中山大学2011年考研德语真题
2011年中山大学外国语学院833语言学概论考研真题及答案【圣才出品】
2011年中山大学外国语学院833语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example：find—／／,beneath—／／1.corpora2.sociologist3.Chef4.debris5.nasal6.embedding7.antonymy8.facial9.annotated10.phoneticsII.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.Lyons predicted in the seventies by pointing out that linguistics is_______,rather than speculative or intuitive：it operates with publicly variable data obtained by means of observation or experiment.2.Phonetic similarity means that the_______of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.3.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words.As for variable words,they may have_______changes.That is,the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.4.In their book_______written in l923,C.K.Ogden and I.A.Richards presented a“representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured.”There are16 major categories of them,with sub-categories all together,numbering22.5.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership.The upper term in this sense relation i.e.the class name,is called_______,and the lower terms,the members,Hyponyms.6.Charles Darwin,the founder of Evolution Theory,was one of the first keeping the diary of his son’s_______.7.And the Firthian tradition in this respect was further developed by the founder of systemic-functional linguistics,M.A.K.Halliday,whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be better seen from his understanding of language from a socially_______or interactional perspective,his functional interpretation of grammar as a resource for meaning potential, and his linguistic model in the study of literature.8.For some reasons,much of the research on writing has concentrated on the preparation and revision processes rather than on the sentence generation and lexical access processes that have been the focus of_______language production.the l970s a decade of functionalism,and the l980s a decade of_______stylistics”.10.As a compromise between the“purely form-focused approaches”and the“purelymeaning-focused”approaches,a recent movement called_______seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.11.While Firth inherited the tradition by taking up some of_______’s and Malinowskid’s views,he developed their theories and put forward his own original points of view.12.Mood is made up of two parts:the“Subject”and the“_______”element.13.In spite of the dominant influences of Transformational Generative Grammar in the Americanlinguistic scholarship,it has been challenged by a number of rebels,among whom,are Fillmore with his_______and other with Generative Semantics.14.The idea of_______was first developed by Roman Jacobson(l896-1982)in the1940s as ameans of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.15.Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word.When pitch is related to a sentence,it is called_______.III.Define the following terms.(50points)1.Logical subject2.Sentence3.Performatives4.Orientational metaphor5.SPEAKING6.Free indirect thought7.Blog8.Applied linguistics9.Mental processes10.Error AnalysisIV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar.2.In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of individual words.3.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i.e.,a word or a group of words,which serve as a definable centre or head.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)1.What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?2.What are the characteristics of Grice's“conversational implicature”?3.What does Halliday’s Systemic Grammar aim to do?参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)1.corpora—／／2.sociologist—／／3.Chef—／／4.debris—／／5.nasal—／／6.embedding—／／7.antonymy—／／8.facial—／／9.annotated—／／10.phonetics—／／II.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.empirical2.allophones3.inflective4.The Meaning of Meaning5.super ordinate6.speech development7.semiotic8.spoken9.discourse10.focus on form11.Saussure12.finite13.Case Grammar14.minimal pairs15.intonationIII.Define the following terms.(50points)1.Logical subject is the subject of a sentence that expresses the actual agent of an expressed or implied action.In passive voice such as“John was bitten by a dog”,we have two terms “grammatical subject”and“logical subject”.Since the core object noun(John in this case)sits in the slot before the verb in the passive,it is called grammatical subject,for the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb,the space that a subject normally occupies;the core subject(A dog),now the object of a preposition(by a dog),is called the logical subject,since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does:it performs an action.2.Sentence:Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.Bloomfield defined the sentence as one“not included by virtue of any grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form”.Sentences may be classified along the intersecting dimensions of structure and function.Some linguists are now interested in the communicative function of utterances and label various sentences as“statement”,“question”,“command”,“request”,“confirmation”,etc.3.Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state.They cannot be said to be true or false.The uttering of these sentences is,or is part of,the doing an action.The judge’s imprisonment sentence,the president’s war or independence declaration,etc.,are performatives.4.Orientational metaphor:It means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,as entities and substances.It gives a concept a spatial orientation.They are characterized not so much by structuring one concept in terms of another,but by a co-occurrence in our experience.The orientational metaphors are grounded in an experiential basis,which link together the two parts of the metaphor.For example,“I’m feeling up.”and“I’m feeling down.”implicate that“I’m happy”and“I’m sad”.5.SPEAKING is a mnemonic way of summarizing certain components of speech which make possible the description and analysis of communicative behavior:S=Situation,P=Participants, E=Ends,A=Act sequence,K=Key,I=Instrumentalities,N=Norms,and G=Genres.6.Free indirect thought,FIT for short,is kind of thought presentation used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters.For example,“He was bound to be late!”is free indirect thought.7.Blog,which is the short form of weblog,is defined by Dan Gilmore as“an online journal comprised of links and postings in reverse chronological order,meaning the most recent posting appears at the top of the page”.Matisse Enzer’s Glossary of Internet Terms puts it this way:A blog is basically a journal that is available on the web.The activity of updating a blog is “blogging”and someone who keeps a blog is a“blogger.”Blogs are typically updated daily using software that allows people with little or no technical background to update and maintain the blog.8.Applied linguistics:It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality.For example,there are studies on multilingualism,language acquisition,first and second language teaching and learning.please)and“cognition”(know,believe,convince),for example,“John likes Mary”.A mental process involves two participants,Sensor and Phenomenon.10.Error Analysis:Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught，in tellingthe researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves，first independently or objectively，describing the learners’interlanguage(that is，their version of the target language and the target language itself)，then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches.Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis,EA for short,gives1ess consideration to learners’native language.The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps:(1)Recognition(2)Description.(3)Explanation.For example,explanation:the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance:e.g.She sleeping.Type of error:Omissions.IV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.A phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit.It is not any particular sound,but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.For example,the[P]sound in peak is called an aspirated[p],and the [p]sound in speak is an unaspirated[p].Its distinctive features of a phoneme are capable of distinguishing meaning.Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.For example, the word“tourists”contains three morphemes.There is one minimal unit of meaning,tour, another minimal unit of meaning-ist(meaning“person who does something”),and a minimal unit of grammatical function-s(indicating plural).Therefore,phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit grammar.（此题考查音素与词素的概念。
中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案(2011,2013)【圣才出品】
11．中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2011，2013）中山大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学概论C（用英文考试）I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni: θ/1. empirical2. plagiarize3. compound4. finite5. clause6. phonemics7. threatened8. epiphenomenon9. beta10. generic【答案】1. empirical — / /2. plagiarize —/ /3. compound —//4. finite — //5. clause — //6. phonemics — //7. threatened — //8. epiphenomenon — //9. beta — //10. generic — //II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.【答案】Displacement2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.【答案】Consonants3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.【答案】morphology4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc. 【答案】reference5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.【答案】synchronic6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.【答案】interlanguage7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot. 【答案】Horn8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.【答案】compositionality9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.【答案】monistic10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness todesignate something in the scene.【答案】deixis11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have thefollowing possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.【答案】Short12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area ofexample-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.【答案】computational13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.【答案】non-pulmonic14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,interpersonal, and textual meanings.【答案】realization15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language isnot arbitrary at the ______ level.【答案】syntacticIII. Define the following terms. (50 points)1. recreational function【答案】The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.2. pharyngeal【答案】Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.3. loanshift【答案】It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。
中山大学2011年语言学及应用语言学考研真题--汉语言学基础
中山大学语言学及应用语言学2011年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试汉语言学基础部分（150分）一、判断正误。
认为正确的打“√”，不正确的打“×”。
（20分）1. “5月20 日报名截止”和“截至5月20日共有5人报名”中的“截止”和“截至”的用法是正确的。
2. 汉字记录的语音单位相当于音节，所以汉字可视为音节文字。
3. 现代汉语普通话的音节，最多可有4个音素，最少得1个音素。
4. “听说两张票叫他拿走了一张”是兼语句。
5. zhi、chi、shi等音节的韵母应归入开口呼。
6. “突然”是形容词，“忽然”是副词，所以它们不是同义词。
7. 普通话有阴平、阳平、上声、去声、轻声五个调类。
8. 代词几乎能代替所有的实词和短语。
9. “f②ng”中的“n”与“f②n”中的“n”是一个音。
10. “s”是舌尖前送气清擦音。
11. “j❾”、“j❾e”、“y❾e”这几个音节的韵头都是“ ”。
12. “连门儿也没有”一共有六个音节。
13. “说”字由四个部件组成。
14. “上、下、本、末、三、亦”都是指事字。
15. “绷带”是音意兼译的外来词。
16. “赞成”和“反对”是绝对反义词。
17. “你说他也不听”不是兼语句18. “一斤鱼”和“一斤的鱼”，结构类型和语义都相同。
19. “他身体健康”这个句子的主语是“他身体”，20. 确定句型时，省略不是影响句型的因素。
二、分析题。
1.写出下列汉字的拼音，并分析音节结构（5分）例子：汉字拼音声母韵头韵腹韵尾声调四呼交ji①o j i ①o 阴平齐齿呼（1）语（2）准（3）学（4）的（5）通2.指出下列句中被括号提取的词的词性，并说明原因（10分）（1）我们要继续学习。
（继续）（2）理想与现实不一致。
（一致）（3）这是一本袖珍词典，（袖珍）（4）他连开三枪。
（连）（5）这东西可以连皮吃。
（连）3.请将下面的词按构成方式归入相应的类。
（6分）单纯词合成词单音词复音词复合式重叠式附加式连绵词叠音词译音词联合型偏正型补充型动宾型主谓型兄弟、蛐蛐、寺庙、秋千、马匹、月亮、石头、坦克、花儿、扑克、性急、阿婆4.试指明下列多义词的词义并说明词义的派生方式（6分，每题3分）（1）近视（2）巾帼5.指出下列形声字的形旁和声旁，并从部件角度分析其部件的组合方式（6分）（1）旗（2）裹（3）闻（4）赶6.用符号法分析下列句子的成分（6分，每题2分）（连动项之间用/隔开，主语用标出，谓语或述语中心用标出，宾语中心用标出，兼语中心用标出，定语用（）标出，状语用[ ]标出，补语用< >标出。
2011年中山大学245德语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年中山大学245德语考研真题及详解I.选择正确答案填空，将答案的字母写在答题纸上。
(40分，每题1分)1. Ich______Lehrer und meine Frau______Arbeiterin.a. bin, binb. ist, istc. bin, istd. ist, bin【答案】c【解析】sein的第一人称形式为bin, 第三人称形式为ist。
2. Wir______heute Unterricht und ihr______keinen.a. haben, habenb. habt, habtc. habt, habend. haben, habt【答案】d【解析】haben的第一人称复数为原型haben, 第三人称复数为habt。
3. Wir sind______.a. Philosophieb. Studentenc. Herr Wangd. Universität【答案】b【解析】句意：我们是学生。
应选表示复数的选项。
4. Studiert______an der Universität Berlin?a. Sieb. wirc. dud. ihr【答案】d【解析】句意：他们在柏林大学学习吗？5. Was ist dort? Dort ist______.a. ein Buchb. eine Buchc. einen Buchd. einem Buch【答案】a【解析】句意：—那是什么？—那是一本书。
Buch为中性, 此处为第一格。
6. Die Wohnung______Lehrers ist klein.a. dasb. desc. derd. die【答案】b【解析】此处为Lehrer的第二格, Lehrer为阳性名词, 第二格用des。
7. Herr Liu kommt______Beijing.a. mitb. beic. ausd. an【答案】c【解析】aus Ort. kommen来自某地, 固定搭配。