电大跨文化交际_期末复习资料(知识点复习考点归纳总结参考)

三一文库（）*电大考试*
Final exam
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A
Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章
Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C
Part 4 Term-matching（10*1）
Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。

Terms/questions:
1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
2. Barber system
–Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.
–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.
3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression
–All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.
4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.
5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception
7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.
Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people
8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation
9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
12. Components of Communication：
Source交际邀请
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
Encoding编码
Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
Message编码信息
The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the
message is the resulting object.
Channel交际渠道
The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
Noise干扰
The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes. Receiver交际接受
The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
Decoding解码
Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
Receiver response接受反应
The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.
Feedback反馈
Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Context场景
The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
13. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.
14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.
15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.
18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.
20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.
21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .
22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .
23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once
25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.
26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.
1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9
Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations
2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?
Verbal difference:language, thought patterns…
Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…
Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes
3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6
An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）
shared Behavior（what they do）
shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）
4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7
Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.
(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))
5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.
Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .
Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.
6. What are the six characteristics of communication?
Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual
Communication is dynamic.
Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. Communication is irreversible.
Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.
Communication is symbolic.
Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.
Communication is systematic
Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system.。