中南大学研究生《学术交流英语》Unit4 课后习题
研究生学术英语答案Unit 4
Section A
Forrest Jenny
Part 1 Lead-in
Forrest’s mom
foolish courageous energetic
Bubba Lieutenant Dan
energetic
courage ous sweet
sweet slovenly stupid
diligent
sympath etic
affectionate diligent sympathetic affectionate
intelligent irritated loving evil disrespectful cruel loving irritated
healthy
healthy brutal efficient
1. Which are the first lines of the film? A) Hello. I’m Forrest, Forrest Gump let me tell you my story. B) Hello. I’m Forrest Gump and this is Jenny, my Jenny. C) Hello. My name’s Forrest, Forrest Gump. You want a √ chocolate. D) Hello. Forrest Gump is my name and glad to meet you.
Bubba Lieutenant Dan
determin ed caring loyal
faithful
insolent
true
convincing
Section A
Forrest Jenny
研究生学术英语课后习题答案
Unit 1英译汉：15Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。
通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。
In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline sho uld consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。
学术英语课后答案 unit4
Unit 4 Writing a Literature ReviewI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit, you will learn how to:1.write a self-contained literature review2.write a literature review as a part of an essay3.cite sources by correct quotation and paragraphs4.give the appropriate documentation to the source you use5.avoid different kinds of plagiarism6.identify common knowledge7.acquire paraphrasing skills8.enhance language skills related with reading and listening material presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures1 Writing a literature reviewTask 11 The four articles were published right after the Fukushima disaster in Japan and all addressed the topic of potential risks of nuclear radiation.2 Radiation is not so terrible as expected and human beings are exposed to different sources of radiation every day. Whether it will endanger human health or not depends on the duration and strength of radiation exposure.3 Amber Cornelio holds a different attitude from the other three authors. He believes that radiation exposure will certainly raise the risk of getting cancer and government officials downplay its potential danger to justify its use of nuclear power.4 Answers may vary.5 It seems that Text 11, 12, 14 provide more scientific facts about nuclear radiation than Text 13 which is more emotionally charged by using many rhetorical questions and phrases like “I am simply floored”, “let officials be oblivious”, “not to be outdone”, “Do not tell us about that”. Hence it appears less reliable and trustworthy.Task 2Compared with uranium which the production of conventional nuclear power needs, there is more lithium in the sea water which can support 30 million years’ fusion fuel.Task 31 Review the previous related studies2 State the previous s tudies’ limitation3 Announce the direction for further studies2 Writing a self-contained literature reviewTask 11 Stigmatization, a kind of social rejection, is big challenge to the mentally ill. They are rejected by people because of the label they carry or that their behaviors indicate that they belong to a certain labeled group.2 To report the past studies of the topic. Studies have proved that stigmatization of the mentally ill is caused by the public’s belief in myths about the dangerousnes s of the mentally ill and exposing those myths can reduce stigmatization.3 Three articles.4 Pescosolido & Tuch (2000) thought that a common respond to the mentally ill are rejection and fear of violence. Another article concluded that rejection and fear are caused by less contact with mentally ill. Alexander and Link (2003) found that any type of contact with mentally ill individuals reduced perceptions of dangerousness of the target.5 1) What are major causes for the rejection and fear, and can they be reduced?2) This finding is verified by Alexander and Link (2003).Task 2Text 11Title: Risks of Nuclear PowerAuthor(s): Bernard L. CohenSource: .Summary: Radiation from nuclear power is feared to have the potential of causing a cancer or some genetic diseases. This fear, however, is dismissed by Cohen after he compares artificial radiation and the radiation that occurs naturally in our environment, analyzing their respective impact on human health. Cohen separately discusses the different sources of nuclear power risks and arrives at the following conclusions: 1) the probability of real reactor accidents, with the safety system of defense in depth, are extremely small; 2) radioactive waste, if properly handled, causes negligible damage; 3) other radiation problems, such as accidents in transportation or radon exposures in mining, are also not so threatening as they seem to be. In summary he believes that radiation due to nuclear power will cause much fewer cancers and deaths than coal burning. (130 words)Text 12Title: How Radiation Threatens HealthAuthor(s): Nina BaiSource: Scientific AmericanSummary: Nina Bai addresses the widespread concerns over the health effects of radiation exposure in the wake of Fukushima nuclear crisis. She discusses three determinative factors: thelevel, type and duration of radiation exposure. First, radiation sickness usually occurs when there is excessive dose of exposure, though the limits of radiation level differ for the general public, radiation workers, and patients going through medical radiation. Second, of the four types of ionizing radiation, gamma, X-ray, alpha, and beta, the latter two, albeit being lower energy, are more likely to cause health damage. Third, a very high single dose of radiation can be more harmful than the same dosage accumulated over time. Finally, Bai draws on the lesson of Chernobyl, and concludes radiation exposure within reasonable limit is not so fearful and it is good to exercise caution. (136 words)Text 13Title: Should Nuclear Radiation Found in Domestic Milk Come as a Surprise?Author(s): Amber CornelioSource: http://www. Summary: Amber Cornelio (2011) maintains that radiation from Japan’s Fukushima disaster h as threatened the daily life of ordinary Americans. He challenges the government’s view that radioactive materials detected in domestic milk, vegetables and rainwater will pose no public health concern. He suspects that the government is downplaying the potential dangers of radiation to justify its use of nuclear power. He believes the government has failed to do the job of protecting people. In the end, he urges the government to be more responsible and stop building power plants on a faulty line. He warns that covering up the facts is not the key to avoid similar disasters in the future. (108 words) 66Text 14Title:Radiation and Health: The Aftershocks of Japan’s Nuclear DisasterAuthor(s): Susan BlumenthalSource: http://www. Summary: Susan Blumenthal (2011) aims to inform people of nuclear radiation with scientific facts. She starts the essay with a reference to the worldwide spread of fear in the wake of Fukushima disaster and then explains what radiation is. The explanation is followed by a report of different types of radioactive materials released into the air. She goes on to tell that an exposure to those materials will increase the risks of some major diseases. However, she concedes radiation is not so menacing as was assumed and humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day. Whether radiation is harmful to health or not depends on two contexts: the duration and strength of the exposure. She warns that exposure to high doses of radiation can lead to acute health problems. Long-term low dose exposure to radiation is equally fatal. (137words)Task 3The release of substantial amounts of radiation into the atmosphere from Fukushima nuclear plant has triggered widespread concerns over the use of nuclear power and the health effects of radiation exposure. Since the Chernobyl disaster, especially the Fukushima nuclear crisis, many scientists and scholars have attempted to estimate the effect of nuclear radiation on human health. Cohen (2011) believes the fear that nuclear radiation will cause a cancer or other genetic diseases is unnecessary. He made a detailed analysis of the effects of accidents in nuclear power plants,accidents in transporting radioactive materials and escape of radioactive wastes from confinement systems on human health by comparing the effects of coal burning. Cohen arrived at the following conclusions: nuclear radiation, if properly handled, causes negligible damage and much fewer deaths than coal burning. Cohen’s idea is shared by Bai (2011). Bai discussed three determinative factors: the level, type and duration of radiation exposure. She found that radiation sickness usually occurs only when there is excessive dose of exposure. Second, of the four types of ionizing radiation, gamma, X-ray, alpha, and beta, the latter two are more likely to cause health damage. Third, a very high single dose of radiation can be more harmful than the same dosage accumulated over time. Bai concluded that radiation exposure within reasonable limit is not so fearful and it is good to exercise caution. Blumenthal (2011) did similar research. She examined different types of radioactive materials released into the air. She found that an exposure to those materials would increase the risks of some major diseases. However, the radiation is not somenacing as was assumed as humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day. She believes that whether radiation is harmful to health or not depends on two contexts: the duration and strength of the exposure. Only exposure to high doses of radiation or long-term low dose exposure could lead to acute health problems.Contrary to the three scholars, however, Cornelio (2011) maintained that radiation from Japan’s Fukushima disaster threatened the daily life o f ordinary Americans. He challenges the government’s view that radioactive materials detected in domestic milk, vegetables and rainwater will pose no public health concern. He suspects that the government is downplaying the potential dangers of radiation to justify its use of nuclear power. Hence he urges the government to be more responsible and stop building power plants on a faulty line.3 Writing a literature review as a part of an essayTask 11 Content-based instruction (CBI) is an alternative approach to teaching English. In such an approach, language teaching is integrated within discipline-specific content courses. The major goal is to equip students with academic literacy skills across the curriculum. CBI has gained wide acceptance in U.S. undergraduate institutions.2 Numerous research studies demonstrate consistently that content-based second language teaching promotes both language acquisition and academic success.3 More than 10 articles.4 The literature on CBI has focused mainly on its most immediate effects, i.e., the outcomes of one or two semesters in which content-based instruction was provided. Studies on the sustained or long-term benefits of content-based language instruction are scarce.5 The writer plans to study how will C BI impact students’ future performance both in terms of academic courses and English proficiency.Task 2Nuclear Radiation and Its Long-Term Health EffectThere is a constant controversy as to the application of nuclear power and risks from nuclear radiation ever since the Chernobyl disaster. Especially the release of substantial amounts ofradiation into the atmosphere from Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2010 has triggered the widespread fear and concerns over risks of radiation leaks, radiation exposure, and their impact on people’s health. The commonsensical and intuitive response of the public is that nuclear radiation is most likely to cause a cancer or genetic diseases. Many researchers, however, assured the public that there is no substantial danger as assumed, and nuclear power is not as fearful or menacing as it seems to be. Cohen (2011), Blumenthal (2011) and Bai (2011), for example, cited numerical evidence and resorted to scientific facts to illustrate that a certain level of nuclear radiation risks won’t pose real danger if handled properly with the current technology available or by following the prescribed rules. They do admit the possibility of radiation initiating certain kinds of diseases, though. Only exposure to high doses of radiation or long-term low dose exposure could lead to acute health problems (Bai 2011). Nevertheless, not everyone agrees. Cornelio (2011), on the other hand, holds that nuclear radiation is most likely to threaten people’s health by contaminating milk, vegetables, and rainwater.The literature on the relationship between radiation and health largely focused on the manageability of nuclear risks and played down the damage that nuclear radiation is likely to cause. The researches generally took a detour as to whether there is any solid evidence to bear out the long-term health impact of nuclear radiation. There needs to be more well-grounded studies on the correlation between radiation and health, and on the possible long-term health effects in order to address the concerns of the general public. Besides, we also need to answer questions like “Why is there a disparity between the commonsensical feeling of the public and the explication offered by experts concerning nuclear radiation and health?”, “Are scientists biased and use the facts and statistics to their favor?” and “Is there a long-term negative health impact if one takes moderate doses of nuclear contaminated food over a long period?”Task 3Answers may vary.Task 4Answers may vary.4 CitationTask 1Order Name and date Quotation Paraphrase1 Newell and Simon (1972)√2 Feigenbaum and Feldman (1963) √3 Polya (1945)√4 Minsky (1968)√Task 2Technology plays an ever important role in the making discoveries. Throughout scientific history, many discoveries have been made because of the application of more sophisticated devises and equipment. For example, Galileo’s great discovery was attributed to the improv ementof machinery for making telescopes. And thanks to the Deep See Explorer II, life forms are now known to exist in the deeper parts of the Pacific Ocean despite the great pressure, a fact which defies the previous opinion that there was no life at the extreme depth. (Jones, 2001:125)Task 3Human activities are chiefly responsible for climate change. Despite the dispute as to whether global warming is caused by human activities (McGuire, 2001), carbon dioxide has been proved the major factor for climate change. Carbon dioxide will form a thick gas layer as it is constantly building up in the atmosphere. The gas layer is the killer of the ozone layer—the layer which protects the Earth from harmful radiation, thus causing global warming. It is documented that carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted in a number of ways, among which the burning of fossil fuel can obviously release a great amount of CO2 into the atmosphere (Dalleva, 2007). Another way is deforestation, such as the conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. According to Border (2011) 15 to 20% of total carbon dioxide emissions is attributed to land use changes.5 Documentation6 Avoiding plagiarismTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 The sun rises in the east. (CK)2 Paris is the capital of France. (CK)3 Fudan is one of the best universities in China. (not CK)4 Shanghai students speak better English than Sichuan Students because of less accent. (not CK)5 Chinese college students are mostly scientific illiterate. (not CK)6 There are 1.3 billion residents in China in 2011. (CK)7 One can never judge a person by his appearance. (CK)Task 31: a) lacks both the inside acknowledgement and the reference.2: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.3: a) fails to use the quotation mark when it uses the exact words of the original.4: a) lacks both the inside acknowledgement and the reference.5: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.6: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.7: a) doesn’t use the quotation mark when it uses the exact words of the original.8: a) lacks the inside acknowledgement.7 ParaphrasingTask 11: a)2: b)Task 23 Instructivists hold that the “real world”, external to individuals, can be represented as knowledge and determines what will be understood by individuals. This view has been shifting to a constructivist view over the past decade (Merriënboer, 1997).4 Two components must be present in an instructional design theory. The first component (methods) describes how human learning will be supported, and the second component (situation) describes when certain methods ought to be used (Reigeluth, 1999).5 According to Heimlich (1992), man has always had an interest in the environment both as a source of raw materials and as a refuge for the human spirit. Nowadays, the two main e nvironmental interests are based on the concept of “a better quality of life”, as well as the need to replenish the sources of raw materials. In comparison with the pre-1960s, much greater interest in the environment is currently being expressed.6 According to Gredler (2001), the same factors apply to developing complex skills in a classroom setting as to developing complex skills in any setting. A response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn gradually so that the new behaviors can be transferred and maintained.Task 31. Use a synonym of a word or phrase1) They can intrude deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby cause a cancer.2) If radioactive material is absorbed into the body, however, it is actually the lower energy alpha and beta radiation that becomes the more dangerous.3) I am simply shocked that officials are understating nuclear radiation levels in the United States as a result of the Fukushima disaster!4) Let officials be forgetful, the rest of us saw it approaching.5) On March 11, 2011, a dimension 9.0 earthquake attacked Japan, causing a destructive tsunami that tore through the coastal regions and leveled the villages in its path.2. Change the order of information1) How the spent fuel is dealt with determines the effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants.2) It is difficult to measure the effects of long-term, low-dose radiation.3) One indication of the terrible situation in Japan is that no sensible man wants to visit there again for the next 80 to 100 years.4) Understandably, panic among masses is what the authorities try to avoid.5) Burns or other symptoms of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) vary from person to persondepending on the strength of radiation and the level of exposure.3. Change from the active to the passive or vice versa1) Our cancer risk should be eventually increased by 0.002% (one part in 50,000), thus our life expectancy reduced by less than one hour due to the radiation brought by nuclear technology. 2) 180,000 people have been evacuated by the Japanese government from within a 20 kilometer radius of the Fukushima Daiichi complex.3) Farmers in Japan were asked to keep cows and cattle in barns by Government officials as radioactive contamination of milk spread from Fukushima prefecture, north of Tokyo.4) A sheet of paper can often block Alpha and beta particle radiation as it is lower energy.5) A broad range of acute health problems will arise only among the individuals who are exposed to high doses of radiation such as reactor worker.4. Change the positive into the negative and vice versa1) Since our body cells fail to distinguish between natural radiation and radiation from the nuclear industry.2) No number of noticeable deaths from coal burning was larger than in an air pollution incident where there were 3,500 extra deaths in one week.3) Should any increase in radiation due to a nuclear disaster instead of naturally occurring, be of concern?4) The dairy industry will not stop working closely with federal and state government agencies to ensure that we maintain a safe milk supply.5) Almost no one will experience a broad range of acute health problems due to their exposure to high doses of radiation except for the individuals close to the source of radiation such as reactor workers.5. Change personal nouns into impersonal nouns and vice versa1) The attack of sex cells can cause genetic diseases in progeny.2) Unawareness of the danger led parents to serve contaminated milk to their children.3) Our perplexity results from the increases in diseases, obesity and erratic behavior among our malnutritioned populace.4) Then again, officials tend to downplay everything, so that panic doesn’t occur among the masses.5) A person who is exposed to low dose but long-term radiation will develop chronic health condition including cancer.6. Change complex sentences into simple sentences and vice versa1) There is little likelihood, if any, for the failure of each system in this series of back-ups exists.2) We should not be worried at all.3) The increase in cancer risk is too small to determine unless many exposed subjects are studies.4) Any exposure will lead to certain damage and safety problem.5) Despite a lot of news distraction, we still notice the dire current situation.8 Enhancing your academic languageReading: Text 111 Match the words with their definitions.1 i2 f3 g4 c5 h6 a7 b8 e9 d 10 j2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 breach2 shallow3 implement4 survivor(s)5 hypothetical6 initiate7 potential8 despite9 neutralize 10 contact 11 transport 12 volume 13 penetrate 14 confirm 15 strategy 16 estimate 17 noticeable 18 generation 19 avert 20 medical 21 disperse 22 integrity 23 compensate3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.is associated with nuclear energy（和原子能有联系）depends somewhat on（某种程度上取决于）take care of（来对付）radiation leakage takes place（辐射泄漏发生）arises from long-time exposure of radiation（由于长时间暴露在辐射下）4 Translate the following sentences from Text 11 into Chinese.1 辐射自然存在于我们的环境当中，一般人每秒钟都遭受着自然中15000个粒子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X 光检查则带有1000亿个粒子的辐射。
学术英语第四单元练习答案
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The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating keys words such as narrative, nature.
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2. So long as we continue to travel in two directions at once, promoting environmental goals on the one hand while on the other directly contradicting that with measures to achieve more economic growth, the longer we will fail to make real progress. (Para.7)
Unit 4 Language Building-up
Answer keys
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Critical reading and thinking
Overview
We are still very far from reconciling the demands of people with what our planet can sustainable provide.
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Task 3 Formal English
1. unchangeable; increasing 2. control 3. effort; charitable 4. pleasant detail 5. complicated 6. change 7. Changing 8. important
国际学术交流英语U4T4
• read/listen to samples of lab tour guide speech to familiarize yourselves with the format. • summarize the commonly-used sentence patterns in lab tour guide speech. . • learn to make a lab tour guide speech. according to the information given.
Sample 3
• 1. theme • “The Rainbow” is about a changing society, and it is this theme which makes the film relevant. • 2. fund • Both schools and industry will be involved in funding the new training projects.
Task 4: Understanding and producing a lab tour guide speech. Warm-up Questions
• Have you ever made a lab tour guide speech? • What items should be covered in a lab tour guide speech?
Language Points
Sample 1
• 1. designate • The whole area has been designated as a redevelopment zone.
学术英语(社科)_Uint4含答案分析解析
Unit 4
The Study of Society and People
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis How do the authors develop the text?
2 Explain what is sociology, including definition, scope, nature& objectives, content, and functions.
Unit 4
The Study of Society and People
Unit Contents
Lead-in Text A Text B Listening Speaking Writing
Unit 4
The Study of Society and People
Lead-in
Task Listen to a talk twice and complete the following notes.
Content: Sociology studies human life and social and historical influences on it.
Sociology shows the need to take a much broader view of why we are as we are, and why we act as we do.
Unit 4
The Study of Society and People
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
新核心综合学术英语教程 4 unit 4 参考答案
V. Keys to the ExercisesFocusing on ReadingTask 1Task 21) First, to understand the effect of GM crops on us and animals; second, to provide investigation intothe influence of GM crops on mammals, especially on their reproductive function.2) Because it is known that raw soybean contains a number of anti-nutrients and female hormone-likesubstances, a positive control group was created to guarantee the validity of the study.3) The major findings are: first, the mortality rate of the pups from the GM soya group was muchhigher and this high rate continued; second, the weights of the surviving rat pups were lower.4) Table 4 shows the weight distribution of the pups which reveals a much lower weight of the pupsfrom the GM soya group.5) Firstly, the transformation and the insertion of the foreign genes into the sexual/stem cells, or/andinto cells of the fetus. Secondly, the accumulation of Roundup residues in GM soya residues couldproduce negative effects of GM.Task 31) j 2) i 3) g 4) b 5) e 6) f7) c 8) s 9) d 10) q 11) w 12) x13) u 14) o 15) t 16) v 17) a 18) r19) h 20) n 21) m 22) p 23) k 24) l Task 4The most formal ones are: novel, stunt, impede, curb, hamper, allocate, dispense, persist, accumulate,presume, postulate, surmise, detrimental, pernicious, jeopardy, menace, perilTask 51) Therefore, we decided to carry out a study to see how the most commonly used GM crop affectedthe birth rate, death rate and weight gain of rat pups whose mothers were fed diets added withRoundup-Ready soya, a kind of GM food.2) This fact showed that the pups from the GM group were the same age as others, but changesappeared with the development of internal organs. A slight bad effect was found in the group withthe traditional soya, but this effect was not very important.3) The more surprising thing was that the pups were smaller, about half the size, so more milk shouldhave been given to the individual pups. They should have a better chance to grow best, unless theamount, and/or the quality of the milk, were not affected by eating the GM soya flour.Task 6Summary: GMO, with foreign genes from other species, displays certain novel characteristics andundergoes criticisms from scientists worldwide.Task 7Four major sources of the hazards of GMO have been discussed by scientists worldwide and thesehazards have been proved in many investigations. This study intends to f ind the effect of the mostcommonly used GM crop on the birth rate, mortality and weight gain of rat pups. Two weeks before their mating, three groups of rats which were sexually mature received respectively standard laboratory feed, feed supplemented with traditional soya and feed supplementedwith GM soya.It has been found that the GM soya group has a much higher rate of pup mortality than the other twogroups, and the pups continue to die over the period of lactation. This group also has lower weights.Task 8(omitted)Task 9(omitted)Task 10(omitted)Research Paper WritingTask 11) The methods section of Text 4 contains two parts: participants and procedure. The participant parttells the reader the participants (Wistar rats) and the number of rats used. The procedure part givesthe reader a summary of each step in the execution of the research.2) The writer divided the rats into three groups: the experimental group, the control group and thepositive control group. The division was intended to see how the GM crops inf luence the birth rate,mortality and weight gain of rat pups.3) Each step was made clear to prove the validity and reliability of the results and conclusion. Task 21) Y 2) Y 3) N 4) Y1) Y 2) Y 3) N 4) Y1) Y 2) Y 3) Y 4) Y1) Y 2) Y 3) Y 4) YTask 31) Y 2) Y 3) N1) Y 2) Y 3) Y1) Y 2) Y 3) Y1) Y 2) N 3) N1) Y 2) Y 3) YTask 41) Y 2) Y 3) Y 4) Y1) Y 2) N 3) Y 4) YTask 5Similarities: both the two sections give the total number of participants and how the participants werechosen; both stated the equipments or tools used in the experiment; both described the design of theexperiment.Differences: the first section described some demographic characteristics (age and sex) while thesecond did not; the first clarified how the participants were randomly assigned to different groupswhile the second section did not; the second section described how the questionnaire was designed andadministered while the first did not.Task 6—Data for the study were collected ...—The present study is based on research conducted by...—The level of ... was analyzed by the one-way ANOV A, ...—... was checked by the Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square in StatSoft Statistica v6.0 Multilingua(Russia)—This design was used to control ...—The questionnaire was designed cooperatively by ...—Prior to the actual survey the questionnaire was pilot-tested on ...—The questionnaire designed for anonymous response was ...—Participants were randomly assigned to ...—The test was designed to evaluate the difference between ... and ...—..., the responders were asked to mark ...—This procedure was followed in order to prevent the ...Task 7(omitted)Task 81) Similarities: both the two results sections are concise and well-organized, and they both include theimportant findings and use the past tense to present them.Differences: the results section of Text 4 uses tables and figures to present the data, which is clearerto the reader.2) The results section of Text 4 presented its data and results more clearly and readably.3) It uses tables to present the results in a logical way, and to make the data clearer and more readable.4) The titles help the reader to understand the statistics more easily, and without them, it will bedifficult to understand.5) M stands for mean, and it shows the reader which group scored higher and which scored lower inthe experiment.SD stands for standard deviation, which is presented to fortify comparison of means, showing thedifferent results from overall performance of the group.F was coined by George W. Snedecor, in honor of Sir Ronald A. Fisher, an English statistician knownfor his important contributions to statistics, including the analysis of variance. P stands for probability.They should be reported to show whether the difference in the means was statisticallysignificant.Task 9Past tense is used in the results section because the results were collected from the data in theexperiment.Task 10Similarity 1: Both sections use tables to report the data clearly and insert titles on the top of the tables.Similarity 2: Both sections use the past tense to present the data.Similarity 3: Both sections are concise and well-organized.Similarity 4: Paragraphs in both sections begin with an opening sentence telling the reader the aim ofthe experiments.Task 11Title: The number of different types of words recalled in different background music conditionsTask 12Table 1 The effects of time limit and television exposure on reading comprehensionTask 13—From the data it is evident that 36% of ...—The study of ... showed that ...—This fact indicated that ...—A slight negative effect was found in the group which ...—A very high rate of ... was observed in the group of ...—The subjectively estimated prevalence ... was somewhat greater for ... than for ... —Three manipulation-check questions indicated that ...—This survey of ... found that ...—A possible explanation for this finding may be ...—A one-way analysis of variance showed no significant effect of ...—Another one-way ANOVA indicated a significant effect of ...—... with no significant difference between the latter two groups.—No significant effect was found for ...—Unexpectedly, ... had no significant effect on ...—Unexpectedly, ... did not significantly affect ...Task 14shows; were; was; was; stopped; was; suggests; isTask 15(omitted)Academic Survival SkillsTask 1An academic essay is considered formal professional communication, with its primary goals asaccuracy, clarity and completeness. To achieve this style, formal language and clear organization shouldbe adopted. The language used in the article bears the following characteristics:1) Use formal words rather than verb phrases;2) Use long and complex sentences with clauses, nominal phrases;3) Avoid using f irst person or second person pronouns to achieve objectivity;4) Avoid using contractions.Task 21) Failure to protect the environment will cause children to suffer the most.2) These problems need to be addressed.3) However, endangered animals are available in many restaurants.4) Participating in social activities as volunteers can be of great significance to children.Task 3By comparing the above pairs of sentences, we can f ind the functions of nominalization. First, nominalization avoids the use of modal verbs (can, may, etc.), giving more logic to the statement;second, nominalization depersonalizes the statement by avoiding using first and second-personpronouns (I, you, we, etc.), making the writing impersonal and objective and increasing thecredibility; third, nominalization makes the sentence concise and succinct, thus easier for the readerto understand.Task 41) The model provides an explanation for the figure fluctuation in this period.2) But those skills can f ind their application in the exploration of the universe.3) The accidental release of radiation caused damage to a wide area for a long time.4) To obtain most readers’ acceptability and more profitability, the novel follows the most commonlyaccepted notions of morality and justice.5) The richness of the soil in this area contributes to the quick growth of the crops.6) The information explosion and the increasing obsolescence of knowledge are forcing upon highereducation a new set of demands.7) The times give signs on the necessity of modification in the legal system.8) The careful supervision of the crops is necessary for their survival at harvest time.9) Yet all of history has taught us that the denial of these ultimates and the placement of man at thecore of the universe will lead to mass selfishness.10) The knowledge of its sources and symptoms provides rational analysis of many things. Task 51) How we view the world is a reflection of how we view ourselves, and this gives us insight into ourinner thought patterns.2) That does not eliminate the need for us to continue to develop other clean energy sources like solar,wind, biomass, etc.3) Some analysts worried that the tax on the wealthy would discourage jobs creation and hampereconomic growth.4) This meeting highlights the importance of setting targets for progress.5) Too much criticism undermines the children’s co nfidence.Task 61) The opportunities offered by urbanization must be taken full advantage of.2) However, little control is exercised over online articles and speeches.3) The main effects of poverty can be illustrated by looking at those on the lowest incomes in richcities.4) Obviously, people were given jobs according to whether they were male or female.5) Although there are potential benefits of such techniques, the potential environmental and medicalconsequences of GMOs are seriously concerned about.6) A fairly consistent picture of its short-term effects on users in many publications are presented.7) Not much has been learned about the acute physiological effects of cannabis.8) People’s concerns can be understood if we look at the current anti-discrimination laws.9) The distinction between government policy and economic reality is made clear in the essay.10) Social conditions as well as the economic situation should be taken into account. Task 7I would prefer to use the ones in the left column.Task 81) Systems analysts can assist managers in many different ways.2) This program was established to improve access to medical care.3) Medical research expenditure has increased to nearly $350 million.4) Researchers have discovered that this drug has serious side effects.5) Exercise also will not eliminate medical problems related to blood pressure.6) Researchers have been investigating this problem for 15 years now.7) This issue was raised during the coroner’s inquest.8) He observed that the increase in life expectancy has led to some economic problems.9) Children under the age of 15 constitute nearly half of the country’s population.10) The study will conduct a series of experiments to test our hypothesis.Task 91) The study lacks solid evidence and therefore its conclusions are doubtful.2) The scientists are pretty fatigued after their lengthy experiment.3) The book attempts to explain the fundamental character of social life.4) The study confirms the fact that there is no research in this field.5) We noted a potential problem with the experimental design.6) The issue always generates a great deal of debate among academics.7) The group’s principal concern is to protect human rights.8) The research underlines the importance of an international trade agreement.9) There was an apparent discrepancy between the two sets of results.10) The primary cause of the failure was a sudden temperature change.VI. Translations转基因大豆对幼鼠的出生体重和存活的影响Irina V. Ermakova引言A转基因生物一词指的是携带有从其他物种转移的基因，并由DNA 重组技术来产生的动植物和微生物，以获得某种新型特征（如抗害虫性或抗农药性）。
国际交流英语视听说unit4课后答案
Listening 1
2. How do people make straw-bale houses? Explain the process.
Answer Keys After the straw is dry, farmers use a machine to make bales—large rectangular bricks of straw. Then, builders build walls with the bales. When they finish the walls, they cover them with plaster inside and outside.
√b. A straw house is another way to “go green”.
c. Straw bales are used to build houses and schools.
Listening 1
1. Why is straw a better material to build a house than wood?
Book 1
4 Unit
Housing
Unit 4 Housing
Further Listening
Listening 1
A | Listen to a talk about straw houses and choose the main idea of the talk.
a. Builder Michael Furbish uses straw to make buildings.
Answer Keys Building a house from wood means cutting down trees and damaging the environment. Straw is a kind of grass, and it takes little energy to grow.
学术英语(管理)含课后答案_Unit 4
• labors, esp. unskilled or semi-skilled workers need less autonomy and more control (management)
military leaders or leaders from any other field you can think of.
•Divide into groups of 4-5 and discuss the following questions:
What makes each leader great? Write down their major characteristics.
Lea der ship
Unit Contents
• Lead-in • Text A • Text B • Text C • Writing
Lea der • Lead-in ship
Activity
Lea
Lead-in
der
Activity
Group discussion
ship •Make a list of great leaders. They may be business, political,
Lea Text A
Critical reading and thinking
der Background information
shipFollowers decide leadership style • knowledge workers want more autonomy and less control (leadership)
• Background information • Supplementary information • Overview
Unit 4 课后练习参考答案
epiorchium睾丸外膜
synorchidism睾丸粘连
sperm(o)-
spermat(o)-
spermi(o)-
sperm
antispermatotoxin抗精子毒素
spermatorrhea遗精
spherospermia球状精子，无尾精子
balan(o)-
head of the penis
uterus
womb
metrorrhagia子宫不规则出血
endometriosis子宫内膜异位症
hyster(o)-
uterus
womb
hysteromyoma子宫肌瘤
hysteroscope宫腔镜
cervic(o)-
cervix
neck
cervicectomy宫颈切除术
endocervicitis宫颈内膜炎
6.cervicitis7.endometriosis8. conization9.PID10.dysmenorrhea
True or false
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. F
primigravida初孕妇
par(a)-
labor
birth
delivery
primipara初产妇
multipara经产妇
oviparity卵生
part(o)-
labor
birth
delivery
postpartum产后
parturition分娩
prepartal分娩前的
toc(o)-
labor
balanitis龟头炎
学术英语(理工)讲义-课后习题解答包括unit4,全部包含
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
City Development
Sustainable Development of Cities
Sustainable Development of Big Cities
Sustainable Development of Chinese Big Cities Sustainable Development of Chinese Big Cities from the Biological Perspective
4 Enhancing your academic language （穿插在以上各版块中）
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Principles of Deciding on a topic Task 1 Narrow down and evaluate topics Task 2 Discuss Task 3 Read Text 1 and Text 2 and answer questions
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic
1 Deciding on a topic
Your narrower subtopics
Topics
Energy
Questions – Is the topic appropriate for a 1500-word essay? Why or why not?
Internet Artificial intelligence
– If the topic is too general, how do you narrow it down to a more manageable topic?
(完整版)学术英语(医学)课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re-emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union» TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '• The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed.» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.» She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.» She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration ·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness ·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient»Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:»Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group» Tendency to produce comparable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:» Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole»A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue»Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups• Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group comparisons possible»Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.»Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：» Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.»Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups• Cohort studiesAdvantages:»Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome» Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure» Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:» Larger, longer, and more expensive» Prone to certain types of bias» Not practical for rare outcomes• Case-control studiesAdvantages:» The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcome» Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：» Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature» Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome• “N=1” trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations：» Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、• Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:» The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)» The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:» Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions» Building our wellness toolbox slowly» Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change» Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit» Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotions1、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor 4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:» Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy» Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental” with the terms “experimenta l”and “research” carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms . ·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: » At the individual level: fairness» At the social level: distinction between classes。
大学英语4课后习题
It’s about helping youngsters have a future to look forward to that they create and get excited about, whatever that may be for them. It’s about helping, influencing and inspiring one child at a time. It’s also about setting firm, fair and consistent boundaries so they feel the “ tough love”of being guided, protected and nurtured. It’s about being a positive anduplifting role model for them to follow. As youngsters, they must take personal responsibility. They cannot change the circumstances, or the seasons, but they can change themselves. That is something they can charge of. They don’t have charge of the constellations, but they do have charge of whether they read, develop new skills, and take newclasses. Walk away from the 97% crowd. Don’t use their excuses. Take charge of your own life.alliesinhospitable sophisticatedpaternalstrandedcorrosivestatuscrushingdepictingmirrorpersecutedsolarMany scientists believe that evidence tells them that extraterrestrial life exists and that an alien hand is reaching out to us across the void of space. Whether that hand is reaching out to us in friendship or for some sinister reasons, we cannot yet tell.If aliens are here, we must at least show them we know what is going on. The covert nature of a liens’ activities seems to be their main defense. Blow that wide open and perhaps we can force a dialogue which might be mutually advantageous. It is for this reason that government should take the issue seriously, investigate witnesses and announce theconclusions. Besides, government should draw up contingency plans, rules of engagement, as they do for every terrestrial warfare. Otherwise, if one day a UFO were to land on the White House lawn, people may find that there is no specific system which would be kicked into operation to deal with it.Extrapolating apprehensive revere potentially inadvertent vibrating immensity cockoutruntrespasserplacidlyadageAs much as any wild creature, the grizzly evokes complicated feelings. People fear and revere the grizzly. The author expresses the feelings of this kind thoroughly and vividly in the article. The grizzly is a formidable beast. He has an immense body anda surprising running speed which is half again as high as the fastest human being. The grizzly seems to have intelligence and judging ability. One touch of man scent would make the bear stop his activities in an instant and leave at a not undignified pace rather than attack. But if you shot and missed or the wound were not fatal, the grizzlywould take a revenge several times more serious. To shoot and merely wound is worse than not to shoot at all. In the author’s eyes, thos e who enter the wilderness, fully armed with weapons in an attempt to stalk the grizzly, foolishly underestimate the power of the grizzly. The result may be that they are stalked and killed by thegrizzly.stitchinscribedplagues pluckedhazardous clergypsychotherapy epidemicexpectancy impenetrablepreoccupationBarteringIn a sense, superstition is a part of culture. It seems hard to tell, for example, whether hanging a sprig of mistletoe in the house at Christmas is a superstition or a cultural tradition. Some people claim not to be superstitious, but superstition is still a part of their lives. Superstitionprevailed throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, and there are still superstitious people around. There is no smoke without fire. What is it that gives life to superstition? Fear! Four hundred years ago, the world was impenetrable and filled with rules incomprehensible to people. Life was hazardous.Uncontrollable fire, epidemic plague, bad harvest and bad living conditions killed people's lives relentlessly. People were helpless in the face of disasters, so they believed that some supernatural power was holding sway over their life and death. This belief became the soil in which religion and superstition grew.⏹⏹admonished genuiness⏹stabbed unmanageable⏹tollmenace⏹coupparadisiacalce⏹meagerinstinct⏹vaguedespairDr. Twenge made a researchwhich is based on two major analyses of 170 studies involving 40,192 college students in the United States and 99 samples of 12,056 U.S. children undertaken between 1952 and 1993 that tracked trait anxiety. Trait anxiety refers to being generally anxious, rather than having a temporary emotional reaction to a situation. Dr. Twenge stresses that the increase ofsocial problems and isolation can produce real or anticipated threats of physical and mental harm that contribute to this increase in anxiety. Anxiety also signals that society will have to cope with other health and social problems, such as substance and alcohol abuse which tend to follow depression and anxiety.ailment/ malady maladies/ailmentspreserveimpelledslightplungedreflected relieved fancied modify ponder prevailedIn a person’s limited life, he is faced with numerous diseases. Particularly nowadays, weighed downwith tension and pressure from the realities of life, a large number of people have plunged themselves into exhaustion and forgot how to smile. They regard life as a burden. How shall we enjoy life? Who can best enjoy life? Those who reflect on their present blessings, not on their past misfortunes, will prevail over unhappiness; those who are aware of the danger,but recognize the opportunity will preserve their dignity. Those who know life is brief will not fear that life shall come to an end or they will pass away someday. As an old saying goes, life is easier to take than you think; all that is necessary is to accept the impossible, do without the indispensable and bear the intolerable.。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-4词汇及课后答案
Unit 4Art of LifeWord Bank（audio-:与听力有关<->visual）audible (able->ible): adj. that is heard or that can be heard 可听见的(basis->base: n./ vt.以为基础/根据; be based on sth.) basement: n. the lowest habitable story (可居住的楼层) of a building地下室beneath: prep. lower than; below低于…，在…下方betray(->betrayal/ treason): v. the act of committing treason against背叛bust: n. a sculpture representing a person's head, shoulders, and upper chest半身像callus: v. to form or develop a hardened tissue结痂（茧）cast: v. to form (liquid metal, e.g. ) into a particular shape by pouring into a mold铸造; broadcast广播choke: v. to have difficulty in breathing, swallowing, or speaking哽塞dab: v. to apply with short, poking strokes轻拍; patdimensional: adj. having, or seeming to have, length depth, and height空间的，维度的(dwindle->) dwindling: adj. decreasing; becoming less 流逝的estranged: adj. being (alien外星人->alienate->) alienated or made distant疏运的flick: v./ n. to touch or hit with a light, quick blow轻拍，轻击hibiscus: n. (US) a tropical plant with large brightly colored flowers芙蓉，木槿knead: v. to squeeze, press, or roll with the hands轻柔，按摩lotion: n. a (medical->) medicated liquid for external [apply(1)申请；应用] application洗剂（液）massage: (US) to rub parts of the body to aid (circulate-)) circulation or relax the muscles按摩necktie: n. a narrow fabric band of varying (different) length (wear->) worn around the neck and tied in a knot close to the throat领带; tie: vt. ~ a horse to a big tree.(patriot->爱国者) patriarch: n. a man who rules a family, clan (家族), or tribe (部落)族长(酋长); arc-/arch-穹顶(proud=)prideful: adj. arrogant (->arrogance); disdainful傲慢的，轻蔑的; be proud of sb./sth.=pride (vi.) on sb./sth.=take pride (n.) in sb./ sth.以某人或某物而感到自豪；reconcile: v. to settle or resolve调停，决绝, 和解; council议会；consult咨询->consultant 顾问(relief->) relieve: v. to cause a lessening or (alleviate->) alleviation of减缓; to relieve sb.=go to sb.’s reflief.=to rescue sb.解救某人sculpt (->sculpture): v. to shape, mold, or fashion (imitate模仿) especially with (precise->) precision雕塑shrug: v. to raise (the shoulders)耸肩snore: n. /vi. the act or an instance of snoring打鼾splatter: v. to spatter (v.溅污n.滴落), especially to move or fall so as to cause splashes飞溅[dwell居住；~on sth.老在想…]squeeze: v. to press gently, as in affection挤，捏(stubborn) stubbornness: n. firmness倔强; bear->bore->borntissue: n. a soft, absorbent piece of paper used as toilet paper, a handkerchief, or a towel纸巾toenail: n. the thin, horny, transparent plate covering the upper surface of the end of a toe脚趾甲; nail: n./ vt.钉子/指甲tuft: n. a short cluster (簇群) of hair, or grass一族，一从vanity: n. excessive pride in one's appearance or accomplishments虚荣；Vanity Fair名利场vengeance: n. infliction of punishment in return for a wrong committed报复，复仇；revenge: n./vivolunteer: n./vi. to offer to give out of one's own will (意志/ 遗嘱)志愿whimsical: adj. erratic (n./ adj. 不稳定的, 奇怪的) in behavior or degree of unpredictability 反复无常; predict预测；dict-: speak. dictionary词典/ 字典wiggle: v. to move or cause to move from side to side with short irregular (<->regular) twisting motions扭动，摆动Phrases and Expressionsat the far end of: at the distant end of在另一边get in touch with: to maintain (=keep) contact with保持联系[contact sb. by the (telephone) number]hold (->held->held) on to: to continue to do something; persist坚持/ 抓住; hold on (=wait for a moment)<->hang up挂断电话in an attempt to: try to do sth./ making an effort to do sth.力图，试图make peace: to maintain or observe (遵守/ 维和shrug...off使变色,弄脏,伤害名誉) 耸肩表示不屑; stain (n./ vt)污渍Reading ComprehensionI. Choose the best for each of the following.1. "It was another of the things I had watched his helpers do for months, and now, in an attempt to hold on to what I could of him, I had volunteered to do it myself" (Para. 3) Here the word "another" refers that ( D )A. "Forgive yourself before you die. Then forgive others."B. they were callused and curled, and his toenails were yellow.C. Morrie liked being held and touched. And at this point, anything I could share with him to make him happy, I was going to do.D. I had a small jar of lotion, and I squeezed some into my hands and began to massage his ankles.2. What did Morrie regret in his life according to the passage? ( C )A. Forgiveness and tolerance.B. Impatience and carelessness.C. Pride and vanity.D. Peace and stillness.3. Why did Morrie say he was lucky? ( A )A. Because he had got enough time to reconsider his life.B. Because he had accepted his friend's explanation and rebuilt their friendship.C. Because he met his best friend in his life.D. Because he got comfort from his friends.4. "I rolled his toes between my fingers, lost in the task." (Para. 30) Here the word "lost"implies that the author lost ( D )A. his best friendB. his valuable memoryC. his heartD. himself in deep thought5. Why did Mitch hesitate when Mr. Morrie wanted him to be his another son? ( C )A. Because he was reluctant to be Morrie's son.B. Because he thought Morrie was not qualified.C. Because he thought it somehow seemed to betray his own father.D. Because he thought they were not so intimate.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you."Forgive yourself before you die. Then forgive others."(lie->) Lying on his bed, Morrie was so seriously ill that he could not even (1) wiggle his toes. I came to see him on a rainy day. Having seen his sickly (sick=ill; car-sick; sea-sick; air-sick; sickly: adj.有病的, 苍白的) face, I felt so sorry for him. At that time (Then), I (2) volunteered to do some massage for him. Also, of course, Morrie liked being (hold) held and (3) touched. And at this point, anything I could do to make him happy, I was going to (would) do.Morrie then started a topic of (4) forgiveness with me. He told me that it is most (very) important not only to forgive (5) others but (6) ourselves. In order to prove it, he recalled a sad story between his friend Norman and him. It pained (vt.) him so much. He also said he was lucky to get enough time to think of his life, while I felt so sad because of I pressed my thumb into his (7) hardened flesh and he didn't even feel it. He also reminded me of things pulling (acting) in different (8) directions. [remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某件事]Later he said movingly (很动人地) that he wished I were his another son. At first, I felt afraid, as if (9) accepting his words would somehow (10) betray my own father. But just for a while (moment) I realized that all I was afraid of was saying good-bye.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. This will help to __B___ the hardship of the [seek (political) refuge寻求避难] refugees (难民).A. relish (mean意味)B. relieveC. (vivre->) revive (再生/恢复/苏醒)D. rely (on)=depend (on)依赖2. She (feel->) felt the ___A__ (compete->) competition between the two brothers.A. intense (激烈的)B. intensive(密度高的)C. intention (n. 打算目的)D. intend (vt.打算)3. The bride (新娘) and (bride)groom (马夫/ 新郎) promised to __D___ each other through sickness and health (->healthy).A. nag (唠叨a nagging wife)B. blameC. spoil [宠坏/弄砸了a ~ed (spoilt) child)D. cherish (vt. hope)4. You could feel the __B___ in the room as (when) we waited for our exam results.A. intense (adj.)B. tension (n.)C. tense (1.紧张的; 2.n.时态; 3.密度)D. (extensive<->) intensive (密度或强度)5. Angela __D___ with disappointment when she was told that she had not got the job.A. signed [1.vt.署名; 2. n. (sign + nature=) signature签名]B. [signal:1.n.信号; 2.vt.发信号) signaledC. persisted (~in sth./doing sth.=insist on sth./ doing sth.坚持做某事)D. sighed (叹气)6. If he can just ___C__ a little longer, we can give him a hand (help帮…一把).A. hold back (restrict保留)B. hold inC. hold on=waitD. hold up=block阻塞7. This is a political __B___ an (economy经济) economic (与经济有关的；economical节约的) question.A. as wellB. as well as=andC. as muchD. as usual=as before8. She can __C___ her troubles and keep (smile->) smiling.A. keep off远离B. take off起飞/开始/脱衣服C. shrug off表示不以为然D. lay off=drop裁员9. The two captains (船长/队长/上校/上尉;hat)__C___ a coin [(1)n.硬币; (2)vt.生造词] before the match.A. tossB. are tossedC. tossed抛D. tossed for10. I haven't really kept __A___ people I knew at school.A. in touch withB. out of touch withC. to the touchD. touching=moving感动人的II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. squeeze massage choke vanity forgivetuft dimension reconcile flick audiblesnore mourn betray forget strange1. Would you squeeze some oranges and make (for) me a glass of juice?3. The bird had a tuft (一蔟,一缕) of feathers on top of its head.4. He almost choked to death on a fish bone.5. He has forgiven you for insulting (侮辱) him, and is trying to save you.[Save me/ Help me->help!]6. The (electric resistance) resistance group was betrayed to the government by one of its own members.7. He and his brothers were reconciled (和解) after a fierce (=severe) family quarrel.8. Space is considered to be three-dimensional.9. All shops will be closed today as a sign of (morning#) mourning for the king.10. The audience (听众/ 观众) applauded (clapped) loudly at the end of the concert.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.This was a few days after the "Nightline" interview. The sky was (raining#) rainy and dark, and Morrie was beneath a blanket. I sat at the far end of his chair, holding his bare feet. They were callused and curled, and his toenails were yellow. I had a small jar of lotion, and I squeezed some into my hands and began to massage his ankles.It was another of the things I had watched his helpers do for months, and now, in an attempt to hold on to what I could of him, I had volunteered to do it myself. The disease had left Morrie without the ability even to wiggle his toes, yet he could still feel pain, and massages helped relieve it. Also, of course, Morrie liked being held and touched. And at this point, anything I could do to make him happy, I was going to do.参考译文：这是“夜线”专访的几天以后，天空中阴霾密布。
国际学术交流英语-Unit-4
国际学术交流英语-Unit-4Unit 4 international conferenceTask 1Plenary session n. 全体大会Adequate adj. 充足的；适当的Expertise ['?ksp?'tiz] n. 专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见Tactful ['t?ktfl] adj. 机智的；圆滑的；老练的Chairing manner 主持的方式Co-chairperson 共同主席Compliment ['k?mpl?m?nt] n. 恭维；称赞；vt. 恭维；称赞Familiarize [f?'m?l??ra?z] vt. 使熟悉Learning aidsLaud vt. 赞美；称赞n. 赞美；称赞；颂歌Arouse 引起；唤醒；激发Recital [r?'sa?tl] n. 朗诵，吟诵；独奏会Biography [ba?'ɑɡr?fi] n. 传记；档案；个人简介Anecdote [??n?kd??t] n. 轶事；奇闻Acquaintance [?'kwent?ns] n. 熟人；相识Prestige [pr?'stid?] n. 威望，声望；声誉Venue ['v?nju] n. 会场；审判地；犯罪地点Projector [pr?'d??kt?] n. [仪] 投影仪；放映机Refreshment [ri'fr??m?nt] n. 点心；起提神作用的东西Rehearse [r?'h?s] v. 排练；预演Podium [?p??di?m] n. 乐队指挥台；矮墙Erect [?'r?kt] vt. 使竖立；建造；安装adj. 竖立的；笔直的；Announce [?'na?ns] vt. 宣布；述说；预示；播报Allotted [?'l?t?d] adj. 专款的；拨出的Decisive [d?'sa?s?v] adj. 决定性的；果断的，坚定的Courteous ['k?t??s] adj. 有礼貌的；谦恭的Impartially [im'pa:??li] adv. 公平地；无私地Adjourn [?'d??n] vi. 休会；延期；换地方vt. 推迟Privilege ['pr?vl?d?] n. 特权；优待；基本权利Symposium [s?m?p??zi?m] n. 讨论会，座谈会；专题论文集Extraordinarily [?k'str?d?n(?)r?l?] adv. 非常；格外地Assemble [?'s?mbl] v. 集合，聚集；装配Previously ['privi?sli] adv. 以前；预先Mentor ['m?n't?r] n. 指导者，良师益友Toastmaster ['tostm?st?] n. 宴会主持人，主持人Millionaire [,m?lj?'n?r] n. 百万富翁；大富豪Enlightening [?n'la?t?n??]adj. 使人领悟的；有启发作用的Task 2Backbone ['b?kb??n] n. 支柱；主干网Propagate ['pr?p?ɡe?t] v. 传播；传送；繁殖；宣传Learning aidsConciseness [k?n'sa?sn?s] n. 简明，简洁；切除Digress [da?'ɡr?s] vi. 离题；走向岔道Irrelevance [?'r?l?v?ns] n. 离题；枝节问题；不相关的事物Transitional [tr?n'znl] adj. 变迁的；过渡期的Organic [?r'g?n?k] adj. [有化] 有机的；组织的Monotone [?m?n??t??n] n. 单调；单音调adj. 单调的Alert [?'l?t] vt. 警告；使警觉，使意识到adj. 警惕的，警觉的；留心的Syllable ['s?l?bl]n. 音节Enunciate [?'n?ns?et] v. 发音；阐明；宣布Enthusiastically [in,θju:zi'?stik?li] adv. 热心地；满腔热情地Ambivalent [?m'b?v?l?nt] adj. 矛盾的；好恶相克的Slide n. 滑动；幻灯片Gracious ['ɡre??s] adj. 亲切的；高尚的；和蔼的；雅致的Gratitude ['ɡr?t?tud] n. 感谢的心情Unambiguously 清晰地Antibiotic [,?nt?ba?'ɑt?k] adj. 抗生的；抗菌的Surgical ['s?d??kl] adj. 外科的；手术上的Coronary ['k?r?n?ri] adj. 冠的；冠状的；花冠的Hepatitis [heip?'ta?t?s] n. 肝炎Expedite ['?ksp?da?t] vt. 加快；促进；发出Accelerate [?k's?l?ret] v. 加速；促进；增加Integration [?nt?'gre??(?)n] n. 集成；综合Conscientious ['kɑn??'?n??s] adj. 认真的；尽责的；本着良心的Ideology [,a?d?'?l?d??; ?d-] n. 意识形态；思想意识；观念学Embed [?m'b?d] vt. 栽种；使嵌入，Unscrupulous [?n'skrupj?l?s] adj. 肆无忌惮的；寡廉鲜耻的Destructive [d?'str?kt?v] adj. 破坏的；毁灭性的Task 3Retention [r?'t?n??n] n. 保留；扣留，滞留；Confirmation [,kɑnf?'me??n] n. 确认；证实；证明；批准Learning aids Proceed [pro'sid] vi. 开始；继续进行；发生Illuminate [?'lum?net] vt. 阐明，说明Desirable [d?'za??r?bl] adj. 令人满意的；值得要的Elaborate [?'l?b?ret] adj. 精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的Ergonomics ['?g?'nɑm?ks] n. 工效学；人类工程学Panel ['p?nl]n. 仪表板；嵌板；座谈小组，Concur [k?n'k?] vi. 同意；一致；互助。
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Unit4 课后习题:
1.Search in Internet to get a conference with different committees. Try to understand the duties of each committee.
Organizing Committee/Program Committee: previous conferences，key participants, funding sources, and relevant topics; Selecting session topics and chairs, sort abstracts，organize sessions, and hand off to session chairs; assembling program and creating database of authors with their addresses and titles; to ensure the financial solvency of the meeting.
Scientific Committee or Paper Committee: Receiving papers, abstracts and posters.
Finance Committee: coffee break sponsors, program schedule sponsors, banquet sponsors, workshop sponsors, etc.
Logistics Committee: coordinating all meeting and presentation facilities, food services, registrations, presentation equipment, room accommodations, and general to host conference at the selected facility.
Accompanying Persons Committee: Set up programs for the spouses and other accompanying persons.
2.Study the session mode of at least three meetings and translate them into Chinese.
Sample D(展览大厅模式)
The Exhibitors Wall will be available on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday from 11:30 a.m. to 1:45 p.m. Time will be allocated to companies in one-hour time blocks on a first-come, first-served basis. A company may request one or two hours. Sessions will be scheduled from 11:30 a m. to 12:30 p. m., And from 12:45 p.m. to 1:45p.m.each day. Each one-hour time slot should include time for a Q&A.
会议的参展墙会在周一，周二，周三，周四上午11:30到下午1点45分展览。
先到的团体就先开，原则上，每次会议是一个小时，但有些团体可能会要求一两个小时。
会议时间是每天的上午11:30到下午12:30，下午12:45到下午1:45，每个时间段包括问答时间。
Sample E(4天会议模式):
The four-day conference will include plenary, oral, and poster sessions on research in plasma science and technology and a Prize Address by the recipient of the Plasma Science and Applications Committee Award. Oral sessions will include both invited and contributed papers. Invited papers are allotted 20 minutes for presentation and 10 minutes for questions. Contributed papers are allotted 12 minutes for presentation and 3 minutes for questions.
等离子体科学和技术研究的全体会议，口头和海报会议以及等离子体科学与应用委员会获奖者的颁奖典礼将持续4天。
口头会议包括特约论文和贡献论文。
特约发言人有20分钟演示文稿时间和10分钟的答问时间。
贡献发言人的报告时间是12分钟和问答时间是3分钟。
Sample F(所有发言人模式)
All presentations are 12 minutes unless stated otherwise in the meeting program.(8minutes to present; 4 minutes for Q & A). THIS IS THE ABSOLUTE LIMITI!
所有演讲均为12分钟，除非会议节目另有说明。
（8分钟演说，4分钟的问答）。
所有的演讲都不能超过这个时间！。