2019年高考英语阅读理解猜测词意

高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略
浏阳五中高三备课组
在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读
作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。

下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等等。

利用同义解释猜词
同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or，that is(to say)，in other words，namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。

1)Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
2)It will be very hard but very brittle— that is, it will break easily.
3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.
A.Having been abandoned
B.Having been used to home life
C.Having been used to life in the wild
D.Having been weak and hungry
4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.
5). She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.
6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.
7). The schools are reluctant to take time off——even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.
•The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______.
A.kind
B. unwilling
C. free
D. careless
同义词（近义词）在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。

因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。

并列关系(同义关系）提示词：and, also, as … as, the same as利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。

例如：I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
题目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?
A. provider
B. delivery man
C. collector
D. medical doctor
9). Mr. White loves to talk; his wife is also as loquacious as him.
10). Mark Twai n was not the author’s real name; it was a pseudonym.
11). The new tax law supersedes, or replaces,the law that was in effect last year.
12). If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”.
13). Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also
regard drinking as harmful.
英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。

根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。

因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。

(1) Overwork may cause diseases.
(2) There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.
合成词For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs.
Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-earth.
Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. …At any rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army. I was sent overseas during the war. For a time we wrote, and her letters were the highlight of those terrible endless years.
词性转换（解释意思）
He is a man with broad shoulders.
We will shoulder the responsibilities at any time.
Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. (trouble 词性与意义？)
] A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness ,or worry.
利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。

同时要特别留心某些词语，如or，that is，in other words，including，although，but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。

(1)重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。

重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词引导。

常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等等。

[典例]In the library, I found my way into the“Children's Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle, the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.
(2) 举例：作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。

举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。

[典例] Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.
1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.
2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, English Learning, or Reader’s Digest.
(3)对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。

有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。

表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand，but, however, although , though，while(然而), rather than, instead of 等标志词。

[典例]If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73．The underlined word “upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means “________”.
A．cheerful B．average
C．serious D．temporary
1.He had been getting better, However, during the night his condition deteriorated.
2. A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth
Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
3.Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.
4.Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.
5.She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
6.Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away,
second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” W e can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.
The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is ______.
A. your slave and serves you
B. your supporter and helps you
B. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you
（4）因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。

Signal words: because，since ,so, such…that, so…that, for, ect.
I could see nothing because the light was too faint.
I feel that since you are my superior（上司），it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “” .
A．full of respect B．rude and too confident
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
1). The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.
a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting
2). My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until he gets to know you.
a). friendly b). kind c). unfriendly
3). The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow。

4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
5). The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
6）Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.
What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean?
A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.
B. Take away everything you bring in.
C. Carry all the necessary food.
D. Look after your personal belongings.
[典例] There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
30．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope.
C．A brilliant plan. D．A selfish desire.
[典例] This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily.
63．The underlined word “hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “________”．
C．repair D．decorate
在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。

[典例] Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.
65．What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Countries where their people need help.
B．Powerful states with higher civilization.
C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.
生活常识经验：根据自身的直接或间接的经验，运用自己已有的常识, 以及英美国家的风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会生活等将生词推测出来。

1). Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽）, or young leaves of trees. The word “pruning” means______
A. Regular cutting of the plants
B. Frequent watering
C. Regular use of chemicals
D. Growing the plants high in the mountain
2). Husband：It’s really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are almost numb. How about lighting the fireplace?
a). dying b). frozen c). hurt
3). The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily.
The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________．
A．silently B．gradually C．regularly D．completely
4). My color television has given me nothing but a headache. I was able to buy it a little over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a lot of clothes that wouldn’t fit. I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued model. I realized this a day later，when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at seventy five dollars less than I had paid. The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately，I didn’t get any channels showing all night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed off” in Paragraph 1?_______
A．ended all their programs
B．provided fewer channels
C．changed to commercials
D．showed all night movies
代词指代猜测题
代词指代题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象，包括考查it(指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件的复数名词)，he/she 等人称代词的指代意义，以及指示代词this，that，these，those 等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章中叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。

[例] Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.
What does the underlined word “They” refer to?________
A．Flooded waters. B．Wildlife journeys.
C．Safari camps. D．Unique rides.
[例] However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that, in order to get really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing.
In Paragraph 2, the underlined word “that” refers to ______.
A. being good at something
B. setting a practical goal
C. putting in more time
D. succeeding in life
[例] It was hard to lift her. She was just out. But he managed to raise her the four feet to the platform so that bystanders could hold her by the grins and drag her away from the edge. That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and saw someone else holding her purse.
●When did Lisa become conscious again?
A. When the train was leaving.
B. After she was back on the platform.
C. After the police and fire officials came.
D. When a man was cleaning the blood from her head.
[例] Twain’s racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography (自传) about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them.
Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.
●What does the underlined word “they” refer to?
A. The attacks
B. Slavery and prejudice
C. White men
D. The shows
[例] Two 12-year-old boys, Christian and Jack, rowed out a boat to search a football. Once they’d rowed beyond the calm waters, a beach umbrella tied to the boat caught the wind and pulled the boat into open water. The pair panicked and tried to row back to shore. But they were no match for it and the boat was out of control.
●What does “it” refer to?
A. The beach
B. The water
C. The boat
D. The wind
[例] However，physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study. West said，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction. I thought，‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things？’”A square could be turned into
a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides，he realized. That，he notes，should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．So he tried it．
●What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?__________
A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached. B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels. C．Rolling poles to move the blocks. D．Rolling the blocks with fat.
名师点津：解答代词指代题时，我们要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。

因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。

针对句子句意猜测题
名师点津：考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。

对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。

句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。

[例] While，deep down，we know we can do it，our mind—or the minds of those close to us—usually says we can’t.That isn’t a reason to stop，it’s just the mind，that little man or woman on your shoulder，trying to talk you out of something again. It has done it many times before. It’s all about starting simple and doing it now. Decide and act before overthinking. When you do this you may feel a little，or large，release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way.
●Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?_________
A．Escape from your punishment. B．Realization of your dreams. C．Freedom from your tension. D．Reduction of your expectations.
常见典故谚语（短语）知识储备skeleton in the cupboard/closet 碗橱里的骨架引申为：不为人知的家丑，不可外扬的家丑，隐情”
the last straw 压垮骆驼的最后一根稻草,终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事，终于使人不支的最后一击，导火线;
“have nine lives like a cat”（富有生命力的）
you reap what you sow一分耕耘，一分收获senior citizens 老年人，年长的人
as easy as pie 十分容易，轻而易举
“meet one’s Waterloo”（一败涂地）
capital punishment 死刑
dog tired非常累
catch-22 第二十二条军规（指让人左右为难的规定或处境）
“rain cats and dogs”（倾盆大雨）
Don't count your chickens before/until they are hatched.
鸡蛋未孵出,先别数小鸡寓意:别高兴太早了。

Pandora’s Box 潘多拉魔盒(邪恶之源)、
see the handwriting on the wall –see signs that disaster is coming
Achilles’ he el 阿基里斯的脚踵(致命弱点)、
the apple of somebody’s eye—a child who is loved very much by his or her parents.
视觉的核心”，即“眼睛中的苹果(apple of the eye)”时，我们就会联想到，那是对我们来说最为宝贵的东西。

与汉语成语“掌上明珠”颇相似。

a feather in one’s cap—something that you can be proud of
可夸耀的事,值得骄傲的事。

《圣经》中的Garden of Eden伊甸园(世外桃源)、Shylock（夏洛克）来比喻“狡诈者，守财奴” scratch the surface 隔靴搔痒，只触及问题的表面或一小部分
猜测词意练习题目：
Passage 1:A man’s position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow
tribesmen. If they are honored, he is also honored. If they are disgraced, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage(宗系), and his tribe.
The word “disgrace” means _________ in this text.
A. honor
B. endanger
C. proud
D. shame
Passage 2:The ruler had been so cruel and dishonest that after the revolution he was banished. A few members of the Senate(参议院) opposed this decision, but the majority voted that the ruler should leave the country forever.
The underlined word “banished” mean_______.
A. killed by stoning
B. sent away
C. imprisoned
D. punished by whipping Passage 3: Although he often had the chance, Mr. Brown was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endanger his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
The word “jeopardize” means _____ in this text.
A. protect
B. endanger
C. continue
D. stop
Passage 4: It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction. Each class had unique characteristics.
In recent years, many writers have begun to speak the 'decline of class' and 'classless society' in Britain. And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered to be middle class.
But pronouncing the death of class is too early. A recent wide-ranging society of public opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in particular class; 73 percent agreed that class was still a vital part of British society; and 52 percent thought there were still sharp class differences. Thus, class may not be culturally and politically obvious, yet it remains an important part of British society. Britain seems to have a love of stratification.
42. The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. variety
B. division
C. authority
D. qualification
Passage 5: In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target. Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.
70. What does the underlined expression "take on" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Accept.
B. Employ.
C. Play with.
D. Fight against.
Passage 6: Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk, I went to a friend. He looked at me for a moment, and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had: Be bold and brave — and mighty (强大的) forces will come to your aid.
Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past, it was seldom because I had tried and failed. It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all. On the other hand, whenever I had plunged into deep water, forced by courage or circumstance, I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.
Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat. And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces. They are potential powers we possess: energy, skill, sound judgment, creative ideas — even physical strength greater than most of us realize.
52. What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?
A. Swallow more than you can digest.
B. Act slightly above your abilities.
C. Develop more mysterious powers.
D. Learn to make creative decisions.
Passage 7（2016全国卷I B 篇）“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,” says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand, a magazine for grandparents. “We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near the m, especially when you’re raising children.”
27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?
A. They were unsure of themselves.
B. They were eager to raise more children.
C. They wanted to live away from their parents.
D. They had little respect for their grandparents.
Passage 8（2011 全国卷·A篇）Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. I took it home and planted it in the back porch （门廊）. Every so often my son’s friends will ask what it is. So I started stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk.
59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?
A. He missed the good old days.
B. He wanted to tell interesting stories.
C. He needed it for his milk bottles.
D. He planted flowers in it.
Passage 9（全国卷II B篇）Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.”
27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Mistake.
B. Drawback.
C. Difficulty.
D. Burden.
Passage 10（2016全国卷II C篇）Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
30. What does the underlined word “it” in P aragraph 2 refer to?
A. The book.
B. An adventure.
C. A public place.
D. The identification number.
Passage11（2011 湖南卷· B篇）He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said it was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.
63.The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refers to the father’s ____.
A. weak heart
B. taking a shore job
C. failure to return to sea
D. injury caused by a torpedo
Passage 12（2011 福建卷· E篇）…… Second, the quality of your relationships depends on the amount of time you invest（投入）in them. We invest a lot in a small number of people and then distribution what’s left among as many others as we can. The problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our engagement with that person will decline（减弱）until eventually it dies into “someone I once knew”.
73. The underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “”.
A. appointment
B. connection
C. interview
D. agreement
Passage 13 (2016全国卷III B篇)
“My friends said: ‘Now we believe your stories,’” Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the
people that make me write them.’”
The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's _______.
A. readers
B. parties
C. friends
D. stories。