ABC of English Poetry (英文诗歌知识入门)

Classifications of meter
• • • • • Trochaic ╲ 〇 Iambic 〇 ╲ Dactylic ╲ 〇 〇 Anapaestic 〇 〇 ╲ Amphibrach 〇 ╲ 〇
1.1 iambus
• 1.1 iambus（抑扬格、轻重格）：是最常见的一种 格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节 构成。
• follow any regular pattern)
ABC of English Poetry
Definition: “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of strong feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”(William Wordsworth ) Terms of Poetry(诗歌术语） metrics (诗的格律) 、 rhyme(诗的押韵)、 variety、forms (诗的体式) etc. • 诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的feelings，用 其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。 诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修 辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。
A French ballad verse form consisting most often of three eightline stanzas having the same rhyme pattern.
2.1.3 AAAA (同韵)
• 2.1.3 aaaa(同韵):押韵为一韵到底，大多是在同 一节诗中共用一个韵脚。( q.v. ) The Rubaiyat • 如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚。 • The woods are lovely, dark and deep, • But I have promises to keep, • And miles to go before I sleep, • And miles to go before I sleep.
T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner
the Song
2.1.2 ABAB型（交叉韵） • 2.1.2 abab型(交叉韵),常见于(Ballad)民 谣和哀歌(elegy,dirge)中。 •
Sunset and evening star, • And one clear call for me! • And may there be no moaning of the bar, • When I put out to sea, a b a b
1.Metrics (诗的格律)
• “Metrics(格律)是指可以用脚打拍子的 节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格 式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步 是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的 分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音 节上用 “ˊ”标示，非重读音节为抑 （轻），在音节上用“o”标示，音步之 间可用“／”隔开。以下是五种常见格 式。
•
---Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
Ballad: The Babes in the Wood
• • • • • • • • Sore sick he was, and like to die, No help his life could save; His wife by him as sick did lie, And both possest one grave. No love between these two was lost, Each was to other kind, In love they liv’d, in love they died, And left two babes behind. A B A B
2.1 End Rhyme(尾韵)
• 尾韵是最常见，最重要的押韵方式。 End rhyme occurs at the end of each verse.
2.1.1 AABB型（联韵）
• 2.1.1 aabb型(联韵, eg. the hero couplet) I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight. • --- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and
• O / O / O / O /
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
1.3 Anapaestic
• 1.3 Anapaestic （抑抑扬格、轻轻重格）: 每 个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构 成。如：三音步抑抑扬格
• O O / O O /
• Like a child / from the womb, Like a ghost / from the tomb, I arise / and unbuild / it again.
Foot
• Foot: the basic unit used in the scansion or measurement of verse. A foot usually contains one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables, but the monosyllabic foot, the sponaic foot (spondee) and the dipodic foot are all modifications of this principle. （音步）
ABC of English Poetry
• ABC of English Poetry
• john fang
• School of Foreign Languages, • Jiaxing College, PRC
Classifications of Poetry
• elegy • Lyric poetry ode • sonnet • Poetry ballad folk • Narrative poetry epic art • Blank verse • Free verse(poetry in a form that does not
Classifications of Foot
• • • • • • • • Monometer 一音步 Dimeter Trimeter tetrameter Pentameter: line of five feet Hetameter Heptameter Octameter
Notes: see as follows. meter: (Gk ‘measure’) refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse, meter is based on stress rather than quantity. A line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses.
1.4 Dactylic
• 1.4 Dactylic （扬抑抑格、重轻轻格）: 每 个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节
• / O O / O O
• ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully, ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully. -- Thomas Hood
1.5 Amphibrach
• Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose 注: art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go 上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：
•
O
/
O
/
O
/
( O
/ )
1.2 Trochee
• 1.5 Amphibrach（抑扬抑格、轻重轻格）：每 个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加 一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格。 下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O / O O / O O / O O /
• O hush thee / my babie / thy sire was / a knight.
• Notes: Sire: (old English) King2. Rhyme Nhomakorabea(诗的押韵)
Rhyme is a pattern of words that contain similar sounds. There are 3 main rhymes, end rhyme, alliteration(head rhyme) and internal rhyme. cf. rhythm • 押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一 定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
• Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
The Eagle
Alfred Tennyson • He clasps the crag with crooked hands; • Close to the sun in lonely lands, • Ringed with the azure world, he stands. • • • • • The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. c. 1851 Notes: crag: cliff; azure: deep blue
2.2 Alliteration(头韵)
• 2.2 Alliteration(头韵)：是指一行（节）诗中几 个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。首见于古诗 Beowulf 中. • • • • • The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.
Meter
meter: (Gk ‘measure’) refers to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse, meter is based on stress rather than quantity. A line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses.
• 1.2 Trochee（扬抑格、重轻格）：每个 音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节 构成。 下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音
• / O / O / O / O
• Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake: The Tyger