英语虚拟语气

虚拟语气的用法与高考必考知识点

语气 (mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。英语中的语气有三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。

直陈语气(indicative mood),表示所说的话是事实。

祈使语气(imperative mood),表示所说的话是请求或命令。

虚拟语气(subjunctive mood),表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而

是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。

一、虚拟语气在条件状语句中的应用

条件句有真实条件句与非真实条件句(或称虚拟条件句)两种。真实条件句所表的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句都用陈述语气。如：

If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。

Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起来。

虚拟条件句所表的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。

条件从句主句

与现在事实相

反

If 主语+动词过去式（be的

过去式用were）

Should∕would∕might∕

could+动词原形

与过去事实相

反If 主语+ had + 过去分词should∕would∕might∕could+

have ＋过去分词

与将来事实可

能相反

If 主语+ 动词过去式（be

的过去式用were）；should＋

动词原形；were to＋动词原形

should （would, might，could）

+ 动词原形

1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were), 主句的谓语用should／would／might／could +动词原形。如：

If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic. 如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去

野餐了

If he came here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能够帮助你了。

2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用had + 过去分词，主句的谓语should ／would／might／could + have ＋过去分词。如：

She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.要是当初她被邀请的话，

她就会去参加这次聚会了。

If she hadn't called me, I would have overslept this morning.今天早上，她要是不

叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。

3. 与将来事实可能相反的虚拟条件句，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)；should＋动词原形；were to＋动词原形，主句用should／would／might／could +动词原形。如：

If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年

我要是二十岁，我就会学法语。

If it should fail, I would try again. 要是失败了，我会再试一次。

二、连词if的省略

如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去，多见于书面语。

Had you not helped me，I should have failed. 要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。

Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样

干的。

假如他们进攻我们，我们就Should they attack us, we’ll wipe them out completely.

把他们彻底消灭干净。

三、情态动词＋have ＋done的用法

1.“could＋have ＋done”是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来可以／

能够做某事而没有做”。

1）He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless.

本来他能够通过考试，但

是他太粗心。

2）We could have solved the problem in a more reasonable fashion. 这个问题我们本

来是可以更合理得解决的。

3）He could have told her, but he did not choose to.

他本来可以告诉她的，但他不愿这

样做。

2. “may / might + have + 过去分词”表示对已发生的动作或存在的状态进行不肯定的

推测，might的语气比may弱一点。这种结构主要用于肯定句和否定句，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”，疑问句改用can或could。

1）—What has happened to George?

—I don't know. He may have got lost.

2）They may not have known it beforehand.

3）He might have given you more help, even though he was busy.

4）She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances.

（5）You might have read about it in the papers.

3. “would+ have + done”虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。

1）I would have told you all about the boy's story, but you didn't ask me. 我本来会告诉

你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。

2）Without your help, I wouldn't have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助，我是不会取

得如此大的成绩。

3）The victim would have a chance to survive if he had been taken to hospital in time. 4）Had you told me the matter earlier, I would not have done the foolish things. 要是你

早点告诉我那件事，我也许就不会做那样的傻事。