一 动词

动词(时态，语态，用法，省略，一致性等)

（一）时态

2、被动形式

· CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。

·时间状语从句当中的时态：

一般过去时所有的过去

用一般现在时表示现在和将来

现在完成时现在完成和将来完成

3、现在完成进行时态(have/has been + -ing 分词构成):动作或状态从过去某时开始,

继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

· I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden.

4、过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作· We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

5、将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

· By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

6、将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.

· I shall have finished this one before lunch.

They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

（二）语态

1、可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

· He was said to be jealous of her success.

It was said that he was jealous of her success.

·能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”，“相信”等意义的动词，常见的有：

assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等。

· It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

2、担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义。

· Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)

3、双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

1）双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为

主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变

为主语。

· He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

2）宾补结构的被动语态:

· She was called Big Sister by everybody.

4、短语动词

1）Vi. + adv.：The plane took off two hours late.

2）Vi. + prep.：They looked round the Cathedral.

3）Vi. + prep. (有被动语态)：She’s looking after her sister’s children.

4）Vi. + adv. + prep.：I began to look forward to their visits.

5）Vt. + O + adv.：Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

The children were brought up by their mother.

6）Vt. + adv. + O (无被动语态)：I am trying to give up smoking.

7）Vt. + O + prep.：We talked Donald into agreement.

（三）省略

1、在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓

语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.

1）Look out for cars when crossing the street.

When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.

If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.

Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.

He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.

Once having made a promise, you should keep it.

2）If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.

As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.

2、在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.

1）He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.

We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.

2）They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).

He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.

Their training is free, as is all education.

We will, as always, stand on your side.

3、错误的省略

1）His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.

2）While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her. （四）一致

1、主谓一致（与插入语无关）

1）主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。

2）定语从句中的主谓一致

3）随前一致：

n. + together with；as well as；including；along with；with / of；

accompanied with / by

4）就近原则

5）如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。

· The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.

· The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.

· The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.

·类似的还有：law and order；bread and；butter black and white；

To love and to be loved is …；A lawyer and a teacher are…；

A lawyer and teacher is …

6）随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)