2013新外研版英语初二下册Module-4知识精讲

Module 4 Seeing the doctor. 看医生
重点短语：
1.Have got a stomachache 胃痛
2.catch a cold 感冒
3.take sb’s temperature 量某人的体温
4.fast food 快餐食品
5.take part (in sth.) 参加，参与〔某事〕
6.in excellent condition 健康状况良好
7.feel awful 感到不舒服
8.all over 浑身；到处
9.too much＋不可数名词太多
10.such as 像；例如
11.by underground 坐地铁
12.in hospital 住院
13.go running 去跑步
14.stop doing sth. 停止做某事
重点句子：
1.How long have you been like this? 你这样多久了？
2.-- How can I help you? 需要我帮助吗？
-- I’ve got a bad cough. 我咳嗽得厉害。

3.Since then, it has become part of my life. 从那时起，它就成了我生活的一部分。

4.-- How long have you had your bike? 你买自行车多久了？
-- I’ve had it for about two years. 我买它大约有两年了。

重点语法
现在完成时〔3〕
Unit 1 I haven’t done much exercise since I got my computer.
要点全解
1.I feel ill. 我觉得病了。

〔P 26〕
ill是形容词，意为“不健康的；有病的”。

其比较级和最高级是worse, worst;其名词形式是illness.
He can’t come to the meeting, because he is ill today.
(= He can’t come to the meeting because of illness today.)今天他因病不能来开会。

My daughter was sick with a cold. 我的女儿是因感冒生病了。

2.I’ve got a stomachache and my head hurts. 我胃痛和头痛。

〔P26〕
hurt 动词，意为“伤害；疼痛”
He was hurt badly in the car accident.他在车祸中受了重伤。

[拓展] hurtful 形容词，意为“伤害的，伤感情的”。

His words are very hurtful. 他的话很伤人。

3.Have you caught a cold? 你得了感冒吗？〔P26〕
catch a cold 意为“感冒”。

--- What’s the matter with you? 你怎么了？
--- I catch a cold. 我感冒了。

[拓展]
have a sore throat 喉咙痛have a bad cold 患重感冒
have a stomachache 肚子痛；胃痛have a fever 发烧
have a cough 咳嗽have a headache 头痛have a toothache 牙痛
4.Do you do any exercise? 你锻炼吗？〔P26〕
在本句中exercise 为不可数名词，意为“锻炼，运动”。

We should take some exercise every day.我们应当每天做些运动。

exercise作名词，意为“练习”时为可数名词。

I have two exercises to do today. 今天我有两个练习要做。

[拓展] exercise还可作动词，当“运动，锻炼”讲。

How often do you exercise? 你多久锻炼一次？
5.You spend too much time in front of the computer. 你在电脑前花费时间太多了。

〔P26〕
too much意为“太多”，后接不可数名词。

He has too much homework to do.他有太多家庭作业要做。

[拓展] too many 意为“太多”，后接可数名词复数。

There are too many people in the park. 公园里人太多。

--- The meat is delicious.
--- Yes, but don’t eat .
A.too much; too much
B.much too; too much
C.too much; much too
D.much too; much too
解析：too much太多，修饰不可数名词或动词；much too太，非常，修饰形容词或副词原级；delicious为形容词，要用much too来修饰，意为“非常美味”，第二空用too much表示吃得“太多”。

故选B.
6.It can be very harmful to your health.这可能对你的健康是非常有害的。

〔P26〕(1)be harmful to 意为“对...有害”。

Your smoking can be harmful to the health of your children.你吸烟会危及你小孩的
健康。

[拓展] ①harm动词，意为“伤害”。

The dog won’t harm you.这条狗不会伤害你。

②harmless 形容词，意为“无害的”，是harmful的反义词。

Don’t hurt ants and they are harmless.不要伤害蚂蚁，他们是无害的。

③harmfully为harmful的副词形式。

(2)health 名词，意为“健康”。

常用于be in good(bad) health, 表示“身体好〔不好〕”。

Exercising more is good for our health.多锻炼对我们的健康有益。

We are all in good health. 我们的身体都很健康。

[拓展] healthy 为形容词，意为“健康的”。

其反义词为unhealthy“不健康的”，其副词为healthily“健康地”。

The children look very healthy.孩子们看起来很健康。

7.Do not eat fast food! 不要吃快餐！〔P27〕
这是一个祈使句。

祈使句通常用来表示命令、请求或劝告等。

它的主语通常是you(听话人)，常被省略。

在肯定句其动词一律用原形，否认形式是在谓语动词前加Don’t。

Stop talking, please. 请停止谈话。

Don’t be late for class again! 上课不要再迟到了！
[拓展] 祈使句的其他类型：
(1)Let + sb. + do sth.
Let us go home now. 让我们现在回家吧。

(2)以no开头的禁止性祈使句：No+sth. 或No+v.-ing.
No photos. 禁止拍照。

No smoking. 禁止吸烟。

③固定短语的祈使句。

Beg your pardon. 请原谅。

考例
--- Jim, read books while you are walking in the street. It’s very dangerous. --- OK, thank you.
A.don’t
B.doesn’t
C.won’t
D.can’t
解析：空格所在句句意：“吉姆，当你在街上走路的时候不要看书。

”祈使句中动词要用原形，表否认时借用助动词don’t, 故选A .
Unit 2 We have played football for a year now.现在我们踢足球一年了。

要点全解
1.Now I get exercise by taking him for a walk every day. 现在每天通过带它去散步我得到了锻炼。

〔P 28〕
by 介词，在此意为“通过”，by doing sth. 表示“通过某种方式”。

My elder sister learns English by listening to English songs.
我姐姐通过听英语歌曲学习英语。

2.Our teacher decided to start a girls’ football team and I thought,“What a great idea!”我们的老师决定成立一支女子足球队，我想：“多好的主意啊！”〔P28〕decide 意为“决定，下决心”
He has decided that she will be a doctor. 她已决定将来当名医生。

表示“决定做某事”时，要后接动词不定式作宾语，不能接动名词。

She decided to go to school.她决定去上学。

考例
The children their school yard this Friday afternoon.
A.clean
B.to clean
C.cleaning
D.cleaned
解析：decide to do sth.表示“决定做某事”，固定结构，故选B .
3....and she also takes part in the same training with us.
... 她也和我们参加同样的训练。

〔P28〕
take part in 表示“参加，加入”，指参加某一活动并在其中起作用。

I took part in the game.我参加了这场比赛。

Did you take part in the sports meeting? 你参加那场运动会了吗？
[拓展] join也表示“参加，加入”，但join指加入某党派、团体、人群等并成为一个成员，相当于become a member of.常见的搭配有：
(1)“join+党派、团体名词”表示加入某一党派或团体。

He joined the Party last year.他去年入党了。

(2)“join in +某活动”表示参加某活动，这时相当于take part in.
He joined in the game. 他加入了比赛。

(3)join sb. 表示加入到某个行列中〔一起做某事〕。

I will join you later. 我随后加入你们。

4.When I got to work, I always felt very sleepy and I was not happy.开始工作时，我总是感觉到困倦而且不高兴。

〔P28〕
sleepy形容词，意为“困乏的，欲睡的”
The children are very sleepy by ten o’clock. 小孩子到十点钟就很困倦。

asleep in a while.尽管我昨晚睡了八个钟头，但我仍然困，我怕我一会儿要睡着了。

5.Then a friend suggested,“Why don’t we go for a run before school?”于是一位朋友建议：“我们为何不在上学前跑步呢？”〔P28〕
Why don’t we (you)＋动词原形? = Why not +动词原形？是一个固定句式，通常用于征求意见、提出建议，而不是表示疑问。

Why don’t you go to park with your friend? 为什么不和你的朋友一起去公园呢？Why not ask the policeman? 为什么不去问那个警察呢？
[拓展] 英语中表示建议的句型还有：
What/ How about ...? ......怎么样？
Would you like...? 你想......吗？
Let’s...! 让我们......吧！
What/How about going fishing? 去钓鱼怎么样？
Would you like something to drink? 来点喝的怎么样？
Let’s play a game.让我们做个游戏吧。

6.Perhaps I am too weak to do any exercise.也许我太虚弱了不能锻炼。

〔P28〕(1)perhaps 副词，意为“也许”，常用于句首，表示推测。

Perhaps Tony is in his classroom. 也许托尼在他的教室里。

Perhaps we won’t have to use pens. 或许我们将不必使用钢笔。

(2)too...to...是否认结构，表示“太......而不能......”, 也可使用too...for sb. to do sth. (sb.是逻辑主语)结构。

It’s too hard for them to work it out.要解决这个问题对于他们来说太难了。

[拓展] too... to...结构可与so...that...句式或not ... enough to ...结构互相转换。

车太贵，他买不起。

①The car is too expensive for him to afford.
②The car is so expensive that he can’t afford it.
③The car is not cheap enough for him to afford.
[拓展]
①too ...to... 结构中假设不定式的宾语与句子主语是同一人或物时，不定式的宾语应省去〔反身代词除外〕；假设不是，则不定式的宾语要保留。

The water is too hot for me to drink. 水太热，我不能喝。

〔不能用The water is too hot for me to drink it.〕
②不定式中的动词假设是不及物动词，应在不及物动词后加上适当的介词。

The house is too old for us to live in. 那幢房子太旧了，我们没法住。

Unit 3 Language in use
要点全解
1.So you have already been in hospital for two days?那么你已经住院两天了？〔P31〕
in hospital 住院
Jim is a doctor in a hospital. 吉姆在一家医院当医生。

2.Since he started riding a bike... 自从他开始骑自行车......(P31)
start 动词，后可接动名词作宾语，即start doing sth., 意为“开始做某事”。

My elder brother started playing tennis two years ago. And he is now very good at it. 我哥哥是两年前开始打网球的，他现在已经很擅长了。

When did you start learning English? 你什么时候开始学英语的？
[拓展] start后也可接动词不定式作宾语，即start to do, 意思与start doing相同。

Let’s start to play the game. 让我们开始做这个游戏吧。

3.I went running in the park to get fit, but I felt lonely and sad. 我为了变得强壮去公园里跑步，但是我感到孤独和悲伤。

〔P32〕
go running 跑步
She likes to go running.她喜欢跑步。

[拓展] go ＋doing 表示“去做某事”。

经常表示娱乐、游戏方面的活动。

go swimming 去游泳go boating 去划船go fishing 去钓鱼go skating 去滑冰go shopping 去购物
4.The problem is, I do not know how to stop and become fitter and healthier.问题是我不知道如何停下来，变得更强壮和更健康。

〔P32〕
How to ... 在句中作know的宾语，这时一个“疑问词＋不定式”结构。

I don’t know how to do it. 我不知道怎么做它。

[拓展]
(1)“疑问词＋不定式”结构中的疑问词，包括疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词how, when, where等。

这些疑问词和不定式一起构成了不定式短语，这种结构可在句子中作主语，宾语，表语等。

Please tell me how to write an English letter.请告诉我如何写英文书信。

〔作宾语〕The question is where to put it. 问题是把它放在哪里。

〔作表语〕
When to start is the question. 问题是合适开始。

〔作主语〕
(2)“疑问词＋不定式”结构经常放在tell, show, teach, learn, know, wonder, discuss, find out等动词〔词组〕之后作宾语。

The young woman didn’t know what to do.那位年轻女子不知道该怎么办。

〔句中what不能改为how〕
考例
--- Excuse me. Could you please tell me my car?
--- Sure. Park it right here. I’ll help you.
A.how to stop
B.where to park
C.where to stop
D.when to park
解析：由答语中的Park it right here.(就把它停在这里吧)可知, 问句应对地点进行提问；park指“停放〔车辆〕”，而stop指“停止，阻止〔某人或某物〕”。

故选B.
5.And how about choosing some healthy food to eat? 选择一些健康食物吃，怎么样？〔P32〕
How about...? 是英语口语中常用的省略句型，意为“......怎么样？”“......好吗？”，与What about...?同义，它们的用法基本相同，常用在以下场合：
(1)向对方提出建议或请求。

How about going out for a walk? 出去散散步好吗？
What about another cake? 再吃块蛋糕好吗？
(2)征询对方的看法或意见。

What about her playing the violin?(你认为)她的小提琴拉得怎么样？
What about the TV play? 那部电视剧怎么样？
(3)询问天气或身体等情况。

What about the weather in your hometown? 你家乡的天气如何？
How about your uncle now? You can’t leave him by himself. 你叔叔进来身体好吗？你不能让他一个人生活。

(4)应酬时用作承接上下文的转折语。

I am from Beijing. What about you? 我是北京人。

你呢？
6.The World Health Organization(WHO) was set up in 1948 to help ordinary people all over the world, especially in developing countries. 世界卫生组织〔WHO〕创建于1948年，目的是帮助全世界普通人，尤其是在发展中国家〔的人们〕。

〔P33〕(1)set up 意为“创建；设立；开办”。

We are planning to set up a new company. 我们正在筹划组织建一个公司。

(2)developing 形容词，意为“发展中的”。

China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。

[拓展]
(1)developed 形容词，意为“发达的”。

Japan is a developed country. 日本是一个发达国家。

(2)develop 动词，意为“发展；养成”
We must develop children’s reading habit as early as possible.
我们必须尽早培养孩子们的读书习惯。

(3)development 名词，意为“发展”。

With the development of modern agriculture and industry, more and more waste is produced. 随着现代农业和工业的发展，越来越多的废物产生了。

7.... And by teaching mothers how to take care of their children. ......通过教育妈妈们如何更好地照顾孩子。

〔P33〕
take care of 意为“照顾，照看”，同义短语是look after.
You must take care of yourself well. (= You must look after yourself well.) 你一定要好好照顾自己。

[拓展] take care 意为“小心，注意”。

同义短语还有be careful和look out, 但这可以互换。

Take care! It’s dangerous here. 小心！这儿危险。

模块语法－现在完成时〔3〕
[教材典句]
1.I haven’t done much exercise since I got my computer last year.
自从去年有了电脑，我没做很多运动。

2.I have had him for three months now... 现在我拥有它有三个月了......
3.How long have you been like this? 你这样多久了？
以上句子均为现在完成时，前两句含有since或for引导的时间状语〔从句〕，对它们的提问均用How long.
[语法全解]
1.表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，一直延续至今，可能刚刚结束，也可能继续下去。

常与for 或since引导的时间状语〔从句〕连用，用how long提问，谓语
动词用延续性动词。

--- How long have you lived here? 你在这里住了多久了？
--- I have lived here for about ten years. 我在这里住了大约10年了。

We have been very busy since the new term began. 新学期开始以来，我们一直很忙。

2.短暂性动词的转换问题。

英语中有些动词，如come, go, begin, start, die, buy, borrow, sell等，被称为短暂性动词。

短暂性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，假设与时间段连用通常要借助以下几种方式：
The shop has opened for 6 hours.(×)
The shop has been open for 6 hours. (√)
I have borrowed that book for one month.(×)
I have kept that book for one month.(√)
考例
(1)--- Look at these stamps. I them for five years.
--- Wow, they are wonderful.
A.kept
B.have kept
C.have bought
解析：由for five years可知此题用完成时，且谓语动词要用延续性动词。

故选B。

(2)--- Is James at home?
--- No, he Ya’an to be a volunteer.
A.has gone to
B.has been to
C.is going to
解析：问句句意：“James在家吗？”由答语中的“No”可推知后面的句意为“他已经去了雅安当一名志愿者”，故用现在完成时态，排除C项；have/has gone to 表示“去了某地〔还没回来〕”，have/has been to 表示“曾经去过某地〔现在已经不在那儿了〕”。

故选A.
[语法专练]
单项填空
1.He has ill for two years.
A.been
B.be
C.fallen
D./
2.He has studied here he came here.
A.since
B.for
C.at
D.in
3.--- Please tell me how many times to the Summer Palace.
--- Only once.
A.have you gone
B.you have gone
C.have you been
D.you have been
4.--- How long the film The Grandmasters ?
--- For just several minutes.
A.did;begin
B.has; begun
C.has; been on
D.have; been on
用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.I (live) in this city since 1999.
2.She (learn) physics for 2 years.
3.The Greens (move) to Paris in 2003.
4.The film (begin) a few minutes ago.
句型转换
1.They have been in Beijing for six years.(就画线部分提问)
they been in Beijing?
2.They have been friends since they came to this school.(就画线部分提问)
They been friends?
3.The farmer has stayed in that village for 3 years. (改为同义句)
The farmer has stayed in that village .。