turn de-pendent upon elemental abundance in the earth.The majority of minerals are derived from the earth’s crust (Stipanuk and Caudill,2012).Eight elements in order of decreasing abundance are:O,Si,aluminum(Al),Fe, Mg,Ca,Na and K,which comprise98%of the earth’s crust by weight(Stipanuk and Caudill,2012).Inor-ganic minerals include matter other than plant or ani-mal and do not include C,H and O as in living things.RELATIONSHIP OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS TO HUMAN NUTRITIONMineral nutrients are absolutely essential for good health.Scientists have established that at least28mi-neral elements are indispensable for normal nutrition (Health Lifestyles Inc.,1993).Furthermore,they are even more important than cking vitamins, the body can make some use of minerals,but lacking minerals,vitamins are useless(Health Lifestyles Inc., 1993).The shocking fact is that even if one prides themselves on eating a well-balanced diet,they are probably among the95%of Americans who are lac-king in at least one major mineral nutrient.The root of this problem lies in a mineral-poor earth.As far back as1936,Senate Document No.264warned Ame-ricans that the soils used to grow fruits and vegetables were seriously deficient in needed minerals.Continu-ous cropping and the ravages of pollution were even then robbing the soil of the minerals needed to sustain life(Health Lifestyles Inc.,1993).Unlike the body’s complex organic compounds (carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,vitamins)that are used metabolically in the generation of energy,mine-rals are often found in the form of salts in the body that are inorganic and not metabolized(Carpenter et al.,2013).Minerals constitute about4to6percent of body weight—about one-half as Ca,one-quarter P as phosphates,and the remainder being made up of the other essential minerals that must be derived from the diet(Carpenter et al.,2013).Minerals not only impart hardness to bones and teeth but also function broadly in metabolism,e.g.,as electrolytes in controlling the movement of water in and out of cells,as components of enzyme systems,and as the constituents of many organic molecules(Carpenter et al.,2013).Mineral nutrition in humans is defined as the pro-cess by which substances in foods are transformed into body tissues and provide energy for the full range of physical and mental activities that make up human life(Carpenter et al.,2013).The ultimate goal of nu-tritional science is to promote optimal health and re-duce the risk of chronic diseases,such as cardiovascular disease and cancer,as well as to prevent classic nu-tritional deficiency diseases,such as kwashiorkor and pellagra(Carpenter et al.,2013)MAJOR CROP AND ANIMAL SOURCES AND THEIR RECOMMENDED DAILY DOSESRecommended daily doses of all mineral nutrients stu-diedAll foods contain several mineral nutrients;ho-wever,some are higher in certain minerals than other minerals.The recommended doses vary considerably as established by various agencies related to regulation of mineral nutrients in various foods.A dietary requirement is defined as the lowest con-tinuing intake of a nutrient that,for a specified indica-tor of adequacy,will maintain a defined level of nutri-ture in an individual(Sutherland et al.,1998).An es-sential dietary component is one that the body can not synthesize in sufficient quantities to maintain health.SOURCES AND DEFICIENCY DISEASES OF MINEARL NUTRIENTS15Recommended dietary allowances are based on esti-mates of the dietary requirements,and are designed to prevent deficiency diseases and promote health through an adequate diet(Lenntech,1998).In1996, the Food and Nutrition Board(FNB)began a revi-sion process of the recommended dietary allowances using as criteria specific indicators of adequacy and functional end points for reducing the risk of chronic diseases.Boron is a dietary component,and evidence from animal studies indicates that it is a dietary essential; it can not be synthesized in tissues,and organisms ex-posed to very low levels of B show developmental de-fects(Lenntech,1998).Recommended daily dosages of various mineral nutrients are reported in Table I.It is evident that their amounts vary considerably.BoronThe average B concentration in the earth’s crust is17mg kg−1and most soils fall within the range of 3–100mg kg−1(Samir et al.,2011).In general,these amounts in soils are lower than most essential micronu-trients with the exception of Mo and Se.Deficiency of B has been found to affect the physi-ology of human beings(Shaaban,2010).Boron may be beneficial for bone growth and maintenance,cen-tral nervous system function,and the inflammatory response(Nielsen,2009).The best documented benefi-cial effect of B is on Ca metabolism and utilization,and thus affects bone calcification and maintenance (Nielsen,1998a).The highest B concentration is found in bones,indicating one of the potential benefits in its ability to protect humans from osteoporosis(Nielsen, 1998).It has been reported that B appears to lessen effects of a low Mg-diet on body growth,serum choles-terol and ash concentration in bone,but exacerbate deficiency symptoms,without affecting the Mg or Ca concentration in the serum(Kenny and McCoy,2000).The elevation of endogenous steroid hormones as a result of B supplementation suggests that B may be used as an ergogenic,safe substance for athletes,but needs further investigation(Naghii,1999).Boron sup-plementation also has been found to result in high B absorption efficiency and the elevation of endogenous estrogen suggests a protective role of B in atheroscle-rosis(Naghii and Samman,1997).In humans,there is evidence of homeostatic regulation of B;e.g.,human milk B concentrations are under apparent homeostatic control(Hunt,2007).Boron satisfies the criterion of essentiality and tissue B concentrations during short term variations in intake are maintained by homeo-static mechanisms(Hunt,2007).In most studies it has been found that B affects human steroid hormone levels.Circulating testoste-rones and estradiol levels have been proposed to mo-dify prostate and cancer risk(Wiseman,2002).After controlling for age,race,smoking,body mass index, dietary caloric intake,and alcohol consumption,incre-TABLE IRecommended daily dosages a)of mineral nutrientsMineral nutrient Lenntech(1998)Wikipedia—The Free Balch and Balch(2000)Encyclopedia(2012)Boron(mg)20-3–6Calcium(mg)10001000–13001500–2000(as citrate or ascorbate) Chlorine(mg)3400(in chloride form)2300–3400-Chromium(μg)12035–120150–400(as glucose tolerance factor orpicolinate or polynicotinate)Copper(mg)20.9–22–3Fluoride(mg) 3.54-Iodine(mg)0.150.15100–225Iron(mg)151818–30Magnesium(mg)350400–420750–1000Manganese(mg)52–2.33–10Molybdenum(μg)7545–7530–100(as ascorbate or aspartate) Nickel(mg)<1--Phosphorus(mg)10001000-Potassium(mg)3500350099–500(as citrate)Selenium(μg)3570100–200Sodium(mg)24002400-Sulfur(mg)---Vanadium(mg)<1.8 1.80.2–1(as vanadyl sulfate)Zinc(mg)1511–1530–50a)A range of values from recommended daily intake to maximum recommended daily allowance of daily reference intakes.16U.C.GUPTA AND S.C.GUPTAased dietary B intake was generally associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer with a dose-response pattern(Cui et al.,2004).When with the high B in-take,low dietary B resulted in significantly poorer performance on tasks emphasizing manual dexterity, eye-hand coordination,attention,perception,encoding and short-term memory,and long-term memory.Col-lectively,the data from these studies indicate that B may play a role in human brain function and cognitive performance,and provide additional evidence that B is an essential nutrient for humans(Penland,1994).One of the reasons why many researchers think B helps treat arthritis is that it is essential for the strengthening of bones.Boron helps metabolize many bone strengthening minerals like Ca,Cu and Mg(Sti-panuk and Caudill,2012).There is also evidence that B provides several health benefits to the brain.It is widely believed that B can positively influence a di-verse set of brain functions including memory,concen-tration,and even hand-eye coordination(Stipanuk and Caudill,2012).Data on dietary B intake by human beings are fairly sparse.Boron is not included in the United States Department of Agriculture nutrient databases,and no comprehensive analytical database exists on the B con-tent of specific foods.In an American study,the B levels were slightly higher in vegetarian adults than in the general population(Rainey et al.,1999).It was stated that the top two B contributors,coffee and milk, are low in B,yet they make up12%of the total B in-take by virtue of the volume consumed.Peanut butter, wine,raisins,apples,pears,grapes,avocados,legumes, peanuts and other nuts are good sources of B(Rainey et al.,1999;Stipanuk and Caudill,2012).Diets low in fruits,vegetables,legumes and nuts may not provide an adequate amount of B.CalciumCalcium is thefifth most abundant element by mass in the earth’s crust.It is everywhere on the planet,and this common mineral provides a number of health benefits to the human body(Stipanuk and Caudill,2012).Most well-known health benefit of Ca is the important part it plays in developing strong bones. Almost all the body’s Ca can be found in the bones and teeth,and there are countless studies which show that proper Ca intake helps young people develop strong bones while keeping the bones of older people strong and healthy.It also helps to prevent and treat a vari-ety of bone-related illnesses,such as osteoporosis(Sti-panuk and Caudill,2012).In addition to fulfilling the needs for Ca ions re-quired in numerous intracellular functions as well as for the regulation of blood clotting(hemostasis),prac-tically all of the body’s remaining Ca exists in skele-tal salts that support the body,enable ambulation, and protect internal organs.Afixed amount of Ca forms the teeth which,after formation,remains static in the oral cavity and which,unlike the bones,do not participate in Ca metabolism(Anderson and Garner, 2011).Following the achievement of peak bone mass in the second or third decade of life,dietary Ca is needed to replace Ca lost from bone tissue as part of the normal dynamic turnover of the skeleton.Adult bone mineral content and bone mineral density are better maintained by an adequate amount of Ca in the diet(Anderson and Garner,2011).Dietary supplement use is associated with a higher prevalence of groups meeting the adequate intake for Ca and vitamin D.Monitoring usual total nutrient in-take is necessary to adequately characterize and evalu-ate the population’s nutritional status and adherence to recommendations for nutrient intake(Bailey et al., 2010).Knowledge of osteoporosis and the importance of dietary intake of Ca and vitamin D did improve after the intervention(Bohaty et al.,2008).Osteoporosis is a painful,disabling illness and its prevention is a lifelong process.Older women may suffer its devastating effects because of these nutrient deficiencies in their diet as young adult women(Bohaty et al.,2008).Epidemio-logical and prospective studies have related vitamin D deficiency not only to osteoporosis but also to cardio-vascular disease,diabetes,cancer,infection and neu-rodegenerative disease(P´e rez-L´o pez et al.,2012).In a study in Japan,an excessive intake of400mg Ca-fortifiedfish sausage,a special health food in Japan, appeared to be a safe means to obtain the daily Ca requirement(Murota et al.,2010).Inadequate sunlight exposure and Ca intake during rapid growth at puberty lead to hypocalcemia,hypovi-taminosis D and eventually to overt rickets(Dahifar et al.,2007).It was concluded that low daily Ca intake and vitamin D acquirement are two important prob-lems in Iranian girls during rapid growth at puberty; therefore,for prevention of overt rickets,Ca and vita-min D supplementation appears to be necessary(Dahi-far et al.,2007).In a study involving the mean daily Ca intake at553mg d−1,along with other minerals in pregnant women,it was found that only Ca intakes were significantly correlated to birth weight(Denguezli et al.,2007).In a US study,milk and milk products were by far the lowest-cost sources of dietary Ca and also were among the lowest-cost sources of riboflavin and vita-SOURCES AND DEFICIENCY DISEASES OF MINEARL NUTRIENTS17min B12(Drewnowski,2011).An intake of approxi-mately1500mg Ca d−1could aid in the management of body and truncal fat.It has been recommended that young adults be encouraged to increase their total Ca intakes to at least the recommended daily allowance of 1000mg d−1for reasons extending beyond bone health (Skinner et al.,2011).The tolerable upper Ca intake level ranges from1000to3000mg d−1,based on Ca excretion or kidney stone formation,and vitamin D from1000to4000international units daily,based on hypercalcemia adjusted for uncertainty resulting from emerging risk relationships(Ross et al.,2011).Due to the nutrient synergy of foods,dietary Ca sources should continue to be promoted in nutritional counselling efforts as the optimal method of obtaining adequate Ca(French et al.,2008).Nutrition education should emphasize strategies to decrease the side effects associated with Ca-rich foods and alleviate concerns re-garding the cholesterol and fat content of some Ca-rich foods.In addition to strategies to increase consump-tion of dietary Ca sources,supplementation should be considered as an acceptable method of increasing Ca intake among women with low bone mineral den-sity(French et al.,2008).In a study in USA,African Americans in all age groups did not meet dairy re-commendations from the2005US Dietary Guidelines and the2004National Medical Association(Fulgoni III et al.,2007).Calcium and Zn intakes in Australian children from core foods were below70%of the recommended dietary intakes for adolescent girls(Rangan et al.,2008).It was concluded that the extra foods are over-consumed at two to four times the recommended limits and con-tribute excessively to the energy,fat and sugar intakes of Australian children,while providing relatively few micronutrients,including Ca(Rangan et al.,2008).Milk,cheese and most other dairy products,beans (Phaseolus vulgaris),broccoli(Brassica olereracea var. italica)kale(Brassica oleracea var.acephala),collards (Brassica oleracea hardiness)and raisins are some of the best sources of Ca(Stipanuk and Caudill,2012).ChlorideDrinking water disinfection has been shown to be an important public health measure since the turn of the century.In USA,it was perhaps the single most important factor in controlling typhoid fever,a water-borne disease that was rampant throughout the world during the last century(Akin et al.,1982).Disinfec-tion was important in limiting diseases,such as cholera, amoebiasis,salmonellosis,and hepatitis A(Akin et al., 1982).Still,despite its beneficial effects and lifesaving reputation,other chlorine effects on health and envi-ronment are dangerous to humans(Conjecture Corpo-ration,2003).Chlorine is essential for bodyfluid regulations in humans(Evans and Solberg,1998)and exists in the safe,inorganic form as the negative chloride ion as NaCl(Belkraft,2005).But when Cl reacts with organic compounds in the water,it produces poisonous che-mical compounds,which cause cancer and other health problems(Belkraft,2005).Following inhalation and skin or eye contact,exposure to HCl acid is toxic by ingestion and skin or eye exposure(Bul,2011).It has been hypothesized that organochlorine pesticides may be associated with the increased incidence of breast cancer in women and decreased sperm concentrations and reproductive problems in men(Safe,1995).Ho-wever,elevation of some organochlorine compounds in breast cancer patients is not consistently observed (Safe,1995).Methyl chloride is very toxic;mice ex-posed to high levels of methyl chloride by inhalation for two years had an elevated incidence of liver and lung tumors(Green,1997).The mouse seems to be unique in its response to methyl chloride and thus it is an inappropriate model to assess human health(Green, 1997).The data from Bangladesh showed that the ma-rine salt deposition is significant up to a distance of about200m from the seashore and from this point onward,the amount of chlorides drops sharply(Hos-sain and Said,2011).Chloride exists in aqueous solu-tions as a monovalent anion and its salts are readily soluble.Consequently,it is not absorbed by organic matter or clay in most soils,and does not readily pre-cipitate out of solution(Hossain and Said,2011).For these reasons,Cl is mobile in the soil and is readily leached where rainfall and/or irrigation exceeds evapo-transpiration.Chloride is one of thefirst elements re-moved from minerals by soil weathering processes.This is why most of the world’s Cl is found in oceans or in salt deposits left by evaporation from old inland seas (International Plant Nutrition Institute,2012).Many soils and crops receive more than an adequate supply of Cl from sea spray carried by rain and snow.This diminishes rapidly with the distance from the ocean (International Plant Nutrition Institute,2012).Results from disinfecting student health centres (SHCs)in Taiwan suggested that the air quality guide-lines prescribed by the Taiwan Environmental Protec-tion Agency for SHCs and other healthcare facilities can best be achieved by applying chlorine dioxide at regular(daily)intervals(Hsu et al.,2012).The results from southern Italy on ground water provided valuable18U.C.GUPTA AND S.C.GUPTAinactivation constants of cultural indicators,e.g.,co-liforms,enterococci,Clostridium spores and viruses in the wastewater that have been injected into the fra-ctured aquifer since1991(Masciopinto et al.,2007). Hypochlorination reduces somatic coliphages and Clo-stridium spores in groundwater but did not achieve complete inactivation in all tests.It was concluded that complete disinfection of groundwater samples was pos-sible only when there was an initial count of Clostrid-ium spores of≤10colony-forming units100mL−1 (Masciopinto et al.,2007).It has been reported that naturally occurring indicator bacteria and bacterio-phages respond differently to chlorination in drin-king water distribution networks in northeastern Spain (Mendez et al.,2004).Though several chlorinated organic compounds are produced by humans,some are also produced by the biotic and abiotic processes in the environment(My-neni,2002).These carcinogenic and toxic compounds are formed at rapid rates from the transformation of in-organic Cl during humification of plant material,thus playing a critical role in Cl cycling,and from the trans-formation of several major and trace elements in the environment and may influence human health(My-neni,2002).Chlorinated drinking water is one of the chief source of Cl.Disinfection with chlorine is one of the safest way of limiting the number of diseases known to be capable of waterborne transmission,e.g.,cholera, amoebiasis,salmonellosis and hepatitis A(Akin et al., 1982).ChromiumChromium is an essential trace mineral that hu-mans require in trace amounts.In1959,Cr wasfirst identified as an element that enables the hormone in-sulin to function properly(Wong,2012).Since then, Cr has been studied for diabetes and has become a po-pular dietary supplement(Wong,2012).Chromium is essential for maintaining health and has many uses and applications in the human body.For instance,there is a great deal of research that suggests that Cr is beneficial to those with impaired glucose tolerance(Stipanuk and Caudill,2012).Impaired glucose tolerance,which is a precursor to type2diabetes for about25%of those who acquire it,is a state in between the glucose levels of dia-betes and normal glucose levels.A meta-analysis on the relationship between Cr and impaired glucose tolerance found that12of the15studies showed a positive effect (Stipanuk and Caudill,2012).The pooled data from the studies using chromium picolinate(CrPic)supple-mentation for type2diabetes mellitus subjects showed substantial reductions in hyperglycemia and hyperin-sulinemia,which equate to a reduced risk for disease complications(Broadhurst and Domenico,2006).Col-lectively,the data support the safety and therapeutic value of CrPic for the management of cholesterolemia and hyperglycemia in subjects with diabetes(Broad-hurst and Domenico,2006).Tissue Cr levels of subjects with diabetes are lower than those of normal control subjects,and a correla-tion exists between low circulating Cr levels and the incidence of type2diabetes(Hummel and Schnell, 2009).However,supplementation with Cr has been shown to reduce insulin resistance and to help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and type2diabetes (Hummel and Schnell,2009).The effect of Cr treat-ment on glycemic control in a Western population of insulin-dependent patients with type2diabetes using high-dose Cr treatment showed no evidence that it was effective in obese patients with type2diabetes (Kleefstra et al.,2006).There is evidence of hormonal effects of supplemental Cr besides the effect on in-sulin.Chromium supplementation does result in tis-sue retention,especially in the kidneys,although no pathogenic effect has been demonstrated despite con-siderable study(Lamson and Plaza,2002).In two cases,one involving a diabetic patient and the other a non-diabetic patient,Cr administration appeared to decrease insulin requirements.Infusion of chromic chloride appeared to reduce insulin requirements in one diabetic patient and one non-diabetic patient(Phung et al.,2010).Chromium deficiencies result in decreased insulin sensitivity,glucose intolerance and increased risk of diabetes.In a French study,the Cr status decreased with age,suggesting that the elderly may be at a high risk of Cr deficiency(Roussel et al.,2007).Although these subjects had well-balanced diets,their daily Cr intakes did not reach the French recommendations.It is likely that the low Cr intakes were due to the low Cr density of the foods.A negative correlation was found between Cr intakes and insulin,body mass index and leptin(Roussel et al.,2007).Of all the“essential”elements,the role of Cr is un-doubtedly the most controversial.Recently,its status as an essential element,first proposed nearly60year ago,has been challenged;this challenge will probably result in the general consensus on the status changing (Stallings and Vincent,2006).These new researchers were attracted to thefield by the rapidly expanding po-pular attention received by Cr nutritional supplements, which was not being mirrored by scientific advances in understanding how these supplements could work at a。
2020年南京大学《管理原理》第1次作业
答案+我名字首页> 课程作业作业名称管理原理第1次作业作业总分100起止时间2020-4-27至2020-5-27 23:59:00通过分数60标准题总分100题号:1 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 "Executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairman of the board” are positions associated with which of the following levels of management?A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:2 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Typically, in organizations it is the _____________ who are responsible for making organizational decisions and setting policies and strategies that affect all aspects of the organization.A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:3 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2______________ is a process that involves defining the organization's objectives or goals, establishing strategy, and developing a hierarchy of plans.A、ManagingB、InformalC、planningD、LeadingE、MBOF、Planning说明：题号:4 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2The _____________ is the set of ongoing decisions and work activities in which managers engage as they plan, organize, lead, and control.A、management processB、environmental processC、cultural processD、segmentation process说明：题号:5 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Based on the information presented in the text, _____________ are desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations.A、strategiesB、goalsC、plansD、policiesE、procedures说明：题号:6 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Which of the following types of skills is described with terms such as abstract situations and visualization?A、interpersonalB、humanC、technicalD、strategicE、conceptual说明：题号:7 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being directional versus specific, we are categorizing them by ______________.A、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:8 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2According to the text, ______________ can be described as long term, directional, and single use.A、operationalB、long-termC、strategicD、specificE、directional说明：题号:9 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Of the following, which is the best example of a middle manager in a university work environment?A、assistant professorB、Dean of StudentsC、full professorD、presidentE、part-time instructor说明：题号:10 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being strategic versus operational, we are describing them by theirA、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:11 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Which of the following is a factor that constrains high performance in planning organizations?A、qualityB、extentC、implementationD、environmentE、informality说明：题号:12 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following phrases is best associated with managerial conceptual skills?A、decision-makingB、communicating with customersC、motivating subordinatesD、product knowledgeE、technical skills说明：题号:13 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 _____________ was a French industrialist who identified basic management functionsA、WeberB、TaylorC、HerzbergD、FayolE、Koontz说明：题号:14 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 The process of monitoring, comparing, and correcting is called _____________.A、controllingB、coordinatingC、leadingD、organizingE、directing说明：题号:15 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 _____________ distinguishes a managerial position from a nonmanagerial one.A、Manipulating othersB、Concern for the lawC、Increasing efficiencyD、Coordinating and integrating others`workE、Defining market share说明：题号:16 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following is the highest level of management?A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:17 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following is the foundation of planning?A、employeesB、goalsC、outcomesD、computersE、the planning department说明：题号:18 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Work specialization is also known as ______________.A、departmentalizationB、centralizationC、span of controlD、formalizationE、division of labor说明：题号:19 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Effectiveness is synonymous with _____________.A、cost minimizationB、resource controlC、goal attainmentD、efficiencyE、leading说明：题号:20 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Organizing includes _____________.A、defining organizational goalsB、hiring organizational membersC、motivating organizational membersD、monitoring organizational member behaviorE、determining who does what tasks说明：题号:21 题型:判断题本题分数:3One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.1、错2、对说明：题号:22 题型:判断题本题分数:3The primary issue that aroused Taylor to create a more scientific approach to management was worker effectiveness.1、错2、对说明：题号:23 题型:判断题本题分数:3Managers with a polycentric attitude would view every foreign operation as difficult and hard to understand.1、错2、对说明：题号:24 题型:判断题本题分数:3Managers with an ethnocentric attitude would not trust foreign employees with key decisions or technology.1、错2、对说明：题号:25 题型:判断题本题分数:3Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships..1、错2、对说明：题号:26 题型:判断题本题分数:3Based on his scientific management principles, Taylor suggested the incentive pay principle.1、错2、对说明：题号:27 题型:判断题本题分数:3A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs is an opportunity.1、错2、对说明：题号:28 题型:判断题本题分数:3Conceptual skills become less important as a manager moves into top management.1、错2、对说明：题号:29 题型:判断题本题分数:3Closed systems are influenced by and do not interact with their environment1、错2、对说明：题号:30 题型:判断题本题分数:3Max Webber is most associated with the principles of scientific management.1、错2、对说明：题号:31 题型:判断题本题分数:3When managers meet organizational goals, they are efficient and effective.1、错2、对说明：题号:32 题型:判断题本题分数:3The price of a particular computer brand is a possible decision criterion.1、错2、对说明：题号:33 题型:判断题本题分数:3General administrative theory focuses only on managers and administrators.1、错2、对说明：题号:34 题型:判断题本题分数:3“Principles of Scientific Management” was written by Frederick Taylor.1、错2、对说明：题号:35 题型:判断题本题分数:3The general environment refers to everything inside the organization.1、错2、对说明：题号:36 题型:判断题本题分数:3According to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.1、错2、对说明：题号:37 题型:判断题本题分数:3The term suppliers include providers of financial and labor inputs.1、错2、对说明：题号:38 题型:判断题本题分数:3The fourteen principles of management are associated with Fayol.1、错2、对说明：题号:39 题型:判断题本题分数:3Directing and motivating are part of the controlling function.1、错2、对说明：题号:40 题型:判断题本题分数:3Weber’s bureaucracy is a lot like scientific management.1、错2、对首页> 课程作业作业名称管理原理第1次作业作业总分100起止时间2020-4-27至2020-5-27 23:59:00通过分数60标准题总分100题号:1 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 "Executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairman of the board” are positions associated with which of the following levels of management?A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:2 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Typically, in organizations it is the _____________ who are responsible for making organizational decisions and setting policies and strategies that affect all aspects of the organization.A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:3 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2In the strategic management process, the ______________ defines the organizational purpose and answers the question: "What is our reason for being in business?"A、objectiveB、evaluationC、strategyD、missionE、values statement说明：题号:4 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2______________ is a process that involves defining the organization's objectives or goals, establishing strategy, and developing a hierarchy of plans.A、ManagingB、InformalC、planningD、LeadingE、MBOF、Planning说明：题号:5 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2The _____________ is the set of ongoing decisions and work activities in which managers engage as they plan, organize, lead, and control.A、management processB、environmental processC、cultural processD、segmentation process说明：题号:6 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Based on the information presented in the text, _____________ are desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations.A、strategiesB、goalsC、plansD、policiesE、procedures说明：题号:7 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Which of the following types of skills is described with terms such as abstract situations and visualization?A、interpersonalB、humanC、technicalD、strategicE、conceptual说明：题号:8 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being directional versus specific, we are categorizing them by ______________.A、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:9 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being single-use versus standing, we categorize them by ______________.A、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:10 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being strategic versus operational, we are describing them by theirA、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:11 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Which of the following phrases is best associated with managerial conceptual skills?A、decision-makingB、communicating with customersC、motivating subordinatesD、product knowledgeE、technical skills说明：题号:12 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2_____________ was a French industrialist who identified basic management functionsA、WeberB、TaylorC、HerzbergD、FayolE、Koontz说明：题号:13 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following is not a part of the definition of organizational planning?A、defining the organization's goals and objectivesB、evaluating the organizations outcomesC、developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activitiesD、establishing an overall strategy for achieving the organization's goalsE、it is concerned with both ends and means说明：题号:14 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Planning's effect on managers is that it forces them to do which of the following?A、react to changeB、consider the impact of changeC、respond indiscriminatelyD、plan on overlapping different activitiesE、develop bureaucratic response models说明：题号:15 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 The process of monitoring, comparing, and correcting is called _____________.A、controllingB、coordinatingC、leadingD、organizingE、directing说明：题号:16 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 _____________ distinguishes a managerial position from a nonmanagerial one.A、Manipulating othersB、Concern for the lawC、Increasing efficiencyD、Coordinating and integrating others`workE、Defining market share说明：题号:17 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following is the highest level of management?A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:18 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following is the foundation of planning?A、employeesB、goalsC、outcomesD、computersE、the planning department说明：题号:19 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Effectiveness is synonymous with _____________.A、cost minimizationB、resource controlC、goal attainmentD、efficiencyE、leading说明：题号:20 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Organizing includes _____________.A、defining organizational goalsB、hiring organizational membersC、motivating organizational membersD、monitoring organizational member behaviorE、determining who does what tasks说明：题号:21 题型:判断题本题分数:3An organization that has division of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules, and impersonal relationships would be described as a bureaucracy.1、错2、对说明：题号:22 题型:判断题本题分数:3One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.1、错2、对说明：题号:23 题型:判断题本题分数:3Managers with a polycentric attitude would view every foreign operation as difficult and hard to understand.1、错2、对说明：题号:24 题型:判断题本题分数:3Managers with an ethnocentric attitude would not trust foreign employees with key decisions or technology.1、错2、对说明：题号:25 题型:判断题本题分数:3Based on his scientific management principles, Taylor suggested the incentive pay principle.1、错2、对说明：题号:26 题型:判断题本题分数:3Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships..1、错2、对说明：题号:27 题型:判断题本题分数:3Interpersonal skills are described with terms such as abstract situations and visualization.1、错2、对说明：题号:28 题型:判断题本题分数:3Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.1、错2、对说明：题号:29 题型:判断题本题分数:3A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs is an opportunity.1、错2、对说明：题号:30 题型:判断题本题分数:3Conceptual skills become less important as a manager moves into top management.1、错2、对说明：题号:31 题型:判断题本题分数:3Closed systems are influenced by and do not interact with their environment1、错2、对说明：题号:32 题型:判断题本题分数:3Max Webber is most associated with the principles of scientific management.1、错2、对说明：题号:33 题型:判断题本题分数:3General administrative theory focuses only on managers and administrators.1、错2、对说明：题号:34 题型:判断题本题分数:3When managers meet organizational goals, they are efficient and effective.1、错2、对说明：题号:35 题型:判断题本题分数:3The price of a particular computer brand is a possible decision criterion.1、错2、对说明：题号:36 题型:判断题本题分数:3The general environment refers to everything inside the organization.1、错2、对说明：题号:37 题型:判断题本题分数:3According to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.1、错2、对说明：题号:38 题型:判断题本题分数:3The fourteen principles of management are associated with Fayol.1、错2、对说明：题号:39 题型:判断题本题分数:3Directing and motivating are part of the controlling function.1、错2、对说明：题号:40 题型:判断题本题分数:3Weber’s bureaucracy is a lot like scientific management.1、错2、对首页> 课程作业作业名称管理原理第1次作业作业总分100起止时间2020-4-27至2020-5-27 23:59:00通过分数60标准题总分100题号:1 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 "Executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairman of the board” are positions associated with which of the following levels of management?A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:2 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Environmental issues, such as government regulations and labor unions, tend to have what kind of effect on the value of planning on organizational performance?A、They tend to increase organizational value because they serve as screens for bad plansB、There is no real effectC、They have a positive effect on large organizations and a negative effect on small organizationsD、They decrease the organizational value by constraining management's optionsE、They have a positive effect in public institutions and a negative effect in private organizations.说明：题号:3 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2______________ is a process that involves defining the organization's objectives or goals, establishing strategy, and developing a hierarchy of plans.A、ManagingB、InformalC、planningD、LeadingE、MBOF、Planning说明：题号:4 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2The _____________ is the set of ongoing decisions and work activities in which managers engage as they plan, organize, lead, and control.A、management processB、environmental processC、cultural processD、segmentation process说明：题号:5 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Based on the information presented in the text, _____________ are desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations.A、strategiesB、goalsC、plansD、policiesE、procedures说明：题号:6 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Which of the following types of skills is described with terms such as abstract situations and visualization?A、interpersonalB、humanC、technicalD、strategicE、conceptual说明：题号:7 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being directional versus specific, we are categorizing them by ______________.A、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:8 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being single-use versus standing, we categorize them by ______________.A、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:9 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Of the following, which is the best example of a middle manager in a university work environment?A、assistant professorB、Dean of StudentsC、full professorD、presidentE、part-time instructor说明：题号:10 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Which of the following is a factor that constrains high performance in planning organizations?A、qualityB、extentC、implementationD、environmentE、informality说明：题号:11 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Which of the following phrases is best associated with managerial conceptual skills?A、decision-makingB、communicating with customersC、motivating subordinatesD、product knowledgeE、technical skills说明：题号:12 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2_____________ was a French industrialist who identified basic management functionsA、WeberB、TaylorC、HerzbergD、FayolE、Koontz说明：题号:13 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following is not a part of the definition of organizational planning?A、defining the organization's goals and objectivesB、evaluating the organizations outcomesC、developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activitiesD、establishing an overall strategy for achieving the organization's goalsE、it is concerned with both ends and means说明：题号:14 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Planning's effect on managers is that it forces them to do which of the following?A、react to changeB、consider the impact of changeC、respond indiscriminatelyD、plan on overlapping different activitiesE、develop bureaucratic response models说明：题号:15 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2_____________ distinguishes a managerial position from a nonmanagerial one.A、Manipulating othersB、Concern for the lawC、Increasing efficiencyD、Coordinating and integrating others`workE、Defining market share说明：题号:16 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following is the highest level of management?A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:17 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Work specialization is also known as ______________.A、departmentalizationB、centralizationC、span of controlD、formalizationE、division of labor说明：题号:18 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Effectiveness is synonymous with _____________.A、cost minimizationB、resource controlC、goal attainmentD、efficiencyE、leading说明：题号:19 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Supervisor is another name for whom?A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:20 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Organizing includes _____________.A、defining organizational goalsB、hiring organizational membersC、motivating organizational membersD、monitoring organizational member behaviorE、determining who does what tasks说明：题号:21 题型:判断题本题分数:3An organization that has division of labor, clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules, and impersonal relationships would be described as a bureaucracy.1、错2、对说明：题号:22 题型:判断题本题分数:3The primary issue that aroused Taylor to create a more scientific approach to management was worker effectiveness.1、错2、对说明：题号:23 题型:判断题本题分数:3Managers with a polycentric attitude would view every foreign operation as difficult and hard to understand.1、错2、对说明：题号:24 题型:判断题本题分数:3Managers with an ethnocentric attitude would not trust foreign employees with key decisions or technology.1、错2、对说明：题号:25 题型:判断题本题分数:3Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships..1、错2、对说明：题号:26 题型:判断题本题分数:3Interpersonal skills are described with terms such as abstract situations and visualization.1、错2、对说明：题号:27 题型:判断题本题分数:3Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.1、错2、对说明：题号:28 题型:判断题本题分数:3A discrepancy between an existing and a desired state of affairs is an opportunity.1、错2、对说明：题号:29 题型:判断题本题分数:3Conceptual skills become less important as a manager moves into top management.1、错2、对说明：题号:30 题型:判断题本题分数:3According to the text, the goal of efficiency is to minimize resource costs.1、错2、对说明：题号:31 题型:判断题本题分数:3Closed systems are influenced by and do not interact with their environment1、错2、对说明：题号:32 题型:判断题本题分数:3Max Webber is most associated with the principles of scientific management.1、错2、对说明：题号:33 题型:判断题本题分数:3When managers meet organizational goals, they are efficient and effective.1、错2、对说明：题号:34 题型:判断题本题分数:3General administrative theory focuses only on managers and administrators.1、错2、对说明：题号:35 题型:判断题本题分数:3The price of a particular computer brand is a possible decision criterion.1、错2、对说明：题号:36 题型:判断题本题分数:3The general environment refers to everything inside the organization.1、错2、对说明：题号:37 题型:判断题本题分数:3According to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.1、错2、对说明：题号:38 题型:判断题本题分数:3The term suppliers include providers of financial and labor inputs.1、错2、对说明：题号:39 题型:判断题本题分数:3The fourteen principles of management are associated with Fayol.1、错2、对说明：题号:40 题型:判断题本题分数:3Directing and motivating are part of the controlling function.1、错2、对"Executive vice president, president, managing director, chief operating officer, chief executive officer, or chairman of the board” are positions associated with which of the following levels of management?A、team leadersB、middle managersC、first-line managersD、top managersE、subordinates说明：题号:2 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2In the strategic management process, the ______________ defines the organizational purpose and answers the question: "What is our reason for being in business?"A、objectiveB、evaluationC、strategyD、missionE、values statement说明：题号:3 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Environmental issues, such as government regulations and labor unions, tend to have what kind of effect on the value of planning on organizational performance?A、They tend to increase organizational value because they serve as screens for bad plansB、There is no real effectC、They have a positive effect on large organizations and a negative effect on small organizationsD、They decrease the organizational value by constraining management's optionsE、They have a positive effect in public institutions and a negative effect in private organizations.说明：题号:4 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2______________ is a process that involves defining the organization's objectives or goals, establishing strategy, and developing a hierarchy of plans.A、ManagingB、InformalC、planningD、LeadingE、MBOF、Planning说明：题号:5 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2The _____________ is the set of ongoing decisions and work activities in which managers engage as they plan, organize, lead, and control.A、management processB、environmental processC、cultural processD、segmentation process说明：题号:6 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Based on the information presented in the text, _____________ are desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations.A、strategiesB、goalsC、plansD、policiesE、procedures说明：题号:7 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being directional versus specific, we are categorizing them by ______________.A、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:8 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being single-use versus standing, we categorize them by______________.A、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:9 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2Of the following, which is the best example of a middle manager in a university work environment?A、assistant professorB、Dean of StudentsC、full professorD、presidentE、part-time instructor说明：题号:10 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 According to the text, ______________ can be described as long term, directional, and single use.A、operationalB、long-termC、strategicD、specificE、directional说明：题号:11 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2When we categorize plans as being strategic versus operational, we are describing them by theirA、breadthB、specificityC、frequency of useD、depthE、time frame.说明：题号:12 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following is a factor that constrains high performance in planning organizations?A、qualityB、extentC、implementationD、environmentE、informality说明：题号:13 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Which of the following phrases is best associated with managerial conceptual skills?A、decision-makingB、communicating with customersC、motivating subordinatesD、product knowledgeE、technical skills说明：题号:14 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Planning's effect on managers is that it forces them to do which of the following?A、react to changeB、consider the impact of changeC、respond indiscriminatelyD、plan on overlapping different activitiesE、develop bureaucratic response models说明：题号:15 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2_____________ was a French industrialist who identified basic management functionsA、WeberB、TaylorC、HerzbergD、FayolE、Koontz说明：。
IPPF习题集(二)及参考答案
一．单选题1 内部审计师和外部审计师之间的协调往往：BA.由于内部审计师忠于公司所引发的潜在沟通问题而增加风险；B.由于内部审计师对公司和所在行业了解而减少风险；C.由于内外部审计师对内部控制措施之性质和适应性的不同看法而增加风险；D.通过应用内部审计师发展低水平的外部审计测试来减少风险。
2. 当首席审计执行官为年度审计计划进行风险评估，下列哪项最有可能提高潜在审计领域的评估风险？CA.在过去一年中，某关键活动没有受到合规性审计的事实。
B.高级管理层对于审查战略性计划的要求。
C.未预见的应收账款的显著增加未能与销售量的增加合理地勾稽。
D.在工厂倒闭之后现金流大幅、预见到的下降。
3. 在开展初步调查之前，首席审计执行官将备忘录和调查问卷发给即将被审计的部门的监督人员。
该程序最有可能产生何种结果？BA.营造对该审计业务的恐惧气氛。
B.使被审计单位的监督人员参与审计工作。
C.这是一种获得信息的不经济的做法。
D.这种方法只对遥远地点的审计业务有用。
4. 在评价内部审计部门的独立性时，同业审查小组的成员应考虑诸多因素，但以下哪项内容除外？ BA.是否有机会与董事会或审计委员会进行沟通交流，沟通交流的频率如何。
B.在填补审计人员职位空缺时，应聘人员必须拥有的教育背景和工作经验。
C.审计师承担经营职责的程度。
D.被审查审计业务所涉及目标的范围和深度。
B5.以下哪一项属于纠正性控制措施的典型例子？A.按月对银行账户进行对账。
B.例外报告所述问题得到了调查和解决。
C.要求雇员每年接受额外的培训。
D.在授权付款之前将发票与收货报告进行核对。
6. 以下哪项内容并不是针对制造商销售活动的恰当控制措施？ AA.及时记录客户的定单B.已装运货物与有效的客户定单吻合C.由销售部门对退货进行损坏情况检查，然后在将退货放入库存D.要求有赊销部门对赊销交易进行批准7. 根据《专业实务框架》，以下哪项内容所描述的风险管理过程的关键目标同时也是内部审计部门的一项关键职责？ DA.确定机构可接受的风险水平，包括为实现机构战略计划而设计的对风险的接受程度。
countermeasures 介词
CountermeasuresIntroductionCountermeasures refer to the actions or strategies taken to prevent or mitigate potential risks, threats, or negative outcomes. These measures are designed to address specific challenges and ensure the safety, security, and well-being of individuals, organizations, or societies. In this article, we will explore various countermeasures employed in different domains and discuss their effectiveness in addressing the associated risks.Countermeasures in Cybersecurity1. Firewalls•Implementing robust firewalls to control the incoming and outgoing network traffic.•Regularly updating firewall rules to adapt to emerging threats.•Conducting periodic firewall audits to identify vulnerabilities and ensure optimal performance.2. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)•Deploying IDS to detect and respond to unauthorized access attempts or suspicious activities.•Configuring IDS to generate real-time alerts and notifications for immediate action.•Integrating IDS with other security tools to enhance threat intelligence and incident response capabilities.3. Encryption•Utilizing strong encryption algorithms to protect sensitive data during transit and storage.•Implementing end-to-end encryption to safeguard communications from interception.•Regularly updating encryption protocols to address emerging vulnerabilities and maintain data integrity.4. Employee Training and Awareness•Conducting regular cybersecurity training programs to educate employees about potential threats and best practices.•Raising awareness about phishing, social engineering, and other common attack vectors.•Encouraging employees to report suspicious activities promptly and providing channels for anonymous reporting.Countermeasures in Physical Security1. Access Control Systems•Implementing access control systems, such as biometric authentication or keycard-based entry, to restrict unauthorizedaccess.•Regularly reviewing access privileges and revoking unnecessary permissions.•Monitoring access logs and conducting periodic audits to identify potential security breaches.2. Surveillance Systems•Installing CCTV cameras and other surveillance devices to monitor critical areas.•Integrating surveillance systems with analytics tools for real-time threat detection.•Establishing protocols for incident response based on surveillance system alerts.3. Perimeter Protection•Erecting physical barriers, such as fences, walls, or bollards, to secure the perimeter.•Implementing intrusion detection systems to detect unauthorized entry attempts.•Conducting regular inspections and maintenance of perimeter protection infrastructure.4. Emergency Preparedness•Developing and regularly updating emergency response plans for various scenarios.•Conducting drills and simulations to test the effectiveness of emergency protocols.•Collaborating with local authorities and emergency services to ensure a coordinated response.Countermeasures in Public Health1. Vaccination Programs•Implementing comprehensive vaccination programs to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.•Ensuring high vaccination coverage through public awareness campaigns and targeted interventions.•Establishing robust surveillance systems to monitor vaccine effectiveness and adverse events.2. Disease Surveillance and Early Warning Systems•Developing and maintaining surveillance systems to detect disease outbreaks and monitor public health trends.•Establishing early warning systems to enable rapid response to emerging threats.•Collaborating with international organizations and sharing data for global disease surveillance.3. Quarantine and Isolation Measures•Implementing quarantine measures to isolate individuals suspected or confirmed to be infected.•Establishing quarantine facilities with appropriate medical support and resources.•Conducting contact tracing to identify and quarantine individuals who may have been exposed.4. Health Education and Communication•Conducting public health campaigns to educate the public about preventive measures and good hygiene practices.•Providing accurate and timely information to addressmisinformation and rumors.•Engaging with communities and stakeholders to build trust and promote compliance with health guidelines.ConclusionCountermeasures play a crucial role in addressing risks and threats in various domains, including cybersecurity, physical security, and public health. By implementing effective countermeasures, individuals, organizations, and societies can mitigate potential harm and ensure the safety and well-being of their stakeholders. However, it is essential tocontinuously evaluate and update these measures to adapt to evolving risks and emerging challenges.。
提出对策英语作文模板及范文
提出对策英语作文模板及范文英文回答：Countermeasures to Address Challenges。
Introduction。
In the face of unprecedented challenges, it is imperative to devise and implement effective countermeasures to mitigate their adverse effects and steer society towards a more sustainable and resilient future. From global pandemics to climate change, the challenges facing humanity demand a concerted and multi-faceted response.Strategies for Developing Countermeasures。
To develop effective countermeasures, several key strategies can be employed:1. Risk Assessment: Conducting thorough risk assessments is essential to identify potential challenges and their likelihood of occurrence. This involves analyzing vulnerabilities, assessing potential impacts, and evaluating existing capacities.2. Scenario Planning: Developing multiple scenarios allows decision-makers to anticipate different outcomes and prepare for a range of possibilities. By considering various scenarios, countermeasures can be tailored to address specific risks.3. Collaboration and Partnerships: Partnerships between governments, businesses, civil society organizations, and academia can enhance the effectiveness of countermeasures. Sharing knowledge, resources, and expertise can lead to more robust and innovative solutions.4. Flexibility and Adaptability: Countermeasures must be flexible and adaptable to accommodate changing circumstances. Regular monitoring and evaluation arecrucial to identify areas for improvement and adjuststrategies as needed.Examples of Countermeasures。
审前调查名词解释
审前调查名词解释下载温馨提示：该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by the editor. I hope that after you download them, they can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!审前调查是指在进行某项活动或决策前，对相关信息进行收集、分析和评估的过程。
澳新考题【CAE考题】
1、单选题公估师主要由谁聘请？被保险人经纪人保险人律师2、单选题您被要求对某一索赔进行核实。
在审查索赔材料时，您发现述大相径庭。
这可能意味着什么？客户可能对导致损失的意外事件做出了虚假陈述应该拒赔客户可能住在犯罪率较高的地区应该拒赔，因为客户明显对索赔事实做出了虚假陈述3、单选题3 位证人就该意外事件所提供的资料与索赔申请书中的描哪一份保单最适合有昂贵的蓄水箱、洗澡间、淋浴间和地下室的客户？上述保单都不适合保单 1保单 3保单 24、单选题“风险管理”的最佳定义是：保险需求识别的过程职业健康与安全规范危险识别的过程监控和管理某个组织中存在风险的过程5、单选题李女士拥有多幅珍贵画作。
她的保单为未指定作品规定了元，但未指定其它画作的价值，她的保单规定有每幅画作5000 澳元5000 澳元的单次限额。
李女士为一幅画确定为价值1500 澳1000 澳元限额。
所有画作均失窃。
李女士最多可获多少赔偿？1500 澳元6500 澳元1000 澳元6、单选题下列哪一项对目标营销的描述最确切？注重向具有共同特点的人群进行渠道销售识别为组织提供最大利润的客户选择特定地区进行集中营销针对特定市场选择产品、产品组合或服务7、单选题卓越保险公司正在考虑利用电话服务中心来处理新业务和索赔。
下列哪一项对这种方式的优点描述得最确切？电话服务中心消除了对分支办事处的需要。
电话服务中心是一种快速搜集资料的手段。
所有新业务和索赔都可以通过这种方式轻松处理。
安全事宜不是一个很重要的问题。
8、单选题你接到了一份警方出具的入室盗窃报告。
客户把该报告作为新近一次索赔的证据提供给你。
在审查警方报告时，你发现对被盗物品的描述使用了两种明显不同的笔迹和措辞风格。
这可能意味着什么？可能提出了欺诈性索赔应该拒赔确定保费水平分析损失统计资料制定核保指引确定不同的业务组合10、单选题不属于物质损害保险但对物质损害保险起补充作用的保险是：营业中断电脑火灾与扩展危险机器损坏11、单选题确定新保险产品的价格很难吗？不，因为新保险产品很少出现承保亏损是的，因为缺乏历史数据，无法对索赔进行预测是的，因为财经记者决定着新保险产品的价不，新保险产品的定价不难12、单选题签订再保险契约合同的双方当事人是：被保险人和保险人保险人和再保险人保险人和监管部门被保险人和再保险人13、单选题下列哪一种损失最有可能对保险组织的再保险人产生影响？核赔不善引致的损失承保损失管理失误引致的损失定价错误引致的损失14、单选题在保单之中，定值保单是这样的保单：保险金额必须在损失时予以确定保单中载明的保险金额对被保险人和保险人均具有约束力赔偿数额在两位保险人之间确定赔偿总额与赔偿净额相同15、单选题某位客户做出了下列陈述：“我想投保收入保障险，直至我65 岁为止。
CIA考试第二科b-冲刺题
CIA 考试第二科 b- 冲刺题以下哪项内容能为某应用研究部门的工作收效供给最有力的审计凭据？A. 针对过去 5 年中开发B. 编写报告，反应新开发的产品睁开单位产品成产品直接产生的收入或本剖析；直接带来的成本节俭；3C.对该公司及其在同行D. 将今年开发的新产品业的所有主要竞争敌手数目与过去 5 年开发的进行研究成本占收入之新产品数目进行比较。
百分比的比较研究；工作稿本有关在任何时候都包含：A. 编制日期和编制人姓B. 审计师面谈过的所有名的首字母；人的姓名和职务；4C. 审计测试过程中注意D. 对所用抽样方法正当到的例外状况；合理性的证明。
某审计主管将工作稿本退还给某审计师，要求后者将审计测试顶用过的记号包含在民众稿本中。
这说明审计主管经过审察发现该审计师的工作5稿本在哪个方面存在失误？A. 有效性；B. 效率；C. 判断；D. 完好性。
以下哪项内容是对于财产评估工作未能获取适合睁开的警示信号？B. 存货采买天数的异样A. 毛收益率的异样提升；6减少；C. 来自经营活动的现金D. 为比率不停增添的坏流入再三发生；账供给了准备。
某公司的设备保护合同规定，该公司将按保护所用时间和原料向承包商支付保护费。
要确立承包7商依据保护所用时间收取的花费金额能否正确，一定应用以下哪项数据根源？Ⅰ、承包商雇员准备的时间卡；Ⅱ、记录该公司向承包商付款状况的对付账款记录；Ⅲ、归入保护合同的保护费率表格；Ⅳ、承包商的薪资记录。
A. 只有Ⅰ和Ⅲ是对的；B. 只有Ⅱ和Ⅳ是对的；C. 只有Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ是对D. 只有Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ是对的；的。
以下哪项内容经过由审计师开发的测试程序对本质交易数据进行办理？8 A. 通用审计软件； B. 追踪；C. 并行模拟；D. 映照。
对于公司隐私权的陈说应波及以下哪些内容？Ⅰ.对已采集信息的使企图图Ⅱ. 数据储藏和安全性9Ⅲ.网络 / 基础设备的签证控制Ⅳ. 公司的数据保存政策Ⅴ. 获取受权能够接见信息的各有关方面A. 只有Ⅰ和Ⅱ是对的B. 只有Ⅰ和Ⅳ是对的D. 只有Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ和Ⅴ是C.只有Ⅰ，Ⅱ和Ⅴ是对的对的审计确认，公司的一个要点客户 / 服务器系统设置中存在一些单薄环节。