Casting of Steel
钢材产品中英文对照
钢材产品中英文对照钢材产品中英文对照一、钢管ERW steel pipe直缝电阻焊管SMLS(Seamless) 无缝管管steel pipe镀锌钢管SSAW steel pipe螺旋埋弧焊管LSAW steel pipe直缝埋弧焊管Stainless steel pipe不锈钢管Alloy steel pipe合金钢管Line pipe管线管Tubing油管Casing pipe套管Dring pipe钻管Structural Pipe结构管Piling pipe桩管Hollow Section:空心型材Square steel pipe:方管Rectangular steel pipe:矩形管RHS:Round Hollow SectionSHS:Square Hollow SectionRHS:Rectangular Hollow Section二、型材H beam H型钢I beam工字钢Channel steel槽型钢Angle steel角钢三、板材Hot rolled steel sheet /coil 热轧钢板/卷Cold rolled steel sheet/coil 冷轧钢板/卷Galvanized steel sheet/coil 镀锌钢板/卷PPGI steel sheet/coil 彩涂钢板/卷Stainless steel sheet/coil 不锈钢板/卷四、线材Wire rod 盘条Deformed steel bar 螺纹钢五、其他Billet 钢坯、方坯Flat bars 扁钢Fitting 管件Elbow 弯头Flange 法兰英文全称英文缩写及符号中文about abt大约acceptance接受actual weight A/W实际重量address ADD地址ad valorem A/V加价，附加的价格A glass一级AA glass二级al-costa镀铝板alloy aly合金all-round（price）a/r；ar共计aluminum-galvanized 镀铝锌板amount amt金额，数量angle角钢annealed anl退火anodize andz阳极腐蚀anti-finger耐指纹approved apvd批准appendix app附录application用途approximately approx大约，近似的audit审核authorizedrepresentative授权代表average avg平均值back背面baking烘烤baoshan iron&steelco.，ltd.宝山钢铁股份有限公司base metal基板batch number Batch No炉号/批号bearing steel轴承钢bend test 弯屈试验bill of exchange汇票bill of lading B/L提单billet钢坯black黑皮blank此行空白blast furnace BF高炉both两面bottom bot底book订货bound bar B/Bar 圆钢brand br商标、品质、规格brazil Braz巴西bright finish光亮brightness光泽bundle Bbl捆、扎、盘、卷buyer订货单位buyer买方calibrate CAL使用标准carbon C碳carbon steel CS普碳钢carriage cge运费case number C/S No箱号cash on delivery货到付款、现金提货cast number Cast No炉号catalogue cat目录、商品目录Centigrade C摄氏(温度计)certificate number CertificaNo证明书号certificate of 品质证明书qualitycertificate ofquantity数量证明书certificate oforigin.产地证channel U钢checking检查chemical composition 化学成分chemical conversioncoating化学转化层chemical treatment化学处理cheque cheq；chq支票chromated C铬酸盐处理claims索赔class cl等级clause条款classification分类cleaning清洗coal煤coat涂层coat bending涂层弯曲coat thickness涂层厚度coating type 涂层结构coating mass 镀层量coating number Coating No 镀层号coating property涂镀性能code number Code No代号coil卷coil number Coil No卷号coiling卷取coke焦碳coke over焦炉cold-galvanized CGI冷轧热镀锌cold-rolled CR冷轧cold-rolled steelcoil CRC冷轧卷cold-rolled steelfull-hard轧硬cold-rolled steelsheets CR冷轧板cold-rolling mill冷轧薄板厂color-coated steel彩色涂层板color-steel CS彩涂板colour颜色commercial CQ 商业品质量commodiey品名commission com；comm；commn佣金、手续费confirm确认consignee收货单位construction CONSTR结构contained contd包括container shipment集装箱运输contents目录continuous annealing连退continuous steelcasting连铸contract Cont合同contract product合同产品contract terms andconditions合同条件及条款contract number Cont No合同号converter转炉corporate profile简介counter sample对应样品，对等样品country公司customer订货单位/客户名称/用户customer ordernumbercustomerorder No客户订单编号customer’s numbercustomer’sNo代号date of delivery交货日期date ofeffectiveness生效日期date of issue签发日期deferred payment延期付款definitions定义deformed bar D-bar螺纹钢deliver department发货单位deliveror发货人delivery date发货日期delivery order D/O；.提货单、货物出货凭单description重量description说明destination到站depth dpth深度diameter Dia直径dimension Dim尺寸directly reducediron DRI直接还原铁ditto（=the same）do；dto相同、同一documents单据/文件documentation技术资料documents required 文件要求dull finish麻面electric arc furnace EAF电弧炉electric tin-plate ETP镀锡板/电镀马口铁electric-zinc EGI电镀锌electro-galvanized电镀锌elongation 延伸率enclosure（s）enc；encl同函、附函、附件equipment设备erichsen杯突expenses exs费用export destination出口目的港Fahrenheit Fahr华氏温度计ferroalloys铁合金figures figs数字final destination最终目的地finished coating精涂层flat steel板材force majeure不可抗力galfan热镀锌铝合金（5%铝）galvalume热镀铝锌合金（55%铝）galvanized GI热镀锌galvanneal GA合金化热镀锌（锌铁合金）government documents政府文件grade Gd等级/牌号grade of steel Gd ofs钢号grind抛光gross weight Gr(G·W)毛重gross ton.总吨数hardness HRB洛氏硬度H-Beam H钢heat analysis熔炼分析heat number Heat No熔炼炉号high speed steel高速钢hop-dip zinc热镀锌hop-dip alu-zinc热镀铝锌hot dip galvanized HGI热轧热镀锌hot strip mill热轧机hot-rolled HR热轧hot-rolled pickled &oiled HRPO热轧酸洗hot-rolled steel bar棒材hot-rolled steelcoil HRC热轧卷hot-rolled steelplate热轧中厚板hot-rolled steel rodcoils盘条hot-rolled steelsheet 热轧板I-Beam I钢in bulk散装in cases（boxes）装箱inch（es）in英寸incoterms贸易术语indent订单ingot/bloom钢锭inner diameter内径inquiry询价looper活套inspection检验inspection 质量证明书certificateinspector检查人insurance policy保险单invoice发票、清单、货单iron ore铁矿石item number Item No项次号kilogram Kg（kgs）千克kilometre kilom千米length L长度letter of credit L/C信用证license number License No许可证号long products长材longitudinal L纵向lot number Lot No批号machining加工manufacturer制造厂manufacturingtechnology制造技术manufacturingtechmiques制造工艺marks mks标记/唛头mass重量maximum Max最大mechanical property力学性能merchandise mdse物品、商品、货物metallic coating镀层meter M米metric ton Mt（M/t）公吨middle plate中厚板mill’s number合同号mill-edge不切边/毛边minimum Min最小miscellaneous其它more or less clause溢短装条款moleten steel钢水molten iron铁水net weight Net(N·W)净重none spangle无锌花normal spangle正常锌花nominal dimensions公称尺寸notes注释notice of shipment发货通知书notices通知offer报盘oiled O涂油order订货、订单、订购order date订货日期order number Order No订单号original sample原样ounce oz盎司outside dlameter.外径oxygen converter转炉package number Pack No捆包号packing 包装packing list P/L装箱单page；per p；pr页pallet托盘payment付款要求pencil hardness铅笔硬度percentage%百分比phosphated P 磷酸盐处理pickled酸洗piece（pieces）Pc（Pcs）支、根、块、件pig iron生铁plate块（板）pocuments required到港口岸port of shipment装运港/地port of unloading卸货港/地pound（pounds）Ib（Ibs）磅prepainted steelsheets彩涂板price价格price terms价格条款primer初涂层precise精度process工艺processing property加工性能product产品名称product qualitycertificate产品质量证明书projects项目purchaser购货单位purchase number purchase No购单号quality Qlty品质、牌号quality assurance质量保证quantity Q数量quotation quotn价目表、定价表、报价quay qy码头reel卷、筒reel number Reel No卷号refininy furnace精炼炉reheartuy furnace加热炉remarks备注resin树脂reverse Impoct 反向冲击roll Rl卷、筒sample（s）样品scrap steel废钢seal盖章section steel型钢seller卖方sendzimiv mill冷轧机service centre剪切中心set套、组shape外形sheet平板、张sheets张数shipment装运shipping advise装船通知shipping mark S·M发货标记sight payment即期付款signature Sig签字silicon steel、electric steel电工钢/硅钢片/矽钢片sintering烧结size 尺寸、规格slit-edge切边special steel特钢specification Spec规格、标准square sq平方square measure面积stainless steel STS不锈钢stamping打印standard Std标准steel billet方坯steel casting铸钢steel rolling轧钢steel strip钢带steel sheet钢板steel slab板坯steel smelting炼钢storage储存supplier供方surface grade 表面级别surface structure表面结构surface treatment表面处理tare Tr皮重tatal合计technical standard技术标准technical terms 技术条件technical data技术参数technical regulation技术规范technology技术technique工艺telegraphic transfer T/T电汇tensile strength抗拉强度tensile test拉伸试验tension test拉力试验terms of payment支付条款test number T est No试验号test piece number Test Pc No试样号theoretical weight理论重量thickness T厚度time of shipment装运时间time of validity有效期tin-free steeel TFS镀铬板tinplate马口铁the metric公制the british system英制the 美制tolerances公差ton T（t）吨tonnage Tonn吨数、重量toot steel工具钢top正面torpedo鱼雷型铁水罐车total合计total value总值trade mark商标train number Train No车号transportation运输transversal T 横向uncoiling开卷unit计量单位unit price单价usage用途wagon number wagon No车号wall thickness.壁厚weight Wt重量weight certificate重量证明书weight memo重量单welding缝合width W宽度wire rod w/rod线材yield strength屈服强度yietd point屈服点G/O取向硅钢N/O 无取向硅钢P/O酸洗涂油PPGI彩涂板（热镀锌基板）本产品已按上述要求进行制造和检验，其结果符合要求，特此证明we hereby certify that material described herein has menufactured and testedwith sqtisfzctory results in accordance with the requirements of above materiacspecificatton。
铸造英语词汇
铸造学专业英语词汇铸造厂，铸造 foundry铸造尺 shrink rule铸造尺 shrinkage rule铸造尺 shrinkage scale铸造从业员 foundry man铸造法 casting process铸造方案 founding method铸造方案 plan of casting铸造废料 foundry scrap铸造机 casting machine铸造计划 casting plan铸造设计，铸件设计 casting design 铸造性试验 castability test铸造应变 casting strains铸造用钉 foundry nails铸造用生铁 foundry pig iron铸造状态 as-cast condition，as-cast 铸造组织 cast structure铸造作业 casting manipulations铸芝模 ingot mold铸芝偏析 ingotism抓斗绞车装置 grabbing gear专业铸造工场 production foundry砖 brick转变用铁水(调配成分) transition iron 转动炉，转筒炉 rotary furnace转换 conversion转炉 converter转炉钢 converter steel转炉炉榇 converter lining转盘混砂机 rotating pan mill转速 revolving speed转台，转盘 rotary table转台喷粒机 shot tablast转位半径 transititon radius转运车 transfer trolley转运翻箱装置 transfer-turnover device转运盖c装置 transfer-closing device转运装置 transfer device装砂芯 coring up装载机 bucket loader装载能量 loading capacity追补焦 split coke锥形炉腹 bosh坠裂试验 shatter test坠落试验 drop test坠重试验 drop-weight test自动电极控制 automatic electrode control自动电流调整器 automatic current regulator自动化 automation自动化系统 automatic system自动加料设备 automatic charging equipment自动进给 automatic feeding自动控制 automatic control自动配料机 automatic doser自动燃烧控制 automatic combustion control自动送料(压铸) automatic ladling，die casting自动温度控制器 automatic temperature controller自动造模工场 automatic molding plant自动铸砂处理设备 automatic sand plant自动转盘式造模机 automatic turntable molding machine 自来水 tap water自然腐蚀试验 field test自然裂缝 seasoning shake自然破裂 season cracking自然干燥法(木材)，自然季化处理(铸件) natural seasoning 自然时效 natural aging自然通风 natural draft自行除渣 self-skimming自行除渣风口 self-slagging tuyere自行结晶 idiomorphic crystal自行退火 self-annealing自硬钢 self-hardening steel自硬性 self-hardening自硬性造模法 no-bake process自硬性粘结剂 self-curing binder自由度 degree of freedom自由水 free water纵向裂痕 longitudinal crack足尺 full size阻挠元素 interfering element阻销 stop pin组成图 constitutional diagram组成物 component组成楔值 constitutional wedge value组合 built up组合构造 composite construction组合模板 built-up plate组合模型 built-up pattern组合模型 composite pattern组合模型 pattern assembly组合砂箱 built-up molding box组合砂芯盒 multiple core box组织，级成 constitution组织成分 constituent组织瑕疵 structure defects钻悄(试样用) drillings钻维硬度值(韦克氏硬度) diamond pyramid hardness number，Vickers hardness 最大负载 maximum load最后加工 finish最适水分(模砂) optimum temper moisture作业可靠性 operational reliability作业砂(生产线) production sand作业准备日程 operational scheduling直立浇铸 vertical pouring直立心型端承，直立砂芯头vertical coreprint直立旋板心轴 upright spindle直立造模 vertical molding直立造模法 mold on end直立铸模 vertical mold直立铸造 vertical casting直落砂芯 drop core直木纹 edge grain直提砂芯头 tail print直通干燥炉 through feed drying furnace直显照片(金相) direct print直压式合机 direct pressure closing植物油 vegetable oil指形进模口 finger gate酯系硬化法 ester-process制震能 damping capacity蛭石 vermiculite置冲法 pour-over method置冲法 transfer method置模箱 set-off box滞流(铸疵) mistrun制程退火 process annealing制模型铣床 pattern milling machine制图，起模 drawing制造熔接 production welding制造冶金学 process metallurgy 质量效应，厚薄效应 mass effect 致密度 consistency中间处理 intermediate treatment 中间检查 intermediate inspection 中间金属 intermediate metal中间砂箱，中间模箱 cheek box ，cheek flask中间砂箱，中间模箱 raising middle flask中磷生铁(P0.4-0.75%) medium phosphorus pig iron中模，中间砂箱，中间模箱cheek中碳钢 medium carbon steel中途添焦 spreader charge of coke中线收缩 centerline shrinkage中心板，旋刮板心轴承座 center plate中心规 centergage中性耐火材料 neutral refractory materials中性熔渣 neutral slag中性砖 neutral brick中周波感应电炉 intermediate frequency furnace锺，锺形塞进器 bell锺青铜 bell bronze重搭 overlap重捣砂 hard ramming重金属铸件 heavy-metal castings 重晶石 heavy spar重力分离器 gravitational separator重力滚子输送机(倾斜式) gravity roller conveyor重力偏析 gravity segregation重力输送机 gravity conveyor重力压铸法 gravity die casting重力铸造法 gravity casting重燃油 heavy fuel oil重熔 remelting重熔工场 secondary smelter重印法(造模) print back重油 heavy oil重整石英砂 replenishment quartz sand重铸 recasting轴 shaft轴承合金 bearing metal皱痕面(铸疵) creasy surface皱皮(铸疵) orange peel皱皮(铸疵) surface folding珠，粒，击，射注过程(压铸) shot珠击处理 shot peening珠击机 shot peening machine珠粒喷击清理 shot blasting珠泡 bead竹叶状液面花纹 bamboo leaves pattern主成分，基本金属 primary coil主模 master mold主心型，主砂芯 body core煮材干燥法 boiling seasoning助流剂 fluidizer助黏剂，膨胀性粘结剂 swelling binder注入槽(压铸) pouring shot注射器 injector柱 column柱 pillar柱塞，塞罩 plunger柱塞，塞罩 post柱状结晶 columnar crystal柱状组织 columnar structurew 仓壁冲击振动器 impact vibration on bin wall贮砂桶匣(砂芯机用) magazine铸包 camlachie cramp铸壁 wall铸壁鹌鹑 wall thickness铸补 burning on铸补 tinkering铸成率 casting yield铸成试片 cast-to-shape specimen铸尺 contraction rule铸疵 casting defect铸疵 defect test铸疵，铸造缺陷 foundry defects 铸疵试验 defect test铸锭 ingot铸锭底砖 spider铸锭浇口砖 king brick铸锭模 ingot case铸锭状态 as-ingot铸钢 cast steel铸钢造模料 steel foundry molding compound铸工 caster铸工 founder铸合金 ferro-alloy铸弧 pouring arc铸件 castings铸件表面 casting surface铸件表皮 casting skin铸件飞边，铸件毛边 casting fin 铸件内包物 cast-in insert铸件清理，最后加工 finishing铸件清理图 dressing shop铸件修整 finishing of castings铸件应力 casting stress铸焦 foundry coke铸坑 casting pit铸坑 foundry pit铸裂(铸疵) casting crack铸瘤 rising铸漏 bleed铸漏 break out铸漏 run-out铸漏件 bleeder铸模 mold，mould铸模布置 mold layout铸模除除掉(压铸) impression block铸模龟裂，脉状痕(铸疵) veining 铸模夹具 mold clamp铸模输送机 mold conveyer铸模块合 mold assembly铸耙 rake铸皮 skin铸皮孔 skin holes铸砂 casting sand铸砂处理 foundry sand preparation铸砂处理 preparation of sand铸砂处理工场 foundry sand preparation plant铸砂控制 sand control铸砂控制设备 sand control equipment铸砂流动性 flowability of sand 铸砂流动性 foundry sand铸砂膨(铸疵) sand drier铸砂强度试验 strength test of sand铸砂强化 strengthen the sand 铸砂烧结(铸疵) sand burning铸砂烧贴(铸疵) sintering point 铸砂油 casting iol铸生铁机 pig machine铸损 foundry losses铸损，不良铸件 waster，foundry losses铸铁 cast iron铸铁工场 iron foundry铸铁管 cast iron pipe铸铁组织图 cast iron diagram铸铁组织图 structural diagram ofcast iron铸造 founding铸造，铸件 casting铸造场 smith shop圆盘砂轮机 disc grinder圆套筒 round bush圆条测温法 bar test圆筒式炉(回转炉) drum type furance圆筒形浇桶 drum ladle圆头镘刀 roound nose圆形砂 rounded grain圆形砂粒 rounded sand云母粉 mica flour云母粉 mica powder运轮，台车 carriage运送箱 tote box运原性蒙气 reducing atmosphere运原状态 reducing condition杂质 impurities再炽，再辉 recalescence再炽点，再辉点 recalescent point再处理 erpreparation再处理砂 reconditioned sand再负载 reloading再结晶 recrystallization再结晶温度 recrystallization temperature 再冷却系统 recooling system再黏接砂 rebonded sand再热炉 reheating furnace再生砂 reclamation sand再生铁 remelted pig iron再生铁 synthetic pig iron暂垫造模法 mold on an oddside凿锤 chipping hammer凿刀 chipping chisel凿磨浇口 shagging凿平 chipping凿平问 chipping room凿子，凿机 chipper凿子，凿机 chisel造模 molding造模板 mold board造模板 molding board造模板 molding plate造模板 ramming plate造模材料 molding materials造模材料添加剂 molding material additive 造模粗砂 molding gravel造模地坑 molding pit造模钉 molding brad(pin)造模法 molding method造模工具 molder's tools造模工作台 molder's bench造模工作台 molding bench造模机 molding machine造模袷度 molding allowance造模区 molding bay造模设备 molding apparatus造模性 moldability造渣剂 slag forming constituent造渣期 slag forming period造渣石灰 slag lime造渣作业 slag practice增碳 carbon pick-up增碳 recarburization增碳剂 recarburizer增碳剂 recarburizing agent增碳焦 recarburization coke增压冒口，威廉氏冒口 atmospheric feeder(atmsopheric riser，William's riser)增压冒口，威廉氏冒口 William's riser，atmospheric riser增压砂芯 cracker core增压砂芯 pencil core增压砂芯 penetration core增压砂芯，嵌入砂芯 insert core增压砂芯，威廉氏砂芯 atmospheric core，William's core渣 dirt渣比，碱度 slag ratio渣阱 dirt trap渣孔(铸疵) slag blowhole渣棉 slag wool渣壳 slag crust渣桶 slag ladle渣位高 slag level渣窝 slag pocket轧辊，辊子 roll轧屑 roll[ing] scale闸喉，闸口 choke闸喉式流道 choked runner system闸喉作用 choking粘土质耐火砖 fire clay brick展性，可锻性 malleability展性处理 malleablising展性热处理铁矿 malleable ore展性退火 malleablising annealing展性铸铁(可锻铸铁) malleable cast iron展性铸铁(可锻铸铁) malleable iron展性铸铁用生铁 malleable pig iron辗制硅砂 artifical silica sand章鱼状石墨 octopus graphite胀疤 expansion scab胀模(铸疵) swell胀陷，上模剥砂(铸疵) pull down罩式炉 lifting furnace遮蔽电弧熔接 shielded-arc welding遮热板 heat shield折旧 amortization折旧 depreciation折缘(黑心展性铸铁) picture frame锗(Ge) germanium真空除氧法 vacuum degassing process真空精炼 vacuum refining真空熔解 vacuum melting真空造模法，V造模法 V-process，vacuum-secaled process 真空铸造 vacuum casting真离心铸造法 true centrifugal casting砧 anvil砧台式震实造模机 anvil-jolter针对铸铁 acicular cast iron针孔(铸疵)，销孔 pin-hole针状组织 acicular structure针状组织铸铁 bainite cast iron振动 vibration振动捣砂 vibration ramming振动分配器 vibrating distributor振动器 vibrator振动清箱 mechanical knockout by vibration振动清箱，振动清砂处 shake-out振动清箱机 molding box shake-out device振动清箱机，振动清砂机 shake-out machine振动清箱性能 shake-out property振动清箱栅 shake-out grid振动清箱栅 shake-out screen振动筛 jigging screen振动筛 shaking screen振动筛 vibrating sieve震捣 jolt ramming震动 jolt震动板 jolting plate震动废黜模板造模机 jolt molding machine with turnover plate 震动机 jarring machine震动清箱吊架 jointing hanger震动压挤拔模造模机 jolt squeeze stripper molding machine 震动压挤造模机 jolt squeeze molding machine震动造模机 jolt molding machine震动造模机 jolter震箱清砂机 flask shanker蒸馏器 retort蒸馏碳 retort carbon蒸气脱蜡 autoclave dewaxing整流器 rectifier整体模型 solid pattern整体模型铸模 solid pattern mold整温控制 thermostatic control整缘 trimming整缘模具 trimming dies整缘压机 trimming press正常化 normalizing正常偏析 normal segregation正常温度 normal temperature正常折曲试验 normal bend test支架(压铸)，垫块 packing block支台，置模台 set-off bench支柱(熔铸炉) prop枝形进模口 bracnch gate直尺 staight edge直接电弧炉 direct arc furnace直接浇口 drop gate直接浇铸 direct pouring直接浇铸法 direct casting直接进模口 direct gate直接进模口 slot gate直接气压式热室压铸机(压缩空气直接压于熔液) direct pressure hot chamber machine 氧化硅基砂 silica base sand氧化性蒙气 oxidizingatomosphere氧化性溶解 oxidizing melting氧皮铝 alumite氧焰割 oxycut氧乙炔熔接，气焊 oxyacetylenewelding样板，刮板，量具 template，templet样规 sizing peg摇动炉 rocking furnace摇斗炉 shaking lade摇台 cradle窑炉 kilnb 趸 ?anti-oxidant冶金焦 metallurgical coke冶金术 metal technology冶金学 metallurgy液化 liquefaction液面花纹 break surface pattern液面花纹 figure液面花纹 play figure液态收缩 liquid contraction液态收缩 liquid shrinkage液体压力计 manometer液相曲线 liquidus curve液相线 liquidus [line]液相线 liquidus line液压气动砂箱升提机构hydropneumatic flaskliftingmechanism液压千斤顶 hydraulic jack液压清砂铸件设备 hydrauliccleaning equipment液压试验 hydraulic pressure test 叶轮式喷砂机 turbine sand blaster一氧化碳 carbon monoxide一氧化铁(FeO) iron protoxide铱(Ir) iridium移动吊车 mobile crane移动皮带升降机 mobile belt elevator移动式烘炉 portable drying oven 移动式烘模机 portable mold dryer移动式可倾前炉 removable clay matter移动式摔砂造模机 motive type sand slinger移入 shunting-in移位装置 shifting facilities移装(外砂芯) draw back移装砂芯 inset core遗传性 heredity乙二醇 glycol乙炔 acetylene乙炔发生器 acetylene generator 乙炔墨 acetylene black(acetylene smoke)乙炔墨 acetylene smoke，acetylene black乙炔熔接 acetylene welding抑制剂 inhibitor易开砂箱 easy off slip flask易燃物 inflammable易熔合金 fusible alloy异形管件 specials意外防止条例 accident prevention regulations溢放口 flow off溢放口 pop off溢放口 run-off溢放口 strain relief溢放冒口 run-off riser溢流 over flow溢流道 flow through溢流口 hot spruing溢流口(压铸) over flow well音波试验 sonic testing阴极锈法 cathodic protection阴极氧化 anodic oxidation铟(In)(稀金属元素) Indium银(Ag) silver银砂(无铁质硅砂) silver sand引导顶出(压铸) guided ejection 英高镍(镍铬合金) Inconel英国国家标准 B.S.(British Standard)英国铸铁研究协会 BCIRA(British Cast Iron Research Associatin)英国铸造工程师学会 IBF(Institute of British Foundrymen，London)英制热单位(B.T.U.) British Thermal Unit应变，变形(铸疵) strain应变计 strain gage应力 stress应力腐蚀裂痕 stress corrosion cracking应力集中 stress concentration应力破坏强度 stress upture strength应力消除 stress relief应力应变特性 stress-strain characteristics应力应变图 stresss-strain diagram樱木 cherry tree荧光采伤法 zyglo荧光渗透剂 zyglo penetrant荧光 fluorescence荧光镜 fluoroscope荧光探伤法 fluorescent crack detection荧光透视法(检查)，荧光镜试验fluorspar萤石(CaF2) fluorite萤石(CaF2) flushing硬点 hard spot硬度 hardness硬度计 hardness tester硬焊 brazing硬化(壳模) curing硬化，淬火 hardening硬化合金 hardening alloy硬化剂 hardening agent硬化剂，硬化合金 hardener硬化加速剂 hardening accelerator硬化能，淬火性 hardenability 硬化深度 hardness penetration 硬化时间 curing time硬结 setting硬结砂用油 setting oil硬木 hardwood硬砂模型板 hard sand match 硬质焦炭，煤焦 hard coke永久模，金属(铸)模 permanent mold用瓢装液(压铸) ladling用销抬起 pin lift优尼造模法 Unicast process优先方位(结晶) preferred orientation油淬火 oil quenching油粉浸渗试验(裂痕检出试验) oil-chalk test油炉 oil furnace油泥砂浆 oil loam油漆，涂料 paint油砂 oil sand油砂模 oil sand mold油砂芯 oil bounded core油砂芯 oil core油砂芯 oil sand core油污金属切屑 swarf油烟，烟灰 soot油硬化 oil hardening油质黏结剂 oil biner柚木 teak游标卡尺 vernier calipers铀U) uranium有机粘结剂 organic binder有孔砂芯撑 perforated chaplet 有麻口冷硬层 chill zone with mottle有箱造模法 flask molding有效高度 burden height有效高度 effective height有效黏土含量 effective clay content釉，光滑 glaze鱼油 fish oil鱼嘴栅 fishmouth gate榆木 elm余留铁水 heel余铁深度(炉) pool depth余隙，间隙 clearance余液(低周波炉) liquid core雨段退火 two-stage annealing雨淋式环浇口 pencil ring gate雨淋式进模口 pencil gate雨淋式进模口 pop gate雨淋式进模口 shower gate浴池式氮化法 bath nitriding预热 preheating预热带 preheating zone预热空气 preheated air预热器 preheater预熔金属 pre-melt原料 raw materials原料工业 primary graphite，G-graphite原料金属 primary industy原料生铁 base iron原模型 granular pearlite原砂，原产硅砂 crude sand原砂透气度 base permeability原生组织 primary structure原油 crude oil圆板塞(浇池) disc plug圆底提砂钩 Yankee's lifter圆规 compasses圆粒 round sleeker圆抹镘 trowel星形裂缝 star shake星形铁(滚光用) jackstar，mill star，star 星形铁(滚光用) mill star，jack star，star 星形铁(滚光用) star，jackstar，mill star 星形铁(滚光用) tumbling stars形象因子 shape factor型砖 shaped brick修补 removable tilting forehearth修毂抹刀 boss spatula修角刀 corner tool修角抹刀 angle spatula锈 rust锈皮，比例尺，秤 scale锈皮，轧钢鳞片 mill scale锈蚀度 degree of rustin虚表比重 apparent specific gravity虚表孔率 apparent porosity虚表密度 apparent density虚表容积 apparent volume虚表温度 apparent temperature虚筋，挡块(砂模) stop off蓄热炉 regenerating furnace蓄热能量 heat-retaining capacity蓄热器，再生器 regenerator蓄热系统 regenerative system续制铸件 repeated use of sand旋臂吊车 jib crane旋风集尘器 cyclone dust collector(cyclon)旋风净尘器 cyclone scrubber dust collector 旋刮[砂] sweeping旋刮板 sweep旋刮板 sweeping board旋刮板臂 sweep arm旋刮板马架 sweeping molder's horse旋刮板模型 sweeping pattern旋刮板模型 sweeping template pattern旋刮板砂芯 swept core旋刮板心砂芯 spindle core旋刮板心轴，心轴 spindle旋刮板轴心承座 sweeping plate旋刮砂模 sweeping mold旋刮砂芯 sweeping core旋涡补给口 whirl-gate feeder旋涡混合机 whirl mixer旋涡集渣包 whirl-gate dirt trap旋沿试验法(流动性) spiral test旋转给料盘 rotary feeding plate旋转刮板 turning strickle旋转模板造模机 truning plate molding machine 旋转器 swirl旋转干燥器 rotary drier旋转砂芯线 setting line，core setting line旋转筛 rotary screen旋转筛砂机 rotary sand screen旋转式集尘器 spin dust collection旋转台，转盘 turn table旋转喂槽 swivelling tundish旋转轧碎机 rotary crusher悬吊砂 suspended core悬吊砂轮机 suspended grinder悬吊输送机 trolley conveyor悬浮物 suspended matter悬拱 suspended arch悬挂式清箱装置 pendant shaking equipment 选别废料 selected scrap雪明碳铁，雪明碳体 cementite循环处理砂 system sand循环砂 recirculation system sand循环砂 return sand压边整缘 press trimming压痕试验 indentation test压痕嚣，压痕物 indentor压痕硬度试验机 indentation hardness tester压坏(砂模)，粉碎 crush压挤板 squeeze plate压挤板 squezze boad压挤捣砂 squeeze ramming压挤机 squeeze machine压挤式顶杆造模机 squeeze pinlift molding maching 压挤头(造模机) squeeze head压挤造模机 squeeze molding machine压挤铸造 squeeze casting压紧废料 packeted scrap压块 briquet，briquette压块 bundle压块废料 baled scrap压块机 briquetting machine压力 pressure压力计 pressure gage压力室添加法 pressure chamber method压力通风 follow board压力铸造 pressure casting压漏(铸疵) leakers压漏试验 leakage test压模印 coining压膜式壳模机 diaphragm shell molding machine压膜式造模机 diaphragm molding machine压实性 compactability压实指数 compactability index压碎机 crusher压缩机 compressor压缩机 die casting machine压缩空气 compressed air压缩空气缸 compressed air cylinder压缩空气喷吵机 compressed air sand blaster压缩空气软管 compressed air hose压缩性 compressibility压重，砝码 weights压重板(震动压面) jointing plate压铸，刚模铸造 de cast压铸储井 shot well压铸储筒 shot sleeve压铸法，刚模铸造法 die casting压铸件 die castings压铸模 dies压铸模涂料，刚模涂料 die coating压铸模块 die cast assembly亚共晶合金 hypoeutectic alloy亚共析合金 hypoeutectoid alloy亚甲蓝试验 methylene blue test亚硫酸监稠浆(黏结剂) sulphur，sulfur亚铝美尔 Alumel氩(Ar) argon氩净化器 argon purifier烟囱 chimney烟囱 chimney stack烟囱，炉胴(熔铁炉) stable-equilibrium diagram烟囱罩 hood烟道 chimney flue烟道气 flue gas烟火 bank，the cupola烟煤 bituminous coal烟煤 soft coal烟气(有害的) fume烟雾 smog延性 ductility延性材料断口 ductile fracture延性铸铁(球状石墨铸铁) ductile cast iron，nodular cast iron 研究工程师 research engineer研磨纸 emery paper焰割 gas cutting洋铜 nickel silver阳极处理 anodizing阳极铜 anode copper扬尘量 dust emission杨氏模数，杨氏[纵弹性]系数 Young's moldulus氧(O) oxygen氧丙烷焰割 oxy-L.P.gas cutting氧化 oxidation氧化 oxidizing氧化表皮 oxide skin氧化带 zone of ozidation氧化精炼 oxidizing refining氧化精炼 refining by oxidation氧化期 oxidizing period氧化气孔(铸疵) oxidized blowhole氧化损耗 oxidation loss氧化铁 iron oxide氧化物 oxide氧化硅(SiO2) silica物理变化 physical change物理试验 physical test物理性质 physical properties物理冶金 physical metallurgy雾化 atomization西拉高硅铸铁 Silal吸热反应 endothermic reaction吸入输送机 suction conveyor吸湿性试验(高湿状态) high humidity storage test 吸收 absorption吸收剂 absorbent吸收器 absorber析出，沈淀 precipitation析出热处理 precipitation heat treatment析出退火 precipitation annealing析出硬化 precipitation hardening硅(Si) silicon硅肥粒铁 silico ferrite硅肺病，石米沉着病 silicosis硅分析仪，砂计 silicon meter硅钢板 silicon steel plate硅化钙 calcium silicide硅化钙 calcium silicon硅黄铜 silicon brass硅块 silicon briquets硅铝钙合金 calicum-aluminium-silicon硅铝明(铝硅合金) silumin硅锰钙合金 calcium-manganesesilicon硅凝胶，硅胶吸湿剂 silica gel硅青铜 silicon bronze硅青铜 soilzin bronze硅砂 silica sand硅砂捣料 silica ramming compound硅砂粉 silica flour硅砂浆涂料 silica wash硅砂石砖 ganister brick硅树脂，硅酮 silicone硅树脂滑脂 silicone grease硅酸 silicic acid硅酸监 silicate硅酸钠，水玻璃 sodium silicate硅酸四乙酯 tetraethl silicate硅酸乙脂 ethyl silicate硅铁 ferro-silicon硅铜 silicon copper硅线石砖(高铝氧(70Al2O5)硅质耐火砖) silimanite brick 硅岩轮辗硅砂 impeller-breaker sand硅藻土 diatomaceous earth硅藻土 infusorial earth硅藻土 kieselguhr硅质粘土 silicious clay硅砖 silica brick硒(Se)(化学元素) selinium稀土金属 rare earth metal锡(Sn) tin锡汗珠(铸疵) tin sweat锡青铜 tin bronze习用潜变限度 conventional creep limit洗尘器，涤气机 scrubber洗净器 scrubbing liquid细锉刀 finishing file细孔组织 cell structure细裂痕(铸疵) hair crack细裂纹(铸疵) caplillary crack细密波来铁 fine pearlite细泥砂浆 finishing loam细砂，河海丘砂 bank sand细土粉，细泥 fine silt煅烧 calcine煅烧白云石 calcined dolomite煅烧窑 calcining kiln瑕疵 flaw瑕疵大小 flaw size瑕疵位置 flaw location揬工场，揬造炉 fore-hearth forge揬铁锈皮 forge scale揬造，揬件 forging下降速率 lowering speed下浇道，坚浇道 down gate下浇道，坚浇道 down sprue下模 bottom part下模 nowel下模，下砂箱，下模箱 drag下砂箱，下模箱 drag box下砂箱，下模箱 drag flask夏比冲击试验 charpy impact test夏比冲击试验机 Charpy impact test machine 夏比冲击值 Charp impact value纤维状滑石 fibrous talc显热 sensible heat显微镜 microscope显微镜试验 microscopic inspection显微镜学 microscopy显微镜照像 photomicrograph显微偏析 micro-segregation显微缩孔(铸疵) micro-shrinkage显微像 micrograph显微组织 micro-structure限缩变形 hindered contraction限外显微镜 ultramicroscope相 phase相对频率 relative frequency相对湿度 relative humidity相对硬度 relative hardness相律 phase rule相平衡 phase equillibrium相图 phase diagram响铜 bell metal象皮皱纹(铸疵) elephant skin橡胶浇道棒(造模) rubber down gate橡胶浇道棒(造模) rubber pouring funnel橡胶输送带 rubber conveyer belt橡木 oak消除冷硬退火 chill removing annealing消除应力开沟，防裂槽 stress relieving grooving 消泡剂 antifoaming agent消石灰，熟石灰 slake-lime消退 fading消退时限 fading time硝酸浸蚀液 nital硝酸浸蚀液 nitric acid销 pin销合 pin closure销紧力 locking force销孔试验片 keyhole specimen销抬造模机 pin-lift molding machine萧氏精密造模法 Shaw process萧氏硬度 Shore hardness小块料 cobbing小胚 billet小铸件 small castings校准 calibration校准块 calibration block校准钮 calibrating knob楔 wedge楔表进模口 wedge gate楔塞作用 wedge action楔形进模口 wedge runner bar楔形试片 wedge test piece楔形试验 wedge test楔形销 wedge pin楔形压力试验 wedge penetration test 楔形砖 key brick楔形砖 wedge brick楔值 wedge value斜导杆(压铸) cam finger斜度砂箱，滑脱砂箱 slip flask斜方晶系(结晶) rhombic system卸斗 skip卸斗吊车 skip hoist心，心型，砂芯 core心材 heart wood心骨 core bar心骨 core grid心骨 core iron心骨 core rod心骨管 core barrel心骨矫直器 core rod straightner心骨模 core grid mold心骨模型 core iron printer心骨切断器 core rod cutter心骨轴 core spindle心裂(木材) heart shake心砂 core sand心砂混合机 core sand mixer心形镘刀 large heart trowel心型拔出装置(压铸) core pull assembly 心型撑，砂芯撑 chaplet心型固定门(压铸) heel block心型滑板(压铸) core slide心型移装，砂芯移装 core draw-back心轴，心骨 arbor心座 core bedding frame辛浦森式混砂机 Sympson type sand mill新炼金属 virgin metal新砂 new sand锌(Zn) zinc锌当量 zinc equivalence，zinc equivalent factor 通气口 air port通气蜡条 vent wax通气蜡线 wax vent通气砂芯 blind core通气筛嘴(砂芯盒) screen vent通气性 vent ability通气针 vent former通气针 vent wire同素异性 allotropy同位素 isotope同质多象 polymorphism桐油 China wood oil酮油 tung oil铜(Cu) copper铜基合金 cupro-metal铜绿 green patina铜气脆性(铸疵) hydrogen brittleness of copper 铜缘 patina铜缘 Verdigris筒状浇口(压铸) end gate头等品质 top grade quality透明片 transparent cut透气性 permeability透气性试验 permeability test透气性试验器 permeability tester"凸出块，突耳 casting lug凸疵(铸疵)(模型粘砂) sticker凸肩导销 shoulder guider pin凸块，突耳 lug凸片，飞边 fin凸片管 finned tube凸片气缸 finned cylinder凸缘 flange凸缘抹片 flange sleeker突出标志 rising mark突耳孔 lughole突起分模面 undulating mold joint涂焊(表面硬化涂焊) surfacing涂黑 blacking涂浆，洗涤 washing涂沥表管 tarred pipe涂料 facing materials涂料 wash material涂料，涂模剂 coat涂料，涂模剂 coating涂料疤(铸疵) blacking scab涂料孔(铸疵) blacking hole涂模浆 mold wash涂模浆 molding wash涂模料 mold coating涂模料 mold dressing涂模料 mold facing涂模料接种法 mold coating inoculation 涂刷 painting土状石墨 amorphous graphite吐粒散铁，吐粒散体 trosstite钍(Th) thorium推拔，斜度 taper推拔砂箱 taper flask推拔套箱 taper case推车式浇桶 buggy ladle推挤(压铸) squeezing退火 annealing退火罐 annealing pot退火炉 annealing furance (oven)退火温度 annealing temperature退火箱 annealing box退火用填料，退火用矿粉 annealing ore退货 rejection托板 pallet托板输送机 pallet conveyor托板输送机 plate conveyer托架 bracket托运板 carrying plate脱件销(压铸) sprue puller pin脱蜡 burn-out脱蜡 dewaxing脱蜡法 lost wax process脱蜡造模法 lost wax molding脱裂强度(模砂式模纵面压裂试验) splitting strength 脱硫，去硫 desulphurization脱硫，去硫 desulphurizing脱模 pattern draw脱模式造模机 pattern-draw molding machine脱湿剂(模砂用) humectant脱碳 decarburization脱碳法展性处理 malleablization by decarburizing 脱碳率 rate of decarburization脱硅 desiliconizing脱锌 dezincification椭圆导套 oval bush外观检查 outer inspection外角抹镘 square sleeker外卡钳 outside calipers外冷激，外冷硬，外冷铁 extenal chill外模破裂 broken mold外伸砂芯顾 clearance print外伸砂芯头 over-hang外伸余度砂芯头 clearance taper print外缩(铸疵) draw外缩孔(铸疵) open cavity外缩孔(铸疵) surface shrinkage外缩孔，凹陷(铸疵) depression外缩窝 shrinkage depression外烯式空气预热器 externally fired hot blast heater外因非金属杂物 exogenous non-metallic inclusion外因金属夹杂物 exogenous metallic in clusion外因凝固 exogenous solidification外圆角 round弯曲负荷 bending load弯曲试验 bending test弯头抹刀 bent spatula完工面 finished surface完全冷激 complete chill完全燃烧 complete combustion完全退火 full annealing完整模型 complete pattern万能试验机 universal testing machine威兼氏砂芯，增压砂芯 William's core，atmospheric core微粉煤 dust coal微孔巢性(铸疵) microporosity微粒度(底片) grains of sand微粒组织 graininess微量元素 subversive element微量元素 trace element微小硬度计 micro-hardness tester韦克氏硬度 Vicker's hardness，diamond pyramid hardness number 韦克氏硬度计 Vicker's hardness tester伟晶作用 germination未处理原砂 raw untreated sand未静钢 unkilled steel未静钢，净缘钢 effervescing steel未静钢，净缘钢 rimmed steel未空孔 blind hole喂槽 tundish温度阶差 thermal taper温热强度 warm strength文氏管流量计 Venturi meter文氏管洗净器 Venturi scrubber文氏管装置 Venturi apparatus文武镘刀 square trowel稳定平衡图 stabilizing inoculant涡流 eddy current蜗旋电阻线 resistance spiral蜗肇滑槽 spiral chute蜗肇输送机 spiral conveyor沃斯回火法 austempering沃斯田钢 austenitic steel沃斯田化 austenizing沃斯田化温度 ustenizing temperature沃斯田锰钢 austenitic manganese steel沃斯田铁，沃斯田体 austenite沃斯田铸铁 austenite cast iron沃斯田铸铁 austenitic cast iron卧式砂芯射制机 horizontal core shooter污泥 sludge污染 pollution污染，污斑 stain钨(W) tungsten钨铁 ferro-tungsten无疵 soundness无疵铸件 sound castings无缝榇料 monolithic lining material无缝炉榇，整体炉榇 monolithic lining无负载时间 no-load time无麻口冷硬层 chill zone without mottle无水酒精 absolute alcohol无头小钉 spring无箱砂模，脱箱砂模 boxless mold无箱造模法 laskless molding无烟煤 anthracite五倍周波感应电炉 quintuple frequency induction furance伍氏合金 Wood's metal碎砂机，松砂机 sand breaker碎铁 bushelling碎心锤 core buster碎心机 core breaker隧道炉 tunnel furnace隧道炉，隧道干燥炉 tunnel oven隧道炉，隧道干燥炉 tunnel stove隧道退火炉 tunnel annealing furnace隧道退火炉 tunnel-type annealing furnace 隧道窑 tunnel kiln隧道铸铁圈 tunnel casting ring缩尺 pattern maker's rule缩管(铸疵) shrinkage pipe缩颈冒口 feeder head with Washburn core 缩颈砂芯 breaker core缩颈砂芯 break-off core缩颈砂芯 wafer core缩颈砂芯 Washburn core缩颈砂芯，敲落 knock off缩颈砂芯，敲落 neck down core缩孔(铸疵) shrinkage cavity缩孔(铸疵) shrinkage hole缩孔[铸疵] shrink hole缩孔倾向 shinkage cavity tendency缩裂(铸疵) contraction crack缩裂(铸疵) shrinkage crack缩面百分率 percentage of area reduction 缩面率 reduction of area缩入，渗透 infiltration缩水量 pattern maker's shrinkage缩陷处 shrink mark他型结晶 allotriomorphic crystal铊(Tl) thaljium塔式炉 tower oven台 bench台车，卡车 truck台车，托架，载体 carrier台车轮送机 car conveyor台车式炉 car-bottom furnace抬柄 bull handle抬动浇斗 shank ladle抬动浇桶 carry ladle抬动浇桶 fork ladle台秤 platform scale台上造模法 bench molding台上铸模 bench mold台式磨床 pedestal grinder钛(Ti) titanium钛铁 ferro-titanium钛氧包覆料 rutile covering钛铸铁 titanium cast iron钽(Ta) tantalum探针，铅锺，测锺，试体 probe碳 carbon碳榇 carbon lining碳当量 carbon equivalent碳当量测定剂 CE meter (carbon equivalent meter)碳粉 carbon powder碳钢 carbon steel碳钢 straight carbon steel碳钢，普通钢 plain carbon steel碳弧熔接 carbon arc welding碳化 carbonization碳化钙，电石 calcium carbide碳化铁 iron carbide碳化物 carbide碳化物安定剂 stabilizers碳化物稳定剂 carbide stabilizer碳化硅 silicon carbide碳化硅压块 silicon carbide briquests碳化渣(白渣) carbide slag。
钢铁行业专业英文词汇
(aluminium) killed steel （铝）镇静钢1b 磅abbreviation 缩写abrasion-resistant 耐磨损的A-C vector driver 交流向量驱动access 使用或进入之途径，通路accessibility 可达性，可接近性accessory (attachment)accommodate 供应accomplish 完成accumulator 活套accuraccy 准确性，精密性ACFM average cubic feet per minite 平均立方英尺/分钟1立方英尺=35.3147立方米acid concentrate 酸浓缩acid contaminate waste water 酸污染废水acid fume 酸雾acoustic 听觉的、声学的actual 真实的actuate 开动,使动作,作用,励磁acuator 调节器,激活器,执行机构adapter 联接器，接合器adequate 充足，适当adjacent 邻近的administration 行政管理AGC automatic guage control agency 机构agitation 摇动air box 风箱air compressor 空气压缩机air duct 风管，通风管道air oven 热空气干燥炉algorithm 计算法align 使成一条直线，对准，校直alignment 调整，排成直线alkaline 碱的、含碱的alkalinity 碱度allowance 许可，承认，余量alpha/numberic 字母数字混合编排的alternate 交替altitude 高度alumize 铝化，渗铝ambience 环境温度ammonia 氨气anchor 锚，固定器，支座ancillary 辅助的,附属的angle bar 三角铁annealing pickle lineannealing treatmentANSI American National Standards Institute美国国家标准协会anticipate 先做，盼望anti-finger steel plate 耐指纹钢板antirust oil 防锈油appertain 所属appliance 器具applicable 适用的applicator roll 涂覆辊appropriate 适当的approve 批准，认可，赞成archival 档案的arrangement 排列，布置，配置，装配，安装as-built drawing 竣工图ASC automatic shape controlassembly 部件，组件，装置，组装assembly parts 组合件assessment 评价assistance 帮助assume 假定atomize 雾化attain 到达，得到authorize 批准，授权automatic coil bending station 带钢自动打捆站auxiliary 辅助的availibility 有用的，可资应用性，利用率，有效性axis 轴back tension 反张力back-up roll 支撑辊backward curve type fan 后曲叶片式风机backward-inclined type fanbaffle plate 挡板banding strap 捆带base frame 底座base strip(plate)batch annealing 罩式退火battery limit 界区bay 跨beam 光线，横梁，照射bearing 轴承bearing chockbearing race 轴承座圈bearing-load-distribution 轴承载荷分布bed plate 底板，地脚板（轧机）belt wrapper 皮带助卷机bench levelbench mark 水准点,基准bilateral tradebillet 方坯bite 辊缝，咬入bivalent 二价bladder 气囊blade 刀峰bloom 大钢坯、钢锭、初轧方坯board 配电盘board chair 董事长bogie 转向架boiler 锅炉，汽锅，蒸煮器boiling steelborer 镗床brace （支持，拉紧，振奋）斜撑，支柱，系杆，手摇钻brake 煞车器，掣动，煞车breaker roll 破鳞辊bridle set 张紧装置bright annealing 光亮退火bronze 青铜bronze bushing 青铜轴套BTU British Thermal Unit 英国热量单位1BTU=262Kbuckle 中间浪,皱,纹buffer 缓冲器bumper 保险杠、消音器buna 丁（二烯）钠（聚）橡胶，布纳橡胶bundle （光、维管、波）束、捆、扎burr,flash 毛刺bush(ing) 轴套，轴衬，衬瓦，（电）绝缘套管butt welding 对焊by means of 用、、、的办法cable rack 电缆架calcium 钙calibration 标准、校准caliper 卡尺、卡盘；制动卡盘callout 插图的编号calorific 生热的cam 凸轮，;偏心轮，样板，靠模，仿形板cam roller 凸轮辊camber 翘曲镰刀弯carbon block 碳精块carbon dioxidecarbon monoxidecarriage 搬运车carry over table 运输辊道carryover-conveyor 转换运输机cartridge 卡盘,暗盒cascade 级联，小落瀑casing 套罩、箱外壳、套管cast 熔炼，铸造，铸件，[冶]浇注，铸锭，炉次cast iron 铸铁casting 浇铸catalogue 目录，编目录catalytic 催化的catenary 悬索，[压]（带钢）垂度，弛度caustic 腐蚀性的cell 光电元件central pipe 中心缩孔(缩管)centrifuge 离心ceramic 陶瓷chain conveyor 链式运输机check valve 逆止阀，止回阀chemical constitution 化学成分chloride 氯化物chop 碎断chrome 铬chronological 编年的chute 槽，斜槽，滑槽，溜槽circuit breaker 断路开关，断路器circular shear 圆盘剪circumference force 切向力civil work 土建clading,film 镀层clam 夹具，台虎钳，钳子，夹子clamp 老虎钳，钳clearance 余隙，间隙，清除，扫除，许可clutch 离合器coarse 粗糙的coefficient 率，系统coil break 横褶纹coil centering 带卷定心coil peeler 带卷直头机cold drawn 冷拔Cold Laminator 冷覆膜机cold rolled stripcold tandem millcollapse （坍，崩溃），回缩collapsible 折叠的，胀缩的colour coated stripcolumn 柱子，栏，塔，蒸馏塔，萃取塔，吸咐塔combustion 燃烧comment 评注，批评commission 使用(试运转)compatible 兼容的compensate 补偿，均衡，校正，（金属，合金的）调质compensator 膨胀圈,膨胀接头compliance 顺从concentrically 同轴的concrete 混凝土condenstate 冷凝，回流conductivity 传导率，电导率，传导性，导电性，导热率conduit box 接线盒consective 连接作用consideration 考虑consistent 一致的console 控制台，仪表板consortium 合伙constrain 强迫、压制、束缚、约束construct 构造物，建造，构成consume 用尽，毁灭contamination 污染、玷污、放射性污染、混淆contour 轮廓线,外形,等高线contract 合同，协议contractor 立契人，承包商control cubicle 控制柜control valve 操纵阀，控制阀convection 对流conversion 转变conversion coating 转换层（辊涂后）convertor 转炉conveyor 运输机，输送机，传送机，移送机coordination 调整,配合corrosive 腐蚀性的corrugate 瓦楞、波纹council 委员会，政务会coupling section 连接部分cover plate 盖板CPL continuous pickling line 连续酸洗生产线cradle 支架，摇架cradle rolls 托卷辊crate 大板条箱，用大板条箱装crimping 皱褶，波纹crop shear 切头剪cross-tie 枕木，轨距，连杆，横向拉杆，横木curcuit 电路，回路，系统，流程，循环customs inspection 海关检查cutting gap 剪切间隙CVC continuous variable crown 连续可变凸度cyclone 旋风,离心除尘cylinder block 缸组，缸体dam up 筑坝，阻止damper 阻尼,缓冲,减震器,风门DC bus 直流母线debrics 碎片、屑deburring 去飞边，去毛刺，去毛边decarburization 脱碳deck 盖，甲板，桥面，台面dedicate 供奉，奉献deflector 导向挡板degree of finish,smoothness 光洁度deionize water 无离子水，脱离子水deliberate 考虑、斟酌delivery coil car 出口带卷小车delve 挖掘、钻研denominate 命名depict 描绘、描述depletion 消耗，排除deploy 展开、部署、调度deposition 沉积，沉淀，析出designation strip 名牌、标签detergent 清洁剂、除垢剂dethreading 甩尾deviation 偏差,漂移dew point 露点diagnostic 有助于诊断diaphragm 隔板、挡板、孔板differential 微分discharge pipe 排出管disconnect 拆开，使分开（离）disconnected-switch 隔离开关discreeet 考虑周到的，谨慎的discrepancy 不同disengage 解脱，松开Disk Brake 盘式制动器dismantling stooldissipation 消散,消耗,损耗distill 蒸馏除去distribution thansformer 配电变压器dividing shear 切分剪downpayment 定金drainage 排水,阴沟draw off 抽取，排泄drive spindle 传动轴drop separatordrum 圆筒，鼓drum shear 滚筒剪duct 管道ductile 可延伸的ductile iron casting 球墨铸铁件due time 到期durability 耐久duty-cycle 工作循环，工作周期dynamically balanced 动平衡economic benefiteddy-current test 涡流探伤edge drop 边部减薄EDM=Electron Discharge Machining 放电加工EDPM 三元乙丙橡胶elaborate 详细拟定elapse 过去、消逝elastic constantelastic deformation 弹性畸变electrical room 主电室elevation 高度，高处，提升，正面图，立式图elevator 升降机，电梯elongation percentage 延伸率embed 安插，埋置Embosser 热压花机empiric 根据经验的emptying 沉淀物emulsion 乳剂encapsulation 密封、包胶enclosed speed reducer 全封闭的减速机enclosure 套，盒，箱，包围，围绕，封入，外壳endless belt 两头对接的环带endurance 耐久力endurance limit (fatigu limit ) 持久极限，疲劳极限engage （齿轮）啮合，使紧密联接ensure 保证entry guid 入口导轨EPOXY Resin (EP) 环氧树脂equalizer 均衡器equivalent 当量，等效值erection schedule 安装进度erection supervision assistance 制造监理ergonomic 人体工学、工效学、人与机械控制ethernet 以太网evaporator 蒸发器eveness 均整性evolve 发展、进化、离析、引申excavation 挖掘excentricity 偏心exclusion 排斥exert 发挥,尽力expanding cylinder 膨胀缸expansible coil preparatory coiler 胀缩卷筒式带材预卷机explosion 爆炸explosion proof lighting 防爆照明extractor 提取、萃取器、抽提塔extrusion 挤压fabricate 构造、建造、杜撰fabricate 建造fabricated steel construction 预制钢结构Fabricated Frame 预制钢结构facilitate 使变的容易的，促进factor 系数，因素，因子，因数，乖数feed table 进料盘feed-forward 前馈ferritic 铁素体ferrous 含铁的、铁素体的festoom 花彩、垂花饰fillet （模型或芯盒上的）圆角条，倒圆角，嵌条finishing coat 面漆finishing machining 精加工finite element method 有限元法fittings 配件，连接件，零件，器材，仪器fixture 设备，夹具，装置器flange 法兰flap 片状悬物,舍阀,舍flattener roll 矫直辊flexible 伸缩自如的，柔性的float valve 浮筒阀flowrate 流量，流速FLT full load torque fluctuation 波动、摆动flue gas 烟气fluid 流体fluorocarbon 碳氟化合物flying crank shear 曲柄式飞剪FOB freight on board 离岸价格foil 压薄、薄片forged 锻造的fork lift 叉车foundation 地基，基础fracture 破裂、断口friction 摩擦friction factorFSIR full spectrum infrared fuel 燃料fulcrum 支点fused switch 熔断开关galvanized sheetgangway 通道,过桥gap 辊缝gasket 衬垫，垫圈gauge 规格，估计，量规计gear case 减速箱壳gear rack 齿条girder 梁,垳架gloss range 光泽度范围gradient 梯度granite 花岗岩grate 铁栅栏，格栅grease lubrication 干油润滑grid 栅格grinder,grinding machine 磨床grit blast, spray sand 喷砂，喷丸groove 凹槽gross 总重grounding cables 接地线grout 灌浆guard 保卫，防护，挡板gutter 阴沟、水槽hand railing 扶手，栏杆hand-over position 交接区harmonic 谐波headquarter 总部、司令部heat expantionheating furnace 加热炉helical 螺旋的，螺线，螺旋线（面，形，状）helid 氦化物heoprene 氯丁（二烯）橡胶hermetical 密封的herringbone 人字形hierarchical 阶级的high dynamically loaded bolt 高强螺栓high order 高位,高次high pressure hot waterhinge 铰链、铰接histogram 直方图historical 史学的hoist 起重机hold-down roll 压紧辊homogeneity 同质、均匀性、齐次homogeneous 同族的、单一的、同次的hood 罩，盖，帽，烟罩，通风，橱horn 警报器hose 软管，用软管引水hot rolled striphousehold [electrical] appliance 家电housing 框架HTR High Tech Rolling humidity 潮湿hung 悬挂了hydralic bolt tightener 液压扳子hydralic screwdown 液压压下hydraulic accummilator 蓄能器hydraulic cylinder 油缸hydridehydrochloric acid 盐酸hydrogen 氢气hydrostatic lubrication 静液压润滑hypalon 氯磺化聚乙烯橡胶hypothesis 假设hysteresis 滞后I.D. indetificationidle roller 空转轮，惰轮ignition hood 点火器immersion cell 沉浸槽impact 撞击impart 分给impeller 推动者（器）叶轮impinging flow 射流in accordance with 依据inaccessible 达不到的，难接近的incorporate 合并indication 表示，象征indispensable 不可缺少individually 单独地inductive 电感，归纳（法）的inert gas arc welding 惰性气体保护(弧)焊inertia 惯性，惯量infrared ray 红外线ingot （铸）锭inhibit 制止，禁止initiate 引发，使入会，开始inlet side 入口侧inspection 视察，检查instrumentation 器械操作，仪器，仪表insulation 绝缘，绝热integrate 整合，集成intensity 强度，强烈，剧烈interchangeability 可交换性，互换性intercom 室内对讲对话，内部通信装置interconnecting piping 连通管路interface 接口interlock 连索互结intermediate roll 中间辊interrogate 询问、质问intervention 介入、调停、干涉inverter 换流器，变换器，反相器，转换开关ionize 电离isolating transformer 隔离变压器isolation transformer 隔离变压器jack scraw 千斤顶螺杆，起重螺杆joint shaft 接轴junction box 汇接室，分线箱，接线盒，套管，连轴器keeper plate 轧辊轴承座压板kick off meeting 首次会议L/C lisence credit 信用证laminar 层片、叶片lap welder 搭接焊lateral 侧面的layout 布置，规划，设计lean gas 贫（瘦、干、废）（煤）气least square 最小二乘ledge 横档，壁架levelling instrument 水准仪light-gauge 薄尺寸lightning 雷,闪电limb of electromagnet 电磁铁铁心limit switch 极限开关，终点开关linkage 连接，链系，联动装置，杠杆机构liquid nitrogen 液氮lithium chloride 氯化锂load cell 测压仪，测力计，发送器loading skid 装载滑轨lockout relay 连锁继电器longitudinal 轴向的，长度的lower limit of strengthLPG liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气machinical propertymagnitude 大小，数量，等级make-up air 补给空气malfunction 不正常工作、动作失调mandrel diameter 芯轴直径manhole （检修用）人孔，检查孔，舱口manifold 集管,多头导管marine 海的，海（磨、冲）蚀martensitic 马氏体masher 捣碎mashine steel 机械（零件）用钢(0.2-0.3C) mass moment of inertia 质量惯性矩mass ratio 始末质量比mass/volume flow control (VFC)质量流控制matrix 矩阵，发源地，模型mature 成熟的measuring staff(rod) 测量棒mechanism 机构，机械装置，机理melting point 熔点metallurgy 冶金学metastable 亚稳定mezzaine 夹层、中层楼mica 云母mild steel 低碳钢mill length 轧制长度miller 铣床misalignment （中心线）未对准，不重合，mitigate 减轻、缓和moment 矩,动量Monorail Structure 单轨结构件Morgoil bearing 油膜轴承mortar 灰浆Mota 锡基高强度轴承合金mould typemounting 装置MTBF mean time between failure平均故障影响时间muffler 消声器multiple 多重的，复合的，倍数naphthalene 萘NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association（美国）全国制造商协会neoprene 氯丁橡胶、氯丁二烯niobium[nai5EubiEm] 铌nip 咬入、辊隙nipple 喷嘴,螺纹接套nitrile 丁腈橡胶nom 公（标）称nominal value 额定值、标称值normalise 正火notch 缸口，刻痕，凹槽，嘴子numeric 数字，数值，分数，不可通约数obstruction 阻碍、妨碍occupational 职业的off-load 卸载optimum 最好条件option 挑选物，选择，选择权organic 有机的orifice 洞，孔orifice meter 孔板流量计O-ring seal 圆环密封ovality 椭圆度oven inner liner 加热炉内衬over picklingoverhead craneoverhung 悬垂的overlap 重叠over-run 超程overspill 溢出，溢出物，溢流，[机]排出润滑油overwind 上开卷oxideoxygenp.f. power factor 功率因数packing 包扎，打捆，填料，衬料pad 底垫，衬垫，垫料，垫片，垫圈padlock 挂锁paint 漆panel 板，盘，屏，开关板，控制板，配电盘parabolic 抛物线parallel 平行的，相同的parameter tableparticulate 粒子parting shearpass 孔型,轧槽,道次pass line 轧线patent 专利pay-off coiler 开卷机pay-off cradle 开卷箱座pay-off drum 开卷机卷筒pay-off housing 开卷机机架pay-off reel 开卷机penertation 渗透permanent 永久的permit [环保](废物排放)许可证perpendicular 直立的，垂直的personnel 人员，职员pertiment 适当的、贴切的、相应的petroleum 石油phenolic (苯)酚photocell 光电元件photo-electric 光电（效应）的PI diagram piping and instruments diagram pickling bath 酸洗槽piling 打桩pillar 支柱、墩pillow block 枕垫、垫块pilot flame 引燃火舌pilot valve 导阀,辅助阀,控制阀pilot-pin 定位销pin 针，销，细杆，旧棒pinion 传动齿轮，小齿轮piston rod 活塞杆pivot 轴尖、枢轴pivotable guide table 绕枢轴旋转的导板台planer 刨床plasticityplatform 场，平台，站台，装卸台plausibility 似乎合理plot 绘图、曲线、地块plug 塞子ply 层，厚度plywood 夹板，层板pneumatic 气动polypropylene 聚丙烯polyurethane 聚氨基甲酸（乙）酯portuguese 葡萄牙的（人）positive 明确的，正的，阳性的PP pressure-proof 耐压的PP plastic product 塑料制品pre-assembly method 预置装配法precise 精确的preliminary 初步，开端pressductor 压力传送器pressure reducer 减压阀pressure switch 压力开关，压力继电器pressurization 加压prevail 成功，流行，胜过primer 底漆primer base 底漆涂料prior 在先的procurement 采购,获得profile 板形property 性质proprietary 专利的province 职权范围provision 供应，规定，预备proximity switch 接近开关PTFE 聚四氟乙烯pulley 滑轮,滚筒purchase 换取，购买purge 吹扫、清洁pushbotton 按钮，电钮pvc (polyvingl chloride ) 聚氯乙烯quarter 1/4 浪quench 淬火quenching and temperingrack 架子，齿轨rack-and-pinion 齿轮齿条rate 估价，比率rated 额定的，标准的reaction equation 反应方程式reactive power 无功功率recess 凹进处，凹口，凹槽，退刀槽recovered acid 回收的酸rectifier [电]整流器，检波器recuperate 回收、余热利用redundant system 冗余系统reel mandrel 卷筒reflective 反射的regressive 回归regulation 规则，管理regulator 调节器，调节装置，稳定器reinforced concret 钢筋混凝土relative humidity 相对湿度release 释出，解除联锁断开relief valve 安全阀，保险阀remote I/O rack 远程输入／输出机柜removal 移动reserve volume 储备量reservior 容器、贮水池、水箱residul error 残留误差resistance of deformationresonant frequency 谐振频率responsibility 任务，责任rest 支撑retention 保留，滞留（物）retract 伸缩revamping 修补、改造reversible 可逆的rewind 重卷，重绕ridge 屋脊、山脊rigid 刚性rigidity 刚性rinse 冲洗，轻冼RMS root mean square value均方根，有效值roll barrel 滚身roll bearing 轧辊轴承roll neck 辊颈roll wear 轧辊磨损roller bearing 滚柱轴承roller chain 辊子链rolling radius 轧制半径rolling schedule 轧制程序表rolling solution 轧制工艺润滑冷却液rolling speedrolling stock 机动车辆,轧制毛坯rope pulley 绳轮rough machining 粗加工roughness 粗糙度rubber lining 橡胶衬里saddle 马鞍，鞍状物safety coupling 安全连轴器safety guard 安全设施，保险板sample preparetion 取样sanitary 公共卫生的,消毒的,公共厕所satisfactory 今人满意的saturation 浸透，饱合，饱合状态scaffold 脚手架scale exhaust 除鳞scale layer 鳞层schematic drawing 示意图,结构图,原理图scrap bucket 废料斗（槽）scratch 擦痕screw down 螺旋压下机构screw jack 螺旋千斤顶scrubber 洗涤器seal 封闭seamless 无缝的，整拉的sectional steel 型钢segment 弓形体，扇形体，段，节，片seismic coefficient 地震系数self-commuted 自换向self-tuning 自调seperating disc 分离圆盘service factorService Hoist 电葫芦shallow tank 浅槽shield 防护，屏蔽，护罩shield gasshift 移动shim 垫片shock absorber 减震器shrink 收缩，退缩，缩水shroud 罩shuttering 模板shuttle 棱，来回移动sickle shaped 镰刀弯side guide 侧导轨side trimming 齐边side-set cylinder 横移液压缸sight 观察silicon dioxidesilicone modified polyester 硅改性树脂sinter plant 烧结厂skew 斜、不对称Skew/Synchromous Run Controlskid 刹车，刹着车滑走slab casting 板坯连铸slabing 板坯sleeve 套筒slice 薄片slide vavle 滑阀sliding base 导向轨座（机座可以沿其移动）sliding frame 滑座sling 吊索slitting shear 纵切slope 坡道，斜面，坡度，斜度sludge 淤泥、残渣SMPS switch-mode power supply开关电源snubber roll 缓冲辊,减震辊,抱辊soleniod valve 电磁阀solution treatment 固溶处理spangle 锌花spare part 备件spark-ignited 电火花点火specific weight 比重specification 规格，说明书spectrum 谱、光谱speed cone 变速锥spindle carrier 接轴托架spindle nose 轴头spiral conveyor 螺旋型运输机splash 飞溅splice 接合、拼合split-out 分交spray-off 喷射spring equation 弹跳方程sprocket 链（星）轮、链轮铣刀squeezing roll 挤干滚stage 步骤，时期，阶段stagger 交错、间隔stainless steel construction 不锈钢结构stairway 楼梯stand-by 备用standstill 停歇start-up 开动，起动，开工，投产statically balanced 静平衡statics 静力学stationary 固定的steel grade and typesteering cam 导向凸轮stepwise 逐步stiffner 加强筋stipulate 规定stock 贮备，储存storage 仓库，存贮strainer 过滤器strap 带子，用带子捆扎strapping machine 捆扎机strategic 要害的，战略的stress free 无应力stress-strain 应力应变stringent 严格的、精确的stringer 发纹（金属缺陷）strip camber 板凸度strip clamping device 钢带夹持装置strip deviding speed 开卷速度strip processor 直头机strip tensiometer roll 带材张力测量辊strobe 闸门，选通（读取）脉冲，频闪观测仪strobe light 频闪闪光灯stroboscope 频闪观测器，闪光仪stub-out 短管接头sub-base 基础下的卧,地盘座（机器）sufficient 充分的，足够的sulfate 硫酸盐sump pump 油池(排积水)泵superordinate 等级高的,使升级supervision 监督，管理supportor supporting framesuppression 抑制suspend 吊，悬浮swing 摇摆，摆动，振（摆）幅swirling 漩涡switch board 配电盘switch-over 换向swivel cylinder for strip track control 带钢跟踪装置控制用旋转缸symmetrical 对称synthetic [金]结晶体，[化]合成物，合成的tag 标签、电缆接头、标记、标识tail out 脱尾take-over-point 接点tap changing 抽头转换taper 尖锥体，锥度tar 焦油tare 皮重,包装重task 工作，任务TCM Tandem Cold Mill telescoping finished coil 塔形卷tempering 回火、调合、光整tensile strength 抗拉强度tension briddle 张紧辊tension leveller 张力平整机tension reel 张力卷取thermal flatness controlthermocouple 热电偶thermostat 恒温器、双金属片thread 螺纹，车螺纹，攻丝，，螺线threading 穿带throughout 到处，始终，贯穿，遍及thrust bearing 推力轴承tightness 密闭性tile 瓦片，板tinned strip 镀锡板titaniumtoe-board 底板touch up 修整,修饰track,railtrade agreement 贸易协定trailer 拖车transformer 变压器，变量器traverse 横的，横越tray 盘，垫座，托架tread 踏板trickle 滴下、淌trimming 装饰tripod 三角架trivalent iron 三价铁trouble free 无故障的，不间断地tubular 管形的，空心的tungsten 钨turn stile 旋转栅门turnkey contract 交钥匙合同twin drive 双电机驱动tying machine 捆扎机UC universal crownunabated 未减弱的、不减少的undertake 承担uniform 一致的，不变的，制服union 联接，结合，联接器，管接头uniterruptable power supply UPSuniversal joint 万向接头unloading valve 放泄阀up-coiling speed 卷取速度utility 公辅设施UV ultraviolet 紫外线vacuum degas 真空脱气valve stand 阀站VC variable crown 可变凸度vector 向量vendor 买方，出买人ventilation 流通空气，通风设备vessel 容器volatile organic compound VOC 挥发性有机成份voltage 电压walking beam 步进梁warrant 保证，执照，许可证watch dog 监视、监控wave edge 边浪wave middlewear 磨损，磨耗wedge-shape 楔形weld seam 焊缝welded steel structure 焊接钢结构wet bulb temperature 湿球温度winch 卷扬机,绞车;曲柄wind box 风箱winding 绕，卷绕，弯曲window layout 窗口布置wind-up 完结,装有发条的wiring 接线wolfram 钨work roll wear 轧辊磨损workmanship 手艺，本领，作品，技巧wrap angle 包角wrap,curl,buckle,camber 翘曲wringer roll 挤干辊wye 星形连接、三通yeild limityeild ratio 屈强比yeild strengthyield point 屈服点zirconium 锆。
Chapter 14 Continuous casting of steel
From structure scheme of casting machine
From section of strand:
• It is a simple matter to differentiate between flat products, which are derived from slabs, and long products, which are derived from bloom and billets. • A width-to-thickness aspect ratio of 2.5/ 1 could be taken as the division between flat and long products.
连铸与模铸工艺流程对比
与模铸—初轧开坯工艺相比，连铸铸钢工艺具有如 下优点： （1）简化了铸坯生产的工艺流程，省去了模铸工艺 的脱模、整模、钢锭均热和开坯工序。流程基建投 资可节省40%，占地面积可减小30%，操作费用可 节省40%，耐火材料的消耗可减少15%。 （2）金属收得率高： 与模铸工艺生产钢锭的切头切尾损失10-20%相比， 金属收得率提高约8-14%（其中：板坯约10.5%， 大方坯约13%，小方坯约14%）。
14.3 Types and Anatomy of Continuous Casting Machines
14.3.1 Types of Casting Machines
按一般习惯，连铸机分类为： (1)按连铸机外形分类有：立式连铸机、立弯式连铸机、弧形 连铸机、超低头(椭圆形)连铸机、水平连铸机、轮式连铸 机等。 (2)按浇注铸坯断面分类有：方坯连铸机、板坯连铸机、圆坯 连铸机、异形坯连铸机、方、板坯兼用连铸机。 (3)按拉速分类有：高拉速连铸机和低拉速连铸机。 (4)按钢水静压头分类有：高头型连铸机(如立式、立弯式连 铸机)和低头连铸机(如弧形、椭圆形、水平连铸机)。
关于钢管的英语词汇
关于钢管的英语词汇N&O&P：Machine Steel 机件钢; 机器钢Machinery Steel 机器钢Magnaflux Steel 航空用高强度钢Magnet Steel 磁钢Magnetic Steel 磁钢; 磁性钢Magnetic Steel Detector 钢筋磁性检测仪Magnetically Soft Steel 软磁钢Main Reinforcing Steel 主钢筋Major-Orthotropic Steel-Plate Bridge 主正交各向异性钢板桥Malleable Mild Steel 韧性低碳钢; 韧性软钢Malleable Steel 展性钢; 软钢; 韧性钢Man-Ten Steel 低合金高强度钢Manganese Silicon Spring Steel 锰硅弹簧钢Manganese Silicon Steel 锰硅钢Manganese Silicon Tool Steel 锰硅工具钢Manganese Spring Steel 锰弹簧钢Manganese Steel 锰钢; 哈德菲尔德锰钢Manganese Tool Steel 锰工具钢Manganese Vanadium Steel 锰钒钢Manganese Vanadium Tool Steel 锰矾工具钢; 锰钒工具钢Manufacture Of Iron And Steel By Melting 钢铁熔炼Maraging Steel 马氏体时效钢Marconi Steel Tape Recorder 马可尼磁带录音机Martensite Steel 马登斯体钢; 马氏体钢Martensitic Stain Less Steel 马氏体不锈钢Martensitic Steel 马氏体钢Martensitic Steel 马氏永磁体Martin Steel 平炉钢; 马丁钢Martinel Steel 马蒂内尔结构钢; 硅锰钢; 硅锰结构钢Mattress Netting Steel Wire 钢丝床用钢丝Measuring Case Depth For Steel 钢表层硬化深度测定法; 钢的表层硬化深度测定法Mechanically Capped Steel 机械封顶钢Medium Alloy Steel 中合金钢Medium Carbon Steel 中碳钢Medium Hard Steel 中等硬度钢; 中硬钢; 在硬钢Medium Manganese Steel 中锰钢Medium Steel (MS) 中碳钢Medium Temper Steel 中等回火钢Medium Width Steel Strip 中等宽度带钢Medium-Hard Steel 中硬钢Merchant Steel 商品钢; 商品条钢; 条钢Mercury-In-Steel Thermometer 钢管水银温度计; 钢壳水银温度计Mild Carbon Steel 低碳钢Mild Carbon Steel Strip 低碳带钢Mild Sheet Steel 软钢板Mild Steel 软钢; 低碳钢Mild Steel Arc Welding Electrode 低碳钢焊条Mild Steel Channel 槽钢Mild Steel Checkered Plate 花纹钢板Mild Steel Equal Angle 等边角钢Mild Steel Expanded Sheets 钢板网Mild Steel Fire Box 软钢板火箱Mild Steel Hexagonal Bolts 六角螺丝梗Mild Steel Hexagonal Bolts And Nuts 六角螺丝闩Mild Steel I-Beam 低碳工字钢Mild Steel Ingot 低碳钢锭Mild Steel Plate 软钢板Mild Steel Reinforcement (含钢量0.12--0.25%) 软钢钢筋Mild Steel Shank 软钢手柄Mild Steel Sheet 软钢皮Mild Steel Welding Rod 低碳钢焊丝Mild Steel Wire 低碳钢丝Mild-Carbon Steel Strip 低碳带钢; 低碳钢带Mild-Steel Domestic Boiler 软钢家用锅炉Mild-Steel Sheet 低碳钢薄板Mini Steel Plant 小型钢铁厂Mishima Magnet Steel 铝镍强磁钢Mold Steel 型模钢Molten Steel 钢水; 钢液Molybdenum High Speed Steel 钼高速钢Molybdenum Steel 钼钢Molybdenum-Chrome Steel 钼铬钢Molybdenum-Vanadium Steel 钼钒钢Monoblock Drill Steel 整体钎子Moulded Steel 模铸钢Mushet('S) Steel 马歇特钨钢Natural Steel 天然钢; 初生硬度钢Needle Steel 针状组织钢Needle(D) Steel 加硼硬化亚共析钢Neutral Steel 中性钢Nichrome Steel 镍铬耐热钢Nickel Alloy Steel 镍合金钢Nickel Cast Steel 含镍铸钢Nickel Chromium Manganese Steel 镍铬锰钢Nickel Steel 镍钢Nickel Steel Gas Welding Rod 镍钢气焊条Nickel Steel Wire 镍钢线Nickel-Chrome Alloy Steel 镍铬合金钢Nickel-Chrome Steel 镍铬钢Nickel-Chromium Steel 镍铬钢Nickel-Clad Steel Plate 包镍钢板; 镀镍钢板Nickel-Manganese Cast Steel 镍-锰铸钢; 镍锰铸钢Nickel-Molybdenum Steel 镍钼钢Nickel-Plated Mild Steel Round Head Machine Screw 镀镍低碳钢圆头机器螺丝Nickel-Plated Mild Steel Round Head Wood Screw 镀镍低碳钢圆头木螺丝Nickel-Plated Steel Self Tapping Screw 镀镍钢制自攻螺丝Nickel-Plated Steel Wire 镀镍钢丝Nickel-Vanadium Steel 镍-钒钢; 镍钒钢Nickeled Steel Plate 镀镍钢板Nitrated Steel 氮化钢Nitrided Steel 渗氮钢Nitriding Steel 氮化钢; 氮化钢Non-Aging Steel 无时效钢Non-Corrosive Steel 不锈钢Non-Deforming Steel 不变形钢Non-Expansion Steel 不膨胀钢Non-Magnetic Steel 非磁性钢Non-Oriented Electrical Steel 无取向电工钢Non-Oriented Silicon Steel 无方向性硅钢片Non-Oriented Silicon Steel Sheet 不定向硅钢板Non-Piping Steel 无缩孔钢Non-Rust Steel 不锈钢Non-Scaling Steel 不起皮钢Non-Shrinkage Steel 无变形钢Non-Shrinking Steel 抗变形钢Non-Sulfurized Carbon Steel 非硫化处理的碳钢Non-Weldable Steel 不可焊接的钢Nondeforming Tool Steel 不变形工具钢Nonmagnetic Steel 无磁性钢Normal Steel 正常钢; 正常结构钢Normal Steel Casting 普通铸钢Normalized And Tempered Steel 正火及回火钢Normalized Steel 正火钢Not Heat-Treated Steel Wire 非热处理的钢丝Notch Ductile Steel 耐冲击钢Oce Steel 无渗碳体钢Octagon Steel Bar 八角钢条Octagonal Bar Steel 八角型钢Octagonal Steel 八角钢Oil-Hardened Steel 油淬硬化钢Oil-Hardening Steel 油淬钢Oil-Operated Steel Support 液压金属支架Oil-Quenching Steel 油淬火钢Open Forging Steel 商用锻钢坯Open Steel 沸腾钢Open Steel Flooring 漏空钢板楼面; 露钢梁楼板Open-Hearth Steel 平炉钢; 马丁钢Open-Heated Steel 过热钢Ordinary Steel 普通碳钢Oriented Steel 各向异性钢片Over-Reduced Steel 过还原钢Overblown Steel 过吹钢Oxidation Resistant Steel 抗氧化钢; 不锈钢Oxygen Blown Steel 吹氧钢Oxygen Converter Steel 顶吹氧转炉钢Oxygen Furnace Steel 吹氧炼钢Oxygen Jet Steel 吹氧炼钢法Oxygen Steel 吹氧钢Oxygen-Steel Process 氧化炼钢法; 氧气炼钢法Patented Steel Wire 铅淬火钢丝Pearlitic Heat Resistant Steel Electrode 珠光体耐热钢焊条Pearlitic Steel 珠光体钢Period Section Steel 周期断面钢材Perished Steel 脆弱钢; 过渗碳钢Permanent Magnet Steel 永磁钢Permanent-Magnet Steel 永久磁钢PH Stainless Steel 沉淀硬化不锈钢; 沉淀硬化型不锈钢Phosphoretic Steel 磷钢Pickled Sheet Steel 酸洗薄钢板Pig Iron For Steel Making 炼钢生铁Pinion Steel 齿轮钢Pipe Steel 管钢Plain Basic Steel 普通碱性钢Plain Carbon Steel 普通碳钢Plain Carbon Tool Steel 碳素工具钢Plain End Steel Pipe 平端钢管Plain Galvanized Steel Sheet 镀锌铁皮Plain Steel 普通钢; 碳素钢Plain Steel Rim 简单钢轮缘Plain Steel-Bar 光面钢筋Plastic Coating Technology For Steel Tube 钢管涂塑工艺Plastic Covered Steel Cord 包塑钢线Plastic Flow Of Steel 钢的塑流Plastic-Lined Steel Pipe 塑料衬里钢管Plastic-Steel Combination 塑料钢组合Plastic-Steel Laminate 塑料钢层板Plate Steel厚钢板Plate-Steel Case 钢板机壳Plate-Steel Liner 钢板衬垫; 钢板衬砌Plating On Steel 钢材涂层Platinum Steel 白金钢Play Up Steel Production 突出钢铁生产Plough Steel Wire Rope 特号钢丝绳Plow Steel 犁钢Plow Steel Wire 铅淬火高强度钢丝Plow Steel Wire Rope 铅淬火高强度钢丝绳Plugged Steel 封顶钢; 加盖钢Ply Steel 复合钢Pneumatic Steel 气法炼钢; 喷气炼钢Polyethylene Coated Steel Pipe 聚乙烯涂层钢管; 聚乙烯涂层钢管Porous Stainless Steel 多孔不锈钢Porous Steel Parts 多孔钢质零件Pot Steel 坩埚钢Pour Steel 浇注钢水Powdered Alloy Steel 合金钢粉Power Cable With Flat Steel Wire Armouring 扁钢丝铠装电力电缆Forged Steel 锻钢Precision Seamless Steel Tubes 精密无缝钢管Pressed-Steel 压制钢Pressed-Steel Boot 模压钢开沟器Pressed-Steel Hook Chain 模压钢钩头链Pressed-Steel Plate 压制钢板Pressure-Casting Die Steel 压铸模具合金钢Prestressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand 预应力混凝土结构用钢绞线Primary Steel 通用钢Pseudo-Steel 假钢Puddle Steel 搅炼钢Punched Steel Plate 穿孔钢板总结了一些钢材管件的中英文对照，希望对钢材管件外贸的朋友有些帮助。
钢铁是怎样炼成的,英文观后感200字
钢铁是怎样炼成的,英文观后感200字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How Steel Is Made: A Reflection"Steel is strong because it is made through fire and pressure." This quote perfectly encapsulates the process of how steel is made, from raw materials to the finished product. After watching the documentary "How Steel Is Made," I have gained a newfound appreciation for this remarkable material and the intricate process that goes into making it.The documentary took us on a journey through the different stages of steel production, starting from the mining of iron ore to the final shaping of the steel. It was fascinating to see how the raw materials were transformed through a series of complex processes such as smelting, refining, and casting. The sheer scale and precision of the machinery involved in the production of steel was awe-inspiring, highlighting the vast amount of human effort and ingenuity that goes into creating this essential material.One of the most striking aspects of the documentary was the emphasis on the importance of quality control throughout the production process. Every step of the way, meticulous testing and inspection were carried out to ensure that the final product met the highest standards of durability and strength. It was clear that the manufacturers took great pride in their work, striving for perfection in every batch of steel that was produced.Overall, "How Steel Is Made" offered a fascinating glimpse into the world of steel production, showcasing the precision, dedication, and teamwork that are required to create this ubiquitous material. It was a reminder of the incredible feats of engineering and innovation that have gone into shaping our modern world. Steel truly is a testament to the ingenuity and determination of mankind.篇2"How Steel is Made" is a documentary film that delves into the fascinating process of steel production, from the mining of raw materials to the final product. The film showcases the expertise and dedication of the workers in the steel industry, as well as the advanced technology and machinery used in the manufacturing process.One of the most striking aspects of the film is the sheer scale of the operation. Enormous blast furnaces and towering steel mills dominate the landscape, creating a sense of awe and wonder at the sheer magnitude of the industry. The film does an excellent job of capturing the sights and sounds of a steel plant in operation, from the roar of the furnaces to the clanging of metal against metal.Another key theme of the film is the importance of teamwork in the steel industry. The workers featured in the documentary work closely together, relying on each other's expertise and support to ensure that the steel production process runs smoothly. The film highlights the skills and knowledge of these workers, showcasing their dedication to their craft and their pride in producing high-quality steel.Overall, "How Steel is Made" is a captivating look into the world of steel production. It offers a detailed and informative overview of the process, while also highlighting the hard work and skill of the workers involved. The film is sure to leave viewers with a newfound appreciation for the steel industry and the vital role it plays in our everyday lives.篇3"Steel is born from fire and sweat, molded by the hands of hardworking men into a substance that shapes our world. This is the central theme of the classic novel 'How Steel Is Tempered' by Nikolai Ostrovsky.The protagonist of the novel, Pavel Korchagin, is a young man who rises from humble beginnings to become a skilled steelworker. His journey is one of struggle and triumph, as he faces the harsh conditions of the factory and the injustices of the world around him.Through his experiences, we see the transformation of steel as a metaphor for the transformation of the human spirit. Just as steel is forged in the fires of the factory, so too is Pavel forged in the fires of life. He learns resilience, determination, and the power of solidarity as he fights for a better future for himself and his comrades.The novel is a powerful reminder of the importance of hard work, perseverance, and unity in the face of adversity. It teaches us that just as steel can be tempered into a strong and resilient material, so too can we be strengthened by the challenges we face.In conclusion, 'How Steel Is Tempered' is a timeless classic that continues to inspire readers with its powerful message ofhope and resilience. It reminds us that even in the toughest of times, we can find the strength to endure and rise above any obstacle."。
铸造用英文翻译
铸造vt. foundn. foundry前面常见副词：重新只是后面常见名词：工艺铝合金技术碳化钨不锈钢缺陷空腔排字卡环用做后面常见介词：通过铸造1. The skill or operation of founding.铸造术，铸造铸造，铸造的技术2. Vacuum pressing and casting.真空铸造。
3. low-pressure casting低压铸造4. foundry equipment铸造设备5. strike a coin铸造硬币6. centrifugal casting离心铸造7. foundry coke铸造焦炭8. type casting活字铸造9. foundry sand铸造砂10. high pressure die casting压力铸造11. casting of metals金属铸造12. investment casting; lost wa* casting蜡模铸造13. coin Money;不得铸造货币;14. sand mold casting砂型铸造15. permanent mold casting金属型铸造16. ceramic mold casting陶瓷型铸造17. Cast Be Bronze铸造铍青铜18. The Modern Casting for the Large Statue of Buddha 巨型佛像铸造19. method of casting金属铸造方法20. test for castability铸造性能试验21. sandless casting无砂铸造22. investment casting熔模铸造23. Coined silver dollars.铸造的银币24. full mold casting实型铸造25. shell mold casting壳型铸造26. clay mold casting泥型铸造27. Bronze Art Casting青铜艺术铸造28. They are foundry workers.他们是铸造工人。
炼铁和铸造相关英文词汇
5.5 烧结与球团人造块矿ore agglomerates烧结矿sinter压块矿briquette球团[矿] pellet针铁矿goethite自熔性铁矿self-fluxed iron ore复合铁矿complex iron ore块矿lump ore粉矿ore fines矿石混匀ore blending配矿ore proportioning矿石整粒ore size grading返矿return fines储矿场ore stockyard矿石堆料机ore stocker匀矿取料机ore reclaimer熔剂flux消石灰slaked lime活性石灰quickened lime有机粘结剂organic binder烧结混合料sinter mixture烧结铺底料hearth layer for sinter烧结sintering烧结热前沿heat front in sintering烧结火焰前沿flame front in sintering渣相粘结slag bonding扩散粘结diffusion bonding带式烧结机Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine环式烧结机circular travelling sintering machine烧结梭式布料机shuttle conveyer belt烧结点火料sintering ignition furnace烧结盘sintering pan烧结锅sintering pot烧结冷却机sinter cooler带式冷却机straight-line cooler环式冷却机circular cooler,annular cooler生球green pellet,ball生球长大聚合机理ball growth by coalescence生球长大成层机理ball growth by layering生球长大同化机理ball growth by assimilation精矿成球指数balling index for iron ore concentrates 生球转鼓强度drum strength of green pellet生球落下强度shatter strength of green pellet生球抗压强度compression strength of green pellet 生球爆裂温度cracking temperature of green pellet 圆筒造球机balling drum圆盘造球机balling disc竖炉陪烧球团shaft furnace for pellet firing带式机陪烧球团traveling grate for pellet firing链算机-回转窑陪烧球团grate-kiln for pellet firing环式机陪烧球团circular gates for pellet firing冷固结球团cold bound pellet维式体wustite铁橄榄石fayalite铁尖晶石hercynite铁黄长石ferrogehlenite铁酸半钙calcium diferrite铁酸钙calcium ferrite铁酸二钙dicalcium ferrite锰铁橄榄石knebelite钙铁橄榄石kirschsteinite钙铁辉石hedenbergite钙铁榴石andradite钙长石anorthite钙镁橄榄石monticellite钙钛矿perovskite硅灰石wollastonite硅酸二钙dicalcium silicate硅酸三钙tricalcium silicate镁橄榄石forsterite镁黄长石akermanite镁蔷薇辉石manganolite钙铝黄长石gehlenite钛辉石titanaugite枪晶石cuspidine预还原球团pre-reduced pellet金属化球团metallized pellet转鼓试验drum test,tumbler test落下试验shatter test5.6 高炉炼铁炼铁iron making高炉炼铁[法] blast furnace process高炉blast furnace鼓风炉blast furnace炉料charge, burden矿料ore charge焦料coke charge炉料提升charge hoisting小车上料charge hoisting by skip吊罐上料charge hoisting by bucket皮带上料charge hoisting by belt conveyer装料charging装料顺序charging sequence储料漏斗hopper双料钟式装料two-bells system charging无料钟装料bell-less charging布料器distributor炉内料线stock line in the furnace探料尺gauge rod利用系数utilization coefficient冶炼强度combustion intensity鼓风blast风压blast pressure风温blast temperature鼓风量blast volume鼓风湿度blast humidity全风量操作full blast慢风under blowing休风delay喷吹燃料fuel injection喷煤coal injection喷油oil injection富氧鼓风oxygen enriched blast,oxygen enrichment 置换比replacement ratio喷射器injector热补偿thermal compensation焦比coke ratio,coke rate燃料比fuel ratio,fuel rate氧化带oxidizing zone风口循环区raceway蒸汽鼓风humidified blast混合喷吹mixed injection脱湿鼓风dehumidified blast炉内压差pressure drop in furnace煤气分布gas distribution煤气利用率gas utilization rate炉况furnace condition顺行smooth running焦炭负荷coke load,ore to coke ratio软熔带cohesive zone,softening zone渣比slag to iron ratio,slag ratio上部[炉料]调节burden conditioning下部[鼓风]调节blast conditioning高炉作业率operation rate of blast furnace 休风率delay ratio高炉寿命blast furnace campaign悬料hanging崩料slip沟流channeling结瘤scaffolding炉缸冻结hearth freeze-up开炉blow on停炉blow off积铁salamander炉型profile,furnace lines炉喉throat炉身shaft,stack炉腰belly炉腹bosh炉缸hearth炉底bottom炉腹角bosh angle炉身角stack angle有效容积effective volume工作容积working bolume铁口iron notch, slag notch渣口cinder notch, slag notch风口tuyere窥视孔peep hole风口水套tuyere cooler渣口水套slag notch cooler风口弯头tuyere stock热风围管bustle pipe堵渣机stopper泥炮mud gun,clay gun开铁口机iron notch drill铁水hot metal铁[水]罐iron ladle鱼雷车torpedo car主铁沟sow出铁沟casting house铁沟iron runner渣沟slag runner渣罐cinder ladle, slag ladle撇渣器skimmer冷却水箱cooling plate冷却壁cooling stave汽化冷却vaporization cooling热风炉hot blast stove燃烧室combustion chamber燃烧器burner热风阀hot blast valve烟道阀chimney valve冷风阀cold blast valve助燃风机burner blower切断阀burner shut-off valve旁通阀by-pass valve混风阀mixer selector valve送风期on blast of stove,on blast燃烧期on gas of stove, on gas换炉stove changing放散阀blow off valve内燃式热风炉Cowper stove外燃式燃烧炉outside combustion stove顶燃式热风炉top combustion stove炉顶放散阀bleeding valve放散管bleeder上升管gas uptake放风阀snorting valve均压阀equalizing valve高压调节阀septum valve炉顶高压elevated top pressure铸铁机pig-casting machine铸铁模pig mold冲天炉cupola水渣granulating slag水渣池granulating pit渣场slag disposal pit高炉煤气top gas,blast furnace gas高炉煤气回收topgas recovery,TGR非焦炭炼铁non-coke iron making直接还原炼铁[法]direct reduction iron making直接还原铁directly reduced iron,DRI竖炉直接炼铁direct reduction in shaft furnace流态化炼铁fluidized-bed iron making转底炉炼铁rotary hearth iron making米德雷克斯直接炼铁[法]Midrex processHYL直接炼铁[法] HYL process克虏伯回转窑炼铁[法] Krupp rotary kiln iron-making熔态还原smelting reduction铁溶法iron-bath process科雷克斯法COREX process生铁pig iron海绵铁sponge iron镜铁spiegel iron清铁法H-rion process5.7 炼钢钢steel炼钢steelmaking钢水liquid steel,molten steel钢semisteel沸腾钢rimming steel,rimmed steel镇静钢killed steel半镇静钢semikilled steel压盖沸腾钢capped steel坩埚炼钢法crucible steelmaking双联炼钢法duplex steelmaking process连续炼钢法continuous steelmaking process 直接炼钢法direct steelmaking process混铁炉hot metal machine装料机charging machine装料期charging machine加热期heating period熔化期melting period造渣期slag forming period精炼期refining period熔清melting down脱氧deoxidation预脱氧preliminary dexidation还原渣reducing slag酸性渣acid slag碱性渣basic slag脱碳decarburization增碳recarburization脱磷dephosphorization回磷rephosphorization脱硫desulfurization回硫resulfurization脱氮denitrogenation过氧化overoxidation出钢tapping冶炼时间duration of heat出钢样tapping sample浇铸样casting sample不合格炉次off heat熔炼损耗melting loss铁损iron loss废钢scrap废钢打包baling of scrap造渣材料slag making materials添加剂addition reagent脱氧剂deoxidizer脱硫剂desulfurizer冷却剂coolant回炉渣return slag喷枪lance浸入式喷枪submerged lance钢包ladle出钢口top hole出钢槽pouring lining炉顶furnace roof炉衬furnace lining炉衬侵蚀lining erosion渣线slag line炉衬寿命lining life分区砌砖zoned lining补炉fettling热修hot repair喷补gunning火焰喷补flame gunning转炉converter底吹转炉bottom-blown converter酸性空气底吹转炉air bottom-blown acid converter碱性空气底吹转炉air bottom-blown basic converter侧吹转炉side-blown converter卡尔多转炉Kaldo converter氧气炼铁oxygen steelmaking氧气顶吹转炉top-blown oxygen converter,LI converter氧气底吹转炉bottom-blown oxygen converter quiet basic oxygen furnace,QBOF顶底复吹转炉top and bottom combined blown converter喷石灰粉顶吹氧气转炉法oxygen lime process底吹煤氧的复合吹炼法Klockner-Maxhutte steelmaking process,KMS 住友复合吹炼法Sumitomo top and bottom blowing process,STB LBE复吹法lance bubbling equilibrium process,LBE顶枪喷煤粉炼钢法Arved lance carbon injection process,ALCI蒂森复合吹炼法Thyssen Blassen Metallurgical process,TBM面吹surface blow软吹soft blow硬吹hard blow补吹reblow过吹overblow后吹after blow目标碳aim carbon终点碳end point carbon高拉碳操作catch carbon practice增碳操作recarburization practice单渣操作single-slag operation双渣操作double-slag operation渣乳化slag emulsion二次燃烧postcombustion吹氧时间oxygen blow duration吹炼终点blow end point倒炉turning down喷渣slopping喷溅spitting静态控制static control动态控制dynamic control氧枪oxygen lance氧枪喷孔nozzle of oxygen lance多孔喷枪multi-nozzle lance转炉炉体converter body炉帽upper cone炉口mouth,lip ring装料大面impact pad活动炉底removable bottom顶吹氧枪top blow oxygen lance副枪sublance多孔砖nozzle brick单环缝喷嘴single annular tuyere双环缝喷嘴double annular tuyere挡渣器slag stopper挡渣塞floating plug电磁测渣器electromagnetic slag detector 废气控制系统off gas control system,OGCS 平炉open-hearth furnace平炉炼钢open-hearth steelmaking冷装法cold charge practice热装法hot charge practice碳沸腾carbon boil石灰沸腾lime boil炉底沸腾bottom boil再沸腾reboil有效炉底面积effective hearth area酸性平炉acid open-hearth furnace碱性平炉basic open-hearth furnace固定式平炉stationary open-hearth furnace倾动式平炉tilting open-hearth furnace双床平炉twin-hearth furnace顶吹氧气平炉open-hearth furnace with roof oxygen lance蓄热室regenerator沉渣室slag pocket电炉炼钢electric steelmaking电弧炉electric arc furnace超高功率电弧炉ultra-high power electric arc furnace直流电弧炉direct current electric arc furnace双电极直流电弧炉double electrode direct current arc furnace 竖窑式电弧炉shaft arc furnace电阻炉electric resistance furnace工频感应炉line frequency induction furnace中频感应炉medium frequency induction furnace高频感应炉high frequency induction furnace电渣重熔electroslag remelting,ESR电渣熔铸electroslag casting,ESC电渣浇注Bohler electroslag tapping,BEST真空电弧炉重熔vacuum arc remelting,V AR真空感应炉熔炼vacuum induction melting,VIM电子束炉重熔electron beam remelting,EBR等离子炉重炼plasma-arc remelting,PAR水冷模电弧熔炼cold-mold arc melting等离子感应炉熔炼plasma induction melting,PIM等离子连续铸锭plasma progressive casting,PPC等离子凝壳铸造plasma skull casting,PSC能量优化炼钢炉energy optimizing furnace,EOF氧燃喷嘴oxygen-fuel burner氧煤助熔accelerated melting by coal-oxygen burner氧化期oxidation period还原期reduction period长弧泡沫渣操作弧长控制long arc foaming slag operation白渣white slag电石渣carbide slag煤氧喷吹coal-oxygen injection炉壁热点hot spots on the furnace wall偏弧arc bias透气塞porous plug出钢到出钢时间tap-to-tap time虹吸出钢siphon tapping偏心炉底出钢eccentric bottom tapping,EBT中心炉底出钢centric bottom tapping,CBT侧面炉底出钢side bottom tapping,SBT滑动水口出钢slide fate tapping5.8 精炼、浇铸及缺陷铁水预处理hot metal pretreatment机械搅拌铁水脱硫法KR process torpedo desulfurization鱼雷车铁水脱磷torpedo dephosphorization二次精炼secondary refining钢包精炼ladle refining合成渣synthetic slag微合金化microalloying成分微调trimming钢洁净度steel cleanness钢包炉ladle furnace,LF直流钢包炉DC ladle furnace真空钢包炉LF-vacuum真空脱气vacuum degassing真空电弧脱气vacuum arc degassing,VAD真空脱气炉vacuum degassing furnace,VDF真空精炼vacuum refining钢流脱气stream degassing提升式真空脱气法Dortmund Horder vacuum degassing process,DH 循环式真空脱气法Ruhstahl-Hausen vacuum degassing process,RH 真空浇铸vacuum casting吹氧RH操作RH-oxygen blowing,RH-OB川崎顶吹氧RH操作RH-Kawasaki top blowing,RH-KTB喷粉RH操作RH-poowder blowing,TH-PB喷粉法powder injection process喷粉精炼injection refining蒂森钢包喷粉法Thyssen Niederhein process,TN瑞典喷粉法Scandinavian Lancer process,SL君津真空喷粉法vacuum Kimitsu injection process密封吹氩合金成分调整法composition adjustment by sealed argon bubbling,CAS吹氧提温CAS法CAS-OB process脉冲搅拌法pulsating mixing process,PM电弧加热电磁搅拌钢包精炼法ASEA-SKF process真空吹氧脱碳法vacuum oxygen decarburization process ,VOD氩氧脱碳法argon-oxygen decarburization process,AOD蒸汽氧精炼法Creusot-Loire Uddelholm process,CLU无渣精炼slag free refining摇包法shaking ladle process铝弹脱氧法aluminium bullet shooting,ABS钢锭ingot铸锭ingot casting坑铸pit casting车铸car casting钢锭模ingot mold保温帽hot top下铸bottom casting上铸top casting补浇back pour,back feeding浇注速度pouring speed脱模ingot stripping发热渣exoslag防再氧化操作reoxidation protection连续浇注continuous casting连铸机continuous caster,CC,continuous casting machine,CCM 弧形连铸机bow-type continuous caster立弯式连铸机vertical-bending caster立式连铸机vertical caster水平连铸机horizontal caster小方坯连铸机billet caster大方坯连铸机bloom caster板坯连铸机slab caster薄板坯连铸机thin-slab casting薄带连铸机strip caster近终型浇铸near-net-shape casting单辊式连铸机single-roll caster单带式连铸机single-belt caster双带式连铸机twin-belt caster倾斜带式连铸机inclined conveyer type caster[连铸]流strand铸流间距strand distance注流对中控制stream centering control钢包回转台ladle turret中间包tundish回转式中间包swiveling tundish倾动式中间包tiltable tundish中间包挡墙weir and dam in tundish引锭杆dummy bar刚性引锭杆rigid dummy bar挠性引锭杆flexible dummy bar结晶器mold直型结晶器straight mold弧形结晶器curved mold组合式结晶器composite mold多级结晶器multi-stage mold调宽结晶器adjustable mold结晶器振动mold oscillation结晶器内钢液顶面meniscus,steel level钢液面控制技术steel level control technique 保护渣casting powder,mold powder凝壳shell液芯liquid core空气隙air gap一次冷却区peimary cooling zone二次冷却区secondary cooling zone极限冷却速度critical cooling rate浇铸半径casting radius渗漏bleeding拉坯速度casting speed拉漏breaking out振动波纹oscillation mark水口堵塞nozzle clogging气水喷雾冷却air mist spray cooling分离环separating ring拉辊withdrawal roll立式导辊vertical guide roll弯曲辊bending roll夹辊pinch roll矫直辊straightening roll驱动辊driving roll导向辊装置roller apron切割定尺装置cut-to-length device钢流保护浇注shielded casting practice多点矫直multipoint straightening电磁搅拌electromagnetic stirring,EMS浇注周期casting cycle多炉连浇sequence casting事故溢流槽emergercy launder菜花头cauliflower top钢锭缩头piped top表面缺陷surface defect内部缺陷internal defect缩孔shrinkage cavity中心缩孔center line shrinkage气孔blowhole表面气孔surface blowhole皮下气孔subskin blowhole针孔pinhole铸疤feather冷隔cold shut炼钢缺陷lamination发裂flake,hair crack纵裂longitudinal crack横裂transverse crack角部横向裂纹transverse corner crack角部纵向裂纹longitudinal corner crack收缩裂纹shrinkage crack热裂hot crack冷裂cold crack冷脆cold shortness热脆hot shortness夹渣slag inclusion皮下夹杂subsurface inclusion正偏析positive segregation负偏析negative segregation,inverse seregation V形偏析∨-shaped segregation倒V形偏析∧-shaped segregation中心偏析center segregation中心疏松center porosity鼓肚bulging脱方rhomboidity连铸-直接轧制continuous casting-direct rolling 工艺CC-DR6 钢铁材料铸铁cast iron熟铁wrought iron电解铁electrolytic iron白口铸铁white cast iron灰口铸铁grey cast iron麻口铸铁mottled cast iron变性铸铁modified cast iron孕育铸铁inoculated cast iron冷硬铸铁chilled cast iron球墨铸铁nodular cast iron蠕墨铸铁vermicular cast iron可锻铸铁malleable cast iron半可锻铸铁semi-malleable cast iron奥氏体铸铁austenitic cast iron贝氏体铸铁bainitic cast iron共晶白口铁eutectic white iron亚共晶白口铁hypoeutectic white iron过共晶白口铁hypereutectic white iron结构钢constructional steel软钢mild steel普通碳素钢plain carbon steel正火钢normalized steel热轧钢hot rolled steel高强度低合金钢high-strength low-alloy steel 微合金钢micro-alloy steel冷轧钢cold rolled steel深冲钢deep drawing steel双相钢dual phase steel渗碳钢carburizing steel渗氮钢nitriding steel调质钢quenched and tempered steel超高强度钢ultra-high strength steel不锈钢stainless steel奥氏体不锈钢austenitic stainless steel铁素体不锈钢ferritic stainless steel马氏体不锈钢martensitic stainless steel双相不锈钢duplex stainless steel马氏体时效钢maraging steel耐蚀钢corrosion-resisting steel耐热钢heat-resisting steel弹簧钢spring steel易切削钢free-machining steel耐磨钢abrasion-resistant steel工具钢tool steel高速钢high-speed steel冷作模具钢cold-work die steel热作模具钢hot-work die steel钢筋钢reinforced bar steel钢轨钢rail steel轮箍钢type steel管线钢pipe line steel锅炉钢boiler steel电工钢electrical steel。
铸造术语 中英文对照
一、基本术语1.铸造：casting , founding , foundry2.砂型铸造：Sand casting process3.特种铸造：Special casting process4。
铸件: casting5。
毛坯铸件：Rough casting6。
砂型铸件：Sand casting7。
试制铸件：Pilot casting8。
铸态铸件：as-cast casting9。
铸型[型]: mold10。
铸造工艺：Casting process，foundry technology11.铸造用材料：Foundry materials12。
铸造工艺材料: Consumable materials13.铸造设备: Foundry equipment, foundry facilities14.铸工：Caster，founder, foundry worker15。
铸造工作者：foundryman16。
铸造车间：Foundry shop17.铸造厂：Foundry18。
铸造分厂：Attached foundry，captive foundry, tied foundry 19。
铸造三废：Foundry affluent20.一批： A batch21。
一炉： A cast, a heat, a melt22。
铸焊: Cast welding，flow welding23.铸锭: ingot二、铸造合金及熔炼、浇注2.1铸造合金基础术语1.铸造合金：Cast alloy2。
共晶合金系: Eutectic alloy system3。
共晶合金：Eutectic alloy4.亚共晶合金：Hypoeutectic alloy5。
过共晶合金：Hypereutectic alloy6。
共晶团：Eutectic cell7。
共晶温度: Eutectic temperature8。
共晶转变：Eutectic reaction, eutectic transformation 9.共晶组织：Eutectic structure10。
铸造术语 中英文对照
一、基本术语1.铸造： casting , founding , foundry2.砂型铸造： Sand casting process3.特种铸造： Special casting process4.铸件： casting5.毛坯铸件： Rough casting6.砂型铸件： Sand casting7.试制铸件： Pilot casting8.铸态铸件： as-cast casting9.铸型[型]： mold10.铸造工艺： Casting process, foundry technology11.铸造用材料： Foundry materials12.铸造工艺材料： Consumable materials13.铸造设备： Foundry equipment, foundry facilities14.铸工： Caster, founder, foundry worker15.铸造工作者： foundryman16.铸造车间： Foundry shop17.铸造厂： Foundry18.铸造分厂： Attached foundry, captive foundry, tied foundry19.铸造三废： Foundry affluent20.一批： A batch21.一炉： A cast, a heat, a melt22.铸焊： Cast welding, flow welding23.铸锭： ingot二、铸造合金及熔炼、浇注2.1铸造合金基础术语1.铸造合金： Cast alloy2.共晶合金系： Eutectic alloy system3.共晶合金： Eutectic alloy4.亚共晶合金： Hypoeutectic alloy5.过共晶合金： Hypereutectic alloy6.共晶团： Eutectic cell7.共晶温度： Eutectic temperature8.共晶转变：Eutectic reaction, eutectic transformation9.共晶组织： Eutectic structure10.铸造复合材料： Cast composite11.定向共晶复合材料： Directional eutectic composite12.非晶态合金： noncrystalline alloy13.合金元素： Alloying element14.杂质合金： Tramp element15.合金遗传性： Alloy heredity16.铸态组织： As-cast structure17.铁碳相图： iron-carbon phase diagram18.碳化物： Carbide19.渗碳物： cementite20.碳化物形成元素： Carbide forming element21.单铸试块： Separated test bar of casting22.附铸试块： test lug23.本体试样： Test specimen from casting itself24.过热： Superheating25.过冷： supercooling, undercooling26.成分过冷： constitutional supercooling27.过冷度： degree of undercooling28.加热相变点[Ac相变点]： Ac transformation temperature29.冷却相变点[Ar相变点]： Ar transformation temperature30.结晶： Crystallization31.形核[成核]： Nucleation32.均质形核[自发形核]： Homogeneous nucleation33.非均质形核[非自发形核]： Heterogeneous nucleation34.动力形核： Dynamic nucleation35.大冲击形核： Big bang nucleation36.形核剂： nucleant37.形核率： Nucleation rate38.成长： Growth39.内生生长： Endogenous growth40.外生生长： Exogenous growth41.共生生长： Coupled growth42.小平面型生长： Faceted growth43.非小平面生长： nonfaceted growth44.晶体生长界面[界面]： Growth interface of crystal, interface45.吸气（金属）： Gas absorption (metal)2.2铸钢1.铸钢： Cast steel2.铸造碳钢： Carbon cast steel3.铸造合金钢： Alloy cast steel4.低合金铸钢： Low alloy cast steel5.微量合金化铸钢： Micro-alloying cast steel, trace alloying cast steel6.铁素体铸钢： ferritic cast steel7.奥氏体铸钢： Austenitic cast steel8.不锈钢： Stainless steel9.无磁性铸钢： Non-magnetic cast steel10.高锰钢： Austenitic manganese steel, high manganese steel11.高强度铸钢： High strength cast steel12.超高强度铸钢： Ultra high strength cast steel13.耐磨铸钢： Wear resisting cast steel14.耐热铸钢： Heat resisting cast steel15.耐蚀铸钢： Corrosion resisting cast steel16.石墨钢： Graphitic steel17.铸钢锚链钢： Cast steel for chain cables2.3铸铁1.铸铁： Cast iron2.合成铸铁： Synthetic cast iron3.共晶铸铁： Eutectic cast iron4.亚共晶铸铁： Hypoeutectic cast iron5.过共晶铸铁： Hypereutectic cast iron6.灰铸铁[片墨铸铁]： Flake graphite cast iron, gray cast iron7.球墨铸铁[球铁]： ductile iron, nodular graphite iron,spheroidal graphite cast iron8.高韧性球墨铸铁： High ductility nodular graphite iron9.中锰球墨铸铁： Medium manganese ductile iron10.中硅球墨铸铁： Medium silicon nodular iron11.可锻铸铁[马铁]： Malleable cast iron12.白心可锻铸铁： White heart malleable cast iron13.黑心可锻铸铁： Black heart malleable cast iron14.花心可锻铸铁： partially graphitized makkeable cast iron15.铁素体可锻铸铁： ferritic malleable cast iron16.珠光体可锻铸铁： pearlitic malleable cast iron17.球墨可锻铸铁： spheroidal graphite malleable cast iron18.蠕墨铸铁[蠕铁，紧密石墨铁]： Vermicular graphite cast iron, compactedgraphite cast iron19.白口铸铁： White cast iron20.麻口铸铁： Mottled cast iron21.奥氏体铸铁： Austenitic cast iron22.贝氏体铸铁： bainitic cast iron23.贝氏体球墨铸铁： bainitic ductile cast iron, austferriticductile cast iron24.等温热处理球墨铸铁： austempered ductile iron, ADI25.贝氏体白口铸铁： bainitic white cast iron26.针状铸铁： Acicular cast iron27.马氏体铸铁： martensitic cast iron28.铁素体铸铁： ferritic cast iron29.珠光体铸铁： pearlitic cast iron30.索氏体铸铁： sorbitic cast iron31.合金铸铁： Alloy cast iron32.低合金铸铁： Low alloy cast iron33.铬铸铁： Chromium cast iron34.高铬铸铁： High chromium cast iron35.高硅铸铁： High silicon cast iron36.中硅铸铁： Medium silicon cast iron37.高磷铸铁： High phosphorus cast iron38.铝铸铁： Aluminum cast iron39.高铝铸铁： High aluminum cast iron40.镍铸铁： Nickel cast iron41.硼铸铁： Boron cast iron42.高级铸铁： High grade cast iron43.高强度铸铁： High duty cast iron, high strength castiron44.工程铸铁： Engineering cast iron45.特种铸铁： Special cast iron46.抗磨铸铁： Abrasion resistant cast iron47.冷硬铸铁[激冷铸铁]： Chilled cast iron48.耐磨铸铁： Wear resisting cast iron49.耐热铸铁： Heat resisting cast iron50.耐蚀铸铁： Corrosion resistant cast iron51.耐酸铸铁： Acid resisting cast iron52.密烘铸铁： Meehanite cast iron53.孕育铸铁： Inoculated cast iron54.总碳量： Total carbon55.碳当量： Carbon equivalent56.碳当量仪： eutectometer57.共晶度： Carbon saturation degree58.硅碳比： Silicon-carbon ratio59.锰硫比： manganese-sulphur ratio60.铸铁石墨形态： Graphite morphology of cast iron61.片状石墨[片墨]： Flake graphite62.球状石墨[球墨]： Nodular graphite, spheroidal carbon63.絮团状石墨[退火t]： Temper graphite, annealing carbon64.团絮石墨： quasi-spheroidal temper graphite65.蠕虫状石墨[蠕墨、紧密石墨]： Compacted graphite, vermicular graphite66.开花状石墨： Exploded graphite67.初生石墨： Primary graphite68.过冷石墨： undercooled graphite69.共晶石墨： Eutectic graphite70.共晶碳化物： Eutectic carbide71.游离碳： Free carbon72.石墨化： graphitizing73.石墨退火化： graphitizing annealing74.石墨化度： graphitizing grade75.石墨化因子： graphitizing factor76.石墨面积率： Percentage of graphite area77.阻碍石墨化元素： hindered graphitizing element78.墨化剂： graphitizer79.石墨球化处理[球化处理]： nodularizing treatment of graphite80.球化率： percent of spheroidization81.石墨球数[球墨数]： number of nodular graphites82.球化剂： nodulizer, nodulizing alloy, spheroidalagent, spheroidizer83.镁焦： magcoke, impregnated coke84.型内球化： in-mold nodularization85.密容加镁包： sealed spheroidizing treatment ladle86.干扰元素： Interference element87.石墨蠕化处理[蠕化处理]： vermiculation of graphite88.蠕化剂： vermicular agent89.蠕化率： percent of vermiculation90.铸铁净化： Purification of cast iron91.三角试块： Wedge test-piece2.4铸造有色合金1.铸造有色合金[铸造非铁合金]： Nonferrous cast alloy2.铸造铝合金： Cast aluminum alloy3.高强度铸造铝合金： High strength cast aluminum alloy4.铝硅合金： Aluminum-silicon alloy5.共晶铝硅合金： Eutectic aluminum-silicon alloy6.亚共晶铝硅合金： Hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloy7.过共晶铝硅合金： Hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy8.初生硅： Primary silicon phase9.共晶硅： Eutectic silicon phase10.铝镁合金： Aluminum-magnesium alloy11.铝铜合金： Aluminum-copper alloy12.铝锌合金： Aluminum-zinc alloy13.铝锂合金： Aluminum-lithium alloy14.铸造铜合金： Cast copper alloy15.铸造黄铜： Cast brass16.硅黄铜： Silicon brass17.高强度黄铜： High strength brass18.青铜： Bronze19.锡青铜： Tin bronze20.铝青铜： Aluminum bronze21.铅青铜： Lead bronze22.硅青铜： Silicon bronze23.铸造铜铬合金[铬青铜]： Cast copper-chromium alloy24.高阻尼铜合金： High damping copper alloy25.螺旋桨用铸造铜合金： Cast copper alloy for propeller26.铸造镁合金： Cast magnesium alloy27.铸造锌合金： Cast zinc alloy28.低熔点合金： Fusible alloys29.轴承合金[减摩合金]： antifrictional alloys, bearing alloys30.巴氏合金： Babbitt metal, white metal31.钛合金： Titanium alloy32.铸造高温合金： cast superalloy33.镍基铸造高温合金： nickel-base cast superalloy34.蒙乃尔合金： monel metal35.钴基铸造高温合金： cobalt-base cast superalloy36.铁基铸造高温合金： iron-base cast superalloy37.压铸合金： diecast alloy38.压铸铝合金： aluminium alloy39.铸压镁合金： magnesium diecast alloy40.压铸铜合金： copper diecast alloy41.压铸锌合金： zinc diecast alloy42.锌当量： Zinc equivalent2.5熔炼基本术语1.熔炼： Smelting2.熔化率： Melting rate3.熔炼损耗[熔损、烧损]： Total melting loss4.挥发损耗： Volatilizing loss5.元素烧损： Melting of alloying element6.元素增加： Gain of element7.熔池： Bath8.溶剂： Flux9.除气剂： Degassing flux10.覆盖剂： Covering flux11.炉料： Charge12.金属炉料： Metallic charge13.中间合金[母合金]： Master alloy14.回炉料： Foundry returns15.废金属料： Scrap16.炉料计算[配料]： Charge calculation17.熔渣[炉渣]： Slag18.沉渣： Sludge19.浮渣： Cinder, dross, scum20.碱性渣： Basic slag21.酸性渣： Acid slag22.造渣： Slag forming23.出渣： deslagging24.出渣口： Slag hole, slag notch25.炉衬： Furnace lining26.碱性炉衬： Basic lining27.酸性炉衬： Acid lining28.耐火粘土： Fireclay29.碱度[碱性指数]： index of basicity30.补炉： Patching31.炉龄[炉衬寿命]： Furnace campaign32.开炉： Blowing in, power on33.炉内气氛： Furnace atmosphere34.炉气分析： Flue gas analysis35.控制气氛： Controlled atmosphere36.炉前分析： On-the-spot sample analysis37.出炉口： Tap hole38.出炉温度： Tapping temperature39.重熔： remelting40.真空自耗电弧重熔： Consumable electrode vacuum arcrefining41.喷射冶金： Injection metallurgy42.区域熔炼： Zone melting43.悬浮熔炼： Levitation melting, suspension melting44.真空熔炼： Vacuum melting45.坩埚炉： Crucible furnace46.坩埚： Crucible, pot47.保温炉： Holding furnace48.反射炉： reverberatory furnace49.感应电炉： Electric induction furnace50.凝壳炉： Skull furnace51.增碳： recarburizing2.6铸钢熔炼1.铸钢熔炼： Smelting of steel2.不氧化熔炼法： Dead melting3.氧化熔炼法： Oxidizing melting4.氧化期[沸腾期]： Oxidizing stage, boil stage5.氧化气氛： Oxidizing atmosphere6.氧化渣： Oxidizing slag7.还原期： Blocking stage, deoxidizing stag8.还原气氛： Reducing atmosphere9.还原渣： Reducing slag10.白渣： White slag11.电弧炉： Electric arc furnace, direct electricarc furnace12碱性电弧炉： Basic electric arc furnace13.酸性电弧炉： Acid electric arc furnace14.电渣熔炼： Electro-slag melting15.电渣炉： Electro-slag furnace16.氩氧脱碳法[AOD法]：AOD process, Argon-OxygenDecarburization process17.脱碳： decarburization18.脱氧： deoxidation19.脱氧剂： deoxidizer20.脱磷： dephosphorization21.脱硫 desulphurization22.脱硫剂 desulphurizer2.7铸铁熔炼1.铸铁熔炼： smelting of cast iron2.双联熔炼： duplexing smelting3.冲天炉： cupola4.大间距双排风口冲天炉： spacious twin-tuyeres cupola,Twin-wind blast system cupola5.多排小风口冲天炉： multiple row small tuyeres cupola6.卡腰冲天炉： Waist shaped cupola7.热风冲天炉： hot blast cupola8.水冷冲天炉： water-cooled cupola9.水冷热风无炉衬冲天炉： hot blast liningless cupola with watercooling10.无焦冲天炉： cokeless cupola11.碱性冲天炉： basic cupola12.酸性冲天炉： acid cupola13.生铁： pig iron14.铸造生铁： foundry pig iron15.焦炭： coke16.铸造焦炭[铸造焦]： foundry coke17.固定碳： fixed carbon18.铁焦比[焦比]： iron coke ratio19.底焦： coke bed20.层焦： coke split21.隔焦： extra split22.接力焦： buffer coke charge23.铁合金： ferro-alloy24.有效高度： effective height25.炉缸： cupola well26.前炉： forehearth27密筋炉胆： ribbed preheating jacket28.出铁槽： cupola spout29.熔化带： melting zone30.风带： air belt, air box, wind box31.风口： tuyere32.风口比： tuyere ratio33.炉壁效应： cupola wall effect34.冲天炉特性曲线： cupola operation chart35.冲天炉炉前控制： front control of molten iron ofcupola,inspection in front of cupola36.冲天炉检控仪： tester and controller for cupolamelting37.熔化密度： melting intensity38.风量： blast volume39.送风速度： blast intensity40.送风压力： blast pressure41.富氧送风： oxygen enriched blast42.脱湿送风： dehumidification blast43.预热送风： hot blast44.送风预热器： blast preheater45.火花捕集器： spark arrestor46.冲天炉加料机： cupola charging machine47.爬式加料机： skip hoist48.冲天炉自动加料机： automatic cupola charging equipment49.电磁盘： electromagnetic chuck50.电磁配铁秤： electromagnetic weighing balancer51.吸碳： carbon pick-up52.棚料[搭棚]： bridging53.封炉： banking the cupola54.打炉： cupola drop55.碎铁机： breaker2.8金属液处理1.精炼： refining2.真空精炼： vacuum refining3.炉外精炼： ladle refining4.精炼溶剂[精炼剂]： refining flux5.除气[起气]： degassing6.真空除气： vacuum degassing7.吹气净化： blow purifying8.多孔塞法： porous plug process9.变质： modification10.变质剂： modification agent, modificator11.磷变质： phosphorus modification12.钠变质： sodium modification13.长效变质剂： permanent modificator14.型内变质： in-mold modification15.孕育： inoculation16.瞬时孕育[后孕育]： instantaneous inoculation,late stage inoculation, post inculation17.随流孕育： metal-stream inoculation18.型内孕育： in-mold inoculation19.浇口盆孕育： pouring basin inoculation20.孕育剂： inoculant, inoculating agent21.孕育期： inoculation period22.孕育衰退： inoculation fading23.孕育不良：abnormal inoculation, under-inoculation24.合金化处理： alloying treatment25.喂线法[喂丝法]： CQ process, wire feeding process,wire injection process26.摇包： shaking ladle27.电磁搅拌： electromagnetic agitation28.静置： holding, stewing29.扒渣： slagging-off30.型内过滤： in-mold filtering31.型内合金化： in-mold alloying32.晶粒细化： grain refinement33.晶粒细化剂： grain refiner2.9浇注1.浇注： pouring2.保护气氛浇注： pouring under controlled atmosphere3.真空浇注： vacuum pouring4.自动浇注装置： automatic pouring device5.自动浇注机： automatic pouring machine6.电磁浇注机： electromagnetic pouring machine7.捣冒口： churning, pumping8.点冒口[补注]： hot topping up, teeming9.浇包： ladle10.底浇包： bottom pouring ladle11.转运包： transfer ladle12.金属残液： heel13.冷金属： cold metal14.压铁： weight三、造型材料3.1基本术语1.造型材料： molding material2.铸造用砂[砂]： foundry sand, sand3.原砂[新砂]： base sand, new sand, raw sand4.旧砂： used sand5.回用砂： reconditioned sand6.再生砂： reclaimed sand]7.枯砂[焦砂]： burned sand]8.热砂： hot sand9.废砂： waste sand3.2原砂1.标准砂： standard sand2.硅砂[石英砂]： silica sand3.刚玉砂： alumina sand4.镁砂： magnesite sand5.锆砂： zircon sand6.镁橄榄石砂[橄榄石砂]： fosterite sand, olivine sand7.铬铁矿砂： chromite sand8.煤矸石砂： coal gangue sand9.熟料砂： chamotte sand10.炭粒砂： carbon sand11.石灰石砂： limestone sand12.天然砂： natural sand13.人工砂[人造砂]： artificial sand14.水洗砂： washed-out sand15.擦洗砂： scrubbed sand16.浮选砂[精选砂]： floated sand17.松散密度[砂型]： aerated density, riddled sand18.原砂细度[AFS平均细度]： AFS fineness number,fineness number,grain fineness number19.原砂细度[原砂颗粒尺寸]： particle size of base sand20.原砂颗粒分布： grain size distribution of base sand21.原砂角形因数[原砂角形系数，原砂粒形系数]：angularity of base sand22.原砂颗粒形状： grain shape of base sand3.3粘结剂1.粘结剂： binder2.无机粘结剂： inorganic binder3.粘土： clay4.高岭土： kaolin5.膨润土： bentonite6.钠基膨润土： sodium bentonite7.钙基膨润土： calcium bentonite8.活化膨润土： activated bentonite9.有机膨润土： organic bentonite10.有效粘土： effective clay11.活粘土： active clay12.枯粘土（死粘土）： burned clay13.白泥： white clay14.水玻璃粘结剂： sodium silicate binder, water glass binder15.水玻璃波美浓度： Be’concentration of water glass16.水玻璃模数： sodium silicate modulus17.有机粘结剂： organic binder18.纸浆废液[纸浆残液，亚硫酸盐纸浆废液]： lignin liquor19.油类粘结剂： oil based binder20.干性油： drying oil21.合脂粘结剂： synthetic fat binder22.渣油粘结剂： residual oil binder23.自硬粘结剂[冷硬粘结剂]： cold setting binder, no bake binderself-hardening binder24.树脂粘结剂： resin binder25.热固性树脂粘结剂： thermosetting resin binder26.热塑性树脂粘结剂： thermoplastic resin binder27.铸造用树脂： foundry resin28.自硬树脂系[非烘树脂系]： no-bake resin system,self-hardening resin system29.气硬树脂系： gas cured resin system30.热硬树脂系： hot hardening resin system31.呋喃树脂： furan resin32.酚醛树脂： phenol-formaldehyde(PF)resin33.碱性酚醛树脂： alkaline phenolic resin34.糖醇： furfuryl-alcohol35.游离甲醛含量： free formaldehyde content36.游离苯醛含量： free phenol content37.粘结效率： bonding efficiency3.4辅助材料1.型砂附加物： sand addlitives2.煤粉： seacoal3.煤粉代用品： seacoal substitutes4.铸型涂料： dressing mold coating, paint5.砂型涂料： sand coating6.模样涂料： pattern paint7.水基涂料： water-base mold coating8.非水基涂料： non-aqueous coating, non-aqueous paint9.自于涂料： self-drying dressing10.摊开系数[铺展系数]： spreading coefficient11.触变性： thixotropy12.悬浮剂： suspending agent13.分型剂： parting agent14.脱模剂： stripping agent15.固化剂[硬化剂]： hardener16.有机酯： organic ester17.溃散剂： break-down accelerator, break-down agent18.发热剂： exothermic mixture19.冒口覆盖剂： riser cover20.补芯膏： core mud4.5型砂和芯砂1.型砂[造型混合料]： molding mixture, molding sand2.芯砂： core sand3.合成砂： synthetic sand4.粘土砂： clay-bonded sand5.天然型砂[天然粘土砂]： natural molding sand,naturally clay-bonded sand6.红砂： red sand7.面砂： facing sand8.背砂[填充砂]： backing sand9.单一砂： unit sand10.调匀砂： temper sand11.湿型砂： green molding sand, green sand12.煤粉： black sand13.烂泥砂[嘛泥]： loam14.油砂： oil-bonded sand15.合脂砂： synthetic fatty acid bonded sand16.石墨型砂： graphite mold sand17.化学硬化砂： chemical hardening sand18.自硬砂： self-hardening sand, no-bake sand19.水泥砂： cement sand20.水玻璃砂： sodium silicate-bonded sand21.酯硬水玻璃砂： ester cured sodium silicate sand, sodium silicate-ester no-bake sand 22.树脂自硬砂： no-bake resin sand,self-hardening resin sand23.呋喃树脂自硬砂： no-bake furan resin sand24.酚醛尿烷树脂自硬砂： pep-set no-bake sand,phenolic resin no-bake sand 25.酯固化碱性酚醛树脂自硬砂： ester cured alkaline phenolicresin no-bake sand26.磷酸盐自硬砂： phosphate no-bake sand27.流态砂： castable sand, fluid sand28.气硬砂[冷芯盒砂]： cold box sand, gas hardening sand29.热硬树脂砂： hot hardening resin sand30.覆膜砂： precoated sand, resin coated sand31.壳型（芯）树脂砂： shell mold (core) resin sand32.热芯盒砂： hot box sand33.结球（型砂）： agglomeration (molding sand)3.6型砂性能及试验1.型砂试验： sand testing2.原砂试验： base sand testing3.型砂试样： sand specimen4.型砂膨胀试验： sand expansion testing5.型砂高温试验： elevated temperature testing of sands6.差热分析： differential thermal analysis7.型砂试验仪： sand tester8.铸造用标准筛： standard sieves for foundry9.筛析： screen analysis10.沉降分选： decantation, elutriation11.型砂强度： sand strength12.湿强度： green strength13.干强度： dry strength14.热强度： hot strength15.热湿拉强度： hot wet tensile strength16.风干强度： air dried strength17.型砂韧度： toughness18.破碎指数： shatter index19.起模性： liftability20.表面安定性： surface stability index(SSI)21.残留强度： retained strength22.溃散性： collapsibility23.落砂性： knockout capability24.砂型（芯）硬度： mold hardness25.紧实度： degree of ramming26.紧实率： compactability27.舂实性： rammability28.流动性（砂）： flowability(sand)29.成型性： moldability30.孔隙率： porosity31.透气孔： permeability32.发气量[发气性]： gas evolution33.发气率[发气速度]： gas evolution rate34.退让性[容让性]： deformability rate35.热变形[型砂]： hot deformation (mold sand)36.吸湿性： moisture absorption37.粘模性： stickiness38.保存性（型砂）： preservability(mold sand)39.可使用时间： bench life, working time40.型砂耐火度： refractoriness of molding sand41.微粉含量： micro-grains content42.含泥量： clay content43.含水量[水分]： moisture content44.型砂酸碱度值[型砂pH值]： pH value of sand45.酸耗值： acid demand value46.灼烧减量[灼减]： loss on ignition47.型砂缺陷倾向： defect tendency of molding sand48.胶质价： colloid index49.膨润值： swelling value50.膨胀指数： swelling index51.吸蓝量试验： methylene blue value test52.有效膨润土量： effective bentonite content53.耐用性[复用性]： durability54.涂刷性： brushability55.覆膜砂熔点： melting point of precoated sand四、铸造工艺设计及工艺装备4.1基本术语1.铸造性能： castability2.流动性(金属)： fluidity(metal)3.充型能力： mold-folling capacity4.充型流速[浇注]： delivery rate, pouring rate5.充型时间： filling time6.浇注温度： pouring temperature7.比浇注速度： specific pouring rate8.浇注时间： pouring time9.平衡分配系数： equilibrium distribution,equilibrium partition ratio10.凝固： solidification11.凝固温度范围： solidification range12.凝固时间： solidification time13.均衡凝固： proportional solidification14.同时凝固： simultaneous solidification15.顺序凝固[方向凝固]： directional solidification16.无溶质再分配凝固[无偏析凝固]： partitionless solidification, segregationless solidification17.收缩： contraction18.液态收缩： liquid contraction19.凝固收缩： solidification contraction20.固态收缩： solid contraction21.液-固收缩： liquid-solid contraction22.自由收缩： free contraction23.受阻收缩： hindered contraction24.收缩余量： shrinkage allowance25.缩前膨胀[共晶石墨化膨胀]：eutectic graphitizing expansion26.收缩应力： contraction stress27.热应力： thermal stress28.相变应力： phase change stress,transformation stress29.铸造应力： casting stress30.残留应力[残余应力]： residual stress31.合金线收缩率[自由线收缩率]： alloy linear contraction,free linear contraction coefficient32.铸件线收缩率： casting linear contraction coefficient,casting linear shirinkage coefficient33.热裂倾向性： tendency to hot tearing4.2铸件工艺设计1.铸造工艺设计： casting process design2.铸造工艺计算机辅助设计[铸造工艺CAD]： computer-aided design of thecastingprocess, casting process CAD 3.实体造型： constructive soild geometry,solid modeling4.充型分析： mold filling analysis5.铸造工艺装备设计： foundry tools design6.铸造工艺图： foundry molding drawing7.铸造工艺卡： foundry process card8.铸型装配图： mold assembly drawing9.铸件图[毛坯图]： mold assembly rough casting10.铸造工艺设备： preparation for casting technique11.铸件设计： casting design12.铸件基准面： reference face for machining of casting13.铸合结构： cast fabricated constructure14.分型面： mold joint, mold parting, parting face15.不平分型面： irregular joint, irregular parting,match parting16.阶梯分型面： stepped joint, stepped parting17.过渡角： transition angle18.分型负数： joint allowance, parting allowance19.浇注位置： pouring position20.工艺补正量： design modification, moldingallowance21.吃砂量： mold thickness22.补贴： pad23.交接壁： intersection24.十字交接[Ⅹ形交接]： x-junction25.内圆角[圆角]： fillet26.热节： hot spot27.铸筋[铸肋]： ribs28.加强筋[加强肋]： stiffening ribs29.冷铁： densener, chill30.外冷铁： surface densener31.内冷铁： internal densener32.暗冷铁： coated chill, indirect chill33.强制冷却： forced cooling34.起模斜度： pattern draft35.上型[上箱]： cope, top part36.下型[下箱]： bottom part, drag37.型冷时间： mold cooling time38.型腔： mold cavity39.造型余量： molding allowance40.砂芯设计： sand core design41.芯头： core print42.芯头间隙： core print clearance43.芯头斜度： core taper44.芯座： core seat45.定位芯头： locating print46.加大芯头： enlarged core print,strengthened core print47.工艺孔： technological hole48.铸件凝固数值模拟： numerical simulation of casting solidification49.前处理： pre-processing50.潜热处理： latent heat treatment51.网格剖分： enmeshment, mesh generation4.3浇冒口系统1.浇注系统： gating system, running system2.浇注系统设计： design of gating system3.浇道比： gating ratio4.封闭式浇注系统： choked running system, pressurized gatingsystem5.半封闭式浇注系统： enlarged runner system6.开放式浇注系统： non-pressurized gating system,unchoked running system7.阶梯式浇注系统： step gating system8.缝隙式浇注系统： slot gate system9.离心集渣浇注系统： whirl gate dirt trap system10.阻流浇注系统： choked runner system11.冒口浇注系统： feeder head gating, riser gating12.顶注式浇注系统： top gating system13.雨淋式浇注系统： shower gate system14.底注式浇注系统： bottom gating system15.中注式浇注系统： parting-line gating system16.垂直浇注系统： vertical gate system17.等流量浇注系统： equal-volume pressurized system,flow-rate equalized gating18.阻流截面： choked area19.大孔出流： large orifice discharge20.浇口盆[外浇口]： pouring basin21.浇口塞： blanking-off plug22.浇口杯： pouring cup23.直浇道： sprue24.直浇道窝： sprue base25.横浇道： runner26.集渣横浇道： skim runner27.集渣装置（浇注系统）： dirt traps ( in gating system )28.反应室（浇注系统）： reaction chamber ( in gating system )29.内浇道： ingate30.压边浇口： lip runner, kiss runner31.牛角浇口： horn gate32.挡渣片： baffle core33.过滤片[过滤网]： filter screen, strainer core34.冒口： riser, feeder head35.明冒口： open riser36.暗冒口： blind riser37.侧冒口： side riser38.热冒口： hot riser, hot top39.保温冒口： insulating riser40.发热冒口： exothermic riser41.电热冒口： electric arc feed42.压力冒口： pressure riser43.发气压力冒口： gas-delivered pressure riser44.大气压力冒口： atmospheric riser45.易割冒口： knock-off head46.离心集渣冒口： whirl-gate riser47.冷冒口： cold riser48.出气冒口[出气口]： flow off, pop, riser vent, whistler49.冒口设计： riser design50.内接圆法： inscribed circle method51.模数计算法（冒口）： moduli calculation method52.周界商： perimetrischen quotient53.冒口效率： riser efficiency54.补缩： feeding55.有效补缩距离： effective feeding distance,feeding zone56.补缩通道： feeding channel57.反补缩： inverse feeding58.冒口根： riser pad59.冒口颈： riser neck60.冒口圈： feeder bush, riser bush61.冒口套： heat insulating feeder sleeve62.冒口窝： riser base63.冒口高度： riser height64.易割片： knockoff core, washburn core4.4铸造工艺设备1.铸造工艺设备： foundry tools equipment2.模板： pattern plate3.组合模板： composite pattern plate4.双面模板： match plate5.单面模板： single face pattern plate6.模板图： pattern plate drawing7.模板设计： pattern plate design8.缩尺[模样工放尺]： pattern-maker＇s rule ,shrinkage rule9.放样[伸图]： hot dimensional drawing, layout10.模底板： pattern mounting plate11.模样[铸模、模]： pattern12.祖模： grand master pattern13.母模： master pattern14.金属模： metal pattern15.木模： wooden pattern16.石膏模： plaster pattern17.塑料模： plastic pattern18.骨架模： skeleton pattern19.单位模： loose pattern20.整体模： one-piece pattern, solid pattern21.分块模[分开模]： loose pattern, split pattern22.分模面： parting line23.模样分级： pattern classification24.活块： loose piece25.砂箱： flask, molding box26.组合砂箱： built up molding box27.砂箱设计： flask design28.套箱： mold jacket29.套销： hollow pin, stub pin30.箱带[箱挡]： cross bar, flask bar31.芯盒： core box32.芯盒设计： core box design33.芯盒图： core box drawing34.对开芯盒： half core box35.脱落式芯盒： troughed core box36.分盒面： parting of core box五、砂型铸造5.1砂处理1.型砂制备[砂处理]： sand preparation2.型砂质量控制： sand quality control3.型砂水分控制设备： automatic moisture controller of sand4.旧砂处理： sand reconditioning5.旧砂再生： sand reclamation6.旧砂热法再生： thermal reclamation of used sand7.旧砂湿法再生： wet reclamation of used sand8.旧砂干法再生： dry reclamation of used sand9.旧砂回用率： reusable rate of used sand10.砂冷却： sand cooling11.热砂冷却装置： hot sand cooler12.砂温调节器： sand temperature modulator13.冷却提升机： coolelevator, cooling elevator14.热气流烘砂装置： hot pneumatic tube drier15.沸腾床： fluidized bed16.滚筒筛： rotary screen, drum screen17.磁力滚筒： magnetic separator18.滚筒破碎筛： drum breaking screen19.筛砂机： riddle20.原砂擦洗机： sand scrubber21.轮碾机： roller22.配砂： formulation of sand mixture23.预混： premixing24.混砂： sand mixing, sand mulling25.混砂机： sand mixer, sand muller26.连续混砂机： continuous sand mixer27.碗形混砂机： cup-type sand mixer28.树脂自硬砂混砂机： no-bake resin sand mixer29.松砂： aeration, sand-cutting30.松砂机： aerator, sand cutter31.回性[调匀]（型砂）： homogenization of sand,temper of molding sand32.除尘器： dust catcher, dust collector5.2造型1.造型： molding2.有箱造型： flask molding3.无箱造型： flaskless molding4.手工造型： hand molding5.机器造型： machine molding6.地坑造型： pit molding7.地面造型： floor molding8.叠箱造型： stack molding9.多箱造型： multiple-part molding10.两箱造型： two-part molding11.假箱造型： oddside molding12.劈箱造型： split box molding13.脱箱造型： removable flask molding14.刮板造型： sweep molding15.抛砂造型： impeller ramming,sand slinging molding16.漏模造型： stripping plate molding17.模板造型： pattern plate molding18.实物造型： machine part reproduced molding19.组芯造型： core assembly molding20.微振压实造型： vibratory squeezing molding21.高压造型： high pressure molding22.射压造型： injection and squeeze molding23.负压造型[真空密封造型，V法造型]： vacuum molding24.气冲造型： air impact molding25.静压造型： air-flow press molding,static pressure molding26.切削造型法： molding with molding27.自硬砂造型： self-curing sand molding,self-hardening sand molding28.流态砂造型： fluid sand molding29.造型机： molding machine30.造型线： molding line31.高压造型机： high pressure molding machine32.多触头高压造型机： equalizing piston squeezer33.震实造型机： jolt molding machine34.震压造型机： jolt-squeeze machine35.微振压实造型机： shockless jolt squeeze molding machine,vibratory squeezer36.压实造型机： squeezing molding machine37.射压造型机： shooting and squeezing molding。
金属材料及热处理工艺常用词汇中英文对照
X线结晶分析法X – ray crystal analyics method奥氏体Austenite奥氏体碳钢Austenite Carbon Steel奥氏铁孻回火Austempering半静钢Semi-killed steel包晶反应Peritectic Reaction包晶合金Peritectic Alloy包晶温度Peritectic Temperature薄卷片及薄片（0.3至2.9mm厚之片）机械性能Mechanical Properties of Thin Stainless Steel（Thickness from 0.3mm to 2.9mm）– strip/sheet杯突测试（厚度：0.4公厘至1.6公厘，准确至0.1公厘3个试片平均数）Erichsen test （Thickness：0.4mm to 1.6mm，figure round up to 0.1mm）贝氏体钢片Bainite Steel Strip比电阻Specific resistivity & specific resistance比较抗磁体、顺磁体及铁磁体Comparison of Diamagnetism，Paramagnetic & Ferromagnetism比热Specific Heat比重Specific gravity & specific density边缘处理Edge Finish扁线、半圆线及异形线Flat Wire，Half Round Wire，Shaped Wire and Precision Shaped Fine Wire扁线公差Flat Wire Tolerance变态点Transformation Point表面保护胶纸Surface protection film表面处理Surface finish表面处理Surface Treatment不破坏检验Non – destructive inspections不锈钢Stainless Steel不锈钢–种类，工业标准，化学成份，特点及主要用途Stainless Steel – Type，Industrial Standard，Chemical Composition，Characteristic & end usage of the most commonly used Stainless Steel不锈钢薄片用途例End Usage of Thinner Gauge不锈钢扁线及半圆线常用材料Commonly used materials for Stainless Flat Wire & Half Round Wire不锈钢箔、卷片、片及板之厚度分类Classification of Foil，Strip，Sheet & Plate by Thickness不锈钢材及耐热钢材标准对照表Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steels不锈钢的磁性Magnetic Property & Stainless Steel不锈钢的定义Definition of Stainless Steel不锈钢基层金属Stainless Steel as Base Metal不锈钢片、板用途例Examples of End Usages of Strip，Sheet & Plate不锈钢片材常用代号Designation of SUS Steel Special Use Stainless不锈钢片机械性能（301，304，631，CSP）Mechanical Properties of Spring use Stainless Steel不锈钢应力退火卷片常用规格名词图解General Specification of Tension Annealed Stainless Steel Strips不锈钢之分类，耐腐蚀性及耐热性Classification，Corrosion Resistant & Heat Resistance of Stainless Steel 材料的加工性能Drawing abillity插入型固熔体Interstital solid solution常用尺寸Commonly Used Size常用的弹簧不锈钢线-编号，特性，表面处理及化学成份StainlessSpring Wire – National Standard number，Charateristic，Surface finish & Chemical composition常用的镀锌钢片（电解片）的基层金属、用途、日工标准、美材标准及一般厚度Base metal，application，JIS & ASTM standard，and Normal thickness of galvanized steel sheet长度公差Length Tolerance超耐热钢Special Heat Resistance Steel超声波探伤法Ultrasonic inspection冲击测试Impact Test冲剪Drawing & stamping初释纯铁体Pro-entectoid ferrite处理及表面状况Finish & Surface纯铁体Ferrite磁场Magnetic Field磁畴Magnetic domain磁粉探伤法Magnetic particle inspection磁化率Magnetic Susceptibility （Xm）磁矩magnetic moment磁力Magnetic磁力Magnetic Force磁偶极子Dipole磁性Magnetisum磁性变态Magnetic Transformation磁性变态点Magnetic Transformation磁性感应Magnetic Induction粗珠光体Coarse pearlite淬火Quenching淬火及回火状态Hardened & Tempered Strip/ Precision – Quenched Steel Strip淬火剂Quenching Media单相金属Single Phase Metal单相轧压镀锡薄铁片（白铁皮/马口铁）Single-Reduced Tinplate弹簧不锈钢线，线径及拉力列表Stainless Spring Steel，Wire diameter and Tensile strength of Spring Wire 弹簧用碳钢片CarbonSteel Strip For Spring Use弹簧用碳钢片材之边缘处理Edge Finished弹性限度、阳氏弹性系数及屈服点elastic limit，Yeung's module of elasticity to yield point倒后擦发条Pull Back Power Spring导热度Heat conductivity低碳钢或铁基层金属Iron & Low Carbon as Base Metal低碳马氏体不锈钢Low Carbon Martensite Stainless Steel低温脆性Cold brittleness低温退火Low Temperature Annealing第二潜变期Secondary Creep第三潜变期Tertiary Creep第壹潜变期Primary Creep点焊Spot welding电镀金属钢片Plate Metal Strip电镀金属捆片的优点Advantage of Using Plate Metal Strip电镀锌（电解）钢片Electro-galvanized Steel Sheet电镀锌钢片的焊接Welding of Electro-galvanized steel sheet电镀锌钢片或电解钢片Electro-galvanized Steel Sheet/Electrolytic Zinc Coated Steel Sheet电解/电镀锌大大增强钢片的防锈能力Galvanic Action improving Weather & Corrosion Resistance of the Base Steel Sheet电解冷轧钢片厚度公差Thickness Tolerance of Electrolytic Cold-rolled sheet电炉Electric furnace电器及家电外壳用镀层冷辘[低碳] 钢片Coated （Low Carbon）Steel Sheets for Casing，Electricals & Home Appliances电器用的硅[硅] 钢片之分类Classification of Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use电器用钢片的绝缘涂层Performance of Surface Insulation of Electrical Steel Sheets电器用钢片用家需自行应力退火原因Annealing of the Electrical Steel Sheet电器用硅[硅] 钢片Electrical Steel Sheet电阻焊Resistance Welding定型发条Constant Torque Spring定型发条的形状及翻动过程Shape and Spring Back of Constant Torque Spring定型发条及上炼发条的驱动力Spring Force of Constant Torque Spring and Wing-up Spring定型发条驱动力公式及代号The Formula and Symbol of Constant Torque Spring镀层质量标记Markings & Designations of Differential Coatings镀铬Chrome Plated镀黄铜Brass Plated镀铝（硅）钢片–美材试标准（ASTM A-463-77）35.7 JIS G3314镀热浸铝片的机械性能Mechanical Properties of JIS G 3314 Hot-Dip Aluminum-coated Sheets and Coils镀铝（硅）钢片–日工标准（JIS G3314）Hot-aluminum-coated sheets and coils to JIS G 3314镀铝（硅）钢片及其它种类钢片的抗腐蚀性能比较Comparsion of various resistance of aluminized steel & other kinds of steel镀铝（硅）钢片生产流程Aluminum Steel Sheet，Production Flow Chart镀铝硅钢片Aluminized Silicon Alloy Steel Sheet镀铝硅合金钢片的特色Feature of Aluminized Silicon Alloy Steel Sheet镀镍Nickel Plated镀锡薄钢片（白铁皮/马日铁）制造过程Production Process of Electrolytic Tinplate镀锡薄铁片（白铁皮/马口铁）（日工标准JIS G3303）镀锡薄铁片的构造Construction of Electrolytic Tinplate锻造Fogging断面缩率Reduction of area发条的分类及材料Power Spring Strip Classification and Materials发条片Power Spring Strip反铁磁体Antiferromagnetism方线公差Square Wire Tolerance防止生锈Rust Protection放射线探伤法Radiographic inspection非晶粒取向电力用钢片的电力、磁力、机械性能及夹层系数Lamination Factors of Electrical，Magnetic & Mechanical Non-Grain Oriented Electrical沸腾钢（未净钢）Rimmed steel分类Classification负磁力效应Negative effect钢板Steel Plate钢板订货需知Ordering of Steel Plate钢板生产流程Production Flow Chart钢板用途分类及各国钢板的工业标准包括日工标准及美材试标准Type of steel Plate & Related JIS，ASTM and Other Major Industrial Standards钢材的熔铸、锻造、挤压及延轧The Casting，Fogging，Extrusion，Rolling & Steel钢的脆性Brittleness of Steel钢的种类Type of Steel钢铁的名称Name of steel钢铁的制造Manufacturing of Steel钢铁的主要成份The major element of steel钢铁生产流程Steel Production Flow Chart钢铁用“碳”之含量来分类Classification of Steel according to Carbon contents高锰钢铸–日工标准High manganese steel to JIS standard高碳钢化学成份及用途High Carbon Tool Steel，Chemical Composition and Usage高碳钢片High Carbon Steel Strip高碳钢片用途End Usage of High Carbon Steel Strip高碳钢线枝High Carbon Steel Wire Rod （to JIS G3506）高温回火High Temperature Tempering格子常数Lattice constant铬钢–日工标准JIS G4104 Chrome steel to JIS G4104铬镍不锈钢及抗热钢弹簧线材–美国材验学会ASTM A313 – 1987 Chromium – Nickel Stainless andHeat-resisting Steel Spring Wire – ASTM A313 – 1987铬系耐热钢Chrome Heat Resistance Steel铬钼钢钢材–日工标准G4105 62 Chrome Molybdenum steel to JIS G4105各种不锈钢线在不同处理拉力比较表Tensile Strength of various kinds of Stainless Steel Wire under Different Finish工业标准及规格–铁及非铁金属Industrial Standard – Ferrous & Non – ferrous Metal公差Size Tolerance共晶Eutectic共释变态Eutectoid Transformation固熔体Solid solution光辉退火Bright Annealing光线（低碳钢线），火线（退火低碳钢线），铅水线（镀锌低碳钢线）及制造钉用低碳钢线之代号、公差及备注Ordinary Low Carbon Steel Wire，Annealed Low Carbon Steel Wire，Galvanized low Carbon Steel Wire & Low Carbon Steel Wire for nail manufacturing - classification，Symbol of Grade，Tolerance and Remarks.硅含量对电器用的低碳钢片的最大好处The Advantage of Using Silicon low Carbon Steel滚焊Seam welding过共晶体Hyper-ectectic Alloy过共释钢Hype-eutectoid含硫易车钢Sulphuric Free Cutting Steel含铅易车钢Leaded Free Cutting Steel含铁体不锈钢Ferrite Stainless Steel焊接Welding焊接合金Soldering and Brazing Alloy焊接能力Weldability 镀铝钢片的焊接状态（比较冷辘钢片）Tips on welding of Aluminized sheet in comparasion with cold rolled steel strip合金平衡状态Thermal Equilibrium厚度及阔度公差Tolerance on Thickness & Width滑动面Slip Plan化学成份Chemical Composition化学结合Chemical bond化学性能Chemical Properties化学元素Chemical element黄铜基层金属Brass as Base Metal回复柔软Crystal Recovery回火脆性Temper brittleness回火有低温回火及高温回火Low & High Temperature Tempering回火状态Annealed Strip基层金属Base Metal of Plated Metal Strip机械性能Mechanical Properites机械性能Mechanical properties畸变Distortion级别、电镀方法、镀层质量及常用称号Grade，Plating type，Designation of Coating Mass & Common Coating Mass级别，代号，扭曲特性及可用之线材直径Classes，symbols，twisting characteristic and applied Wire Diameters 级别，代号及化学成份Classification，Symbol of Grade and Chemical Composition挤压Extrusion加工方法Manufacturing Method加工性能Machinability简介General交换能量Positive energy exchange矫顽磁力Coercive Force金属变态Transformation金属材料的试验方法The Method of Metal inspection金属材料的性能及试验Properties & testing of metal金属的特性Features of Metal金属的相融、相融温度、晶体反应及合金在共晶合金、固熔孻共晶合金及偏晶反应的比较Equilibrium Comparision金属间化物Intermetallic compound金属结晶格子Metal space lattice金属捆片电镀层Plated Layer of Plated Metal Strip金属塑性Plastic Deformation金属特性Special metallic features金属与合金Metal and Alloy金相及相律Metal Phase and Phase Rule晶粒取向（Grain-Oriented）及非晶粒取向（Non-Oriented）晶粒取向，定取向芯钢片及高硼定取向芯钢片之磁力性能及夹层系数（日工标准及美材标准）Magnetic Properties and Lamination Factor of SI-ORIENT-CORE& SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI B Electrical Steel Strip （JIS and AISI Standard）晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢；片–高硼低硫（LS）定取向钢片之磁力及电力性能Magnetic and Electrical Properties of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢片–高硼（HI-B）定取向芯钢片及定取向芯钢片之机械性能及夹层系数Mechanical Properties and Lamination Factors of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B and SI-ORIENT-CORE Grain Orient Electrical Steel Sheets晶粒取向电器用硅[硅] 钢片–高硼低硫（LS）定取向钢片之机械性能及夹层系数Mechanical Properties and Lamination Factors of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS晶粒取向电器用硅（硅）钢片–高硼（HI-B）定取向芯钢片，定取向芯钢片及高硼低硫（LS）定取向芯钢片之标准尺寸及包装Standard Forms and Size of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B，SI-CORE，&SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B-LS Grain-晶粒取向电器用硅（硅）钢片-高硼（HI-B）定取向芯钢片，定取向芯钢片及高硼低硫（LS）定取向芯钢片之厚度及阔度公差Physical Tolerance of SI-ORIENT-CORE-HI-B，SI-ORIENT-CORE，& SI-CORE-HI-B-LS Grain晶粒取向电器用硅钢片Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel晶粒取向电器用硅钢片主要工业标准International Standard – Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use晶体结构Crystal Pattern晶体结构，定向格子及单位晶格Crystal structure，Space lattice & Unit cell净磁矩Net magnetic moment绝缘表面Surface Insulation均热炉Soaking pit抗磁体Diamagnetism抗腐蚀及耐用Corrosion & resistance durability抗化学品能力Chemical Resistance抗敏感及环境保护Allergic，re-cycling & environmental protection抗热超级合金Heat Resistance Super Alloy扩散退火Diffusion Annealing拉尺发条Measure Tape拉伸测试（顺纹测试）Elongation test冷冲及冷锻用碳钢线枝Carbon Steel Wire Rods for Cold Heading & Cold Forging （to JIS G3507）冷拉钢板重量表Cold Drawn Steel Bar Weight Table冷拉钢枝材Cold Drawn Carbon Steel Shafting Bar冷拉高碳钢线Hard Drawn High Carbon Steel Wire冷轧钢片Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet/Strip冷轧高碳钢–日本工业标准Cold-Rolled （Special Steel）Carbon Steel Strip to JIS G3311冷轧或热轧钢片阔度公差Width Tolerance of Cold or Hot-rolled sheet冷轧状态Cold Rolled Strip冷辘（低碳）钢片的分类用、途、工业标准、品质、加热状态及硬度表End usages，industrial standard，quality，condition and hardness of cold rolled steel strip冷辘低碳钢片（双单光片）（日工标准JIS G3141）73 - 95 Cold Rolled （Low carbon）Steel Strip （to JIS G 3141）冷辘钢捆片及张片的电镀和印刷方法Cold rolled steel coil & sheet electro-plating & painting method冷辘钢捆片及张片制作流程图表Production flow chart cold rolled steel coil sheet冷辘钢片（拉力：30-32公斤/平方米）在没有表面处理状态下的焊接状况Spot welding conditions for bared （free from paint，oxides etc）Cold rolled mild steel sheets（T/S：30-32 Kgf/ μ m2）冷辘钢片储存与处理提示General advice on handling & storage of cold rolled steel coil & sheet冷辘钢片的“理论重量”计算方程式Cold Rolled Steel Sheet – Theoretical mass冷辘钢片订货需知Ordering of cold rolled steel strip/sheet理论质量Theoretical Mass连续铸造法Continuous casting process两面不均等锡层Both Side Different Thickness Coated Mass两面均等锡层Both Side Equally Coated Mass裂纹之容许深度及脱碳层Permissible depth of flaw and decarburized layer临界温度Critical temperture马氏体不锈钢Martensite Stainless Steel马氏铁体淬火Marquenching埋弧焊Submerged-arc Welding每公斤发条的长度简易公式The Length of 1 Kg of Spring Steel Strip美材试标准的冷辘低碳钢片Cold Rolled Steel Strip American Standard – American Society for testing and materials （ASTM）美国工业标准–不锈钢及防热钢材的化学成份（先数字后字母排列）AISI – Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel & Heat-Resistant Steel（in order of number & alphabet）米勒指数Mill's Index魔术手环Magic Tape魔术手环尺寸图Drawing of Magic Tap耐热不锈钢Heat-Resistance Stainless Steel耐热不锈钢比重表Specific Gravity of Heat – resistance steel plates and sheets stainless steel镍铬–日工标准G4102 63 Chrome Nickel steel to JIS G4102镍铬耐热钢Ni - Cr Heat Resistance Steel镍铬系不锈钢Nickel Chrome Stainless Steel镍铬系耐热不锈钢特性、化学成份、及操作温度Heat-Resistance Stainless Steel镍铬钼钢–日工标准G4103 64 Nickel，Chrome & Molybdenum Steel to JIS G4103疲劳测试Fatigue Test片及板材Chapter Four-Strip，Steel & Plate平坦度（阔度大于500公厘，标准回火）Flatness （width>500mm，temper：standard）破坏的检验Destructive Inspection其它焊接材料请参阅日工标准目录Other Soldering Material其它日工标准冷轧钢片（用途及编号）JIS standard & application of other cold Rolled Special Steel气焊Gas Welding潜变测试Creep Test潜变强度Creeps Strength强度Strength琴线（日本标准G3522）Piano Wires （to G3522）球化退火Spheroidizing Annealing曲面（假曲率）Camber屈服强度（降伏强度）（Yield strangth）全静钢Killed steel热力应先从工件边缘透入Heat from the Laminated Stacks Edges热膨胀系数Coefficient of thermal expansion热轧钢片Hot-Rolled Sheet/Strip热轧钢片厚度公差Thickness Tolerance of Hot-rolled sheet日本工业标准–不锈钢的化学成份（先数字后字母排列）JIS – Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel （in order of number & alphabet）日工标准（JIS G3141）冷辘钢片化学成份Chemical composition – cold rolled steel sheet to JIS G3141日工标准（JIS G3141）冷辘钢片重量列表Mass of Cold-Rolled Steel Sheet to JIS G3141日工标准JIS G3141冷辘低碳钢片（双单光片）的编号浅释Decoding of cold rolled（Low carbon）steel strip JIS G3141日工标准下的特殊钢材Specail Steel according to JIS Standard熔铸Casting软磁Soft Magnetic软磁材料Soft Magnetic Material软焊Soldering Alloy软焊合金–日本标准JIS H 4341 Soldering Alloy to JIS H 4341上链发条Wind-up Spring上漆能力Paint Adhesion伸长度Elongation渗碳体Cementitle渗透探伤法Penetrate inspection生产流程Production Flow Chart生锈速度表Speed of rusting时间淬火Time Quenching时间效应（老化）及拉伸应变Aging & Stretcher Strains释出硬化不锈钢Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel双相辗压镀锡薄钢片（马口铁/白铁皮）Dual-Reduction Tinplate顺磁体Paramagnetic碳钢回火Tempering碳污染Prevent Carbon Contamination特点Characteristic特殊钢Special Steel特殊钢以用途来分类Classification of Special Steel according to End Usage特殊钢以原素分类Classification of Special Steel according to Element提防过份氧化No Excessive Oxidation铁磁体Ferromagnetism铁铬系不锈钢片Chrome Stainless Steel铁及非铁金属Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metal铁锰铝不锈钢Fe / Mn / Al / Stainless Steel铁线（低碳钢线）日工标准JIS G 3532 Low Carbon Steel Wires （Iron Wire ）to JIS G 3532铁相Steel Phases同素变态Allotropic Transformation铜基层金属Copper as Base Metal透磁度Magnetic Permeability退火Annealing退火时注意事项Annealing Precautionary外价电子Outer valence electrons弯度Camber完全退火Full Annealing物理性能Physical Properties物料科学Material Science物料科学定义Material Science Definition锡层质量Mass of Tin Coating （JIS G3303-1987）锡基、铅基及锌基轴承合金比较表Comparison of Tin base，Lead base and Zinc base alloy for Bearing purpose 细线材、枝材、棒材Chapter Five Wire，Rod & Bar显微观察法Microscopic inspection线材/枝材材质分类及制成品Classification and End Products of Wire/Rod线径、公差及机械性能（日本工业标准G 3521）Mechanical Properties （JIS G 3521）相反旋转Opposite span相律Phase Rule锌包层之重量，铜硫酸盐试验之酸洗次数及测试用卷筒直径Weight of Zinc-Coating，Number of Dippings in Cupric Sulphate Test and Diameters of Mandrel Used for Coiling Test锌镀层质量Zinc Coating Mass锌镀层质量（两个不同锌镀层厚度）Mass Calculation of coating （For differential coating）/MM锌镀层质量（两个相同锌镀层厚度）Mass Calculation of coating （For equal coating）/MM亚共晶体Hypoeutetic Alloy亚铁磁体Ferrimagnetism亚铁释体Hyppo-Eutectoid延轧Rolling颜色Colour易车（快削）不锈钢Free Cutting Stainless Steel易车（快削）不锈钢拉力表Tensile Strength of Free Cutting Wires易车（快削）不锈钢种类Type of steel易车不锈钢及易车钢之不同尺寸及硬度比较Hardness of Different Types & Size of Free Cutting Steel易车碳钢Free Cutting Carbon Steels （to JIS G4804 ）易溶合金Fusible Alloy应力退火温度Stress –relieving Annealing Temperature应用材料Material Used硬磁Hard Magnetic硬磁材料Hard Magnetic Material硬度Hardness硬度及拉力Hardness & Tensile strength test硬焊Brazing Alloy硬化Work Hardening硬化性能Hardenability用含碳量分类–即低碳钢、中碳钢及高碳钢Classification According to Carbon Contains用途End Usages用组织结构分类Classification According to Grain Structure幼珠光体Fine pearlite元素的原子序数Atom of Elements原子的组成、大小、体积和单位图表The size，mass，charge of an atom，and is particles （Pronton，Nentron and Electron）原子的组织图Atom Constitutes原子及固体物质Atom and solid material原子键结Atom Bonding圆钢枝，方钢枝及六角钢枝之形状及尺寸之公差Tolerance on Shape and Dimensions for Round Steel Bar，Square Steel Bar，Hexagonal Steel Bar圆径及偏圆度之公差Tolerance of Wire Diameters & Ovality圆面（“卜竹”）发条Convex Spring Strip再结晶Recrystallization正磁化率Positive magnetic susceptibility枝/棒无芯磨公差表（μ）（μ = 1/100 mm）Rod/Bar Centreless Grind Tolerance枝材之美工标准，日工标准，用途及化学成份AISI，JIS End Usage and Chemical Composition of Cold Drawn Carbon Steel Shafting Bar直径，公差及拉力强度Diameter，Tolerance and Tensile Strength直径公差，偏圆度及脱碳层的平均深度Diameter Tolerance，Ovality and Average Decarburized Layer Depth 置换型固熔体Substitutional type solid solution滞后回线Narrow Hystersis中途退火Process Annealing中珠光体Medium pearlite周期表Periodic Table轴承合金Bearing Alloy轴承合金–日工标准JIS H 5401 Bearing Alloy to JIS H 5401珠光体Pearlite珠光体及共释钢Pearlite &Eutectoid主要金属元素之物理性质Physical properties of major Metal Elements转变元素Transition element自发上磁Spontaneous magnetization自由度Degree of freedom最大能量积Maximum Energy Product（to JIS G3521，ISO-84580-1&2）化学成份分析表Chemical Analysis of Wire Rod305，316，321及347之拉力表Tensile Strength Requirements for Types 305，316，321 and 347A1S1-302 贰级线材之拉力表Tensile Strength of A1S1-302 WireGrain Oriented & Non-Oriented 电器用硅[硅] 钢片的最终用途及规格End Usage and Designations of Electrical Steel StripOriented Electrical Steel SheetsSK-5 & AISI-301 每公尺长的重量/公斤（阔2.0-10公厘）Weight per one meter long （kg）（Width 2.0-10mm）SK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤长的重量/公斤（阔100-200公厘）Weight per one meter long （kg）（Width100-200mm）SK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤之长度（阔100-200公厘）Length per one kg （Width 100-200mm）SK-5 & AISI-301 每公斤之长度（阔2.0-10公厘）Length per one kg （Width 2.0-10mm）。
连铸英文介绍
Continuous Casting of SteelSince steel was first introduced in a liquid state over 200 years ago, it has been almost invariably the practice to cast it into rectangular blocks by ingot casting, from which the desired finished shape is obtained by subsequent hot or cold working. These blocks or ingots were originally very small in weight, but as the output of steelmaking increased, so has the weight so 15 ton or 20 ton ingots are now common practice. These ingots are rolled in primary mills to produce blooms or slabs which subsequently receive further processing.This method of ingot casting is characterized by the following.(1)A large amount of capital is invested in moulds, bottom plates, andlocomotives.(2)Considerable capital is also invested in buildings and cranesneeded for stripping the ingots and resetting the moulds on the casting cars, while soaking pits and preheating furnaces are necessary to prepare the ingots for rolling, and a primary mill to roll them.(3)Ingots contain segregation, which is a disadvantage in all steels andneeds “hot tops” for certain qualities, with a consequent high loss as scrap after rolling in the primary mills. The larger the ingot, the more intense the segregation.(4)Each ingot needs a discard to be removed at top and bottom afterprimary rolling.These requirements have turned the thoughts of steel makers to the possibility of casting molten steel directly slabs, blooms or billets thus eliminating much of the capital and working costs outlined above, as well as minimizing the loss of yield and the segregation in the products. Continuous casting of steel was developed in Europe in the mid 1950s and has grown rapidly till the present world capacity is over 1000 million tons per annum, representing about 89.7 percent of the total tonnage of steel.The first continuous casting machines for steel were aligned vertically. It involved pouring the metal from a height of over 13 meters above ground level, with the cast section of metal descending vertically and being progressively water cooled (Fig. 11-1). Efforts to reduce building-height first led to continuous-casting systems in which molten metal passed into a vertical mould and solidified completely before being bent and later to the bow-type installation which has a curved mould and is the system most used today.In a typical plant, deoxidized steel from an electric furnace is run into a ladle, transported to the casting bay and brought to rest above the concast machine. A stopper rod or a slide gate is used to control the flow of steel into a tundish reservoir. Once a predetermined steel level is attained in the tundish, nozzles are opened and the molten steel feeds the open-ended mould set in a frame with internal water-cooling. At the start-up, a dummy bar, constructed of chain links, is fitted into the mould bottom and rests between the arc formed by the machine roller guides. The molten in the mould meets the dummy bar and freezes to it and at a certain level of steel in the mould two operations are immediately initiated; the mould unit begins to reciprocate in a vertical direction and the dummy bar is withdrawn through and down the machine. At the horizontal plane it is supported by a series of rollers which are grouped into segments for operation and maintenance and are cooled down by water spraying.At the exit of the straightening unit a roll is lowered which separatesthe dummy bar from the length of cast steel. The dummy bar is either lifted to one side of the machine or hoisted on to the ramp above the machine. The strand of cast metal continues traveling along the discharge rollers to a gas torch cut-off station. At predetermined dimensions this torch will automatically cut the strand to required lengths. Once the start-up complete the Concast machine continues to cast sections in accordance with the volume of metal fed from the steel furnaces.The end products of continuous casting plants are square section billets (up to 250mm*250mm), and slabs which are about 300mm thick by 2500mm wide. Other shapes are also produced, including round bars and octagonal sections.Since the 1960s, continuous casting has steadily displaced ingot casting. The types of continuous casting machines, their listing likewise reflecting the historical development of this technique, are: vertical, bending and straightening, circular bow, oval bow. The evolution from one form to the next has been accompanied by a considerable reduction in overall height. Nowadays, there are further on going process developments in the continuous casting of steel, these include: Horizontal continuous casting with stationary mould and continuous casting with moving belt or rotating rolls (double rollers), etc.In brief, the reasons for continuous-casting systems are:(1)Lower investment outlay compared with that for a blooming train;(2)More productivity than with conventional ingot-casting;(3)High degree of consistency of steel composition along the wholelength of the strand; better core quality, especially with flat strands;high inherent surface quality, leading to savings on an otherwise expensive surfacing process;(4)High degree of automation;(5)Friendlier to the environment.生词表continuous casting 连铸invariably 不变地，总是rectangular 矩形的，成直角的block 毛坯，粗坯ingot casting 铸锭，模铸锭subsequent 随后的，后来的cold working 冷加工primary mill 初轧厂bloom 大（初轧）方坯slab （大，初轧）板坯capital 资金bottom plate 底板locomotive 机车，火车头strip 剥，剥去reset 重放，重新安排soaking pit 均热炉preheating furnace 预热炉segregation 偏析作用discard 丢弃，抛弃discharge rollers 卸料辊道辊子outline 略述yield 产量，收益annum 年，岁strand 铸坯bow-type 弓形的，弧形的installation （整套）装置[备]，设备[施] curve 弯，使弯曲casting bay 连铸跨stopper rod 棒塞slide gate 滑动水口chain links 链环tundish 中间包，中间罐mould set 全套锭模，整套锭模dummy bar 引锭杆roller 辊子initiate 开始，发起reciprocate （使）往复（运动），来回 withdraw 抽出，拉动horizontal 水平的freeze 凝固，凝结segment 弧形，扇形体straighten （使）弄直，伸直 straightening unit 矫直装置hoist 升起，吊起ramp 斜面，斜台cut-off station 切割站predetermine 预定，预先确定in accordance with 根据，按照dimension 尺寸，尺度octagonal 八边形的，八角形的 displace 取代，置换likewise 同样地，照样地oval 椭圆的evolution 发展，演变accompany 伴随，陪伴stationary 固定的sequence 顺序，次序impetus 推动力，促进adoption 采用outlay 花费，指出conventional 传统的，常规的blooming train 初轧机组productivity 生产力，生产率consistency 一致性inherent 固有的，内在的otherwise 其他方面的surfacing 表面加工，表面处理True or False1.Since steel was first produced in a liquid state over 200 years ago,it has been almost invariably the practice to cast it into rectangular blocks by ingot casting, from which the desired finished shape is obtained by subsequent hot or cold working.2.This method of continuous-casting is characterized by thefollowing: (1) A large amount of capital is invested in moulds, bottom plates, and locomotives; (2)…3.Since the 1860s, continuous casting has steadily displaced ingotcasting.4.The reason for ingot casting systems are: (1)lower investmentoutlay compared with that for a blooming train; (2) more productivity than with conventional ingot-casting.5.The dummy bar is either lifted to one side of the machine or hostedon to the ramp above the machine.。
钢材各种英文叫法
钢材各种英文叫法polished 抛光,water polished 水流（水压）抛光和handle polished 手工抛光Weld 焊接Stainless不锈的Steel钢Pipe管Tube管Outside diameter 外径Wall thickness内壁厚度Seamless pipes无缝管Polish抛光Pickling酸洗Corrosion-resistant防腐蚀Stainless steel round tubes不锈钢圆管Stainless steel square tubes不锈钢方管Rectangle tubes矩管Screwy tubes螺纹管Embossed tubes=empaistic tubes压花管FBizarre tubes异形管Tolerance公差Flat head平口steel钢Lcrude steel粗钢mild steel, soft steel 软钢，低碳钢hard steel 硬钢Hcast steel坩埚钢，铸钢stainless steel不锈钢Velectric steel电工钢，电炉钢high-speed steel高速钢moulded steel铸钢Orefractory steel热强钢，耐热钢alloy steel合金钢Frolling mill轧机，轧钢机heating 加热Hpreheating预热dtempering回火temper回火hardening淬水Zannealing退火reduction还原cooling冷却Erolling轧制zdrawing拉拔Rextrusion挤压bwiredrawing拉丝coiled sheet带状薄板bloom初轧方坯Wmetal strip, metal band铁带，钢带billet坯锭，钢坯shavings剃边profiled bar异型钢材shape, section型钢angle iron角钢plate, sheet薄板ferrite 铁素体waustenite奥氏体Nmartensite马氏体cementite 渗碳体iron carbide 渗碳体solid solution 固溶体sorbite 索氏体bainite 贝氏体forging 锻（件）Ycasting 铸（件）Jrolling 轧（件）ndrawing 拉（件）shot blasting 喷丸（处理）grit blasting 喷钢砂（处理）sand blasting 喷砂（处理）Acarburizing 渗碳Nnitriding 渗氮zcreep 蠕变deflection 挠度elongation 延伸率alloy tool steel合金工具钢aluminium alloy铝合金钢bearing alloy轴承合金blister steel浸碳钢bonderized steel sheet邦德防蚀钢板carbon tool steel碳素工具钢clad sheet被覆板clod work die steel冷锻模用钢emery金钢砂ferrostatic pressure钢铁水静压力forging die steel锻造模用钢galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁板hard alloy steel超硬合金钢high speed tool steel高速度工具钢hot work die steel热锻模用钢low alloy tool steel特殊工具钢low manganese casting steel低锰铸钢marging steel马式体高强度热处理钢martrix alloy马特里斯合金meehanite cast iron米汉纳铸钢meehanite metal米汉纳铁merchant iron市售钢材molybdenum high speed steel钼系高速钢molybdenum steel 钼钢nickel chromium steel镍铬钢prehardened steel顶硬钢silicon steel sheet矽钢板stainless steel不锈钢tin plated steel sheet镀锡铁板tough pitch copper韧铜troostite吐粒散铁tungsten steel钢vinyl tapped steel sheet塑胶覆面钢板Shrunk收缩Stave穿孔金GP-gold plated亮镍BRN-bright nickel黑镍BN(US15A)-black nickel亮铜BB(US3)-bright brass铜拉丝BB(US4)-brass brushed亮铬BC(US26)-bright chrome金拉丝GB-gold brushed镀镍NP-nickel plated镍拉丝NB(US15)-nickel brushed镀铬CP-chrome plated铬拉丝CB(US26D)-chrome brushed镀铜PB(US3-4)-plating brass不锈钢拉丝SSB(US32D)-stainless steel brushed 镀锌ZP(US2G)-zinc plated枪黑拉丝BNB-black nickel brushed铜抛光BP-brass polished青古铜AB(US10B)-antique bronze不锈钢抛光SSP(US32)-stainless steel polished 红古铜AC(US5)-antique copper不锈钢SS-stainless steel砂金SG-satin gold喷漆SPA(USP)-spray painting砂镍SN-satin nickel黑漆BL-black lacquer暗金（粉金）Dark GP-dark gold plated alloy tool steel合金工具钢aluminium alloy铝合金钢bearing alloy轴承合金blister steel浸碳钢bonderized steel sheet邦德防蚀钢板carbon tool steel碳素工具钢clad sheet被覆板clod work die steel冷锻模用钢emery金钢砂ferrostatic pressure钢铁水静压力forging die steel锻造模用钢galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁板hard alloy steel超硬合金钢high speed tool steel高速度工具钢hot work die steel热锻模用钢low alloy tool steel特殊工具钢low manganese casting steel低锰铸钢marging steel马式体高强度热处理钢martrix alloy马特里斯合金meehanite cast iron米汉纳铸钢meehanite metal米汉纳铁merchant iron市售钢材molybdenum high speed steel钼系高速钢molybdenum steel 钼钢nickel chromium steel镍铬钢prehardened steel顶硬钢silicon steel sheet矽钢板tin plated steel sheet镀锡铁板tough pitch copper韧铜troostite吐粒散铁tungsten steel钢vinyl tapped steel sheet塑胶覆面钢板光亮漆BRL-bright lacquer。
Modeling of the continuous casting of steel—past, present, and future
The2002Brimacombe Memorial LectureIron and Steel SocietyModeling of the Continuous Casting of Steel—Past,Present, and FutureBRIAN G.THOMASThis lecture honoring Keith Brimacombe looks over the history,current abilities,and future potentialof mathematical models to improve understanding and to help solve practical problems in the continu-ous casting of steel.Early finite-difference models of solidification,which were pioneered by KeithBrimacombe and his students,form the basis for the online dynamic models used to control spraywater flow in a modern slab putational thermal-stress models,also pioneered by Brima-combe,have led to improved understanding of mold distortion,crack formation,and other phenomena.This has enabled process improvements,such as optimized mold geometry and spray-cooling design.Today,sophisticated models such as transient and multiphase fluid-flow simulations rival watermodeling in providing insights into flow-related defects.Heat-flow and stress models have alsoadvanced to yield new insights.As computer power increases and improvements via empirical planttrials become more costly,models will likely play an increasing role in future developments ofcomplex mature processes,such as continuous casting.International.He has participated in several short courses to transfer technol-The Brimacombe Memorial Lectureship was established in1999by theogy to industry,including the annual Brimacombe Continuous Casting Process Technology Division of the Iron&Steel Society to honor Dr.J.Course.Keith Brimacombe’s outstanding accomplishments in the area of processmetallurgy,his dedication to the steel industry,and his profound effect onpeople in the industry;and also to acquaint members,students,and engineers I.FOREWORDwith the many exciting opportunities that exist in the area of process I T is a great privilege to present the second-ever J.Keith metallurgy and to inspire them to pursue careers in this field.Brian G.Thomas is a professor of mechanical engineering at the Univer-Brimacombe lecture at this59th Electric Furnace Confer-sity of Illinois and director of the Continuous Casting Consortium.He ence,the first of the Third Millennium.Professor Brima-received his Bachelors of metallurgical engineering from McGill University combe was a giant in many fields.He also inspired many in1979and Ph.D.in metallurgical engineering in1985from the Universitypeople,especially his students,including me.At the first of British Columbia.In between,he worked in the Materials ResearchBrimacombe lecture,last year,Indira Samarasekera gave an Department of Algoma Steel(Sault Ste.Marie,ON).His recent researchefforts focus on the development and application of mathematical models inspirational talk,which touched on many different facets of all aspects of the continuous casting of steel and related processes.Dr.of the research excellence that was the hallmark of this Thomas has authored with co-workers over150technical publications remarkable man’s career.[1]Dr.Brimacombe left a legacy of on his research,which has been recognized with a Presidential Young leadership,knowledge,and genuine care for the people, Investigator Award from NSF,Outstanding Young Manufacturing Engineerwhich benefited the steel industry,the Iron and Steel Society, Award from SME,Xerox Award for UIUC Faculty research,and morethan ten best paper awards from AFS,AIME,ISS,TMS,CIM,and ASM and many individuals here today.His technical contributionsincluding rotary kilns,injection,bath smelting,flashsmelting,static and continuous casting,rolling,and micro-structural engineering.This year’s lecture looks at the history,current state,andfuture prospects of the mathematical modeling of the contin-uous casting of steel.Of the many contributions that Dr.Brimacombe gave to process metallurgy,some of his bestpioneering work was done to help create this field.He wasa champion of modeling and he did much to improve itscredibility and usefulness,through his example.This subjectis also fitting,because his impact on the steel industrythrough short courses and publications on continuous castingmade extensive use of the landmark results of his models.Indeed,he would have been the best choice to lecture onthis topic,had he not suddenly left us in1997.I am gratefulto the organizers for asking me to give this lecture in anFig.1—Liquid pool and surface temperature profiles in the mold,compar-ing finite difference model(A)with analytical solution(C),and finite effort to continue his spirit.difference model(B)with shell thickness measured near a beam blank web.II.INTRODUCTIONA.Shell Solidification ModelsThe continuous casting process and the digital computerappeared at about the same time.As casting technology and In the late1960s and early1970s,Mizikar[6]and Lait et the striving for quality have advanced together,so too have al.[7]pioneered the first finite-difference models of shell computational models improved and,frequently,contributed solidification.The models solve the following transient heat-to the former.This lecture will attempt to overview the past,conduction equation,subject to carefully chosen boundary present,and future of mathematical modeling of the continu-conditions,by following a transverse slice though the shell ous casting of steel.Many researchers have made significant as travels downward at the casting speed.contributions to this subject,starting with the early pioneersincluding Keith Brimacombe,I.V.Samarasekera,E.Mizikar,ѨHϭٌиkٌT[2] J.Szekely,K.Schwerdtfeger,T.Emi,and many others.Asso much work has been done,it is impossible to give awhereis the density(kg/m3),H is the enthalpy(J/m3),t comprehensive overview in this little time.I will insteadis the time(s),k is the thermal conductivity,and T is the provide a few examples which aim to illustrate the historytemperature(ЊC).of modeling and compare early and recent contributions.IFigure1[8]shows typical results from such a model,with will also highlight some of the work of Keith Brimacombe,the shell-growth profile on the left-hand side and surface who pioneered this field and to whom this lecture is dedicated.temperature on the right-hand side.At the same time,others,most notably J.Szekely,were making impressive demonstra-tions of computational modeling of other important phenom-III.THE PASTena,such as turbulent fluid flow in the nozzle,[9]thermal In the early days of computational modeling,computer mixing in the mold,[10]and nozzle clogging.[11]These early processors were barely as powerful as those in today’s cell modeling efforts were ground-breaking and foreshadowed puters in the early1970s were so slow that,the wide range of applications common today.But,they for industrial applications,numerical methods were rivaled sometimes suffered from computational limitations.by analytical tools,such as Hill’s integral profile method.[2]Brimacombe championed the crucial knowledge-creation Design calculations,such as finding the metallurgical length practice of combining experiments and models together: of a casting machine,were performed exclusively using forcing the models to match reality through calibration and simple empirical equations[3,4]that could be solved by hand,validation.For example,Figure1[8]also includes a simula-such as tion(line A)to compare with an analytical solution[2]usingthe integral profile method(line C).More significantly,this Shell thicknessϭKΊ(Distance/Casting speed)[1]figure also contains data points to compare the predictionswith shell-thickness measurements,in this case,from beam Here,K was found from costly plant trials ending inbreakouts.blank sections,such as pictured in Figure2.[8]The pioneering Keith Brimacombe was one of the first to envision thespirit for model validation in these early days is perhaps potential power of the new finite-difference and finite-ele-best epitomized by how these figures were obtained:byinjecting radioactive gold tracer into the mold of an operating ment methods that had been originally been developed forthe aerospace industry and were starting to expand into steel caster.Today,it is standard practice for all models other areas.He realized that the powerful flexibility of theseto be tested rigorously using,first,analytical solutions(to methods would“unleash the process engineer and mathema-validate the internal consistency of the model and mesh tician from(the inherent limitations of)analytical solutionsrefinement)and,then,measurements from experiments or and create new opportunities for the analysis and understand-plant trials(to validate modeling assumptions,property data,and boundary conditions).ing of processes.”[5]Fig.2—Autoradiograph of a 30ϫ45-cm,0.21pct C-steel beam blank treated with radioactive gold tracer at Algoma Steel showing shell thickness for Fig.1.Fig.4—Instrumented copper plate (narrow face)used to calculate heat flux in Fig.3CRACK-X,which Brimacombe developed later.[14]Today,refined versions of this original simple 1-D solidification model are standard tools on the desktop computers of many Fig.3—Computed shell profile in a slab casting mold at the off-corner casting engineers and designers and can even run on a spread-region of the wide face and axial heat-flux profile at the centerline of the narrow face.sheet.[15]They are used for many purposes,such as trouble-shooting the cause of cracks,redesigning spray zones and support systems to accommodate increases in casting speed,or developing online control systems.Finally,Brimacombe showed that modeling computations are not simply academic curiosities,but can be used as powerful tools to solve practical problems in the real process.In a landmark article in 1976,[12]he showed how a one- B.Mold Thermal Distortion and Taperdimensional (1-D)solidification model could accurately pre-dict such useful information as Brimacombe next pioneered the powerful combination of taking temperature measurements from thermocouples (1)the shell thickness at mold exit,embedded in the copper mold wall and interpreting them (2)the metallurgical length of the caster,with computational heat-flow model analysis.He showed (3)the location down the caster where cracks initiate,and how models can augment the clues hidden in the measure-(4)the cooling practice below the mold to avoid reheat-ments,by converting the raw signals into more fundamental ing cracks.quantities,such as mold heat-flux profiles,that could better help to understand the process.To achieve this,the model predictions must be combined together with knowledge gained from other sources.For This important research practice has since been used to understand and solve many problems in continuous casting.example,Figure 3[13]compares a predicted shell-thickness profile with the closest distance (measured on a transverse For the example cracking problem mentioned in Figure 3,thermocouples were embedded into the mold wall,as shown section)between the strand surface and the tips of some short,subsurface longitudinal cracks.Metallurgical exami-in Figure 4.[13]The calculated increase in heat flux near mold exit provided an important clue that the narrow-face nation of the cracks revealed that they were “hot tears,”which initiate at the solidification front,so the results indi-taper was too large and pushed against the shell,forming the observed off-corner depressions and cracks.[13]This con-cate that the cracks formed near mold exit.This methodology paved the way for a framework to clusion could not have been drawn safely from the thermo-couples alone,because the copper near the mold exit is diagnose and solve cracking problems in continuous casting,such as contained in the billet casting expert systemusually hotter,due solely to the end of the water channel.Fig.6—Calculated temperature contours (9.5-mm billet mold wall of DLP Ag copper alloy casting high C steel at 2m/min with 11m/s water vel).Fig.5—Computational domain for 2-D finite difference model of heat conduction within the mold wall.more taper in the upper part of the mold.Such modeling is ideally suited to optimize taper design.This led to the development of the parabolic taper,which is common prac-A two-dimensional (2-D)or three-dimensional (3-D)heat-flow model is needed to account for such mold geometry tice in high-quality billet casting operations today.details.This methodology was first applied by Samarasekera and C.Thermal-Stress Analysis and Crack Formation Brimacombe in 1982.Figure 5[16]shows the 2-D grid of nodes and the rectangular domain they used to simulate heat Avoiding internal cracks was a critical challenge to early continuous casters,which is still very important today.Intu-conduction through the walls of a billet mold.Figure 6[16]shows the calculated temperature contours.This was the itively,internal crack formation depends on the thermal and mechanical stresses to which the shell is subjected.To help first work to show that due to axial heat flow,the maximum hot-face temperature develops slightly below the point of investigate the fundamentals of this problem,Brimacombe,with Grill and Weinberg [18]and Sorimachi,[19]applied the maximum heat flux,which is generally found at the menis-cus.Of greater importance is the effect of this temperature first finite-element thermal-stress models of solidification to understand the internal stress distribution in the solidifying profile on mold shape.They next extended the state-of-the-art of mold analysis steel strand below the mold.They based their stress calculations on the temperature by inputting the calculated temperatures into a 3-D elastic-plastic finite-element model to calculate the distorted shape distributions,given in Figure 9,[12]which reveal increasing amounts of reheating for shorter spray-cooling zone lengths.of a billet mold during operation.Figure 7[16]shows the calculated temperature profile down the mold,and Figure They made a landmark qualitative insight:reheating of the strand surface below the end of the spray zones causes 8[17]shows the corresponding distorted shape profile,includ-ing the linear taper.The hottest part of the mold just below compression stresses there,which,in turn,force the subsur-face into tension.This is shown in the calculated stress the meniscus expands to bulge away from the solidifying pared with the natural shrinkage of the shell away distribution in Figure 10.[19]The subsurface,where the solid-ification front is found,is very brittle because the liquid from the mold,which was calculated later,[17]a gap is pre-dicted to form just below the meniscus.In practice,the shell films between the dendrites are easily pulled apart.Thus,the reheating generates cracks at the solidification front.bulges or wanders to touch one face or another,which gives rise to nonuniform heat transfer.The resulting temperature With this knowledge,simple heat-transfer models could be applied to quantify the extent of reheating below the fluctuations in the shell cause stress,which leads to longitu-dinal cracks and other problems.To prevent this requiresmold and to correlate this with cracks,such as halfwayFig.8—Axial profile of billet and mold dimensions during operation show-ing the tendency surface to shrink away from mold wall.Fig.7—Hot and cold face temperature profiles calculated in the billet mold wall (12.7-mm thick).casting of steel has coincided with tremendous increases in computing power.In the three decades since those first mod-cracks in billets.Criteria were published to choose a spray-els,computer processor speed has increased more than zone length according to the casting speed and the allowable 100,000-fold,with similar increases in storage capacity and extent of reheating.[12]dramatic decreases in cost.This has enabled the size and The stress calculations used in this work were applied complexity of casting models to double every 1.5years,as mainly to gain qualitative understanding of the evolution of shown in Figure 11.[23]The mind-boggling magnitude of regions of tension and compression within the strand as a these advances can be illustrated by considering the impact function of processing conditions.This approach inspired that similar advances would have had on the auto industry.subsequent modeling studies by others.[20,21,22]The quantita-If car manufacturing had increased its speed,capacity,and tive use of stress models was not feasible in the early days,cost efficiency to the same extent as computers have,then and is,indeed,still a challenge.today’s cars should carry more than 100,000passengers,travel well over 1million miles per hour,and cost less than 3dollars to buy.The point is that our increasingly powerful IV .THE COMPUTER REVOLUTIONcomputers should allow modeling to play an increasing role in future advances to high-technology processes such as the As powerful computers now pervade almost every aspect of modern life,it is easy to forget how difficult computational continuous casting of steel.modeling was in the early days,when Brimacombe and his colleagues were writing the first finite-difference models of V .THE PRESENTcontinuous casting.After writing a program,it had to be typed onto punch cards,carried over to the computer build-The tremendous increase in computer power is enabling better and faster models to contribute even more to continu-ing,and given to the computer operator.A simple compiler error would not be spotted until walking back to collect ous casting today.Yesterday’s offline models can now run as real-time process-control models to implement knowledge results the next day.A calculation that would today take only a few minutes on a personal computer might have been directly into the caster.By making fewer simplifications and including more geometric details with better mesh refine-terminated by the mainframe operator before finishing,while burning up an entire year’s computing allocation.Achieving ment,today’s offline models can be more accurate.We can now study more phenomena and their complex interac-meaningful results with these primitive tools makes the early modeling accomplishments all the more impressive.tions together.Lest we become too overconfident,however,it isThe increase in application of models to the continuousFig.11—Increase with year(from1980to2000)of the three largest gridsizes used in computational models of casting processes.Fig.9—Surface temperature profiles calculated along10-cm square billetfor different spray-zone lengths showing the extent of reheating and shellthickness profile.Fig.12—Schematic of phenomena in the mold region of a steel slab caster. Fig.10—Calculated stress distribution in solidifying shell(after148ЊCreheat).The temperature is typed in deg Celsius;crosses have lengthsthe phenomena in the mold region that influence quality proportional to the principal stresses and the tic marks indicate compression.problems.They include the following steps:(1)the complex-geometry nozzle ports direct the steel important to recall exactly how complex the process of con-through the liquid pool contained within the curved tinuous casting really is.Figure12illustrates just some of sides of the dendrite walls;(2)the turbulent jet,with its transient swirling eddies,flows according to the forces of momentum and,possi-bly,electromagnetics,buoyancy from gas bubbles,or natural convection;(3)complex-shaped inclusion particles may collide withother particles,evolve in shape,and(a)float into the top slag to be removed (dependingon the interfacial tension),or(b)become entrapped at the meniscus to form surfacedefects,or(c)move deep into the caster to form internal defects;(4)gas bubbles from argon injection or reactions also aretransported by the turbulent liquid and may coalesce or break up,collect inclusion particles,and,possibly,become entrapped as defects;(5)dissolved solute and gases in the liquid can reactaccording to nonequilibrium thermodynamics;(6)the surface-contour shape is governed by the flow pat-tern,which,in turn,affects heat transfer in the slag layers,meniscus solidification,slag infiltration,and accompanying quality issues;(7)entrainment of the slag layer to form mold slag inclu-sions will occur if the shear-flow velocity across the steel/slag interface is too high,depending on the viscos-ity,density,and interfacial tension;(8)transient fluctuations and waves in the top-surface levelare caused by the flow pattern,which create most sur-Fig.13—Time average velocity vector plot of (a)LES2simulation and face defects at the meniscus by disrupting solidification (b )PIV measurement.and confusing the level control system;(9)the superheat transported with the jet affects solidifica-tion hooks at the meniscus,shell thinning at the point to model all of these phenomena together with one model.of jet impingement,and precipitation of inclusions;Thus,the need for intelligent modeling assumptions,calibra-(10)the solidification microstructure depends on the nucle-tion with experiments,and the computational linking ation,transport,and interaction of solid crystals,both together of knowledge from different sources is as important in the flowing melt and against mold walls;today as it was before.At least,as computing power (11)solute transported with the flow governs both inter-increases,modelers can expand their horizons a little to mixing during a grade change and segregation on both consider more of the phenomena important in the real contin-microscopic and macroscopic scales;uous casting process.This section will touch on a few (12)the meniscus region involves transient fluid,thermal,recent examples.thermodynamic,and mechanical interactions between the solidifying steel,solid slag rim,infiltrating molten A.Fluid Flow in the Moldflux,liquid steel,powder layers,and inclusion par-In recent years,a great deal of advanced fluid-flow model-ticles;ing has been done in the continuous casting of steel.Our (13)the interfacial gap between the shell and mold controlsrecent review article on this subject includes over 100heat transfer according to the oscillation-mark depth,such references.[24]slag layer mass-transport and thermal properties,and As an example,Figure 13[25]shows the time-averaged possible air gaps;flow patterns in a closed-bottom water model of a typical (14)the steel shell solidifies and shrinks,according to theslab-casting mold with a bifurcated nozzle.Velocity vectors heat transfer,thermal contraction properties,phase are shown in at the center plane between the wide faces transformations,and internal stresses;to indicate the local flow speed and direction.This figure (15)the mold walls and support rolls may distort,wear,andcompares results from two different state-of-the-art tools:even crack;large eddy simulation (LES)(on the left-hand side)and (16)stress is generated within the solidifying steel shell,particle-image velocimetry (PIV)measurements (on the due to external forces (mold friction,bulging between right-hand side).The PIV method works by illuminating the support rolls,withdrawal,and gravity),thermal tiny seed particles in the flow with a thin sheet of laser light strains,creep,and plasticity (which varies with temper-and comparing the differences between two digital images ature,grade,and cooling rate);andof their positions taken only a microsecond apart,to calculate (17)cracks may form,depending on the histories of temper-velocity vectors at each point.The results from hundreds of ature,stress,dendrite and grain microstructures,phase such image pairs are averaged to produce the flow field transformations,precipitate formation,segregation,shown here.Both the model and measurement reveal the and other complex phenomena.classic pair of simple recirculation zones in each half of the mold.Traditional K -models produce similar plots.[26]Due to this staggering complexity,it will never be feasibleFig.14—Instantaneous velocity vector plot of (a )LES2simulation and (b )PIV measurement.Fig.15—Distribution of 15,000particles at four instants after their injection It has long been recognized that transient phenomena through the nozzle port into the mold.cause most of the quality problems in continuous casting.However,even finding the steady-state fluid-flow pattern has been a challenging task.This LES method can accurately capture the details of the transient motion,which is not As an example,Figure 15[27,28]simulates what happens to 15,000inclusion particles that are suddenly added into possible with traditional steady K -models.It does this through brute computational force:solving the simple the flow through the nozzle ports.These particles actually represent plastic beads in the water model,with a density Navier–Stokes equations on a very fine mesh using small time steps and sophisticated parallel solvers,but without of 988kg/m 3,chosen to approximate the flotation velocity of 300m alumina inclusions in steel.[29]Note how the complex transport equations for turbulence.Figure 14[26](left-hand side)shows an example snapshot of the transient particles travel with the jet to the narrow face (1.6seconds).At the same time,they gradually float upward (2.6seconds).flow field from the LES model.The mesh for this example contains over 1.5million nodes and took 1month of com-After impinging on the narrow face,they split into two groups (10seconds),which move into the upper and lower puter time.Only some of the velocity vectors are plotted to make the plot resolutions comparable to the PIV measure-recirculation zones.Within 2minutes,they are well mixed with the liquid.ments (on the right-hand side).New features appear in the transient flow:the simple recirculation regions are,in reality,Examples of the paths taken by individual particles are shown in Figure 16.[27]Some particles (upper-left side)circu-very complex and vary with time.Note that along the top surface,fast-and slow-moving flow structures alternate cha-late in the upper roll and touch the top surface,where they are likely removed.Other particles circulate in the upper otically,sometimes producing time periods with a velocity much greater than the mean.This could be significant for zone (lower-left side),the short-circuit flow region (upper-right side),or the lower zone (lower-right side),but eventu-slag emulsification and entrapment.Note in the lower roll,that a short-circuit flow appears in both the calculation and ally end up deep in the caster,where they likely are trapped to form internal defects.the measurement.This might be significant for particle motion.Note the thin black line at the upper-left side of Figure 15,which represents where a screen was inserted in the Calculating an accurate flow pattern in the molten steel pool is interesting,but understanding its consequences on water model to capture inclusions in a crude approximation of removal into the slag layer.[29]Particles in the upper defect formation is more practical.The power of computa-tional models is their ability to include other phenomena recirculation zone that cross the screen line are computation-ally trapped as well.The predicted and measured entrapment such as the convection of superheat,two-phase flow effects from argon gas injection,and the motion and entrapment of fractions after 10seconds are 22and 27pct,and then,after 100seconds,are 53and 50pct,respectively.If accurateinclusion particles.the standard K-turbulence model and a fixed,structuredgrid.[30]The computational domain includes both the nozzleand mold.[33]The predicted velocity vectors are superim-posed on a photograph of a water model of the process inFigure17.[30]The agreement seems reasonable:the flowpattern is a typical double roll with an extra jet issuing downfrom a small hole in the nozzle bottom.This is presumablydone to help stabilize the flow pattern against transient oscil-lations from side to side.Note that this central jet is notperfectly symmetrical,although the model assumes that it is.Next,the corresponding steady heat-conduction equationwas solved to predict the distribution of the superheat in theliquid pool.The calculated temperature distribution is shownin Figure18.Heat is seen to follow the flow as the liquidcools.The narrow-face meniscus has the coolest liquid.Tovalidate the predictions,temperatures in the molten steelwere measured by inserting a thermocouple probe downwardthrough the top surface into the molten steel at several loca-tions and depths in the operating thin-slab caster.The temper-ature profiles are compared in Figure19[30]with increasingdepth beneath the surface.The steel/slag-layer interface isidentified by the sharp change in measured temperature.Themeniscus itself retains about30pct of the total superheattemperature difference.Beneath the surface,the measure-ments fluctuate a little,likely due to turbulent flow transients.The model predicts a slight fall,but still appears to agreereasonably.Next,solidification of the steel shell was simulated usingCON1D,[34]a simple1-D transient solidification model ofthe shell,coupled together with a2-D analytical solution of Fig.16—Four typical particle trajectories predicted by the computation.steady temperature in the mold.The heat flux calculatedfrom the fluid-flow model,shown in Figure20,[30]is incorpo-rated as the boundary condition on the solidification front. entrapment criteria and drag coefficients can be found forThe large peak is where the jet impinges on the narrow face. different types of inclusions,this modeling tool could beIt even exceeds heat extraction to the mold at this point. applied to optimize inclusion removal in the design of moldThe wide face has just a tiny increase where the small flow patterns.central jet touches it,which is small relative to the moldheat extraction.B.Shell Solidification:Thin-Slab Caster Heat transfer through the shell and mold is governedmainly by the size and properties of the interfacial gap. To build on the accuracy of the early solidification modelsThus,the CON1D model features mass and momentum bal-in the mold,the delivery of superheat from the impingingances on the flux layers in the gap,thermal resistance from jet onto the solidification front should be taken into account.the surface roughness of the shell,radiation conduction,and This effect might explain the slight discrepancy between theother important phenomena.[34]Because many of these gap model and measurements in Figure1.At high superheats andproperties are not known,the model was calibrated using casting speeds,this is also a practical concern,particularly ontemperature measurements from thermocouples in the cop-the narrow face just below the mold,where breakouts mayper mold.[31]To account for the complexities of the water occur if the shell becomes locally thin.Quantifying theseslot and mold geometry near the thermocouple,these temper-effects is a task ideally suited to computational models,withatures were first interpreted using a full3-D finite-element the aid of careful measurements.model of portions of the copper mold plate,as shown in As an example to test the current models,3-D fluid flowFigure21.[30]The3-D model results were then analyzed to and heat transfer was modeled in the molten steel,interface,determine“offset”factors to calibrate the simple CON1D and mold[30]and compared with extensive experimentalmodel to almost exactly match both the3-D model predic-measurements conducted on the AK Steel–Mansfield stain-tions and the measurements.The calibrated heat-flux curves less steel caster.[31]The test casting conditions include a132are also included in Figure20.[30]The extent of this calibra-mm mold thickness,965to984mm mold width,127mmtion is shown by the agreement between the predicted and nozzle submergence depth(meniscus to top of port),25.4measured temperatures in Figure22.[30]For true validation mm/s casting speed,and57ЊC to61ЊC superheat for434of the model,its predictions were compared with the total stainless steel with a1502ЊC liquidus temperature.heat extraction based on the cooling-water temperature dif-The first step in modeling shell growth is to obtain anference.They matched within about10pct.accurate flow field.Three-dimensional turbulent flow ofmolten steel through the nozzle into the mold cavity was Having calibrated the model,it was run under the transient。
铸造术语[1]
![铸造术语[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/fe01c10d6c85ec3a87c2c534.png)
19.渗碳物： cementite
20.碳化物形成元素： Carbide forming element
21.单铸试块： Separated test bar of casting
33.非均质形核[非自发形核]： Heterogeneous nucleation
34.动力形核： Dynamic nucleation
35.大冲击形核： Big bang nucleation
36.形核剂： nucleant
一、基本术语
1.铸造： casting , founding , foundry
2.砂型铸造： Sand casting process
3.特种铸造： Special casting process
7.球墨铸铁[球铁]： ductile iron, nodular graphite iron, spheroidal
graphite cast iron
8.高韧性球墨铸铁： High ductility nodular graphite iron
29.冷却相变点[Ar相变点]： Ar transformation temperature
30.结晶： Crystallization
31.形核[成核]： Nucleation
32.均质形核[自发形核]： Homogeneous nucleation
4.低合金铸钢： Low alloy cast steel
5.微量合金化铸钢： Micro-alloying cast steel, trace alloying cast steel
6.铁素体铸钢： ferritic cast steel
CASTING MOLD FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF STEEL
专利名称：CASTING MOLD FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF STEEL发明人：MURAKAMI HIROSHI,SUZUKIMIKIO,KITAGAWA TORU申请号：JP33686987申请日：19871229公开号：JPH01289542A公开日：19891121专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To prevent nonuniform solidification and to improve productivity by providing grating grooves having a specific shape and spacing on a casting mold surface near meniscus and packing different metals or ceramics into the grooves down to the depth of the prescribed conditions. CONSTITUTION:The grating-shaped grooves 2 having 0.5-1.0mm depth and 0.5-1.00mm width are provided to the casting mold surface near the meniscus of a molten steel in the casting mold and the spacing between the grooves is specified to a 5-10mm range. The different metals consisting of Ni and Cr or the ceramics such as BN, AlN and ZrO2 are packed at need into the grooves down to the depth at which the thermal resistance ratio (h) expressed by equation I attains >=1.5. Since the grooves 2 are disposed near the meniscus part, the formation of hexagonal rugged patterns on the immersion side of the solidified shell in the initial period of solidification and the formation of the ruggedness on the molten steel side is prevented from the initial period of solidification. The nonuniform solidification of the molten steel is thereby prevented and, therefore, the high-speed casting is enabled and the productivity is improved.申请人：NKK CORP更多信息请下载全文后查看。
连铸开浇的方法与流程
连铸开浇的方法与流程Continuous casting is a method used in the steel industry to produce high-quality steel products in a continuous and efficient manner. This process involves pouring molten metal into a water-cooled mold, which solidifies and forms a continuous strand of steel. The continuous casting method has revolutionized the steelmaking industry by significantly increasing productivity and reducing costs.连铸是钢铁行业中用来生产高质量钢铁产品的一种连续高效方法。
这个过程涉及将熔融金属倒入一个水冷却的模具中，金属会凝固并形成一根连续的钢铁坯。
连铸方法通过大幅提高生产效率和降低成本，彻底改变了钢铁行业。
The continuous casting process begins with the preparation of the molten metal, which is usually done in a steelmaking furnace. The molten metal is then transferred to the continuous casting machine, where it is poured into the water-cooled mold. As the molten metal solidifies, it is continuously drawn through a series of rollers and water sprays to control its shape and size.连铸过程始于准备熔融金属，通常在一个炼钢炉中完成。
钢铁是怎样炼成的用英语介绍作文80词
钢铁是怎样炼成的用英语介绍作文80词全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Oh! Hello everyone! Today, let me tell you a story about how steel is made. It's super cool!So, first things first, steel is made from iron. But did you know that iron isn't strong enough to make things like buildings or cars? That's where steel comes in! Steel is made by mixing iron with a little bit of carbon.To make steel, we need to melt the iron in a big hot furnace. The furnace is like a giant oven, but way hotter! Once the iron is all melty, we add in the carbon. The carbon makes the iron stronger and tougher, turning it into steel.After the iron and carbon are mixed together, we pour the mixture into molds to cool down. When it's all cooled off, we have steel! Ta-da! It's like magic!Steel is super important because it's used to make so many things we use every day. Like bicycles, bridges, and even ourparents' cars! Without steel, we wouldn't have all these cool things.So, there you have it! That's how steel is made. It's a pretty amazing process, isn't it? I hope you enjoyed my story! Thanks for listening! Bye-bye!篇2Title: How Steel is Made (Iron Man!)Hey guys, have you ever wondered how steel is made? It's like magic! Let me tell you all about it.First, they start with iron ore. It's like a big rock that is full of iron. They dig it up from the ground and crush it into small pieces. Then, they put it into a furnace and heat it up really hot. The iron melts and becomes liquid.Next, they add other materials like coal and limestone to the molten iron. This helps get rid of impurities and makes the iron stronger. They stir it all together and let it cook for a while.After that, they pour the molten iron into molds to shape it into different forms. It's like pouring pancake batter into a pan! They can make all kinds of things out of steel like cars, buildings, and even toys.Once the steel has cooled down and hardened, they can cut it, weld it, or bend it into whatever they need. It's like playing with a big, metal puzzle!So, that's how steel is made – from boring old rocks to shiny, strong metal. It's pretty cool, right? Just like Iron Man, steel is tough, powerful, and ready for anything!I hope you enjoyed learning about how steel is made. Maybe one day you'll get to visit a steel factory and see it for yourself. Until then, keep on learning and exploring. See you later, alligator!篇3Steel is a very strong and useful material that is used in many things we use every day, like cars, buildings, and even kitchen utensils. But have you ever wondered how steel is made? Let me tell you all about it!First, steel is made from iron ore. Iron ore is a type of rock that is mined from the ground. The iron ore is then put into a blast furnace, along with other ingredients like coke and limestone. The blast furnace is a huge, hot oven that can reach temperatures of up to 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit!Once the iron ore is in the blast furnace, it is heated up and melted down. The impurities in the iron ore, like sulfur and carbon, are burned away, leaving behind pure iron. This pure iron is then mixed with other materials like carbon and manganese to make it even stronger. This mixture is called steel.The steel is then poured into molds to cool and harden. Once it has cooled, it is ready to be used in all kinds of things, from cars to buildings to kitchen utensils. Steel is a very important material because it is so strong and durable.So, next time you see a car driving down the street or a building being constructed, remember that it was made possible by the process of turning iron ore into steel. Steel truly is a marvel of modern engineering!篇4Hey guys, have you ever wondered how steel is made? Steel is one of the most important materials in our daily life because it is used to make things like cars, buildings, and even our favorite toys! Today, I'm going to tell you how steel is made.First, we need to start with iron ore. Iron ore is a rock that contains iron and other minerals. It is mined from the earth andthen transported to a steel mill. At the mill, the iron ore is heated in a blast furnace to very high temperatures. This process is called smelting. The high temperatures cause the iron to melt and separate from the other minerals in the ore.Once the iron has melted, it is mixed with other materials like limestone and coke. Limestone helps to remove impurities from the iron, while coke is a type of coal that provides heat to keep the furnace hot. This mixture is then heated again in the furnace to create molten iron. The impurities are removed, leaving behind pure iron.But we're not done yet! The molten iron is then transferred to a basic oxygen furnace, where it is mixed with scrap steel. This helps to add carbon to the iron, creating steel. The steel is then poured into molds and cooled to form the shapes that we use in our everyday lives.And there you have it, guys! That's how steel is made. It's a long and complicated process, but it's definitely worth it because steel is such an important material. So next time you see a car or a building, remember that it was made possible because of the hard work that goes into making steel. Cool, right?篇5Title: How Iron is Made - A Fun Guide for KidsHello everyone! Today, I want to tell you all about how iron is made. Do you know that iron is one of the most important metals in the world? It's used to make so many things like cars, buildings, and even the pots and pans we cook with! Let's dive into the exciting world of iron making!Iron is actually made from a rock called iron ore. This ore is found in nature and needs to be extracted from the ground. Once the iron ore is collected, it is taken to a special place called a blast furnace. The blast furnace is like a giant oven where the iron ore is heated up really hot to turn it into iron.Inside the blast furnace, the iron ore is mixed with other things like coke (a type of coal) and limestone. These ingredients help to melt the iron ore and separate out the impurities. As the temperature in the furnace rises, the iron ore starts to melt and turn into molten iron.The molten iron is then poured into molds to cool and solidify. Once it has cooled down, the iron is shaped into different forms like bars or sheets. These can then be used to make all sorts of things like nails, screws, and even the steel beams that hold up buildings.So there you have it, kids! That's how iron is made - from rock to metal, all thanks to the magic of the blast furnace. Iron is a super important metal that we use every day, so next time you see something made of iron, remember how it was made!I hope you had fun learning about iron making with me. Thanks for reading! Bye-bye!篇6How is Steel Made?Hey guys, do you know how steel is made? It's super cool and interesting! Let me tell you all about it.Steel is made from iron ore, which is found in rocks deep underground. First, miners dig up the iron ore and bring it to the surface. Then, the iron ore is put into a blast furnace along with other ingredients like limestone and coke.Next, the blast furnace is heated up to a super high temperature, around 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit! This melts the iron ore and separates out the impurities, leaving behind pure liquid iron. But wait, we're not done yet!The liquid iron is then poured into molds to cool and solidify. This is called casting. The solid pieces of iron are called ingots. But we're not done yet! We still need to turn the iron into steel.To make steel, we need to add other ingredients like carbon and other metals to the iron. This is done in another furnace called a converter. The ingredients are mixed together and heated up until they form steel.Finally, the steel is poured into molds and cooled to form different shapes like beams, bars, or sheets. And there you have it – steel is born!So, the next time you see a building, a bridge, or a car, remember that it was made possible because of steel. It's a super strong and versatile material that we use every day. Steel is truly amazing, isn't it?。
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Lecture-steel-casting
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Lecture-steel-casting
Use extender collector nozzle
(Nozzle length 6nozzle diameter 14% in B/A ratio (Ratio of slabs to be conditioned to the slabs to be rolled)
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Casting of Steel
- Transform the molten steel into solid form for the subsequent processing of the steel, mainly rolling.
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Chill zone: small equiaxed grains due to high cooling rate and large number of nuclei from mold wall. Columnar zone: grains are larger in size, elongated in shape, with their lengths parallel to the heat flow direction (normal to the mold walls). These grains have a very strong preferred orientation along their long axis.
4. deoxidation adjustment 5.cleanliness control 6.alloy trimming 7.desulfurization
8.grain size control
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To Remove Inclusions—
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The advantages of continuous casting
(1)high productivity 連連鑄 (2)exceptional yield 不須ingot之冒口 (3)excellent product quality 可控制cracking，介在物 及segregation (EMS, M-EMS, S-EMS, F-EMS, M-EMS is for inclusion removal, S-EMS and F-EMS are for segregation) (4)the ability to produce a wide variety of steelture-steel-casting
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Schematic representation of different types of continuous-casting machine
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Various types of continuous casting machine higher casting speed (1)vertical type : advantage:
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Reason : Tangential velocity component translate into flaring
upon exiting from collector tube when the gate is in semi-open position.
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TUNDISH的用途:
1.ability to act as a reservoir during ladle change-outs 2.distribution of flow between strands
3.separation of non-metallic inclusions
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Solutions :
Use equilateral cross section collector tube (It dissipates the radial & tangential velocity components)
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- Central zone of equiaxed grains is usually preferred.
-It is possible to control the C/E (Columnar/Equiaxed) transition by increasing/decreasing interdendritic liquid flow. - The interdendritic liquid flow is naturally induced by temperature gradient and/or concentration gradient between the dendritic region and the liquid region. Both gradients cause density difference.
- The convective flow can be enhanced/suppressed by mechanical/magnetic stirring.
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所設置冒口之目的有三: 減少縮口深度。 減少介在物滯留於鋼液之中。 減少偏折與鬚狀結晶。
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Flow through ladle nozzle
Flow rate control device : slide-gate valve Problem : stream flaring (When gate is semi-open 95% of
Mold is usually made of cast iron and coated before casting
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Solidification Microstructure of Ingot Casting
figure
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Central zone: larger equiaxed grains of random orientation. The nuclei of these grains are usually dendrite segments broken from columnar grains by mechanical force or remelting. Both mechanisms may be caused by interdendritic liquid flow.
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Two Main Processes for Casting of Steel
- Ingot Casting - Continuous Casting
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Ingot Casting - Mainly for specialty steel (such as die steel) of small quantity
Successful alloying procedures
To reduce flow turbulence
Reduce air entrant
To reduce exposure of metal stream To air by reducing the surface area
And not breaking down surface slag layer
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Triangular Collector Tube
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Alignment Triangular Collector
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巨 觀 偏 析 模 式 圖
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Continuous casting operation : steel is poured continuously into the mold via a tundish from a ladle
mold
cooling bending/straightening