2009年考研英语高分必备经典句子(二十八)

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2009年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译

2009年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故整理组Text 1习惯是一种有趣的现象。

我们无意识地养成了习惯，任由大脑自动操作，且不知不觉在熟悉的常规中感到轻松舒适。

“并非选择，而是习惯会控制那些没有思想的人。

”19世纪时，威廉·华兹华斯说。

在千变万化的21世纪，甚至“习惯”这个词本身也带有负面涵义。

因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。

但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯，就创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们思绪的列车跳转到新的创新轨道上来。

我们不用因为自己是受习惯影响的一成不变的生物而否定自己，相反我们可以通过有意识的培养新习惯来指导改变。

事实上，我们对新事物尝试得越多，就会越远地走出自己的舒适地带，在职场及个人生活中变得越有创造性。

但是，不要白费力气试图戒除旧习惯;一旦这些惯有程序融进脑部，它们就会留在那里。

相反，我们有意使之根深蒂固的新习惯会创建平行路径，它们可以绕过原来那些路径。

《开放思想》一书的作者达瓦纳·马克瓦说：“革新所需要的第一样东西就是对好奇的着迷。

然而我们被教导去做‘决定’，就像我们的总裁称呼自己为‘决策者’那样。

”她接着说，“但是，决定意味着除了一种可能性外，其他的都被扼杀了。

优秀的具有革新精神的思想家总是在探寻着许多其他的可能性。

”她说，我们都是通过一些自己没有意识到的方法解决问题的。

研究人员在20世纪60年代末发现人类天生主要用四种方法应对挑战：分析法，程序法，相关法(或合作法)和创新法。

但是在青春期结束，大脑关闭一半的能力，仅仅保留了那些大约在生命最开始的十几年时间里似乎是最为宝贵的思维方式。

目前标准化测试主要强调分析法和程序法这两种方式，也就是说，我们中很少有人会本能地使用创新和合作的思维方式。

M.J.瑞恩是2006年出版的著作《今年我将……》一书的作者以及马克瓦女士的商业合作伙伴，她解释说：“这打破了美国信念体系里的主要规则—任何人都可以做任何事。

2009年考研英语真题—答案范文

2009年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题答案1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”，suppose 表示“假设”，observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。

2. A.本题考查动词短语，happen to(碰巧)，fear to(唯恐…)，be threatened to被恐吓…。

tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”，代入文中表示比较聪明的果蝇往往寿命较短。

3. D.本题考查形容词，lighter更轻的，thinner更瘦的，stabler更稳定的，dimmer 比较暗淡的，本句是前一句推出的结论，即由“果蝇越聪明寿命越短”推出“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”。

4. B.本题考查名词。

由前半句“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”推出“这是不特别亮的灯泡的一个优点”。

tendency倾向，advantage优势，inclination倾向，priority优先权。

5. C.本题考查动词短语，turns out证明是，insist on坚持，sum up总结，put forward 提出。

6. A.本题考查介词，off表示离开。

代入文中表示离开起点时。

7. D.incredible难以置信的，spontaneous自发的，inevitable不可避免的，gradual 渐进的。

学习是一个渐进的过程，所以选gradual.8. C.本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。

大量的物种会学习，但它们首先学会的是知道什么时候停止学习，与上文的例子灯泡呼应。

四个选项中，fight表示斗争，doubt表示怀疑，stop表示停止，think表示思考，正确答案为C9. B.本题考查形容词，修饰intelligence。

invisible看不见的，indefinite不确定的，这两个选项意思不符合，排除。

2009年考研英语真题答案及解析

2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析本文是一个有关动物智力话题的文章。

文章第一段第一句就点名了文章中心，接着引用自然杂志上描述的实验论证这一观点。

从第二、三段作者从几个方面分析了产生这种情况的原因，最后一段从动物上升到对人的思考。

二、试题具体解析1.[A]Suppose假设猜想[B]Consider考虑[C]Observe观察[D]Imagine设想【答案】B【考点】固定搭配【解析】本题考查的是“consider+名词性词组”的用法，表示“以……为例”，显然与后面的试验搭配表示以该试验为例引出下文。

选项A、D同义，故排除。

选项C代入文中与上下文不合，故答案为B。

【补充】consider在这里等同于take…(as an example)。

2.[A]tended(to)倾向于……[B]feared害怕[C]happened(to)碰巧……[D]threatened(to)威胁要去做……【答案】A【考点】动词搭配【解析】从空格后面的to可首先排除B，因为fear不与to连用。

再结合文章题材看，文章是科技类，而科技类文章中通常为了表示说话客观性并避免绝对化，往往在主谓之间加一个tend to表示语气的弱化，故本题答案为A，其他两个代入文章语义不通。

3.[A]thinner较细的[B]stabler较稳定的[C]lighter更明亮的[D]dimmer较暗的【答案】D【考点】逻辑关系【解析】空前内容谈到聪明的果蝇寿命相对普通果蝇要短，这里拿灯泡做比喻，相对应的自然是光线的暗淡，即光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长。

下一句也有提示：no being too bright，故答案为D。

4.[A]tendency趋向[B]advantage优势[C]inclination倾向[D]priority优先【答案】B【考点】词汇辨析【解析】前文谈到暗淡的灯泡寿命更长，接着说“不太明亮也是”，对比四个选项，只有优势语义连贯，故答案为B。

2009-2012年考研英语阅读高分词汇

2009年阅读高分词汇：Text 11. mindlessly 不知不觉地；unconsciously; instinctively 本能地;2. unreflecting 没有思想的；不反省的3. herd 民众(容易受他人影响的人)4. connotation 含义，意义5. paradoxical 矛盾的；contradictory 矛盾的6. innovation 创新；innovative 创新的7. parallel 平行；类似8. inherently 固有的，内在的9. dismiss sb. as 不屑地把某人视为…10. rut 路径；tracks 路径11. bypass 绕路12. explore 探讨13. analytical 分析的14. modes of thought 思维方式15. highlight 突出16. collaborative 合作的17. perpetuate 维持，坚持18. foster 培育；滋养19. fantastic 绝妙的；20. causal 随意的21. mechanical 机械的22. regulate 制约；限制23. trace 追踪24. activate 激活；激发25. commonness 平庸26. comply with 遵守Text 21. boost 促进，提高2. paternal 父亲的；maternal 母亲的3. shell out 花钱；4. kit 成套用品或工具5. prescription 处方6. kinship 亲属7. adopted children 养子8. rage 流行9. genealogist 系谱专家10. swab 拭抹11. candidate 人选12. skeptical 怀疑的13. hawk 鼓吹，叫卖14. ancestry testing 家谱检测15. lineage 宗系；谱系；家系16. patent 受到专利保护17. be subject to 受到18. peer review 同行评阅19. evaluation 评估20. availability 获得21. flexibility 灵活性22. bloodlines 血缘关系23. overlapping 交叉的；重复的Text 31. priority 优先权；优先考虑2. consistently 一致地3. recessing 衰退的4. pre-bubble 泡沫前5. deride 嘲笑6. automotive-assembly 汽车装配生产力7. counterparts 同行，类似人或物8. housing 住房9. constrain 抑制10. groundless 毫无依据的11. fall victims of 成为….牺牲品12. downgrade 低估13. overestimate 高估14. prior to 在…之前Text 41. unfold 展开；进展2. dominant 占主导地位的3. episode 插曲4. civility 修养5. virtuosity 美德6. carrier 承载者7. let alone 更不用说8. dependents 家眷9. superstitious 迷信的10. mock 嘲笑11. end 目的12. religious commitments 宗教信仰13. learned 有学问的14. dominate 主宰15. obsess 着迷16. sermons 布道17. illusory 虚幻的18. groundbreaking 开创性的19. diffuse 传播20. solidarity 团结，一致21. institution 机构，组织；制度22. by-products 副产品23. directive 指导性的24. disposition 性情25. secure 获得，确保26. tuition 学费，教育27.schooling 学校教育2010年阅读真题词汇Text 11. inexorable =irresistible 不可阻挡的2. scope 范围；far removed from 与…有很大差异3. arts coverage 文艺报道；arts criticism 文艺评论；news coverage 新闻报道4. a considerable number of 相当量的；大量的5. in a large part=largely 大部分6. paper reviews 报纸评论；book review 书评7. marvel at 惊叹；8. learned 广博的；有学问的9. deem 认为，同义词contend=argue=imagine10. publication 出版；刊登11. general-circulation 大众发行；12. daily-dailies 日报13. unfocused 不集中的14. newsprint 新闻用纸15. ornaments 装饰16. at length 详细地；成分地17. wear one’s l earning lightly 卖弄学问18. the turn of the century 本世纪初19. journalism 新闻；20. calling 职业；profession21. literary gift 文学天赋22. keep their own end up 在困境中满怀勇气和希望23. be tempted to=can’t help doing 禁不住做24. define sb. as 把…定义为25. apply 运用；apply theory to practice 把理论运用到实践中去26. solely=only27. stylist 文体家；28. best-seller 畅销书29. in print 在版；在印刷30. his vast body of writing 他的大量作品31. save to=except 除…之外32. revival 复苏；复活33. prospect seem remote 前景似乎渺茫34. upholster 装饰；修饰35. prose 散文36. be specialized in 擅长；specialist 专家37. amateur 业余的；professional 职业的38. headlong 迅猛的；猛冲的39. in retreat 后退中40. be characterized by 具有…特征41. retain 保留42. suitability 合适性43. elaborate layout 精细的版面编排44. contemptible 鄙视的45. be capable of 能够做46. appeal to 吸引47. reputation 声誉48. in dispute 有争议49. cater to 迎合50. follow the amateur tradition 遵循业余传统51. the lost horizon 消失在视野之中的52. mournful decline 令人惋惜的衰退53. prominent 著名的Text 21. patent 专利；parent 父母亲2. grant 授予；take sth for granted 认为…理所当然3. one-click online payment system “一键式”在线支付系统4. asset allocation 资产分配5. top patent court 最高专利法院6. scale back 缩小规模7. controversial 有争议的8. authorize 授权；批准9. move 提议；建议10. abuzz 闹得沸沸扬扬11. conduct a broad review 就行一个广泛的审查12. eliminate 消除13. an entire class of 整个一类；a big deal 大事14. curb 限制15. about face 彻底转变16. pool 汇集；集中17. ruling 裁决18. patent filings 专利申请19. emerging 新兴的20. stake out 占据；监视21. exclusive rights 专有权22. established companies 知名公司23. race to do 争相去做24. beat sb. to punch 先发制人；捷足先登25. issue 发布，授予26. take positions in 持…立场27. hedge 规避28. evaluate 评价29. in the wake of=after 在…之后30. patent holders 专利持有者31. uphold 支持，维护32. arouse concern 引起关注33. restriction 限制34. authorization 授权35. comply with 遵守36. transaction 交易37. dismiss 驳回38. legal practice 法律实践39. hostility 敌意40. enhancement 提升；提高；促进41. be immune to 对…有免疫力；不受…影响42. esteem 尊严43. incidence 发生率44. loom =come=approach 出现，到来45. regarding 关于46. prevailing 流行的Text 31. social epidemics 社会时尚，社会潮流2. drive 驱动，推动；driving force 驱动力3. influentials 有影响力的人4. informed 见识广的；persuasive 有说服力的；well-connected 有人脉的5. intuitively 直觉地；6. compelling 让人信服的7. supposed 所谓的8. derive from =stem from来自于9. plausible-sounding 听起来可行的的10. untested 未经检验的11. embrace 接受12. select 经过挑选的13. cursory 粗略的14. anecdotal 奇闻异事的15. with the exception of 除….之外16. celebrities 名人17. outsize 非凡的18. acquaintances熟人19. the cascade of change 一连串的变化20. propagate 传播21. observation 观察；看法22. presence 影响23. dynamics 动态关系24. simulation 模拟25. manipulate 操纵26. variables 变量27. regardless of 不管28. exert 产生29. a chain reaction 连锁反应30. certain prevalent trends 某些流行趋势31. solid evidence 确凿的证据32. social interaction 社会交往33. impulse 冲动；动力34. readiness 乐意35. inclination 倾向Text 41. behind the scenes 私下里2. take aim at 矛头对准3. accounting standard-setters 会计准则的制定者4. moan 抱怨5. third party 第三方6. fetch 售卖，卖出7. lobby 游说8. functioning 运转9. capital market 资本市场运转10. compromise 妥协；破坏；compromise the independence 破坏独立性11. toxic assets 不良资产12. bruising encounter 激烈的冲突13. rush through 匆忙通过14. illiquid 不流动的15. flexibility 流动性16. cry out against 强烈反对17. question 质疑18. income statements 收入报表；损益表19. overall planning 全面计划20. develop rules 制定不同规则21. political vacuum 政治真空22. overvalue =overstate=overrate=exaggerate高估23. skeptical=dubious=doubtful 怀疑的24. paralysis 瘫痪25. booking losses 账面亏损26. supposed bargains 所谓的便宜资产27. mark 标注，标记28. stock options 优先认股；pension 养老金29. give in to 屈服于30. concession 让步31. diminish 下降，减少32. evade 逃避33. act on their own 独立行动；独立操作34. misinterpret 误解35. bad debts 坏账36. objectiveness 客观2011年真题词汇Text 11. favorable, 有利的，acclaim 称赞，赞扬2. appointment 任命，担任；约定3. to say the least 至少可以说4. sober 严肃的；critic 评论家5. unpretentious 不爱炫耀的，不招摇的6. air 神情，样子；气氛7. formidable 可怕的，敬畏的，难对付的8. orchestra 管弦乐队9. strike—struck 留下印象；strike sb. as sth 给某人留下印象是；10. for my part 就我而言11. impressive 影响深刻的12. composition 作曲，作文，结构13. boot up 启动14. download 下载15. live 现场的；直播的16. recordings 录音带17. available 可以得到的18. program 编程；编节目；节目19. note 注意到20. markedly different 显著不同21. vibrant 有生机的22. repertoire 演奏曲目23. revitalize 复兴；振兴Text 21. straight up 直截了当；frank 坦率的，直接的；come right out 直接说出来2. rather than 没有；other than 除了…之外；more than 不仅仅是3. cloak 掩盖4. vague 模糊的5. broadcast 广播；宣布6. line up 排队等候7. reflect on 反思，思考；反省8. aspirations 抱负，渴望，志向9. scrutinize 仔细检查；细致审查10. succession 接任，接班；一连串；连续不断11. turbulent 动荡不安的12. cautious 警惕的，小心的13. cloud 把…弄得模糊不清；使…黯然；诽谤14. reputation 名誉，声望15. turnover 营业额16. stick with 抓住不放；固守17. abound 大量；富裕18. headhunter 猎头19. adhere to 坚持20. poach 偷猎，挖走，盗用21. land in 找到，发现，着陆22. recruiter 招聘人员23. disgrace 耻辱，丢脸24. fade 消失；消退25. invert 使颠倒；使反转26. arrogant 傲慢的；self-centered 以自我为中心的；impulsive 冲动的27. strained 紧张的28. cling to=stick to坚持29. care about 在乎，在意30. way out 出路；Text 31. rough 大概的；粗略的；tough 艰难的2. guide 指南，向导3. marketing 市场营销4. paid media 付费媒体5. commercials 广告6. play a major role 发挥主要的作用7. exploit 利用，榨取8. alternative 可供选择的9. passionate 充满激情做10. promote 促销；宣传；促进11. leverage 杠杆作用；平衡12. alerts 警示，警告；警报13. stem from 来自于14. act as 起到，充当15. initiator 触发器，发起者16. traffic 流量17. hijack 劫持；绑架；强迫；hostage 人质；劫持物18. allegation 宣称，断言；看法19. apply 运用，施加，申请；apply to sb. for sth 向某人申请某事20. boycott 联合抵制21. learning curve 学习曲线22. steep 陡峭的，急剧的，突然的23. alleviate 减轻；24. stand-alone 独立经营的25. complementary 补充的，互补的26. marketer 市场营销人员27. objective 客观的；目标28. obsessed with 着迷于；enthusiastic about 对…热情；29. flexibility 灵活性30. alternative to 可供选择Text 41. insightful 有见解力的；富有洞察力的2. provocative 煽动性的；挑衅的；刺激的3. cover(N. ); 封面，(V.)报道，包括，涉及到4. arouse 激起；唤起5. chatter 喋喋不休；唠叨6. rear (N. Adj. ) 后部分；后面的；(V.)抚养，培育，饲养7. anything less than 只不过是；nothing more than=only8. redefine 重新定义9. tense (Adj.)紧张的；(N. )时态，past-tense 过去时态；intense 强烈的；intensive 精深的，细致的；extensive 广泛的；10. hard 艰难的11. dampen 使潮湿，使沉重，12. source 来源13. gratification and delight 满足和快乐14. cute 聪明的15. hardly 几乎不16. image 形象17. adoptive 收养的；采纳的18. single-mom 单亲母亲19. feature 特写，特征20. celebrity 名人21. procreation 生殖，生育22. equivalent to 相当于23. compare…to把…相比或比做24. bother 困惑25. gape 裂开26. unrealistic 不现实的27. on their own 独立，单独；28. a piece of cake 小菜一碟29. dumb 傻；迟钝的30. glamorous 有魅力的，富有魅力的31. stress-free 没有压力的32. subconscious 潜意识的33. in the same way 就像34. retrospect 回顾，回忆35. pregnant 怀孕的；entertaining 有趣的；快乐的36. be exposed to 暴露在；接触到2012年真题词汇Text 11. peer 同辈人，同龄人；V. 注视，盯着看，偷窥2. whisper 低声说；contend 认为3. causal 随意的；不经心的；4. dynamics 动力；动态，精神；group dynamics 团队精神，群体活力5. recipient 接受者；获奖者6. a host of 大量的7. uncool 不好；不受欢迎的8. initiative 创新活动9. sponsor 赞助；资助；赞助者；资助者；发起者10. recruit 招收11. promising 有前途的12. haze 烟雾；疑惑；迷惑13. perceptive 知觉的；感知的14. critique 批判15. lameness 跛；软弱无力16. campaign 运动17. spot-on 恰好的；准确的18. mobilize 动员，调动，鼓动19. billboard 广告牌；招贴栏20. take a page from 取经，向….某人学习21. nothing more than=no more than 仅仅22. persuasive 有说服力的23. irrelevant 不相关的24. exploration 探讨25. glaring 耀眼的，闪光的26. exert enormous influence on 对…产生巨大影响27. an emerging body of research 大量新的研究28. subtle 微妙的29. bureaucrat 官僚30. steer 掌握；控制31. pair 配对；搭档32. tactic 策略；方法33. engineer 产生；引起34. supplement 补充；35. a cause of undesirable behavior 不良行为的起因36. probe 探讨37. evade 逃避；illustrate 举例38. long-lasting 长期的39. stimulus 推动；40. unconsciously 无意识地Text 21. apparently 明显地2. be involved in 卷入到；涉及到3. supplier 供应商；4. provoke 激起；产生5. justified 合理的；justifiable 合理的6. outrage 愤怒；生气7. renege on 违背；违反8. longstanding 长期的9. commitment 承诺；奉献；致力于10. abide by 遵守11. nuclear regulations 核规则12. challenge 挑战；13. constitutionality 合法性；14. rule 规章15. federal court 联邦法院16. desperate 绝望的17. nuclear power plant 核电站18. stunning 令人吃惊的19. surface 浮出；显现20. aging 衰老的21. regulator 管理者22. extension 延长23. license 执照24. be subject to 受到25. intend to 打算26. a string of27. collapse 崩溃28. cooling tower 冷却塔29. leakage 泄露30. enrage 激怒；惹怒31. invalid 无效32. obscure 模糊的33. precedent-setting 开先例的34. patchwork regulations35. beside the point 离题36. pledge to 发誓；保证37. keep in mind 牢记在心38. reaffirm 再确认39. dishonor 不尊重；违背40. secure 获得；得到41. innovativeness 创新42. vision 远见；眼光43. capacity 能力44. defy 抗议；蔑视45. withdraw 撤掉；46. managerial practices 管理做法Text 31. idealized 理想化的2. version 说法；版本3. ambiguous 不清楚的4. context 环境5. prior 以前的6. self-deception 自我欺骗7. abound 大量存在；abundant 大量的；丰富的8. proto-science 前科学9. staked mining 打赌的采矿10. scrutiny 仔细检查11. transform…into 把…变成为12. mature 成熟的13. credibility 诚信14. gatekeeper 守门人15. interaction 互动；相互影响16. confrontation 针锋相对；对抗17. paradox 矛盾18. prevailing 流行的；盛行的19. duplication 复制；20. confirmation 确认21. modification 修改；22. refutation 驳斥23. novelty 新奇24. disbelief 不相信25. correspond to 与…一致26. conception 概念；认识27. uncertainty and complexity 不确定和复杂性28. misconception and deceptiveness 错误概念和欺骗性29. logicality and objectivity 逻辑性和客观性30. systematicness and regularity 系统性和规律性31. persistent innovation 不断创新32. quote 引用33. inspire 激发；引起34. call for 要求35. a critical mind 批判性思维Text 41. trade union 工会2. civil servant=public servant 公务员3. in one’s prime 处于鼎盛时期4. only one in ten 只有十分之一5. unionist 工会主义者； unionize 入工会6. public sector 公共部门7. ties 联系8. fearsome 可怕的9. patrol 巡逻，巡查10. keep an eye on 监视；监管11. benefits 福利12. backload 调整13. pensions 养老金14. notoriously 臭名昭彰的15. merit pay 绩效工资16. drawn-out 延长的；持续的17. clamp down 取缔，施压18. rally 集合；重整19. hard-line 强硬路线的20. norm 标准21. high achievers 高成就的人22. prudent 谨慎的23. secure 获得24. augment 增加；25. barrier 障碍26. tolerance 容忍27. indifference 冷漠28. dominant 占主导地位的；predominant 占绝对优势的；overwhelming 压倒性的。

2009年考研英语试题及答案

2009年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. （1） the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly （2） to live shorter lives. This suggests that （3） bulbs burn longer, that there is an （4） in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it （5） out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow （6） the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual （7） — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to （8）.Is there an adaptive value to （9） intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance （10） at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real （11） of our own intelligence might be. This is （12） the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would （13） on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, （14）, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that （15）animals ran the labs, they would test us to （16） the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really （1）7, not merely how much of it there is. （18）, they would hope to study a （19） question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? （20） the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing int0 the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn int0 the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain int0 ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. "The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being ________.A. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be ________A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. "ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to ________A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ________?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's ___________.[A] easy availability[B] flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one's birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new ed u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m s t h e r e a n d p u t t i n g e n o u g h p e o p l e t h r o u g h t h e m t o i m p r o v e e c o n o m i c p e r f o r m a n c e w o u l d r e q u i r e t w o o r t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s . T h e f i n d i n g s o f a r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t i o n h a v e c o n s i s t e n t l y s h o w n t h a t w o r k e r s i n a l l c o u n t r i e s c a n b e t r a i n e d o n t h e j o b t o a c h i e v e r a d i c a l h i g h e r p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d , a s a r e s u l t , r a d i c a l l y h i g h e r s t a n d a r d s o f l i v i n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 7 " > I r o n i c a l l y , t h e f i r s t e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s i d e a a p p e a r e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . N o t l o n g a g o , w i t h t h e c o u n t r y e n t e r i n g a r e c e s s i n g a n d J a p a n a t i t s p r e - b u b b l e p e a k . T h e U . S . w o r k f o r c e w a s d e r i d e d a s p o o r l y e d u c a t e d a n d o n e o f p r i m a r y c a u s e o f t h e p o o r U . S . e c o n o m i c p e r f o r m a n c e . J a p a n w a s , a n d r e m a i n s , t h e g l o b a l l e a d e r i n a u t o m o t i v e - a s s e m b l y p r o d u c t i v i t y . Y e t th e r e s e a r c h r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e U . S . f a c t o r i e s o f H o n d a N i s s a n , a n d T o y o t a a c h i e v e d a b o u t9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f t h e i r J a p a n e s e c o u n t e r p a r t s - - a r e s u l t o f t h e t r a i n i n g t h a t U . S . w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d o n t h e j o b . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 8 " > M o r e r e c e n t l y , w h i l e e x a m i n i n g h o u s i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s d i s c o v e r e d t h a t i l l i t e r a t e , n o n - E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g M e x i c a n w o r k e r s i n H o u s t o n , T e x a s , c o n s i s t e n t l y m e t b e s t - p r a c t i c e l a b o r p r o d u c t i v i t y s t a n d a r d s d e s p i t e t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y ' s w o r k . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 9 " > W h a t i s t h e r e a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e d u c a t i o n a n d e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t ? W e h a v e t o s u s p e c t t h a t c o n t i n u i n g e c o n o m i c g r o w t h p r o m o t e s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e d u c a t i o n e v e n w h e n g o v e r n m e n t s d o n ' t f o r c e i t . A f t e r a l l , t h a t ' s h o w e d u c a t i o n g o t s t a r t e d . W h e n o u r a n c e s t o r s w e r eh u n t e r s a n d g a t h e r e r s 1 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o , t h e y d i d n ' t h a v e t i m e t o w o n d e r m u c h a b o u t a n y t hi n g b e s i d e s f i n d i n g f o o d . O n l y w h e n h u m a n i t y b e g a n t o g e t i t s f o o d i n a m o r e p r o d u c t i v e w a y w a s t h e r e t i m e f o r o t h e r t h i n g s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > A s e d u c a t i o n i m p r o v e d , h u m a n i t y ' s p r o d u c t i v i t y p o t e n t i a l , t h e y c o u l d i n t u r n a f f o r d m o r e e d u c a t i o n . T h i s i n c r e a s i n g l y h i g h l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n i s p r o b a b l y a n e c e s s a r y , b u t n o t a s u f f i c i e n t , c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e c o m p l e x p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m s r e q u i r e d b y a d v a n c e d e c o n o m i c p e r f o r m a n c e . T h u s p o o r c o u n t r i e s m i g h t n o t b e a b l e t o e s c a p e t h e i r p o v e r t y t r a p s w i t h o u t p o l i t i c a l c h a n g e s t h a t m a y b e p o s s i b l e o n l y w i t h b r o a d e r f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n . A l a c k o f f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n , h o w e v e r , d o e s n ' t c o n s t r a i n t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d ' s w o r k f o r c e t o s u b s t a n t i a l l y i m p r o v e p r o d u c t i v i t y f o r t h e f o r e s t e d f u t u r e . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , c o n s t r a i n t s o n i m p r o v i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y e x p l a i n w h y e d u c a t i o n i s n ' t d e v e l o p i n g m o r e q u i c k l y t h e r e t h a n i t i s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 3 1 . T h e a u t h o r h o l d s i n p a r a g r a p h 1 t h a t t h e i m p o r t a n t o f e d u c a t i o n i n p o o r c o u n t r i e s &n b s p ; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > [ A ] i s s u b j e c t g r o u n d l e s s d o u b t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 3 " > [ B ] h a s f a l l e n v i c t i m o f b i a s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 4 " > [ C ] i s c o n v e n t i o n a l d o w n g r a d e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 5 " > [ D ] h a s b e e n o v e r e s t i m a t e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 6 " > 3 2 . I t i s s t a t e d i n p a r a g r a p h 1 t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n e w e d u c a t i o n s y s t e m &n b s p ; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 7 " > [ A ] c h a l l e n g e s e c o n o m i s t s a n d p o l i t i c i a n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 8 " > [ B ] t a k e s e f f o r t s o f g e n e r a t i o n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 9 " > [ C ] d e m a n d s p r i o r i t y f r o m t h e g o v e r n m e n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > [ D ] r e q u i r e s s u f f i c i e n t l a b o r f o r c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 1 " > 3 3 . A m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e J a p a n e s e a n d U . S w o r k f o r c e s i s t h a t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 2 " > [ A ] t h e J a p a n e s e w o r k f o r c e i s b e t t e r d i s c i p l i n e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 3 " > [ B ] t h e J a p a n e s e w o r k f o r c e i s m o r e p r o d u c t i v e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 4 " > [ C ] t h e U . S w o r k f o r c e h a s a b e t t e r e d u c a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 5 " > [ D ] t h e U . S w o r k f o r c e i s m o r e o r g a n i z e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 3 4 . T h e a u t h o r q u o t e s t h e e x a m p l e o f o u r a n c e s t o r s t o sh o w t h a t e d u c a t i o n e m e r g e d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 7 " > [ A ] w h e n p e o p l e h a d e n o u g h t i m e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 8 " > [ B ] p r i o r t o b e t t e r w a y s o f f i n d i n g f o o d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 9 " > [ C ] w h e n p e o p l e o n l o n g e r w e n t h u n g / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > [ D ] a s a r e s u l t o f p r e s s u r e o n g o v e r n m e n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 3 5 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e l a s t p a r a g r a p h , d e v e l o p m e n t o f e d u c a t i o n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > [ A ] r e s u l t s d i r e c t l y f r o m c o m p e t i t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > [ B ] d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n e c o n o m i c p e r f o r m a n c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > [ C ] f o l l o w s i m p r o v e d p r o d u c t i v i t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > [ D ] c a n n o t a f f o r d p o l i t i c a l c h a n g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > T e x t 4 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > T h e m o s t t h o r o u g h l y s t u d i e d i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e n e w w o r l d a r e t h e m i n i s t e r s a n d p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s o f s e v e n t e e n t h - c e n t u r y N e w E n g l a n d . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s t a n d a r d h i s t o r y o f A m e r i c a n p h i l o s o p h y , n o w h e r e e l s e i n c o l o n i a l A m e r i c a w a s " S o m u c h i m p o r t a n t a t t a c h e d t o i n t e l l e c t u a l p u r s u i t s " A c c o r d i n g t o m a n y b o o k s a n d a r t i c l e s , N e w E n g l a n d ' s l e a d e r s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e b a s i c t h e m e s a n d p r e o c c u p a t i o n s o f a n u n f o ld i n g , d o m i n a n t P u r i t a n t r a d i t i o n i n A me r i c a n i n t e l l e c t u a l l if e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > T o t a ke t h i s a p p r o a c h t o t h e N e w E n g l a n d e r s n o r m a l l y m e a n t o s t a r t w i t h t h e P u r i t a n s ' t h e o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n s a n d t h e i r d i s t i n c t i v e i d e a s a b o u t t h e c h u r c h - i m p o r t a n t s u b j e c t s t h a t w e m a y n o t n e g l e c t . B u t i n k e e p i n g w i t h o u r e x a m i n a t i o n of s o u t h e r n i n t e l l e c t u a l l i f e , w e m a y c o n s i d e r t h e o r ig i n a l P u r i t a n s a s c a r r i e r s o f E u r o p e a n c u l t u r e a d j u s t i n g t o N e w w o r l d c i r c u m s t a n c e s . Th e N e w E n g l a n d c o l o ni e s w e r e t h e s c e n e s o f i m p o r t a n t e p i s o d e s i n t h e p u r s u i t o f w i d e l y u n d e r s t o o d i d e a l s o f c i v i l i t y a n d v i r t u o s i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > T h e e a r l y s e t t l e r s o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s B a y i n c l u d e d m e n o f i m p r e s s i v e e d u c a t i o n a n d i n f l u e n c e i n E n g l a n d . ` B e s i d e s t h e n i n e t y o r s o l e a r n e d m i n i s t e r s w h o c a m e t o M a s s a c h u s e t t s c h u r c h i n t h e d e c a d e a f t e r 1 6 2 9 , T h e r e w e r e p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s l i k e J o h n W i n t h r o p , a n e d u c a t e d g e n t l e m a n , l a w y e r , a n d o f f i c i a l o f t h e C r o w n b e f o r e h ej o u r n e y e d t o B o s t o n . T h e r e m e n w r o t e a n d p u b l i s h e d e x t e n s i v e l y , r e a c h i n g b o t h N e w W o r l d a n d O l d W o r l d a u d i e n c e s , a n d g i v i n g N e w E n g l a n d a n a t m o s p h e r e o f i n t e l l e c t u a l e a r n e s t n e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > W e s h o u l d n o t f o r g e t , h o w e v e r , t h a t m o s t N e w E n g l a n d e r s w e r e l e s s w e l l e d u c a t e d . W h i l e f e w c r a f t s m e n o r f a r m e r s , l e t a l o n e d e p e n d e n t s a n d s e r v a n t s , l e f t l i t e r a r y c o m p o s i t i o n s t o b e a n a l y z e d , T h e i n t h i nk i n g o f t e n h a d a t r a d i t i o n al s u p e r s t i t i o n s q u a l i t y . A t a i l o r n am e d J o hn D a n e , w ho e m i g r a t e d i n t h e l a t e 1 6 3 0 s , l e f t a n a c c o u n t o f h i s r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g E n g l a n d t h a t i s f i l l e d w i t h s i g n s . s e x u a l c o n f u s i o n , e c o n o m i c f r u s t r a t i o n s , a n d r e l i g i o u s h op e - a l l n a m e t o g e t h e r i n a d e c i s i v e m o m e n t w h e n h e o p e n e d t h e B i b l e , t o l d h i s f a t h e r t h e f i r s t l i n e h e s a w w o u l d s e t t l e h i s f a t e , a n d r e a d t h e m a g i c a l w o r d s : " c o m e o u t f r o m a m o n g t h e m , t o u c h n o u n c l e a n t h i n g , a n d I w i l l b e y o u r G o d a n d y o u s h a l l b e m y p e o p l e . " O n e w o n d e r s w h a t D a n e t h o u g h t o f t h e c a r e f u l s e r m o n s e x p l a i n i n g t h e B i b l e t h a t h e h e a r d i n p u r i t a n c h u r c h e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > M e a n w h i l e , m a n y s e t t l e s h a d s l i g h t e r r e l i g i o u s c o m m i t m e n t s t h a n D a n e ' s , a s o n e c l e r g y m a n l e a r n e d i n c o n f r o n t i n g f o l k a l o n g t h e c o a s t w h o m o c k e d t h a t t h e y h a d n o t c o m e t o t h e N e w w o r l d f o r r e l i g i o n . " O u r m a i n e n d w a s t o c a t c h f i s h . " / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > 3 6 . T h e a u t h o r n o t e s t h a t i n t h e s e v e n t e e n t h - c e n t u r y N e w E n g l a n d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 3 " > [ A ] P u r i t a n t r a d i t i o n d o m i n a t e d p o l i t i c a l l i f e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 4 " > [ B ] i n t e l l e c t u a l i n t e r e s t s w e r e e n c o u r a g e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 5 " > [ C ] P o l i t i c s b e n e f i t e d m u c h f r o m i n t e l l e c t u a l e n d e a v o r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 6 " > [ D ] i n t e l l e c t u a l p u r s u i t s e n j o y e d a l i b e r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 7 " > 3 7 . I t i s s u g g e s t e d i n p a r a g r a p h 2 t h a t N e w E n g l a n d e r s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = "1 7 8 " > [ A ] e x p e r i e n c e d a c o m p a r a t i v e l y p e a c e f u l e a r l y h i s t o r y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 9 " > [ B ] b r o u g h t w i t h t h e m t h e c u l t u r e o f t h e O l d W o r l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 0 " > [ C ] p a i d l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n t o s o u t h e r n i n t e l l e c t u a l l i f e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 1 " > [ D ] w e r e o b s e s s e d w i t h r e l i g i o u s i n n o v a t i o n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 82 " >3 8 . T h e e a r l y m i n i s t e r s a n d p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s i n M a s s a c h u s e t t s B a y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 3 " > [ A ] w e r e f a m o u s i n t h e N e w W o r l d f o r t h e i r w r i t i n g s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 84 " > [ B ] g a i n e d i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e i n r e l i g i o u s a f f a i r s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 85 " > [ C ] a b a n d o n e d h i g h p o s i t i o n s b e f o r e c o m i n g t o t h e N e w W o r l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 86 " > [ D ] c r e a t e d a n e w i n t e l l e c t u a l a t m o s p h e r e i n N e w E n g l a n d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 87 " > 3 9 . T h e s t o r y o f J o h n D a n e s h o w s t h a t l e s s w e l l - e d u c a t e d N e w E n g l a n d e r s w e r e o f t e n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 18 8 " > [ A ] i n f l u e n c e d b y s u p e r s t i t i o n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 89 " > [ B ] t r o u b l e d w i t h r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 0 " > [ C ] p u z z l e d b y c h u r c h s e r m o n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 1 " > [ D ] f r u s t r a t e d w i t h f a m i l y e a r n i n g s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 2 " > 4 0 . T h e t e x t s u g g e s t s t h a t e a r l y s e t t l e r s i n N e w E n g l a n d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > [ A ] w e r e m o s t l y e n g a g e d i n p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " > [ B ] w e r e m o t i v a t e d b y a n i l l u s o r y p r o s p e c t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 5 " > [ C ] c a m e f r o m d i f f e r e n t b a c k g r o u n d s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 6 " > [ D ] l e f t f e w f o r m a l r e c o r d s f o r l a t e r r e f e r e n c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 7 " > P a r t B / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > D i r e c t i o n s: / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 9 " > D i r e c t i o n s : I n t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t , s o m e s e n t e n c e s h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d . F o r Q u e s t i o n s ( 4 1 - 4 5 ) , c h o o s e t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e o n e f r o m t h e l i s t A - G t o f i t i n t 0 e a c h o f t h e n u m b e r e d b l a n k . T h e r e a r e t w o e x t r a c h o i c e s , w h i c h d o n o t f i t i n a n y o f t h e g a p s . M a r k y o u r a n s w e r s o n A N S W E R S H E E T 1 . ( 1 0 p o i n t s ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > C o i n c i d i n g w i t h t h e g r o u n d b r e a k i n g t h e o r y o f b i ol o g i c a l e v o l u t i o n p r o p o s e d b y B r i t i s h n a t u r a l i s t C h a r l e s D a r w i n i n t h e 1 8 6 0 s , B r i t i s h s o c i a l p h i l o s o p h e r H e r b e r t S p e n c e r p u t f o r w a r d h i s o w n t h e o r y o f b i o l o g i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l e v o l u t i o n . S p e n c e r a r g u e d t h a t a l l w o r l d l y p h e n o m e n a , i n c l u d i n g h u m a n s o c i e t i e s , c h a n g e d o v e r t i m e , a d v a n c i n g t o w a r d p e r f e c t i o n . 4 1 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > A m e r i c a n s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t L e w i s H e n r y M o r g a n i n t r o d u c e d a n o t h e r t h e o r y o f c u l t u r a l e v o l u t i o n i n t h e l a t e 1 8 0 0 s . M o r g a n , a l o n g w i t h T y l o r , w a s o n e o f t h e f o u n d e r s o f m o d e r n a n t h r o p o l o g y . I n h i s w o r k , h e a t t e m p t e d t o s h o w h o w a l l a s p e c t s o f c u l t u r e c h a n g e d t o g e t h e r i n t h e e v o l u t i o n o f s o c i e t i e s . 4 2 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 s i n N o r t h A m e r i c a , G e r m a n - b o r n A m e r i c a n a n t h r o p o l o g i s t F r a n z B o a s d e v e l o p e d a n e w t h e o r y o f c u l t u r e k n o w n a s h i s t o r i c a l p a r t i c u l a r i s m . H i s t o r i c a l p a r t i c u l a r i s m , w h i c h e m p h a s i z e d t h e u n i q u e n e s s o f a l l c u l t u r e s , g a v e n e w d i r e c t i o n t o a n t h r o p o l o g y . 4 3 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > B o a s f e l t t h a t t h e c u l t u r e o f a n y s o c i e t y m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d a s t h e r e s u l t o f a u n i q u e h i s t o r y a n d n o t a s o n e o f m a n y c u l t u r e s b e l o n g i n g t o a b r o a d e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a g e o r t y p e o f c u l t u r e . 4 4 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 4 " > H i s t o r i c a l p a r t i c u l a r i s m b e c a m e a d o m i n a n t a p p r o a c h t o t h e s t u d y o f c u l t u r e i n A m e r i c a n a n t h r o p o l o g y , l a r g e l y t h r o u g h t h e i n f l u e n c e o f m a n y s t u d e n t s o f B o a s . B u t a n u m b e r o f a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 s a l s o r e j e c t e d t h e p a r t i c u l a r i s t t h e o r y o f c u l t u r e i n f a v o r o f d i f f u s i o n i s m . S o m e a t t r i b u t e d v i r t u a l l y e v e r y i m p o r t a n t c u l t u r a l a c h i e v e m e n t t o t h e i n v e n t i o n s o f a f e w , e s p e c i a l l y g i f t e d p e o p l e s t h a t , a c c o r d i n g t o d i f f u s i o n i s t s , t h e n s p r e a d t o o t h e r c u l t u r e s . 4 5 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p >。

2009年考研英语阅读理解全文翻

Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.习惯是件有趣的事情。

我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。

“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉•华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。

在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。

因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。

But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。

2009考研英语阅读理解解析

长难句：词汇： Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into bother 花费时间精力（做某事）搭配： rut 辙痕 ourselves create parallel pathways that can don't bother doing sth别自寻烦恼 /费心做某事 wear 磨出（洞），踩出（路） bypass those old roads. kill off 消灭，消除 deliberately 刻意 bypass1 绕过，避开定语从句、2
相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路线能避开原来那些老路

24.Dawna Markova would most probably agree that A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind B. innovativeness could be taught C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas D. curiosity activates creative minds
但脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地陪新习惯时，我们会在大脑中同时产生相应的路线，甚至全新的脑细胞。这些新路线和脑细胞能使我们的思路转入新的创新轨道。

第三段 Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact,the more new things we try—the more we step outside our comfort zone—the more inherently creative we become,both in the workplace and in our personal lives.

2009考研英语阅读真题 Text 1(英语二)

2009 Text 1（英语⼆）你能成为⼀个新习惯的创造者吗？Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine."Not choice, but habit rules the unre ﬂecting herd."William said in the 19th century.In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop newhabits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new , that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact, the more new things we try-the more we step outside our — the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.习惯是⼀种有趣的现象。

2009年考研英语高分必备经典句子(三十一)

2009年考研英语高分必备经典句子（三十一）1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly toa persons physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

2009年考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记（22）

TEXT 2 Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70 year olds there are twice as many women as men.But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.Few people are as fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children.Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper middle class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely, it has involved little physical change.No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the past 100,000 years-even the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］ A lack of mates.［B］ A fierce competition.［C］ A lower survival rate.［D］ A defective gene.56. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］ Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］ Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］ The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］ India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］ life has been improved by technological advance［B］ the number of female babies has been declining［C］ our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］ the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］ Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］ Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.［C］ The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］ Human Evolution Going Nowhere.agent11 n.代理商（⼈），代表amaze5 v.使惊奇，使惊愕，使惊叹argue19 v.①争论，辩论；②认为，主张，论证；③说服author69 n.①作者；②创始⼈average17 n.平均（数）；a.①平均的；②普通的，⼀般的；v.平均，均分balance5 v.称，（使）平衡；n.①天平，秤；②平衡，均衡；③差额，结余，余款being9 n.①⽣物，⼈；②存在，⽣存commit8 v.①把...交托给，提交；②犯（错误），⼲（坏事）community17 n.①同⼀地区的全体居民，社会，社区；②共同体，团体competition16 n.①⽐赛；②竞争comprehension3 a.理解（⼒），领悟crucial5 a.⾄关重要的，决定性的decline14 v./n.①下倾，下降，下垂，衰落；②斜⾯，倾斜；v.拒绝，谢绝depend16 v.（on）取决于，依靠，信赖，相信descendant1 n.⼦孙，后代describe14 v.描述，形容diminish1 v.缩⼩，减少，递减disappear4 v.不见，消失doubt8 n./v.怀疑，疑虑evolution11 n.进化，渐进，演化evolve3 v.（使）发展，（使）进化excess4 a.过量的，额外的；n.过量，过剩female4 a.⼥的，雌的fertile2 a.①肥沃的，富饶的；②能⽣育的fierce3 a.①凶猛的，残忍的；②激烈的，强烈的gene5 n.基因grand1 a.①盛⼤的，豪华的；②重⼤的，主要的ignorant2 a.①⽆知的，愚昧的；②不知道的illustrate6 v.①举例说明，阐明；②图解，加插图involve20 v.①卷⼊，陷⼊，连累；②包含，含有，涉及lower9 a.较低的，下级的，下游的；v.降下，放低male4 n./a.男性（的），雄性（的）mate1 n.①伙伴，同事；②配偶nature14 n.①⾃然界，⼤⾃然；②性质，本性，天性offspring4 n.①⼦孙，后代；②结果，产物opportunity11 n.机会organic3 a.①器官的；②有机的；③有机体的phrase6 n.短语，词语，习语physical7 a.①物质的，有形的；②⾁体的，⾝体的；③⾃然科学的，物理的poverty5 n.贫穷，贫困rate31 n.①⽐率，率；②等级；③价格，费⽤；v.①估价；②评级，评价ratio2 n.⽐，⽐率religious4 a.宗教的，信教的，虔诚的savage1 a.①野蛮的，未开化的；②凶恶的，残暴的；n.野蛮⼈selection8 n.①选择，挑选；②选集，精选物species7 n.（物）种，种类suicide7 n.①⾃杀；②⾃取灭亡survival5 n.①幸存，⽣存；②幸存者，残存物survive11 v.①幸免于，幸存；②⽐...长命tend26 v.①趋向，往往是；②照料，看护title6 n.①书名，标题；②头衔，称号transform5 v.①改变，变换；②变压；③转化；④改造tribe1 n.部落，家族universal4 a.①普遍的，全体的，通⽤的；②宇宙的，世界的upper1 a.①上⾯的；②上部的，较⾼的variation2 n.①变化，变动；②变种，变异wealthy2 a.富裕的，丰富的wholly1 ad.完全地，全部，⼀概according47 ad.依照，根据advance10 v.①前进，进展；②推进，促进；③提出（建议等）；④提前；n.①前进，进展；②预付，预⽀advantage13 n.优势, 有利条件biological3 a.⽣物学的defective2 a.有缺陷的；n.有缺陷的⼈evolutionary4 a.进化的maturity1 n.成熟，完备mediocrity1 n.平常，平凡mortality1 n.死亡率technological9 a.科技的tribal1 a.部落的，种族的难句1Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.［结构分析］1. 本句句⼦主⼲是:... difference ... and the opportunity ... have diminished；2. 主语是⽤and连接的两个并列的名词短语difference between people 和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it；［本句难点］不要把and理解为连接的是people和the opportunity；［⽅法对策］根据句⼦意思，明确主句主语是⽤and连接的两个并列的名词短语；［例句精译］⼈与⼈之间的差异和利⽤差异进⾏⾃然选择的机会再⼀次减少。

2009年高考英语高分宝典与万能模板参考

班级＿＿＿＿＿姓名＿＿＿＿＿＿考试号＿＿＿＿＿＿＿座号＿＿＿＿＿＿密封线2009年高考英语高分宝典与万能模板参考济南中学开头中间结尾书信 I am very glad to hear from you… I am very happy to receive your letter… I am very glad to hear that… I am writing to tell you about…… Please write back soon… I miss you very much and hope to meet you again…… I am looking forward to meeting you… 图表或漫画 As the picture shows below…… Chart one shows….. As is known on chart two…… It is obvious in the graphic/table that… There is no surprise that …… It is a very common phenomenon…… The trend described in the graphic/tab le will …… We are also learning that…… 议论文 It is a hot topic today…… These days we often hear that…… As everyone knows... In my opinion…… Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X……However, other people stand on a different ground… For one thing……on the other hand…… Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that… It is evident now that…… As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that…… 书面表达35句经典句型一、~~~ the ~ est 名词 (that) 主词 have ever seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most 形容词名词 (that) 主词 have ever seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句： Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

2009年考研英语阅读真题长难句经典分析

2009年考研英语阅读真题长难句经典分析1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图化其利润的欲望和个人想化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。

3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lowerthe price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。

2009考研英语试题翻译

2009考研英语试题翻译、作文参考答案2009年01月19日 14:44 来源：搜狐教育46．It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ,but this effect is not a part of its original motive尽管人们可以这样说，对任何一个社会制度价值的衡量就是其在增长和丰富经验方面所产生的影响，但是这种影响并不是其最初（原来）动机的一部分。

47. Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted. and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。

这个制度的副产品仅仅是为人们所逐步注意到，而在实施这种制度时，认为这种影响是一个制约因素则仍然更为缓慢。

48. while it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition. it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.尽管我们在与年轻人交往时，很容易忽视我们的行为对他们性格的影响，但是与成年人接触或交往却并不那么容易。

49. Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share ina common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.既然我们对他们的主要职责（任务）就是使年轻人能够参与到一个共同的生活中去，因此我们不禁思考我们是否正具备这种力量，而这种力量将有助于我们获得这种能力。

2009年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析(原MBA)

2009 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明文，摘自2008 年 6 月26 日The New York Times。

文章主要介绍了世界石油价格的变化的原因以及给世界带来的改变。

第一段主要介绍了近年来石油价格的上涨以及其背后的原因。

第二、三段主要介绍了石油价格的改变对国家相互之间的关系带来的影响。

第四、五段分别具体的介绍了世界石油价格的变化给德国与美国来带的影响。

二、试题分析1.【答案】C【解析】本题主要考查词义辨析和熟词生义，A 项come，B 项gone，D 项arrived 都表示“到，到达”的含义。

C项cross 意为“穿过”，这里是引申含义“突破”。

这句话指“价格已经突破100 美元每桶”，与上文的“16 美元一桶”做比较。

2.【答案】D【解析】本题考查动词与介词词组的搭配。

解题重点在于空后面的一个介词词组from …to…表示一个范围。

A 项covered 意为“覆盖”一般指地理范围；B 项discovered 发现；C 项arranged 安排；C 项D 项的动词都与介词词组搭配不合理。

D 项ranged 意为涉及的“范围延伸”。

与后面的from…to…搭配合理。

本句句意是：价格上涨的原因涉及从……到……，固定搭配range from A to B。

因此，选项D 正确。

3.【答案】D【解析】本题的解答要根据上下文来推理，四个选项中 A 项intensity 强度；B 项infinity；无穷大；C 项insecurity不安全；D 项instability 不安定，不稳定性。

后面说到了“伊拉克与尼日利亚的三角洲地区”，我们知道这两个地区的局势长期不稳定。

所以D 答案与此相符。

4.【答案】B【解析】本题考核的重点是与名词的搭配的相关动词，后面的宾语是一个名词结构，the economic and political做map 的定语，而of the world 做了map 的后置定语，所以中心词是map。

09届中考英语作文必背的80个句子

中考英语作文必背的80个句子（四）1.According to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟相关的疾病。

2.The latest surveys show that Quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework. 最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3.No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 没有一项发明象互联网同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4.People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5.Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

6.Nowadays ,many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately ,for most young people ,it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus. 当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。

09年考研英语作文高分必备300句经典句子2

09年考研英语作文高分必备300句经典句子2Ditself ! " If this is indeed the case , then the current situation should make us ponder our futuer existence .一位着名的思想家曾经写道:“对人类最大的威胁是人类自身!”如果事实确实如此,那么,现状应该促使我们对我们未来的生存进行思索了。

25. U.S. President Harry Truman once remarked : " The buck stops here ! " His view has been confirmed by numerous world leaders who have assumed full responsibility for their actions .美国总统杜鲁门曾经说过:“责任止于此!”(意为勿再把责任往别处推,这是杜鲁门办公室桌上的座右铭)他的观点得到了很多对自己的行动承担完全责任的世界领袖的肯定。

26. Large families were once seen as a blessing . Today , however , things are changing and an increasing number of Chinese parents realize that fewer is better .大家庭曾经被看做是一种福气。

然而,今天,情况改变了,越来越多的中国家长意识到家庭成员越少越好。

27. People used to place total reliance on the government . The so-called " iron rice bowl " prevailed in the past , but things are quite different today .过去,人们习惯完全依靠政府。

考研英语长难句真题例句

考研英语长难句真题例句考研英语长难句真题例句为了帮助参加考研的小伙伴复习英语长难句。

今天，店铺整理了考研英语长难句真题例句，以供考生复习。

考研英语长难句真题例句(一)：2009年阅读真题Text31. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.译文：毫无疑问，在这两个领域取得的进步对于这些贫穷国家以及其他国家的社会、政治、智力发展都是必不可少的。

传统观点认为教育应成为促进贫困国家经济快速发展首要考虑的因素之一，然而这种观点是错误的。

2. We are fortunate that is it, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.译文：我们很庆幸这种观点错了，因为在这些国家建立新的教育体制并通过这种体制培养足够的人才来提高经济水平需要两三代人的时间。

考研英语长难句真题例句(二)：2010年阅读真题Text21. Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.译文：对商业方法专利申请的控制是一个突然的180度大转变，因为正是联邦巡回法院在1998年被称为"道富银行案"的决议中引入了这类专利，当时法庭对一种"汇集各种公有基金资产"的方法授予了专利。