2011红白歌会企划书中文版
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Sustainable Agriculture Standard Sustainable Agriculture NetworkApril 2009© Sustainable Agriculture NetworkSustainable Agriculture Network (SAN):Conservación y Desarrollo (C&D), Ecuador · Fundación Interamericana de Investigación Tropical (FIIT), Guatemala · Fundación Natura, Colombia · ICADE, Honduras · IMAFLORA, Brazil · Pronatura Chiapas, Mexico· Rainforest Alliance · SalvaNatura, El SalvadorSustainable Agriculture Standard Sustainable Agriculture Network Copies of this document are available for free in electronic format at any Sustainable AgricultureNetwork member or at the Rainforest Alliance website:If you are not able to access electronically this document, you may write to us at the following address to get hard copies at a reasonable cost-covering price:Sustainable Agriculture Network SecretariatRainforest AllianceP.O. Box 110291000 San JoséCosta RicaPlease send your comments or suggestions concerning this Sustainable Agriculture Network Standards & Policy documents’ contents to:agstandards@Or via regular mail to:Sustainable Agriculture Network SecretariatRainforest AllianceP.O. Box 110291000 San JoséCosta RicaC ONTENTSINTRODUCTION________________________________________________________________________________4T HE S USTAINABLE A GRICULTURE N ETWORK AND R AINFOREST A LLIANCE___________________________________4 T HE S USTAINABLE A GRICULTURE N ETWORK’S M ISSION__________________________________________________4 P ROLOGUE TO THE A PRIL 2009V ERSION OF SAN’S S USTAINABLE A GRICULTURE S TANDARD_____________________5 O BJECTIVE_____________________________________________________________________________________6 S TANDARD S TRUCTURE___________________________________________________________________________6SCOPE_________________________________________________________________________________________6SAN’S SCORING SYSTEM________________________________________________________________________7A PPLICABILITY OF C RITERIA_______________________________________________________________________7THE ROLE OF INTERPRETATION GUIDELINES (INDICATORS)____________________________________8SOURCES_______________________________________________________________________________________9TERMS AND DEFINITIONS______________________________________________________________________10SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE STANDARD______________________________________________________141.SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM____________________________________142.ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION____________________________________________________________163.WILDLIFE PROTECTION__________________________________________________________________184.WATER CONSERVATION_________________________________________________________________195.FAIR TREATMENT AND GOOD WORKING CONDITIONS FOR WORKERS_______________________216.OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY____________________________________________________27MUNITY RELATIONS________________________________________________________________338.INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT_______________________________________________________349.SOIL MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION________________________________________________3610.INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT___________________________________________________37ANNEX 1DISTANCES BETWEEN PRODUCTION AREAS AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AND AREAS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY______________________________________38 T ABLE OF S EPARATIONS__________________________________________________________________________39 ANNEX 2BASIC PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT FOR THE HANDLING AND APPLICATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARM INPUTS___________________________________________________40 ANNEX 3WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CLASS IA, IB & II ACTIVE INGREDIENTS___________41E XTREMELY HAZARDOUS (C LASS I A) TECHNICAL GRADE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF PESTICIDES____________________41H IGHLY HAZARDOUS (C LASS I B) TECHNICAL GRADE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF PESTICIDES_______________________41M ODERATELY HAZARDOUS (C LASS II) TECHNICAL GRADE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF PESTICIDES___________________42IntroductionThe Sustainable Agriculture Network and Rainforest AllianceThe Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) is a coalition of independent non-profit conservation organizations that promote the social and environmental sustainability of agricultural activities by developing standards. A Certification Body certifies farms that comply with SAN’s standards. Each inspection body - authorized by a Certification Body - provides audit services for farmers and agricultural companies in their respective countries. SAN members also offer their knowledge and experience in working towards the development of the Sustainable Agriculture Standard. Rainforest Alliance currently holds the Secretariat for the Sustainable Agriculture Network and coordinates the development and review of standards and related policies for the SAN. Rainforest Alliance also administers the Rainforest Alliance Certified™ trademark.Those farms that can meet the SAN criteria are awarded the Rainforest Alliance Certified™ seal of approval. Since 1992, almost 800 certificates for more than 31,000 farms - including small family farms of cooperatives, as well as plantations - in 24 countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Tanzania and Vietnam) have met the SAN standards on almost 600,000 ha for 22 crops: coffee, cocoa, banana, tea, pineapple, flowers and foliage and citrus. Other crops include Açaí, Avocado, Aloe Vera, Chestnut, Cupuaçu, Grapes, Guava, Heart of Palm, Kiwi, Macadamia, Mango, Onion, Passion Fruit, Plantain, Rubber and Vanilla.SAN representatives and their operating countries are: Conservación y Desarrollo (C&D), Ecuador; Fundación Interamericana de Investigación Tropical (FIIT); Guatemala; Fundación Natura, Colombia; ICADE, Honduras; IMAFLORA, Brazil; Pronatura Chiapas, Mexico; SalvaNatura, El Salvador and Rainforest Alliance. Rainforest Alliance is the operating member of the SAN for the time being in Africa and Asia.The Sustainable Agriculture Network’s MissionThe Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) promotes efficient agriculture, biodiversity conservation and sustainable community development by creating social and environmental standards. SAN fosters best management practices across agricultural value chains by encouraging farmers to comply with SAN standards and by motivating traders and consumers to support sustainability.SAN pursues its mission by:•Integrating sustainable production of crops and livestock into local and regional strategies that favor biodiversity conservation and safeguard social and environmental well-being.•Raising awareness among farmers, traders, consumers and business leaders about the interdependencies among healthy ecosystems, sustainable agriculture and social responsibility.•Impressing upon business leaders and consumers the importance of choosing products grown on environmentally sustainable and socially responsible farms.•Stimulating dialog among environmental, social and economic groups, North and South, about the benefits of sustainable agriculture.Prologue to the April 2009 Version of SAN’s Sustainable Agriculture StandardThe principles of sustainable agriculture and the supporting standard were developed for the first time by a process that involved key stakeholders in Latin America from 1991 to 1993. In 1994, the first banana plantations were certified based on this standard. Since then, the standard has been tested on different sized farms in various countries through a series of audits and other activities relating to certification. At the beginning of 2003, Rainforest Alliance, as the Sustainable Agriculture Network Secretariat, developed a detailed revision of the 2002 version of the standard to produce a more updated standard in accordance with the Sustainable Agriculture Network mission. From November 2003 to November 2004, public consultations were carried out by Rainforest Alliance, during which organizations and individuals in different countries were asked to comment on the revised standard. This process culminated in a Sustainable Agriculture Network meeting in November 2004, during which final technical decisions were made.In 2005, the Sustainable Agriculture Network approved the version of the standard that led to the current standard structure with ten principles. The ten principles are:1.Social and Environmental Management System2.Ecosystem Conservation3.Wildlife Protection4.Water Conservation5.Fair Treatment and Good Working Conditions for Workers6.Occupational Health and Safetymunity Relations8.Integrated Crop Management9.Soil Management and Conservation10.Integrated Waste ManagementCurrently, the Sustainable Agriculture Network's Secretariat serves the standard setting activities of the Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) and is supported by Rainforest Alliance's Sustainable Agriculture Program. SAN’s standard and policies development or review processes comply with the ISEAL Alliance Code of Good Practice for Setting Social and Environmental Standards ().In comparison to the February 2008–version of the Sustainable Agriculture Standard, the current April 2009–version contains the following changes:•Correction of the wording of some criteria to enable a better understanding of the contents of these criteria and consequently a more suitable implementation on the farm level. These criteria are 1.1, 1.10, 2.1, 2.8, 5.14, 5.15, 6.6, 6.20, 7.5, 8.4 and 8.7, as well as the Table of Separations (Annex 1)•Applicability-rules•Revision of the Sources-section•Improvement of the Terms and Definition – section.•Terminology updates related to the new structure of certification and inspection bodies.No significant changes of the technical contents of binding criteria have been undertaken.ObjectiveThe objective of the standard is to mitigate environmental and social risks caused by agriculture activities through a process that motivates continual improvement, as well as provide a measure of each farm’s social and environmental performance and best management practices. Compliance is evaluated by audits conducted by authorized inspection bodies and/or certification bodies that measure the degree of the farm’s conformity to the environmental and social practices indicated in the standard’s criteria.Standard StructureThe standard consists of ten principles. Each principle is composed of various criteria. SAN’s Sustainable Agriculture Standard, version April 2009 contains 94 criteria. The criteria describe best practices for social and environmental management, and are evaluated during the inspection process. ScopeThis standard covers the environmental, social, labor and agronomic management for farms that cultivate crops included in SAN’s Farm Certification Policy’s Annex 2, version April 2009. All farms and producer groups cultivating the crops included in SAN’s Farm Certification Policy are subject to audits based on the contents of SAN’s Sustainable Agriculture Standard.Only oilpalm, sugarcane, soy, peanuts and sunflower farms will be subject to audits based on the SAN Addendum - Additional SAN Criteria for oil palm, sugarcane, soy, peanuts and sunflower farms plus the SAN Sustainable Agriculture Standard.SAN standard documents promote changes on farms of different sizes and include aspects relating to agricultural, social, legal, labor and environmental issues, in addition to sections on community relations and occupational health and safety. By implementing the contents of SAN standards, the farm starts a continuous improvement process, which is evaluated annually by SAN authorized auditors. These evaluate the farms’ compliance with the standard by observation of practices and existing infrastructure, by interviews with farm workers and their representatives, management or administration team, neighbors, local representatives and community members, as well as by document review.Not implementing the standard’s required criteria, or having elements missing from the social and environmental management system needed to implement required practices, will result in the audit team assigning a sanction (non-conformity). During audits, SAN authorized auditors concentrate on physical evidence regarding improvements and best practices in the field so that documentation requirements are reduced. The results of an audit may indicate the need for documentation of procedures, policies and programs in order to guide and support the implementation of best management practices.SAN’s Scoring SystemAuditors apply the following scoring system during audits:•General Compliance: Farm performance is scored based on all applicable criteria.o In order to obtain and maintain certification, the farms must comply with at least 80% of all applicable criteria and 50% of each principle’s applicable criteria.o Some criteria may contain inserts in lower case letters for clarity. The inserts are evaluated as part of the criteria, not separately. All binding criteria are identifiedthroughout the text by a two-level numbering system (1.1, 1.2, etc.) in bold type.o In the case of oilpalm, sugarcane, soy, peanut or sunflower plantation audits, audits are based on Sustainable Agriculture Standard, version April 2009 - SustainableAgriculture Network and SAN Addendum – Additional SAN Criteria for oilpalm,sugarcane, soy, peanut and sunflower farms - Sustainable Agriculture Network.•The audit team scores farm performance according to all of the criteria applicable to a specific crop. In order to obtain and maintain certification, the farms must comply with at least 50% of each principle’s criteria, and with 80% of all criteria.•Critical Criteria: Sustainable Agriculture Standard, version April 2009 - Sustainable Agriculture Network contains 14 critical criteria.o These are identified with the text “Critical Criterion” at the beginning of the criterion.o A farm must completely comply with a critical criterion in order for the farm to be certified or maintain certification- partial compliance is not sufficient.o Any farm not complying with a critical criterion will not be certified, or certification will be cancelled, even if all other certification requirements have been met.•If the farm does not comply with the implementation of any of the practices defined in the criteria of Sustainable Agriculture Standard, version April 2009 - Sustainable Agriculture Network, this fact will result in the designation of a non-conformity, which is determined on the basis of each individual criterion. There are two categories of non-conformities: 1) Major Non-Conformity, and 2) minor non-conformity. The following is the level of compliance established for each of these two categories:1.Major Non-Conformity (MCN): indicates a 0% to 49% compliance with a criterion.2.minor non-conformity (mcn): indicates a 50% to 99% compliance with a criterion.Applicability of CriteriaSAN authorized auditors evaluate the applicability of each criterion of this standard according to: •The size and complexity of the operation•The use or non-use of agrochemicals within the farm•The hiring of contracted labor or use of non-contracted family labor•The presence or absence of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems within the farm•The presence or absence of infrastructure within the farmNon-applicable criteria are not considered in the final scoring of the farm.The following criteria must be evaluated at all times and must not be subject of the non-applicability rule. Auditors decide on the applicability of all other criteria:• 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 1.10• 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 (2.8 for Agroforestry Crops only)• 3.1, 3.3• 4.1, 4.4, 4.8• 5.6, 5.10, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18• 6.1, 6.2, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.18, 6.19•7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5•8.1, 8.6•9.1, 9.2, 9.4•10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.5Within every single criterion, auditors may evaluate if specific elements are applicable or not and may adjust scoring accordingly.The Role of Interpretation Guidelines (Indicators)How the Standard for Sustainable Agriculture with its criteria is interpreted and applied to particular situations is determined by Interpretation Guidelines. Two types of guidelines exist: 1.) Generic interpretation guidelines and 2.) Local Interpretation Guidelines.•Generic Interpretation Guidelines provide guidance for farmers and group administrators how to implement the Sustainable Agriculture Standard on their farms.•Interpretation Guidelines – generic and local - only contain indicators. They are not binding for certification processes, but they are important for implementing good agricultural practices on farms and provide more detailed guidance during audit processes.•Local Interpretation Guidelines interpret the binding criteria of the standard for local conditions ora specific crop and are developed by a local Workgroup.The development of Local Interpretation Guidelines is led by Workgroups which are coordinated by SAN’s Secretariat and organized by the local SAN representative. The balance of interest among the different stakeholders possibly influenced by these guidelines is assured and approved by SAN’s Board of Directors. SAN’s Secretariat coordinates the writing of local and generic interpretation guidelines. The final version of guidelines is approved by the Secretariat.The members of Workgroups that develop Local Interpretation Guidelines have to comply with the following requirements:•Understanding and support for SAN’s mission and vision.•Knowledge and experience with respect to the topics under discussion.•Comprehension of the potential influence that this document can have.•Representation of the different points of view of interested stakeholders.These workgroups gather specific input for local interpretation guidelines, such as:•Best farm management practices for ecosystem conservation in the region.•Information about native trees that can be used in reforestation efforts.•Local legislation regarding protection of ecosystems, riparian zones, endangered plants and animals, deforestation and reforestation. Also, information about local and regional conservation programs, protected areas, watersheds and corridors.•Information about local diseases, pests, necessary agricultural practices and other factors that can influence the economic sustainability of farms.•Local labor and occupational health laws executed by the local health and labor ministries or related authorities that can orient farms to implement their social policies.•Best practices for erosion prevention and waste management.SourcesConvention on Biological Diversity. http://www.cbd.int/European Commission. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate - General. Directive 79/117/EEC, Council Regulation 805/2004/EC, Directive 91/414/EEC and regulation (EC) of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 689/2008http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/exist_subs_rep_en.htmEuropean Commission Joint Research Centre. Institute for Health and Consumer Protection.http://edexim.jrc.it/International Labor Organization. Convention 138 and Recommendation 146; Convention 182;Conventions 100 and 111; Conventions 29 and 105; Conventions 87 and 98 and Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries. Geneva, Switzerland.International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™. 2007. Geneva, Switzerland: Pesticide Action Network. Dirty Dozen pesticides:/Docs/ref_toxicity7.html#DirtyDozenRotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade: http://www.pic.int/home.php?type=t&id=29&sid=30United Nations. Convention on the Rights of the Child: www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: /Overview/rights.htmlUnited Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). http://www.pic.int/home.php?type=t&id=29&sid=30United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Restricted and Canceled Uses of Pesticides./pesticides/regulating/restricted.htm#restrictedWorld Health Organization. The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification: 2004Terms and Definitions•Agrochemical: A chemical substance used in agricultural production systems to maintain soil fertility (compost or fertilizer), control weeds (herbicide), combat pests (insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, rodenticides, etc.) or stimulate growth.•Agroforestry crops:Crops that can be grown in agroforestry systems with the presence of shade tree canopies, which are intentionally used within agricultural systems. These cultivated plants have grown originally under tropical forests’ tree canopy. Crops that cannot be grown economically viable with shade tree cover or other cover types, as well as crops whose origins are ecosystems with a distinct climate state than forests, such as savannas or bushlands (for example the Cerrado vegetation of Brazil) don’t fall into this definition. "Agroforestry is a collective name for land use systems and practices in which woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops and/or animals on the same land management unit. The integration can be either in a spatial mixture or in a temporal sequence. There are normally both ecological and economic interactions between woody and non-woody components in agroforestry". World Agroforestry Centre (Source: ICRAF, 1993).•Agroforestry System:Integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems (Source: USDA National Agroforestry Center (NAC)).•Aquatic ecosystems: Lakes, lagoons, rivers, streams, brooks, swamps, marshes, bogs and other bodies of liquid water that exist naturally.•Area of influence: The whole farm, its infrastructure, processing and packaging areas within its borders as well as its area of influence and all the workers affected by its operations.•Audit: A systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which specified requirements are fulfilled (Source: ISEAL Alliance).•Best Management Practices: Activities or procedures that enable agricultural productivity using available science and technology to conserve ecosystems and natural resources, thereby securing long-term benefits for workers, farmers and communities.•Carbamates:Carbamates, or urethanes, are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure – NH (CO) O-. Carbamates are esters of carbamic acid, NH2COOH, an unstable compound. Since carbamic acid contains nitrogen attached to a carboxyl group, it is also an amide.•Certification Body: Unit that decides about the authorization, suspension or cancellation of a Rainforest Alliance Certified™ farm or group certification. The Certification Body subcontracts inspection bodies and controls the quality of their functions.•Certified Products: Crops and the products derived from them, produced by a certified farm for commercial purposes. This includes processed or semi-processed products that have not been mixed with products from non-certified farms.•Channel: The surface on which a river, stream or other natural water current flows. Also known as “riverbed.”•Cholinesterase:An enzyme produced in the liver. One form, acetylcholinesterase, can be found at the neurosynaptic junctions while another, butyryl cholinesterase, is primarily located in the plasma and pancreas, although small quantities of it exist in all tissues including our blood.Organophosphate pesticides inhibit cholinesterase by forming covalent chemical bonds through a process called phosphorylation.•Competent professional: A person with demonstrated professional expertise, skills and experience in the specific area where the advice is given.•Conservation of ecosystems: The conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties (Source: Convention on Biological Diversity).•Continual Improvement:Recurring activity that has the effect of increasing the ability of a group to fulfill specified requirements. The process of establishing objectives and finding opportunities for improvement is a continual process, based on risk assessment, audit findings, management reviews and other means (Source: ISEAL Alliance).•Contract: A binding agreement (Source: ISEAL Alliance).•Destruction of ecosystems:The significant direct or indirect disturbance of an ecosystem caused by a human being. For the case of terrestrial natural ecosystems this includes tree logging, extraction of non-woody plants, burning, aspersion of herbicides or other pesticides, partial or complete conversion to agriculture land, urban use, development, or wasteland, as well as intentional introduction of invasive or exotic species. For the case of aquatic ecosystems, this comprises change of depth or direction of a watershed or drying of wetlands. Within this definition, also the disturbance by natural catastrophes, such as floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, hurricanes, storms, and tornados or other strong winds, as well as landslides are covered.•Discrimination: Any distinction, exclusion or preference based on race, color, gender, religion, political opinion, nationality or social origin (or any other motive determined by the afore-mentioned states) that causes equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or work to be lifted or reduced (Source: International Labor Organization).•Document: Information and supporting media. The media may be paper, samples, photos, or on magnetic, optic or electronic disk.•Drift:The deviation of particles from their intended direction during agrochemical application due to air currents.•Economic Threshold(Integrated Pest Management): The level of infestation or pest attack at which the benefits received (for example, in terms of yield or crops saved) cover the cost of the treatment or application.•Erosion: The removal or displacement of soil caused by the movement of water or wind. Severe erosion implies the removal of the entire plow layer or "A" horizon (topsoil) of the soil.•Exotic Species: Those species not native to the place where they are found. Species introduced from other regions or areas.•Farm: The unit subject to certification or the audit.•Farmer: For the purpose of this standard, the person or entity that manages a farm or group of farms. It may be a company, an individual farmer, a cooperative or other organization or individual responsible for managing a farm.•Human Activity Area: An area of the farm frequented by humans for work or education-related reasons, or an area in which humans live or through which they travel. Examples include: packaging plants, coffee mills, storage facilities, workshops, offices, schools, clinics, houses, recreation areas and public and private roads.•Impact: Disturbance, consequence, repercussion or similar permanent effect of a human or natural cause. Impacts may be positive or negative. They may affect a natural system, the environment, an animal or plant population or individuals (environmental impacts), or human individuals or populations (social impacts).。
Legendrian knots and monopoles
a rX iv:mat h /41559v5[mat h.DG ]2Dec25Legendrian knots and Monopoles Tomasz Mrowka Yann Rollin Tomasz Mrowka,MIT,77Massachusetts Avenue,Cambridge MA 02139,USA Yann Rollin,Imperial College,Huxley Building,180Queen’s Gate,London SW72AZ,UK Email:mrowka@ rollin@ Abstract We prove a generalization of Bennequin’s inequality for Legendrian knots in a 3-dimensional contact manifold (Y,ξ),under the assumption that Y is the boundary of a 4-dimensional manifold M and the version of Seiberg-Witten invariants introduced in [KM]is non-vanishing.The proof requires an exci-sion result for Seiberg-Witten moduli spaces;then,the Bennequin inequality becomes a special case of the adjunction inequality for surfaces lying inside M .AMS Classification numbers Primary:57R17;57M25;57M27;57R57Secondary:Keywords:Contact structures,Legendrian knots,Bennequin inequality,Ex-cision,Monopoles11IntroductionThis paper is a sequel to[KM]where the Seiberg-Witten invariants where gen-eralized to invariants of connected oriented smooth four-manifolds carrying a contact structure on their boundary.An oriented contact structureξ(or more generally an oriented two planefield)induces a canonical Spin c-structure sξon Y.In[KM],the Seiberg-Witten invariants were defined for4-manifolds with boundary endowed with a contact structure.The domain of these in-variants is the set Spin c(M and h is an isomorphism between s|Y and sξ.The Seiberg-Witten invariant is a mapsw:Spin c(The Thurston Bennequin invariant and the rotation number of a knot in S3 generalize to invariants of the pair K andσ.The rotation number is only defined up to sign until an orientation of K is chosen.Both invariants arise because a Legendrian knot has a canonical framing obtained by choosing a vectorfield V transverse to the contact distribution along K.To generalize the Thurston-Bennequin invariant choose an arbitrary orientation for K give Σthe compatible orientation.Push K offslightly in the V-direction,thus obtaining a disjoint oriented knot K′.Then pushΣoffitself to get a surface Σ′so that its boundary coincides with K′.Since theΣandΣ′are disjoint along their boundary they have a well defined intersection number.The Thurston-Bennequin invariant relative toΣ,tb(K,σ)is defined to be this self-intersection number.IfΣis contained in Y(so that K is null homologous in Y)thentb(K,σ)=lk(K,K′):=tb(K)Notice that tb(K)does not depend on the choice of the initial orientation for K orΣ.The generalization of the rotation number is obtained as follows.After choosing an orientation the contact distribution can be endowed with an almost complex structure Jξ,which is unique up to homotopy.Thereforeξ→Y has a structure of complex line bundle,hence it has a well defined Chern class.The isomorphism h induces and isomorphism of the determinant line L s=det(W+s)of the bundle of positive spinors for the Spin c-structure s withξon the boundary If we also fix an orientation for K then we get a preferred non vanishing tangent vector field v and so by the Legendrian property a non-vanishing section of L s Then, the rotation number of K relative toΣis by definitionr(K,σ,s,h):= c1(L s,v),σwhere c1(L s,v)is the relative Chern class with respect to the trivialization of ξalong K induced by v.Notice that the rotation number depends a priori on the homology class ofΣand on the orientation of K.This definition coincides with the usual rotation number defined on(R3,ξstd)as the winding number of v inξstd.1.2Main results.With these definitions and notation in place we can state our generalization of Bennequin’s Inequality.Theorem A Let(Y,ξ)be a3-dimensional closed manifold endowed with a contact structureξand letboundary Y.Suppose we have a Legendrian knot K⊂Y,andΣ⊂M,ξ(s,h)=0we haveχ(Σ)+tb(K,σ)+|r(K,σ,s,h)| 0,whereχdenotes the Euler characteristic.Notice that this result was known before in the case of compact Stein complex surfaces with pseudo-convex boundary(cf.[AM,LM]).Here are two corollaries of Theorem A.A contact manifold(Y,ξ)is called weakly symplecticallyfillable,if it is the boundary of a symplectic manifold(M,ξis identically zero for amanifold with an overtwisted contact boundary. Using the fact that swM,ξis not identically zero?Onthe other hand there are contact structures which are tight but not weakly sym-plecticallyfillable.Thefirst examples are due to Etnyre and Honda[EH]on certain Seifertfibered space and later infinite families where discover by Lisca and Stipsicz(see[LS1,LS2]).4All these results rely on an excision property for Seiberg-Witten invariants. Recall that a symplectic cobordism from a contact manifolds(Y,ξ)to(Y′,ξ′)is a compact symplectic manifold(Z=−Y⊔Y′,where Y and Y′have their orientations induced by the contact structures.Y is called the concave end of the cobordism and Y′is called the convex end.In addition,it is required thatωis strictly positive onξandξ′with their induced orientations.By convention the boundary components will always be given in the order concave,convex.A symplectic cobordism,is said to be special if•the symplectic form is given in a collar neighborhood of the concave boundary by a symplectization of(Y,ξ);•the map induced by the inclusioni∗:H1(M,ξ).There is a canonical way to extend (s,h)to a Spin c structure t on M∪Z.The data of h identifies the restriction s|Y with sξwhile sω|Y is identified canonically with sξ.Together these provides a gluing map and defines t.Thus we have defined a canonical mapj:Spin c(M′,ξ′).The main technical result of this paper is the following.Theorem D Let Z be a special symplectic cobordism between(Y,ξ)and second contact manifold (Y′,ξ′).Let M∪Y Z onM,ξ◦j=±swM,ξ)we have:sw M,ξ(s2,h2)=swM′,ξ′◦j(s2,h2).5Remark1.2.2—The assumption(1.1)can be reformulated as follow:for any u∈Map(M.In this case the map j is not generally injective anymore.All the cobordisms of interest in this paper,will be shown to verify assump-tion1.1,that is to say1and2-handle surgeries.However,assumption(1.1) may be removed.But,the conclusion(1.2)of Theorem D has to be replaced by sw M,ξ(s,h).(1.3)This generalization is proved by refining the gluing theorem E as explained in remark2.4.3.Indeed if two pairs(s1,h1)and(s2,h2)have the same image under j then we can assume upto ismorphism that s1=s2and h1=uh2 where u is an automorphism of sξwhich extends to an automorphism of sωwhich is the indentity at infinity.A result of Weinstein[W]shows that,a1-handle surgery,or,a2-handle surgery along a Legendrian knot K with framing coefficient−1relative to the canonical framing,on the boundary of M′given byM∪YZ,ω)is a special symplectic cobordism between(Y,ξ)and a contact boundary(Y′,ξ′)obtained by the surgery.The strategy to prove Theorem A is to capΣdoing a Weinstein surgery along K.Bennequin’s inequality is then obtained by applying the adjunction in-equality[KM2]to the resulting closed surfaceΣ′⊂M′,ξ′◦j(s,h)does not vanish.This is true un-der the assumption that swM with con-tact boundary(Y,ξ)developed by Kronheimer and thefirst author in[KM].61.3.1An almost K¨a hler coneWe pick a contact one-formηwith kerη=ξ.The contact form determines the Reeb vectorfield R by the properties thatιR dη=0andη(R)=1.Then (0,+∞)×Y is endowed with a symplectic structure called the symplectization of(Y,η),and the symplectic form is defined by the formula1ω=dη(J·,·).2Let M be the manifoldM=M.The Spin c-structure sξinduced by the contact structure on Y is canonically identified with the restriction to{T}×Y of the Spin c-structure sωinduced by the symplectic formωon C M.Therefore,an element(s,h)∈Spin c(1.3.2Monopole equationsLet A be a spin connection on W and∇A be its covariant derivative.The the Dirac operator is then defined by D g A= i e i·∇A e j,where e j is an oriented orthonormal local frame on M.e i is the dual coframe and acts by Clifford multiplication.It is afirst order elliptic operator of order1between the space of spinorfields D A:Γ(W±)→Γ(W∓).PutΨ=(1,0)∈Λ0,0⊕Λ0,2.Let B be the spin-connection in the spinor bundle W+J=Λ0,0⊕Λ0,2so that∇BΨis a section of T∗X⊗Λ0,2.The Dirac operator D can on W J is obtained by replacing∇A withˆ∇in the definition.ForΦ∈Γ(W+J),we have explicitly D canΦ=√M.The domain of the Seiberg-Witten equations on(M,g,s)is the space of con-figurationsC={(A,Φ)∈Conn(W)×Γ(W+)},where Conn(W)is the space of spin connections on W.Recall that Conn(W) is an affine space modeled onΓ(iΛ1):for two spin connections A and˜A,we have˜A=A+a⊗id|W,where a is a purely imaginary1-form.We will simply write the above identity ˜A=A+a in the sequel.We introduce the curvature formF A(X,Y)=12FˆA8whereˆA is the unitary connection induced by A on the determinant line bundle1 is its usual curvature form.The Seiberg-Witten equations areL,and FˆAF+A−{Φ⊗Φ∗}0=F+B−{Ψ⊗Ψ∗}0+̟(1.5)D AΦ=0,(1.6) where̟is a self-dual purely imaginary2-form on M and{·}0represents the trace free part of an endomorphism;thefirst equation makes sense since purely imaginary self-dual2-forms are identified with the traceless endomorphisms of W+via Clifford multiplication.The configuration(B,Ψ)is clearly solution of the equations over C M.The space of solutions Z̟is acted on by a gauge group G=Map(M,S1)and the action is defined on C byu·(A,Φ)=(A−u−1du,uΦ)∀u∈G.(1.7) The moduli space M̟(M,g,s)=Z̟/G,for suitable generic̟,is a compact smooth manifold of dimensiond= e(W+,Ψ),[M,C M] ,where e(W+,Ψ)is the relative Euler class of W+.If d=0,then the Seiberg-Witten invariant is always0;if d=0,the Seiberg-Witten invariant is the number of points of M̟(M,s)counted with signs.Following[KM]there is a trivial bundle over the configuration space(the determinant line bundle of the appropriate deformation operator)which is identified with the orientation bundle of moduli space.Furthermore a trivialization of this determinant line bundle for one relative Spin c-structure determines a trivialization for all others in a canonical manner and determines a consistent orientation.Thus the set of consistent orientations is a two element set.In particular unlike the closed case the sign of the invariant cannot be pined down by a homology orientation rather the ratio of the signs of the values of the invariant for different relative Spin c-structures is well defined.It turns out that this number depends only onM,ξ); this explains the notation sw1Alternatively F A can be viewed as the curvature of the unitary connection induced by A on the virtual line bundle L1/29AcknowledgmentsThis paper obviously owes a large intellectual debt to Peter Kronheimer.The second author thanks the MIT where most of this work was done.He also thanks the Institute for Advanced Studies where he was hosted on several occa-sions.Thefirst author was partially supported by NSF grants DMS-0111298, DMS0206485,and FRG-0244663.The second author was partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0305130.2ExcisionThe goal of this section is to prove Theorem D.The strategy is to show,in a more general setting,that the Seiberg-Witten moduli spaces associated to M′are diffeomorphic for a suitable choice of metrics and perturbations. This is achieved thanks to a gluing technique in Theorem E.2.1Families of AF AK manifoldsWe set-up the analytical framework for our gluing problem.Thefirst step is to construct suitable families of asymptoticallyflat almost K¨a hler metrics.LetM. Hence we have obtained(M,g,ω,J)where g is Riemannian metric and M splits asM=(i)There is a constantκ>0,such that the injectivity radius satisfiesκinj(x)>σ(x)for all x∈M.(ii)For each x∈M,let e x be the map e x:v→exp x(σ(x)v/κ)andγx be the metric on the unit ball in T x M defined as e∗x g/σ(x)2.Then,these metrics have bounded geometry in the sense that all covariant derivatives of the curvature are bounded by some constants independent of x. (iii)For each x∈M\K,let o x similarly be the symplectic form e∗zω/σ(z)2on the unit ball.Then o x similarly approximates the translation-invariant form,along with all its derivatives.(iv)For allε>0,the function e−εσis integrable on M.(v)The symplectic formωextends as a closed form on K.Convention:When the end of M has a structure of symplectic cone as in(2.1) we chooseσ(t,y)=t on the end C M and extend it arbitrarily with the condition 0<σ(x) T onin this section,and the property(2.2)will be a consequence of the as-sumption(1.1).This property will be used for the compactness results of Section2.2.4.However this assumption is not essential as explained in remark2.2.3.•If we scale the metric byλ2,and accordingly scale T,σintoλT,λσ, then the constantκand the constants controllingγx and o x remain un-changed.In particular,we may always assume T=1in Definitions2.1.1 and2.1.2.•In Definition2.1.2,the contact formηcan be replaced by any other1-form representing the same contact structure.This is shown in the next lemma which allows us to modify the symplectic formωZ near the sharp end of the cone C Z.Lemma2.1.4Let Y be a compact3-manifold endowed with a contact struc-tureξ.Letη1andη2be two1-forms such that kerηj=ξ.Then,for every ε>0,there existα∈(0,ε)and a symplectic formωon(0,+∞)×Y such that •ω=1d(t2η2)on(ε,+∞)×Y.2Proof We writeη2=eµη1whereµis a real function on Y.We consider the exact2-form1ω=t3(2+tµf′)dt∧η∧dη.2Let c be the minimum of the functionµon Y.If c 0,we just require that f is an increasing function of t.If c<0,a sufficient additional condition for havingω2>0is2f′(t)<−ln(2etc],2e•f1(t)=f0(t)for t∈[ε2],12•f1(t)=1for t∈[ε4e ,ε]in such a way that we havef′ f′1on each interval where f′1is defined.Therefore,the condition f′<−2MThanks to Remarks2.1.3,we may assume from now on that T=1and that the contact formηis the same in the definition of the almost K¨a hler cone C M=(T,∞)×Y and in the definition of the AFAK end2.1.2.We identify an annulus in C M⊂M with an annulus in C Z⊂Z using the dilation mapM⊃C M≃(1,+∞)×Y⊃(1,τ)×Yντ−→(1/τ,1)×Y⊂(0,1)×Y≃C Z⊂Z(t,y)−→(t/τ,y)and define the manifold Mτas the union of M∩{σM<τ}and Z∩{σZ>1/τ} and with the identify along the annuli given by the dilationντ.The operation of connected sum along Y we just defined is represented in thefigure below.The gray regions represent the annuli,the arrows suggest that they are identified by a dilation,and the dashed regions are the parts of M and Z that are taken offfor the construction of Mτ.Figure1:Construction of AFAK MτNowντ∗ωCM =τ2ωZ andσZ◦ντ=σM/τ,hence,if we scaleωZ byτ2andσZ byτ,all the structure will match on the annuli.In conclusion Mτcarries an almost K¨a hler structure(ωτ,Jτ)defined outside the compact setRemark—Every compact set of K⊂M is also,by definition,a compact set of Mτprovidedτis large enough.Similarly,the structures gτ,στ,Jτ,ωτare equal on every compact set whenτis large enough.The following lemma is satisfied by construction.Lemma2.1.6The manifolds with almost K¨a hler structure defined outside a compact set and a proper function(Mτ,gτ,Jτ,στ)satisfy Definition2.1.1uniformly,in the sense that the constantκ,ε,the bounds onγx,o x and on theintegral of e−εστcan be chosen independently ofτ.Remarks•A simple consequence of the lemma is the following:for all ε>0,there exists T k large enough such that,for everyτ,the pull-backof the almost K¨a hler structure on a unit balls in Mτ∩{στ T k},via the exponential map v→exp x v,on the tangent space T x Mτ,isε-close in.C k-norm to the euclidean structure(gτ,ωτ,Jτ)|Tx Mτ•For all the remainder of Section2,M and Mτwill denote the the man-ifolds that we just constructed at Section2.1.5together with their addi-tional structures(identification of C M with an almost K¨a hler cone,proper functionσ,almost K¨a hler structure and Riemannian metric.2.1.7Spin c-structures on AF AK manifoldsSimilarly to the case of a manifold with a contact boundary,we define the space Spin c(X,ω)for an AFAK manifold X as the set of equivalence classes of pairs(s,h),where s is a Spin c-structure on X and h is an isomorphism, defined outside a compact set K1⊂X,between sω|X\K1and s|X\K1.As we saw in Section1.3.1,there is a well defined identification of Spin c(M,ξ)→Spin c(Mτ,ωτ)when Mτis obtained by adding an AFAK end Z to the end ofand the transition map from W to W Jis given by h over the annulus{1<τστ<τ}∩Mτ⊂C M(where W Jτ=W J).At the level of equivalence classes of Spin c-structures,this procedure defines an identification of Spin c(M,ω)with Spin c(Mτ,ωτ).We stress the fact that Wτis identified with the canonical spinor bundle W Jτfor it is,by construction,equal to it on Mτ∩{στ>1}.Moreover,the spinorbundles Wτrestricted to any compact set K⊂M are all identified providedτis large enough.In Section1.3.2we defined a configuration(B,Ψ)for the spinor bundle W→M.Similarly,we can define a configuration(Bτ,Ψτ)for the spinor bundle Wτ→Mτ:outsideM⊂Mτ.In conclusion we have constructed a family of spinor bundles Wτ→Mτ, identified with W JoutsideτM,ξ),we consider the Spin c-structure induced on M and j(s,h)on Mτ.The Seiberg-Witten equations were intro-duced in Section1.3.2on M,which has an end modeled on an almost K¨a hler cone C M.The equations are given on Mτin the same way byF+A−{Φ⊗Φ∗}0=F+B−{Ψ⊗Ψ∗}0+̟τ(2.4)D AΦ=0,(2.5)15whereΦis a section of W+τ,A is a spin connection on Wτand̟τis a perturbation inΓ(iΛ+Mτ).As in the case of an almost K¨a hler conical end,the almost K¨a hler structure defined outside2(¯∂⊕¯∂∗)and we have D gτB=D can,for B the spin connection deduced from the Levi-Civita connection on Mτand the Chern connection on Lτ≃L Jτ.Therefore(B,Ψ)solves the Seiberg-Witten equations restricted to Mτ\+1 ,(2.6)N0where N0is any number with N0 1;N0will befixed later on to make the derivatives ofχτas small as required in our constructions.We define a cut-offfunction on Mτby the formulaχτ(στ).By a slight abuse of notation,the latter function will be denotedχτas well.For a given perturbation of Seiberg-Witten equation̟on M,the perturbation of the equations on Mτis defined by̟τ=χτ̟.(2.7) 2.2.2Linear theoryThe Study of Seiberg-Witten equations requires introducing suitable Sobolev spaces rather than using naive smooth objects defined in Section1.3.2.We recall very quickly the results of[KM]in this section.The configuration(B,Ψ)is a solution of Seiberg-Witten equations on the al-most K¨a hler end of Mτ;hence we study solutions(A,Φ)with the same asymp-totic behavior.We introduce the configuration spaceC l(Mτ)={(A,Φ)∈Conn(Wτ)×Γ(W+τ)/A−B∈L2l(gτ),andΦ−Ψ∈L2l(gτ,B)},16the gauge groupG l(Mτ)={u:Mτ→C/|u|=1,and1−u∈L2l+1(gτ)},acting on C l by u·(A,Φ)=(A−u−1du,uΦ),and,for somefixedε0>0,the perturbation spaceN(Mτ)=e−ε0στC r(i su(W+τ)),equipped with the norm̟ Nτ= eε0στ̟ C r(gτ).The L2k(gτ)-norm is the usual L2norm with k derivatives on Mτdefined using the metric gτ.In order to define a similar norm on the spinorfields,a unitary connection A is needed.We putφ 2L2l(gτ,A)= Mτ |φ|2+|∇Aφ|2+···+|∇l Aφ|2 vol gτ,and define L2l(gτ,A)as the completion of the space of smooth sections for this norm.For two different connections,A and A′with A−A′∈L2l(gτ), Sobolev multiplication theorems show that the norms L2l(A,gτ)and L2l(A′,gτ) are commensurate.Remark—For any pairτ,τ′,it is easy to construct a diffeomorphism f: Mτ→M′τcovered by an isomorphism F between Wτand Wτ′which are a dilations near infinity.Therefore F∗C l(Mτ′)=C l(Mτ)and f∗G l(Mτ′)= G l(Mτ).In this sense,the spaces C l and G l are in fact independent ofτ. However,the fact that the norms depend onτwill become crucial for analyzing the compactness properties of the family of moduli spaces on Mτ.Of course the choice of l 2is actually perfectly arbitrary thanks to elliptic regularity.However it will be chosen with l 4so that we have the inclusion L2l⊂C1.The Sobolev multiplication theorem shows that G l is a Hilbert Lie group acting smoothly on the Hilbert affine space C l.Furthermore action of G l is free:if we have u·(A,Φ)=(A,Φ),then du=0hence u must be constant. Now u−1∈L2l+1therefore u=1.Let Zτl be the space of configurations(A,Φ)∈C l which verify the Seiberg-Witten equations(2.4)on Mτwith perturbation̟τ.Then Zτl is invariant under the gauge group action and we defineM l(Mτ)=Zτl/G l.17We drop the reference to the indexτat the moment,for simplicity of notations. All of what we say in the rest of Section2.2.2holds for M and Mτor indeed any AFAK manifold.The linearized action of the gauge group at an arbitrary configuration(A,Φ)∈C l is given by a differential operatorδ1,(A,Φ):L2l+1(i R)−→L2l(iΛ1)⊕L2l,B(W+)v−→(−dv,vΦ)and its formal adjoint is given byδ∗1,(A,Φ)(a,φ)=−d∗a+i Im Φ,φ ;notice that with our convention,the Hermitian product ·,· is anti-complex linear in thefirst variable.A tangent vector(a,φ)is L2-orthogonal to the orbit through(A,Φ)if and only ifδ∗1(a,φ)=0;the orbit space C l/G l is a smooth Hilbert manifold,and its tangent space at(A,Φ)is identified with kerδ∗1,(A,Φ).The linearized Seiberg-Witten equations at(A,Φ)are given as well by a differ-ential operatorδ2,(A,Φ):L2l+1(iΛ1)⊕L2l+1,B(W+)→L2l(i su W+)⊕L2l,B(W−)(a,φ)→(d+a−{Φ⊗φ∗+φ⊗Φ∗}0,D Aφ+a·Φ).Remark—There is a slight inconsistency in the conventions of[KM].The linear theory studied there is exactly the one presented in the current paper. However,this is not the one of the equations written in[KM]where F A isreplaced by the curvature FˆA of the unitary connectionˆA induced by A onthe determinant line bundle L.Since F A=2FˆA ,the corresponding linearizedequations should beδ2,(A,Φ)(a,φ)=(2d+a−{Φ⊗φ∗+φ⊗Φ∗}0,D Aφ+a·Φ). At at solution of Seiberg-Witten equations(A,Φ),the operators verifyδ2,(A,Φ)◦δ1,(A,Φ)=0,so we have an elliptic complex0→L2l+2(i R)δ1,(A,Φ)−→L2l+1(iΛ1)⊕L2l+1,B(W+)δ2,(A,Φ)−→L2l(i su W+)⊕L2l,B(W−)−→0; H0=0since the action of the gauge group is free,H1=kerδ2/Imδ1is the virtual tangent space to the Seiberg-Witten moduli space at(A,Φ),and H2= cokerδ2is the obstruction space.Equivalently H1can be viewed as the kernel of the elliptic operator18D(A,Φ)=δ∗1,(A,Φ)⊕δ2,(A,Φ).(2.8) Facts:•The moduli space M l is compact.•By elliptic regularity,M l=M l+1=M l+2=···=M r+1;this is precisely why the choice of l does not matter.So the moduli space is simply referred to by M.•By Sard-Smale theory,we may always assume that H2=0after choosinga suitable generic perturbation̟τ.Then M is unobstructed;it is asmooth manifold of dimension equal to the virtual dimensiond= e(W+,Ψ),[M be a manifold with a contact boundary(Y,ξ)and an element(s,h)∈Spin c(M with Z or Z′along Y,together with the Riemannian metrics gτand g′τand the particular Seiberg-Witten equations with perturbation̟τconstructed in Section2.2.1.Then,forτlarge enough,the moduli spaces M(Mτ)and M(M′τ)are generic, and there is a diffeomorphismG:M̟τ(Mτ)→M̟τ(M′τ).Furthermore there is a canonical identification of the set of consistent orienta-tions for Mτand M′τ.Using this canonical identification the above diffeomor-phism becomes orientation preserving.Remark 2.2.3—If we remove the assumption(2.2)for the cobordisms Z and Z′,then the extension maps j:Spin c(M,ξ)→Spin c(M′τ,ω′τ)are not injective in general.Then we may still prove a generalization of Theorem E:assume that Z is just the symplectization of(Y,ξ)and that Z′is an AFAK end as before,but without19assuming the property(2.2).To discuss the generalization we need to make the notation more precise.We denote by M̟τ(Mτ,j(s,h))the moduli space for some choice of(s,h)∈Spin c(M,ξ) j′(s,h)=(s′,h′)M̟τ(Mτ,j(s,h)).(2.9)Then the conclusion of Theorem E is the same if we replace M̟τ(M′τ)byM̟τ(M′τ,(s′,h′))and M̟τ(Mτ)by M̟τ(Mτ,(s′,h′)).In particular,there isan orientation preserving diffeomorphismG: M̟τ(Mτ,(s′,h′))→M̟τ(M′τ,(s′,h′)).The rest of Section2is devoted to construct the map G by a gluing technique and to show that it is a diffeomorphism.2.2.4CompactnessIn this section,we refine the result of compactness for onefixed moduli space M(Mτ),by showing that a sequence of solutions(Aτ,Φτ)of Seiberg-Witten equations on Mτconverge in some sense asτ→∞,up to extraction of a sub-sequence,and modulo gauge transformations,to a solution of Seiberg-Witten equations on M.We review the arguments proving the compactness of one particular moduli space in[KM]and explain how to apply them to the family Mτ.Lemma2.2.5There exist constantsκ1,κ2such that for everyτand every solution of Seiberg-Witten equations(A,Φ)on Mτwe have the estimateΦ C0 κ1+κ2 ̟τ C0.Proof By construction of the moduli space,Φ−Ψ∈L23;now the Sobolev inclusion C0⊂L23together with Lemma2.1.6tells us that the pointwise norm |Φ−Ψ|C0→0near infinity on Mτ.Hence,either|Φ| 1,and we are done,either this is not true,and|Φ|must have a local maximum at a point x∈Mτ.We apply the maximum principle20at x:14|Φ2|where the last identity follows from the Lichnerowicz ing Seiberg-Witten equations,we have0 −14|Φ|2.The lemma follows from the fact that the pointwise norm of s,F B,Ψis bounded independently ofτby Lemma2.1.6.As we saw,the AFAK structure induces a Chern connectionˆ∇and and a spin connection B on the bundle Wτrestricted to Mτ\Mbyˆ∇AΦ:=ˆ∇Φ+a⊗Φ;in particularˆ∇B:=ˆ∇with these notations.Notice that∇B=ˆ∇B unless the almost complex structure is integrable.Proposition2.2.6There exists a compact K⊂M large enough andδ>0 such that for every integer k there is a constant c k>0so that,for everyτlarge enough and every solution of Seiberg-Witten equations(A,Φ)on Mτ,we have the pointwise estimate on Mτ\K|1−|β|2−|γ|2|,|γ|,|ˆ∇AΦ|,|ˆ∇2AΦ|,······,|ˆ∇k AΦ| c k e−δστ,(2.10) whereΦ=(β,γ)∈Λ0,0⊕Λ0,2.Remark—The quantities(2.10)controlled by the lemma are gauge invari-ant.Proof The lemma was proved in[KM,Proposition3.15]forτfixed.It is readily checked that it extends as stated for the family Mτ.We recall what the ingredients of the proof are.A configuration(A,Φ)on Mτhas an energy which is a gauge invariant quantity defined byEτ(A,Φ)= Mτ\K0 (|β|2+|γ|2−1)2+|γ|2+|ˆ∇AΦ|2 vol gτ, where all the norms,connections are taken with respect to the structures defined on Mτand K0is a compact in M containingLemma2.2.7There exist a compact K0⊂M large enough,and some con-stantsκ3andκ4,such that for everyτlarge enough and every solution of Seiberg-Witten equations(A,Φ)on Mτ,we haveEτ(A,Φ) κ3+κ4 ̟τ 2Nτ.Proof The proof of this lemma is the same proof than for[KM,Lemma3.17]. The fact thatκ3andκ4do not depend onτis insured by Lemma2.1.6.If we look carefully at the proof,using the notations of[KM,page232],we read the claim that K3da∧ωcan be controlled,for K3a compact domain large enough,ωa closed form extending the symplectic form on the whole manifold as in Definition2.1.1,and a=A−B decaying exponentially fast.No explanation of this is given and we provide one now.Pick an arbitrarily smallε>0.We haveK3da∧ω ε2ε K3|ω|2 ε2ε K3|ω|2.Using the exponential decay of a,we have as in the case of a compact manifoldM|da|2=2 M|d+a|2.ThereforeK3da∧ω ε M\K3|d+a|2+ε K3|d+a|2+1。
红色公司年会节目策划书3篇
红色公司年会节目策划书3篇篇一红色公司年会节目策划书一、年会主题红色激情，共铸辉煌二、年会目的2. 加强员工之间的交流，增强团队凝聚力。
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2. 提前征集员工的文艺表演节目，进行排练。
3. 及时发布年会通知，告知员工年会的时间、地点、主题和流程等信息。
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6. 活动当天，确保所有准备工作就绪，活动顺利进行。
九、注意事项1. 安全第一，确保场地和活动环节的安全性。
2. 控制时间，确保年会流程紧凑有序，不出现过长的冷场或拖延。
3. 注意音响、灯光等设备的调试，保证演出效果。
篇二红色公司年会节目策划书一、年会主题红色梦想，激情飞扬二、年会目的1. 提升公司凝聚力，增强员工的归属感和团队合作意识。
2. 展示公司文化，营造积极向上、欢乐祥和的节日氛围。
红白歌会歌词
雨(あめ)の降(ふ)らない星(ほし)では爱(あい)せないだろうモーニング娘都会(とかい)での暮(く)らし便利(べんり)さの中(なか)にある孤独(こどく)な感(かん)じ梦(ゆめ)の中(なか)の梦(ゆめ) 现実(げんじつ)が心(こころ)の邪魔(じゃま)をする仲良(なかよ)く生(い)きていこう平和(へいわ)であろうよ分(わ)かち合(あ)うしかないすべての命(いのち)雨(あめ)の降(ふ)らない星(ほし)では爱(あい)し合(あ)えないだろう仆(ぼく)たちは未来(みらい)までタスキを渡(わた)す使命(しめい)陆(りく)のない星(ほし)にはならないように仆(ぼく)たちが大声(おおごえ)で歌(うた)うのさ故郷(こうきょう)には今(いま)も年老(としお)いた両亲(りょうしん)が元気(げんき)にしてるたまには电话(でんわ)の说教(せっきょう)もなんだか心地(ここち)よい笑颜(えがお)で生(い)きてゆこう健康(けんこう)であろうよ100(ひゃく)年(ねん)やそこらの伟大(いだい)な人生(じんせい)悲(かな)しみのない星(ほし)では优(やさ)しくはなれないだろう仆(ぼく)たちは谁彼(だれかれ)を憎(にく)む必要(ひつよう)はない梦(ゆめ)のない星(ほし)にはならないように仆(ぼく)たちは大声(おおごえ)で歌(うた)うのさ。
雨(あめ)の降(ふ)らない星(ほし)では爱(あい)し合(あ)えないだろう仆(ぼく)たちは未来(みらい)までタスキを渡(わた)す使命(しめい)陆(りく)のない星(ほし)にはならないように仆(ぼく)たちが精一杯歌(せいいっぱいうた)う在没有雨水滋润的星球上我们找不到相爱的理由都会での暮らし便利さの中にある孤独な感じ在都市的生活，虽然方便但有孤独的感觉梦の中の梦现実が心の邪魔をする梦中的梦，反映出现实中内心的丑恶仲良く生きていこう平和であろうよ与周围的一切和睦地生活，真的是和平的事分かち合うしかないすべての命只想共同分享，全部的生命。
日本第66届红白歌会
日本第66届红白歌会作者：太阳花来源：《音乐生活》2016年第02期红白歌会又叫《红白歌合战》，是日本NHK每年过年的歌唱节目。
所谓过年。
就是按照公历算，每年12月31日晚的迎新年节目，歌手艺人分成红组（女）白组（男）进行表演，最后选出哪组获胜。
所以叫红白歌合战。
红白到今年有66年了，相当于中国的春晚。
往年《红白》最大看点之一，就是全家一起看小林幸子的变装秀，最出名的就是2009年的“妈祖装”，她连续出场33年，后来和经纪公司发生纠纷。
等待4年终于重返红白！另外还有乐团“x JAPAN”已经隔了18年。
重新在红白舞台中演出，消息令歌迷非常激动，而杰尼斯男团除了近藤真彦。
加上SMAP、TOK10、V6、岚、关8、sexy Zone共7组艺人出场，堪称史上最多。
除此之外，首次登台的“Sllperfly”、“BUMP OFCHlCKEN”、“乃木坂46”也让粉丝超兴奋！第66届《红白》主题是“THAT'S日本！THAT'S红白！”还特地找上“画伯”田边诚一设计主视觉。
他因为独特画风大受网友爱戴，这次为《红白》画上太阳、富士山、高飞的鸟和音符等插图，插画一曝光就大受粉丝赞赏。
《红白》主持阵容如外传由绫濑遥和井之原快彦主持，绫濑遥以天然杲萌的主持魅力，曾创下高收视率，井之原快彦是NHK电视台展间新闻节目主持人。
有全国观众支持做后盾，而总主持人一度难产，最后敲定由《窗边的小豆豆》作家兼主持人黑柳彻子担任。
据悉，NMB48则演绎NHK的晨间日剧《阿浅来了》的主题曲《365日的纸飞机》，这首歌曲虽然是AKB48发售的单曲。
但是主角由NMB48的成员山本彩担任。
初次出场的乃木板46演绎歌曲《你的名字是希望》，Rebeea演绎《Furenzu》。
红白歌会是在跨年夜播出的，“第66回NHK红白歌合战”上，人气组合“岚”将和大热科幻电影《星球大战》的最新合作。
除了新角色BB-8、R2-D2、C-3PO等人气机器人外，达斯·维达、Storm Trooper等《星球大战》中的代表性角色都将登场，实现岚和“星球大战”规模宏大的特殊表演。
红歌赛策划书--李明川【哈理工】
2011年6月材料学院理论研究会活动指导“颂扬红诗，唱响理工”诵红诗，唱红歌大赛活动主题：党在我心中主办单位：哈尔滨理工大学党委宣传统战部承办单位：材料学院党总支、理论研究会六、活动流程：【李明川】（一）前期准备阶段1、2011年6月19日，申请活动地点（图书馆学生活动室）；由王珊老师负责和学院领导沟通核实2、前期宣传：（1）设计宣传板，以彩喷的形式制作一块宣传板。
由裴尧，邹鑫负责收集素材和彩喷工作，带上大一的相关人员，熟悉业务，锻炼队伍。
【以下任何事项均同此，带上大一相关人员】6月20日制作完成，当天将宣传板1摆放于食堂楼门前。
6月22日，将宣传摆放于1号楼门口处。
6月24日（活动当天）将宣传板1直接摆放在图书馆门口钱的台阶下面的花坛处【白色的】【正在进行】(2)在校园内拉条幅。
6月14日在二号楼门口和食堂前各拉一条条幅。
由李明川与王珊老师，并做好此项工作。
【已完成】条幅1的标语：“材料学院“颂扬红诗，唱响中国”合唱比赛奏响建党90周年不朽篇章”—主办：党委宣传统战部承办：材料学院党总支、理论研究会；条幅2的标语：“诗歌颂扬党90年光辉历程，红歌唱响建党90周年不朽史诗”—主办：党委宣传统战部承办：材料学院党总支、理论研究会；（3）材料学的内部宣传。
通知各系党支部书记作好宣传工作，确保将此次活动的精神和意义详实地传达给全院师生，动员本院师生积极参加；由王珊老师负责。
现已基本完成3、机关党委、研究生支部和各系党支部积极组织本系同学策划比赛节目（每个团体出一个朗诵，一个合唱两个节目），大力开展本院的内部宣传，将此次活动的精神和意义详实地传达给班级每一位同学，动员本院同学积极参加；（二）练习、彩排阶段1、在活动前，各参赛组自行排练比赛节目，自备统一服装。
2、彩排时，各参赛组积极配合工作人员进行活动彩排；（1） 6月20日下午1:30在图书馆活动室进行第一次彩排，要求统一服装，个支部组织好参赛人员，出场次序按比赛时出场次序。
圣诞节化妆舞会暨2011新年狂欢夜活动策划书
晚会主题名称:某某大学某某学院圣诞节化装晚会汇演――暨“2011新年狂欢夜”活动目的：为了让大家度过一个愉快的新年，增进同学之间的友谊，促进各部分之间交流与沟通，也为了庆祝英语四级考试的结束，我们材料学院五大部分及团委特策划举办此次化妆舞会。
时间:2011年12月24日 18:30到21：30活动对象：全校师生主办单位：学生会文艺部承办单位：学生会个部分、团委个部分赞助单位:172校园活动网、入党申请书范文网、大学生精英论坛活动地点：老干部活动中心会场布置:圣诞树放在显眼的地方。
所需物品:a、背景红布（内容：钟式图标、圣诞老人宣传画晚会名称)b、装饰灯光(旋转舞灯,闪光灯及其它装饰灯）c、汽球、彩带棒、荧光棒d、音响。
晚17：00 工作职员签到，开始布置场地，调试灯光音乐，18:30准时开始。
具体由学生会同一落实。
具体活动内容：1.进场时间：18点10至19点10分进场要求：凡进场者均能自带一份包装好的小礼物。
不带者，将取消晚会中抽奖活动和一些大一点的活动的参加资格。
前20名进场的职员，可得到一个化装面具。
2。
进场之后，每人都可以在圣诞树前许愿,有专门的工作职员回在圣诞树前发笔，纸等。
参加晚会的同学都可以在次许愿。
并且,每人都会发一张带有数字的卡片,用于游戏。
3。
18:30 0至18：45：主持人公布当天活动的相关事宜(即当晚的活动主题、内容、形式、到场嘉宾、乐队以及舞会中要留意的事项)4.18：50到20：00：舞会将以交谊舞为主,有平四、快三快四，慢三慢四，自由舞,伦巴,恰恰,兔子舞等多种同学们喜欢的舞曲。
第一、恰恰舞，选择旋律为轻快节奏的音乐.可安排一到两名舞者在舞池里面领舞.第二、伦巴舞，选择快节奏的音乐。
第三、可选择一首比较抒怀的音乐，方便大家跳集体华尔兹.第四、快舞（兔子舞），蹦D时间控制15分钟左右，穿插在舞曲中。
5.20:00至21：00为游戏时间.游戏分为三部分:第一部分：为寻找partner。
Project X 挑戦者たち リヒテルが爱した执念のピアノ
Pr oject X 挑戦者たちリヒテルが愛した執念のピアノ楽器の王と呼ばれる。
モーツアルト、ベートベン、ショパン。
数多の天才がピアノを愛し、名曲を生んだ。
３６年前、ピアノ作りに日本の男たちが挑んだ。
そして、百年に一人の天才との息詰まる日々が始まった。
今世界一の音を目指したロマンティックで熾烈な戦いのドラマが幕を開ける。
国井雅比谷「『Project X 挑戦者たち』です。
今夜からの新しいパートナーをご紹介します。
膳場貴子アナウンサーです。
よろしく。
」膳場貴子「よろしくお願いします。
膳場貴子です。
よろしくお願いします。
『Project X」いろんな人生歩んでこられた方の生の言葉が聞けるって言うんで、すごく楽しみしてます。
」国井雅比谷「私の年齢の半分の若さですね。
」膳場貴子「はい。
」国井雅比谷「フレッシュで新鮮な質問が出るでしょう。
よろしくお願いします。
」膳場貴子「よろしくお願いします。
さて、今夜はこちら３４年前に世界中あっといわせたグランドピアノの開発プロジェクトです。
」国井雅比谷「このピアノって言うのはその声音学で楽器の王様って言うわけですね。
グランドピアノは王様の中の王様ですよね。
」膳場貴子「うん、その王様ですので、ピアノ作りの本場ヨーロッパでは、このグランドピアノを作るのに、メーカーが各社一身を掛けて作るわけですね。
一つ一つ手作り、まさにこれ自体が芸術品というようなものなんです。
」国井雅比谷「そのヨーロッパの芸術品に日本の男たちが挑戦します。
」膳場貴子「はい。
音をめぐる本当にロマンチックな物語です。
」昭和２０年静岡県浜松市は一面焼け野原だった。
その瓦礫の中で、工場の再建に汗を流す男たちがいた。
戦地や疎開先から戻ってきた楽器メーカー「ヤマハ」の職人たちだった。
作り始めたのはグランドピアノ。
いつか音楽が必要な日が来る。
そう信じて、懸命にピアノに向き合った。
昭和２５年日比谷公会堂、出来上がったばかりのピアノ発表会を開くことになった。
09 Masaオープンテニストーナメント ひまわり(7月)
０９ Masaオープンテニストーナメントひまわり（７月） 予選ドロー
７月１５日（水）に全試合行います。
1/2
1 乗田雄造 2 bye Ａ 3 古川努 4 小野智晴 1 下原達也 2 bye Ｃ 3 今井祐介 4 濱野治 1 阿部太郎 2 bye Ｅ 3 阿部勇輝 4 高城雄大 1 鈴木佳太 2 bye Ｇ 3 高橋秀彰 4 五十嵐裕貴
美浜テニスガーデン
門田賢太郎 6-4 6-2
テニスユニバース
#
専修大学
加須市テニス協会
#
干場義政 W・O # 干場義政 6-4 6-2 森太樹 6-0 6-2 大内海 2-6 6-1 6-4
千葉商科大学
エストテニスクラブ
#
フルキャスト
大内海 6-1 ret
政 6-4 6-4
1
5
7
岡崎康太 佐藤悠太
日本大学 日本大学
9
8
宗像祐樹 坂本祥一
グリーンTC相馬 日本大学
9
森太樹 中島拓也
千葉商科大学 青山学院大学
7
優勝
10
中村秀貴 田中謙伍
フミヤエース市川TA 日本大学
11
松野純也 斎藤貴志
YLTC フリー
4
④ 12
小副川悦朗 林大樹
日本大学 日本大学
5
13
氏名
JOP
111
奥田良太 下原達也
9 10 11 12
インスピリッツTC
#
SEEDテニスクラブ
荻原隆行 6-1 6-2 柵瀬大吾 6-0 6-0
13 14 15 16
日本大学
2
フリー
柵瀬大吾 W・O
日本人结婚と恋爱についての调査
【報道関係各位】結婚と恋愛に関する調査■独身男女、８割超が「結婚したい」。
女性の結婚願望は２年前より増加。
■女性が‘恋人’に求めるものは、「優しさ」44％。
‘結婚相手’では「経済力」40％■男性は、結婚後「夫婦共働き」を希望する約７割。
■恋人がいない男女は、約６割。
‘自分から積極的にアプローチしない男性’が７割。
2011年2月4日株式会社マクロミルインターネット調査会社の株式会社マクロミル（本社：東京都港区、代表：杉本哲哉）は、1都3県（東京都、千葉県、埼玉県、神奈川県）の25～39才の未婚男女に、「結婚と恋愛に関する調査」を実施いたしました。
2年前に実施した調査と比較して結婚や恋愛における男女の意識の変化を調べました。
調査手法はインターネットリサーチ。
調査期間2011年1月24日（月）～1月26日（水）。
有効回答数は500名から得られました。
【調査結果概要】【１】独身男女、８割超が「結婚したい」。
女性の結婚願望は2年前より増加。
25～39才の未婚男女に、将来、結婚したいと思うか尋ねたところ、「今すぐにでも結婚したい」と回答した人は13%、「結婚したい」が37%、「できれば結婚したい」が34%となり、合計で84%の人が「結婚したい」と回答しました。
結婚したい理由は、「好きな人とずっと一緒にいたいから」63%、「精神的な安定が欲しいから」58%という回答になったほか、「孤独な老後はいやだから」といった声が半数超ありました。
2年前に実施した調査と比較すると、女性で「結婚したい（今すぐにでもしたい+したい+できればしたい）」という回答が88%と前回調査（78%）に対し、10ポイント高くなっています。
【２】女性が‘恋人’に求めるものは、「優しさ」。
‘結婚相手’では「経済力」が最多。
‘恋人’に求めるものを尋ねたところ、男女ともに1位は「優しい」で4割超でした。
次いで男性が恋人に求めるものは「顔が好み」が3割、女性では「金銭感覚が合う」「経済力」が2割超となっています。
红白歌会
まかせ》，1991《时の流れに身をまかせ》） 陈美龄曾3次出场（1973《ひなげしの花》、1974《ポケッ トいっぱいの秘密》、1975《爱の迷い子》） 欧阳菲菲曾3次出场 翁倩玉曾2次出场 徐若瑄曾1次出场（以“黑色饼干”成员身份） 女子十二乐坊曾1次出场（以表演嘉宾身份） 李纯，钱琳曾1次出场（2007年，以早安少女组。成员身份） 巫慧敏(amin)曾1次出场 谭咏麟曾1次出场 (1989 《爱念》)
节目特色
一年一度的“红白歌会”，是日本NHK国家
电视台为迎接新年组织的大型晚会，通过 NHK的各个普通和卫星频道向全日本乃至全 世界现场直播，参加歌会的演员均为这一年 度的精英歌手。演员按照性别分为女歌手组 成的红队与男歌手组成的白队，双方进行刘 三姐式的对抗演出。
中国选手参加名单
邓丽君曾3次出场（1985《爱人》，1986《时の流れに身を
红白歌会
冯导---出品
简介
红白歌会，官方称红白歌合战，由日本
广播协会（NHK）每年举办，是代表日 本最高水准的歌唱晚会。参赛者都是从 当年日本歌坛中选拔出来的最有实力、 人气旺、人品好并受到广大歌迷喜爱的 歌手。按照性别将歌手分为两队，其中 女歌手组成红队，男歌手组成白队。比 赛通常由红队歌手首先登场，之后两队 歌手交替上场，参赛者可以是一人独唱， 也可以是多人组合。。现代日本人不过 旧历年，但在阳历新年前夜，即12月31 日的晚上，喜欢全家聚在一起，围着电 视欣赏日本人自己的“春节晚会”。
元旦在日本和春节在中国的地位相同，而且此节目收视率多年来一直为
Thank YOU
节目信息
中文名：红白歌会
外文名日文：红白歌合戦 至今届数：65回 放送国：日本 制作单位：NHK 播放时间：毎年阳历的12月31日19:15-23:45 开播时间：1951年
日本红白歌会
日本红白歌会红白歌会，官方称红白歌合战，由日本广播协会（NHK）每年举办一次，是一场代表日本最高水准的歌唱晚会。
参赛者都是从当年日本歌坛中选拔出来的最有实力、人气旺、人品好并受到广大歌迷喜爱的歌手。
按照性别将歌手分为两队，其中女歌手组成红队，男歌手组成白队。
比赛通常由红队歌手首先登场，之后两队歌手交替上场，参赛者可以是一人独唱，也可以是多人组合。
中国人习惯在除夕夜全家人围着电视观看中央电视台播出的春节晚会。
现代日本人不过旧历年，但在阳历新年前夜，即12月31日的晚上，也喜欢全家聚在一起，围着电视欣赏日本人自己的“春节晚会”－－“红白歌合战”（中文一般翻译为“红白歌唱大赛”或“红白歌会”）。
如今，这个深受日本广大观众喜爱的歌唱晚会已有60多年的历史。
1951年日本广播协会开始举办“红白歌合战”。
当时的日本还处于战后复兴时期，经济刚有所好转，由于电视还没有开播，那年的“红白歌合战”是通过电台进行实况转播的。
虽然如此，这台节目还是一炮打响，受到广大听众的好评。
1953年，日本广播协会开播了电视节目，并决定从这一年起将“红白歌合战”作为一项辞旧迎新的重要活动。
随着社会的发展和技术的进步，现代日本的文化娱乐生活更加丰富多彩，观众的要求和口味更加多样。
尽管如此，由于“红白歌合战”的参赛歌手具有日本目前最高水准的艺术才华、人格魅力和良好的舞台作风，观众对这一节目仍“痴心”不改，一如既往地喜爱这个既具日本特色，又有国际视角的晚会。
根据日本电视收视率调查公司的调查，这个节目的收视率最高时达到过81%，20世纪90年代的年平均收视率在75%左右。
第60届红白歌会组图(19张)实际上，“红白歌合战”并不是真正意义上的比赛，它只是通过男女歌手比赛的形式来表现日本最优秀的歌唱和音乐艺术。
其主要目的是检阅日本歌坛的盛况，为广大观众提供一台高水平的文艺晚会，同时发现和培养歌坛新秀，促进日本歌曲、音乐艺术事业的发展。
同时红白不断吸收除日本本土外的出色艺人，中国的邓丽君，欧阳菲菲，陈美龄，翁倩玉等明星，BoA，东方神起，少女时代，美国的ジェロ都有参演，受到欢迎。
(中文)スケジューリング
生产 检测
续上页
其次，在制作的编程表计划中填写上实际操作的日程实绩，就变成了可以确 认进度的表格。上页的图是基本设计工序，在这个表格中填写进去更加详细的工 序内容就成为下面的编程表了。这个表格中工序的作业负责人、计划和实绩都填 了进去。谁的作业延迟了、要想按期完成是否进行人员重新配置等，可以进一步 进行管理上的提升。
炒青菜2 烤鸡肉 串 做鱼2 做汤4 开始
统筹问题演习2
当只有一个灶头时,制定出尽快做好全部菜肴的最佳操作顺序。 当只有一个灶头时,制定出尽快做好全部菜肴的最佳操作顺序。
汤：1。切菜（10分钟） 2。在灶上炖（10分钟） 3。放凉（20分钟） 4。重新上灶炖（20分钟） （放在旁边即可） 烤鸡肉串： 1。切肉和菜。（10分钟） 2。放进烤箱里烤（20分钟） 3。蘸汁在灶上烤（10分钟）
工厂内的大型统筹问题
编程表就是在工厂这样的单位用来进行人员、工序管理的带状工具。横轴为时间，纵轴为 人员、制造设备等配制，每个工序各自的作业开始日期、作业完成日期等信息以带状进行表示。 进而，根据工序不同，也存在某个工序完成半成品需要转到别的工序进行作业的情况，在 这种相互关系中，应当从先进行的作业的完成日明确划一条箭头到下一作业开始的开始日期。
管理方法 设定多个检查工序
结果 问题持续存在 返工花费成本 质量管理成为 “警察局”
华兴玻璃公司解决问题的方法？？
TPS的解决之道
基本思想 排除浪费 管理指标 一次下线合格率 产量、停线时间、 监测检查结果 原则 过程质量控制 （在工序内保证质量） 战略 发生问题时停下生产线 知道是次品就不向下工序传递 精益工具 安灯、人字旁自动化 标准作业、解决问题 培养进行作业指导的方法 培养解决问题的几方法 手法 标准作业的持续实施 结果 排除浪费和 降低流程整体的成本 形成员工配合改善的氛围
他是有多想做红白歌会的主持人……
他是有多想做红白歌会的主持人……▲第71次红白歌会合战彩排结束，回应访谈的关八组合（左起）安田章大、横山裕、丸山隆平、村上信五、大仓忠义（体育日本新闻社）◇第71届NHK红白歌会彩排（2020年12月29日东京·涉谷NHK表演厅）29日，除夕《第71届NHK红白歌会》（明日7点30分）的彩排于东京涉谷NHK表演厅举行了。
对于关八组合的村上信五（38岁）来说，做红白主持是他一直以来最大的夙愿，他也已报名这个“红白的脸面”了。
年复一年，村上口中都不停流露出对红白主持人的强烈向往。
“明年不仅做主持人，还希望关八组合能代替前辈岚，再次掀起暴风雨。
”在杰尼斯事务所的前辈们离开之后，村上发誓要继承他们成为“除夕的门脸”。
听闻今年也错失主持人的位置之后，村上苦笑道：“今年又落榜啦！太羞耻了实在是。
”横山裕（39岁）表示很同情：“年年说想做，年年都错过，太可怜了。
”村上因为善于轻松的闲谈和脑子转得很快，一直很受赞誉，就连NHK台里边，他也担任着两个节目的常任主持人。
大仓忠义（35岁）替他打抱不平：“明明给NHK做了那么多贡献了呢。
”村上说道：“明年主持人我要以全日本最快的速度报名。
穿着纹付羽织袴（日本男性第一礼装）去报！”对于关八组合来说，明年的红白可是大有意义。
同世代的从杰尼斯JR.开始同甘共苦至今的岚，明年就要活动休止了。
岚从2010年开始，连续担任了5次红白的主持。
如果把团队单人担任主持的年份累计起来，总计也有9年了。
与村上关系最好的二宫和也（37岁），也早就在17年就完成主持人这项重要使命了。
为了继承这一份存在感也好，当个主持人是绝对不能旁落的夙愿。
村上表示：“虽然我们不可能成为（岚）的代替品，但这一代代积累下来的东西（已经有了）。
请让我加把劲再试试吧。
”当日，大家在NHK表演厅演唱了“大家舞动起来！一起向前冲！”村上在节目组推特公开的视频上发表了“从彩排以来第一次这么累”这样的评论。
为新冠疫情笼罩下的日本传递活力，为来年达成夙愿，村上宣言道：“21年也请诸位继续期待关八组合。
Contents
Pierre HANSEN GERAD and Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales 5255 avenue Decelles Montreal (Quebec), Canada H3T 1V6 pierreh@crt.umontreal.ca Brigitte JAUMARD GERAD and Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal P.O. Box 6079, Station \Centre-Ville" Montreal (Quebec) Canada H3C 3A7 brigitt@crt.umontreal.ca
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4 Decomposition
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5 Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Restoring Satis ability
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1 3 5 5 6 8 9源自2 Analytical solution of PSAT
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
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3 Numerical Solution of PSAT
3.1 Column Generation : : : : : : : : 3.2 Solution of the auxiliary problem 3.2.1 Heuristics : : : : : : : : : 3.2.2 Exact algorithms : : : : : 3.3 Computational Experience : : : : 3.4 Computational Complexity : : : :
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2011年红白歌会
【企划书】
提出人：北京第二外国语学院日语学院学生会（文艺部）提出日期：2011年10月5日
举办日期：2011年12月7日
一. 活动背景
（一）基本情况介绍：
北京第二外国语学院日语学院所主办的“红白歌会”，至今年已是第二十
一届，成为学校内最老牌的晚会之一，具有较大的影响力、号召力。
晚会形式主要以歌为主，舞蹈和游戏为辅相结合的综合性晚会。
（二）活动目的：
1.丰富同学们的课余生活，增进同学们对日本文化的了解，增进学生会与
同学、本系与外系的联系；同时又可以向全校师生展示日语学院特色
和风采，增强日语学院在全校的影响力
2.展现二外学生风采，让社会各界更多地领略我校的特色。
3.为赞助晚会的各赞助商创造一个良好的宣传平台，利于赞助单位给同学
们留下深刻印象，扩大其在学生中的影响力，提高其企业利润。
二.企划内容
1.活动形式：以歌曲对抗为主，穿插如舞蹈、乐队表演等
其他节目的综合性晚会
2.活动受众：全校本科生、研究生及留学生，老师等
3.活动时间：2011年12月7日（星期三）19：00开始
预计2个小时到2个半小时
4.活动地点：明德厅（900人厅）
三．具体活动内容
（一）活动宣传（信网部、文艺部、宣传部）
1）第一期宣传：11月1日（周二）
①展出地点：东配大厅、中文楼一层、旅管楼一层、主楼各院系宣传栏
②摆放时间：11月1日——11月9日
③内容：红白歌会的简介、节目形式及要求、主持人、节目征集截止时间、
联系人姓名及联系方式、宣传标语、一审时间及地点
2）第二期宣传：11月15日（周二）
①展出地点：东配大厅、中文楼一层、旅管楼一层、主楼各院系宣传栏
②摆放时间：11月15日——11月25日
③内容：扩大红白歌会在全校的影响力
3）第三期宣传：11月28日（周一）
①展出地点：东配大厅、中文楼一层、旅管楼一层、主楼各院系宣传栏
②摆放时间：11月28日——12月7日
③内容：举办时间地点、抢票时间地点、节目亮点、赞助商
（二）准备工作
1）节目审查（主席团，文艺部）
①一审（包括主持人）：11月9日（周三）晚6：30西配104(暂定)
要求：选手自备伴奏。
评委：主席团及文艺部各成员。
工作内容：初步审查选手节目及主持人并进行筛选；
记下各节目所耗时间；
结束后开会讨论，确定后由节目征集负责人立刻通知通过及未通过的选手及主持人
②二审（包括主持人）：11月14日（周一）晚6：30西配104（暂定）
要求：选手自备伴奏。
评委：主席团及文艺部各成员。
工作内容：校内嘉宾到场第一次审查，确定所有选拔和
校内嘉宾的节目及主持人
结束后确定节目顺序及红白方分配。
注意事项：通知通过的选手三审时准备好服装、道具、
幻灯片，拷贝音乐
③三审：11月22日（周二）晚6：30西配104（暂定）
要求：音乐、服装、道具、幻灯片到位
评委：主席团及文艺部各成员。
工作内容：通知彩排时间；
对选手提出舞台要求；
确定化妆的演员节目名单；
再次确认节目顺序。
④主持人选拔：日语系内推荐，四名（两男两女）
要求：活泼大方，有幽默感，反应快，能调动气氛，偏向娱
乐性；
采取现场问答的方式考察；
通过后由节目征集联系人负责通知，主持人串词
三审之前完成，并参加三审。
2）彩排
①一彩：12月3日（周六）上午8点开始全体工作人员到，监督音
响及彩灯的准备，灯光音响的配合，幻灯片片
头的配合，主持人串词。
对选手提出舞台要求。
确定化妆的演员节目名单。
确认节目顺序。
②前彩：12月7日（周三）上午8点开始全体工作人员到，监督音
响及彩灯的准备，演员走台，灯光音响的配合，幻灯片片头的
配合，主持人之间，工作人员的配合。
按节目顺序进行走台，
同时进行布台。
3）表演嘉宾
校内：日语学院艺术团开场歌舞
石佳&张依依（往届红白选手、校园十佳歌手）中日文歌曲联唱
星天外动漫社日语配音
校外：11月15前确定
4）选手及嘉宾奖品
三审后根据外联情况决定
5）教室及场地审批
每项活动前，至少一星期通知学习部审批场地和器材
6）邀请函及节目单（文艺部、宣传部、学习部）
①邀请函于11月24日(周四)提交原稿，印刷，并于11月30日（周三）
开始发到各院系。
②节目单于11月25日（周五）完成设计及修改，提交印刷，并交给主
持人开始准备串词。
7）晚会门票【宣传部（设计）外联部（确定赞助单位）学习部（印刷）其他部部派2-3人（负责发票）】
①票样于11月28日（周三）完成设计，提交审核确定后（主要是确
定好背面所印的赞助单位）立刻印刷，12月14日前完成印刷，数
量1500张。
②抢票时间：12月5日（周一）6日（周二）
中午12：00——13：00
③抢票地点：五号女生公寓北广场（11月26日批场地）
8）片头与幻灯片制作（信网部）
①内容：片头、中场休息、各节目负责人
选手的介绍以及串场视频，在11月21日的一周进行制作
②完成时间：12月4日（周日）彩排之前
9）11月28日（周一）文艺部提交晚会当天工作人员安排表，开全会时布置下去。
四．演出流程及主题策划（详细另附）
1）节目数目：18个——20个（暂定）
2）时间长度：2个小时到2个半小时
3）时间安排：18：30观众进场
19：00正式开始
五．经费预算（另附）
六．活动注意细节及问题
1. 时间和教室都为暂定，若有情况变化，再前后顺延时间。
工作时间表。