2020-202英语外研版选修8学案： 2 Grammar——非谓语动词

Section ⅡGrammar——非谓语动词
[语法图解]
[典句感知]
①It was foolish of you to lie to your teacher.
②It's no use trying to persuade him to change his mind.
③Her wish is to go to Tokyo to watch the 2020 Olympic Games.
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤People want to know who Mona Lisa is and why she is smiling.
⑥But they looked forward, too, by opening new frontiers in the arts.
⑦The building being built is a new shopping mall.
⑧The bird was lucky and escaped being caught.
⑨Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the years 1503—1506, the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece.
⑩All things considered, she is the best student in my class.
[语法领悟]
(1)①②句中的黑体部分在句中作主语，③④句中的作表语，⑤⑥句中的作宾语。

(2)由①②句可知，动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语，可以用it作形式主语。

(3)⑦⑧句中，黑体部分都为动词-ing形式的被动式，在句中分别为定语和宾语。

(4)⑨句中，黑体部分为过去分词在句中作状语；⑩句中，分词作状语时有自己独立的主语，这叫独立主格结构。

一、非谓语动词作主语
1．v.-ing作主语
(1)v.-ing作主语时常表示一般性的、习惯性的动作或者状态，v.-ing 有时态和语态的变化，且谓语动词通常用单数形式。

Saying is easier than doing.
说比做容易。

Having seen a lot of the world in one's youth is a good thing.
年轻时多见见世面是件好事。

Being laughed at in public is what you will never want to happen to you.
被当众嘲笑是你永远不想发生在自己身上的事儿。

(2)v.-ing作主语时，可位于句首和句末，位于句末时，通常用it作形式主语。

常见句型：
{It is worthwhile/...＋v.-ing It is no good/no use/a waste of time/...＋v.-ing
It's no good helping him. He doesn't help himself.
帮他没用，他自己都不帮自己。

It is no use wasting too much time on such things.
为这些事情浪费太多时间是没用的。

(3)v .-ing 作主语时的逻辑主语
v ．-ing 作主语时可以有自己的逻辑主语，“逻辑主语＋v .-ing ”是v .-ing 的复合结构。

v .-ing 作主语时，逻辑主语的常见形式：
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ 逻辑主语有生命时：名词所有格、形容词性物主代词逻辑主语无生命时：名词通格
逻辑主语是数词、指示代词、不定代词时：通格
His being late made me angry.
我为他的迟到生气。

Yesterday being Sunday postponed the match.
昨天是星期天，比赛因此推迟了。

[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
1．Knowing (know) basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.
解析：分析句子结构可知，此处应用v .-ing 作主语，语境不表示被动和完成，故用v .-ing 的一般主动式。

2．Listening to loud music at rock concerts has (have) caused hearing loss in some teenagers.
解析：句意：在摇滚音乐会上听很吵的音乐已使一些青少年听力受损。

v .-ing 短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。

2．不定式作主语
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧
含义：既可表示一般性的动作或概念，也可表示一次性的具体动作形式：作主语的不定式有时态和语态的变化，也就是说作主语的不定式可以是主动形式也可以是被动形式，可以是一般式也可以是完成式
谓语动词的数：谓语动词通常用单数位置：句首和句末，位于句末时用it 作形式主语
To hesitate means failure.
犹豫不决意味着失败。

To know everything is to know nothing.
样样皆通，样样稀松。

It takes two to make a quarrel.
一个巴掌拍不响。

It is against my principles to do such a thing.
做这种事有悖我的原则。

二、非谓语动词作定语
1．现在分词作定语 ⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧ 形式：一般主动式或一般被动式，不能用完成式意义：表示动作正在进行、状态正在持续或表示被修饰事物/人长久的特征
位置：单个的现在分词作定语时通常前置(也有后置的情况)，现在分词短语作定语时通常后置
注意事项：①作前置定语的现在分词多数已经形容词化②作后置定语的现在分词短语相当于一个定语从句
There are people laughing and people crying.
有人欢喜有人忧。

The building being built now will be our dining hall.＝The building which is being built now will be our dining hall.
在建的那栋建筑将会是我们的食堂。

[即学即练2] 单句语法填空
The park was full of people, enjoying (enjoy) themselves in the sunshine.
解析：句意：公园里有很多人，他们在阳光下玩得很开心。

分析句子结构可知，“________ themselves in the sunshine”作people的定语，people 和enjoy为逻辑上的主谓关系，故应用现在分词形式。

2．过去分词作定语
(1)过去分词作定语的特征
①前置与后置的特征：单个的过去分词作定语时一般要前置(也有后置的情况出现)，过去分词短语作定语时通常后置。

We need a lot of qualified teachers.
我们需要许多有资质的教师。

The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many teenagers.
鲁迅写的书为很多青少年所喜欢。

②语态和时间概念上的特征：对及物动词而言，作定语的过去分词多表示被动和动作已经完成；对不及物动词而言，作定语的过去分词仅仅表示动作已经完成，并不表示被动。

The government decided to rebuild the damaged bridge.
政府决定重建那座被破坏的桥。

When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
当我开门的时候，我发现地上覆盖着落叶。

③扩展成句的特征：过去分词短语作后置定语时，通常可扩展为一个定语从句。

What can I do to rescue the girl (who is) trapped in the big fire?
我怎样才能拯救那个被困在大火中的女孩儿呢？
The fox (which was) shot in the leg couldn't run any longer.
那只腿被射中的狐狸再也不能跑了。

(2)过去分词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别
从逻辑关系上来说，现在分词作定语时可以表示主动和被动，而过去分词不能表示主动；就时态而言，现在分词表示动作在进行、状态在持续或者被修饰的事物/人长久的特征，而过去分词表示动作在谓语动作发生时已经完成或者状态在持续。

He rushed into the burning house to save the little girl.
他冲入着火的房子中救那个小女孩儿。

The boy standing over there is my younger brother.
站在那边的男孩儿是我弟弟。

Money spent is more than money earned.
花的钱比挣的钱多。

[即学即练3] 单句语法填空
1．Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time spent (spend) with his students.
解析：句意：Jim已经退休了，但他仍记得与学生们一起度过的快乐时光。

根据句意并分析句子结构可知，the happy time与spend是逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示已完成的动作，所以用过去分词短语作定语。

2．Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and their use unconsciously, meaning that you will tend to use the words learned/learnt (learn) this way in conversations almost automatically.
解析：分析句子结构可知，learn与the words之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故此处应用过去分词作后置定语。

3．不定式作定语
(1)不定式作定语时的具体功能：表示将要发生的动作，表示一种同位关系(用于ability, wish, intention, decision等词后)，表示一种纯粹的修饰关系(用于time, reason等词后)。

Your ability to analyse problems really surprised us.
你分析问题的能力真令我们吃惊。

It is time to start.
该出发了。

(2)形式：一般主动式、一般被动式、完成式。

I put down the phrases to be memorized.
我写下了要记的短语。

There is not a moment to lose.
刻不容缓。

(3)不定式作定语的常见情况：
①当被修饰的词是抽象名词time, way, reason, chance, ability, courage, opportunity, wish等时，常用不定式作后置定语。

I have no courage to try again after failure.
失败后我没有勇气再去尝试一次。

I have no time to go shopping.
我没有时间去购物。

②当被修饰的词为something, nothing, anything等不定代词时，常用不定式作后置定语。

Do you have anything to say?
你有什么要说的吗？
I want to get something to drink.
我想喝点东西。

③当被修饰的词为序数词、形容词最高级或被修饰的词前面有序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very, the next等时，常用不定式作后置定语。

He was the first to think of the idea.
他是第一个想到这个主意的人。

I don't think he is the best one to do the work.
我认为他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。

You are the only person to be late.
你是唯一一个迟到的人。

④当用来修饰被修饰词的非谓语动词表示将来的动作时，应用不定式作后置定语。

如果不定式与所修饰的词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式应用主动形式；如果不定式与所修饰的词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式应用被动形式。

The medical team to be sent to the flood-stricken areas will start off next month.
派往洪灾地区的医疗队下个月将出发。

⑤there be句型中，作主语的词后常接不定式作后置定语。

There is nothing to worry about.
没什么可担心的。

[即学即练4] 单句语法填空
Have you anything to_be_taken (take) to your sister?
解析：分析句子结构可知，anything与take之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，修饰不定代词要用不定式，故应用to be taken作后置定语。

4．动名词作定语
动名词作定语时通常表示被修饰词的属性、用途等，且动名词常作前置定语。

a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming 游泳池
the waiting room＝the room for waiting 等候室
No one is allowed to speak loudly in the reading room.
在阅览室里任何人不得大声说话。

There is a swimming pool in our school.
我们学校有一个游泳池。

The father is busy making a walking stick for his son whose leg has been broken.
那位父亲正在忙着为摔断腿的儿子做拐杖。

三、非谓语动词作补语
1．分词作补语
分词分为现在分词和过去分词，可以作主补和宾补。

作补语的现在分词通常用一般式，表示动作正在进行或状态在持续，过去分词可表示被动及动作已完成。

分词作补语的常见情况：
(1)位于感官动词后作补语。

常见的感官动词有see, hear, observe, watch, feel, notice等。

Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?
听！你听见有人在呼救吗？(宾补)
He heard his name called.
他听见有人叫他的名字。

(宾补)
The song is often heard sung everywhere in China.
这首歌在中国的大街小巷都能够听到有人唱。

(主补)
(2)在have, get, leave等使役动词后作补语。

Don't leave the work half done.
不要半途而废。

(宾补)
They had the light burning all night.
他们整夜亮着灯。

(宾补)
You should understand the traffic rule by now. You have had it explained many times.
你现在应该了解交通规则了，你已经让别人解释过好多次了。

(宾补)
[特别提醒]
make作使役动词时，后面的宾语补足语只能用过去分词，不能用现在分词。

Can you make yourself understood in English?
你能用英语把意思表达清楚吗？
(3)在with复合结构中作宾补。

With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous.
这么多人看着她，她觉得紧张。

With his homework finished, he started to watch TV.
作业完成后，他开始看电视了。

2．不定式作补语
(1)多数动词(allow, ask, invite, require, advise等)后接不定式作补语时，不定式要带to。

I asked him to buy a torch when he came here.
我要他在来这儿时买一个手电筒。

He reminded me not to forget the meeting tomorrow.
他提醒我别忘了明天的会议。

(2)在感官动词(短语)(see, hear, feel, listen to, notice, watch, observe等)和使役动词(let, have, make)后的宾语补足语中，动词不定式不带to，但在被动语态中(let一般不用于被动语态)，不定式必须带to。

另外，动词help 后的宾语补足语中不定式可以不带to，也可以带to。

He was seen to play in the park (by me)．
他被(我)看见在公园里玩。

He made his daughter play the piano for two hours every day.
他让他的女儿每天弹两个小时钢琴。

His daughter was made to play the piano for two hours every day by him.
他的女儿被他要求每天弹两个小时钢琴。

She often helps her mother (to) clean the rooms.
她经常帮助母亲打扫房间。

(3)with复合结构中作宾补的不定式通常表示动作将要发生。

当构成不定式的动词与with的宾语为逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。

With a lot of work to do, he has no time to hang out with friends.
因为有很多工作要做，他没时间与朋友一起出去玩儿。

[即学即练5]单句语法填空
1．Let those in need understand (understand) that we will go all out to help them.
解析：句意：让那些处于困境中的人明白我们会全力以赴帮助他们的。

“Let those in need ________”属于“let＋宾语＋宾补”结构，该结构中通常用不带to的不定式作宾补。

let sb.do sth.让某人做某事。

2．Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to_speak (speak) to the new students.
解析：句意：完成这个项目以后，她受学校邀请向新生讲话。

invite sb.to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”，且该结构在此处用于被动语态，故用不定式作主语补足语。

四、非谓语动词作状语
1．不定式作状语
不定式可用作多种状语，常见的有目的状语、结果状语、原因状语等。

(1)不定式作目的状语
不定式作目的状语时可位于句首和句尾，且不定式前可加in order/so as，但so as to不能位于句首。

I came here to say goodbye to you.
我来这儿是为了向你告别。

The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time.
这个男孩工作非常努力，为的是弥补失去的时间。

He ran fast so as to catch the first bus.
他跑得很快以便赶上第一班公共汽车。

In order to pass the exam, he worked hard even at deep night.
为了通过考试，他甚至深夜还在努力学习。

[即学即练6]单句语法填空
1．To_avoid (avoid) knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to_strengthen (strengthen) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
解析：句意：为了避免膝盖疼痛，你可以在柔软的地面上跑步，做锻炼来强健你的腿部肌肉，避开(路上的)斜坡，买好的跑鞋。

分析句子成分可知，第一空和第二空在句中均作目的状语，因此用动词不定式。

2．Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice to_improve (improve) water quality.
解析：句意：玉米产量提高的另一个原因是政府鼓励农民种玉米而不是水稻来提高水的质量。

不定式to improve water quality作目的状语。

(2)不定式作结果状语
不定式作结果状语时表示谓语动词所表示的动作的结果。

不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，所以不定式常用一般式。

He tried his best to prepare for the contest, only to be told it was cancelled.
他尽最大努力为这次竞赛做准备，结果却被告知竞赛取消了。

He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own foot.
他搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。

[特别提醒]
动词不定式作结果状语时，有时在动词不定式前面加上only以强调结果出乎意料。

不定式与现在分词都可作结果状语，区别在于：不定式多表示出乎意料的结果，现在分词多表示自然而然的结果。

I worked hard, only to fail at last.
我努力工作，最后却失败了。

The old scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished.
那位老科学家突然去世了，留下了未完成的项目。

(3)不定式作原因状语
不定式作原因状语的用法如下：
①位置：常位于表示情感、心理活动的形容词后，如glad, happy, foolish, sad, excited, lucky, pleased, surprised, disappointed, shocked, sorry等。

②不定式的逻辑主语：一般为句子的主语，若与句子的主语不一致，则要在不定式前加上其逻辑主语，该逻辑主语一般由for引出。

③不定式有时态和语态的变化：如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，不定式通常用完成式，否则常用一般式；如果主语与不定式结构中的动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式用主动式；如果主语与不定式结构中的动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式用被动式。

You are so foolish to believe him.
你太傻了，竟然相信他(的话)。

I'm very sorry to hear that your grandmother is ill.
听说你奶奶病了，我十分难过。

He was really sad to be cheated.
他被骗了，很伤心。

He is very happy for his son to have made such great progress.
他的儿子取得了如此大的进步，他很高兴。

2．现在分词作状语
(1)现在分词作状语时的形式
现在分词作状语时有时态和语态的变化，现以do为例介绍一下其形式：
主动形式被动
形式
时态意义语态意义
一般式doing
being
done
表示分词所表
示的动作与谓
语动词所表示
主动形式表示
构成分词的动
词与句子的主
的动作(几乎)同时发生语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系；被动形式表示构成分词的动词与句子的主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系
完成式having
done
having
been
done
表示分词所表
示的动作先于
谓语动词所表
示的动作发生
Hearing the good news, they burst into cheers.
听到这个好消息，他们欢呼起来。

Having told him the answer several times, I still didn't know whether he could understand.
尽管已经告诉他这个★答案★几次了，但我仍然不知道他是否能理解。

Having been told the answer several times, he still couldn't answer the question.
尽管已经被告知这个★答案★几次了，他仍然不会回答这个问题。

(2)现在分词作状语时的类型
现在分词作状语时可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式和伴随状况，作方式状语和伴随状语时可以变为并列分句，作其他状语时也可以变为相应的状语从句。

[即学即练7] 单句语法填空
1．It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begun. Everyone was silent, waiting (wait) to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.
解析：此处Everyone与wait之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。

2．Pressed from his parents, and realizing (realize) that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
解析：句意：由于他的父母施加压力，并且他自己也意识到他已经浪
费了太多的时间，这个男孩决定不再玩电子游戏了。

the boy和realize之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用realize的现在分词形式作原因状语。

(3)现在分词作状语的注意事项
①现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般要与句子的主语一致。

如果不一致，通常要在现在分词前面加上它自己的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的现在分词被称为独立主格结构。

独立主格结构同现在分词一样，在句中作状语。

My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn't want the children to play together.
我妻子和萨莉谈了很长时间，解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。

(My wife是现在分词短语explaining...together的逻辑主语)
②现在分词作状语时，为明确状语的类型，有时可以在现在分词前加上相应的从属连词(when, while, though, unless, if等)。

“从属连词＋现在分词”结构可以被视为状语从句的省略。

While (he was) waiting for the bus, he met Mary.
等公共汽车时，他遇到了玛丽。

③现在分词作状语时用一般式还是用完成式要看分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作有没有明显的先后顺序。

当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，现在分词通常用完成式，其他情况下，现在分词通常用一般式。

Having written the letter, John went to the post office.
写完信后，约翰去了邮局。

(分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前)
Seeing the beautiful scene, the children felt very excited.
看到这一美景，孩子们感到非常兴奋。

(分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生)
(4)现在分词的否定形式是“not＋现在分词”。

Not knowing how to find the subway stop, I asked a policeman for help.
我不知道怎样找到地铁站，就找警察帮忙了。

3．过去分词作状语
(1)过去分词作状语的功能及位置
①过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况。

其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者，即过去分词表示的动作不是句子的主语发出的。

过去分词与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。

Built thirty years ago, the house looks very beautiful.
尽管这座房子是30年前(被)建造的，但它看起来很漂亮。

②过去分词作条件、原因及时间状语时，通常放在句首；作伴随状语时，通常放在句末；作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时也放在句首；作让步状语时，一般放在句首，有时也放在句末。

Given health, I can do it.
如果身体好，我就能做。

He walked slowly in the forest, followed by a dog.
他在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一条狗。

(2)过去分词作状语的种类
①作时间状语时，可转换为when, while或after等引导的状语从句。

Asked about the matter, she kept silent.＝When she was asked about the matter, she kept silent.
当被问及那个问题时她默不作声。

Discussed many times, the problems were settled at last.＝After they were discussed many times, the problems were settled at last.
讨论多次之后，这些问题终于解决了。

②作条件状语时，可转换为if, once或unless等引导的状语从句。

Given more time, we could do it much better.＝If we were given more time, we could do it much better.
多给我们点时间，我们会做得更好。

③作原因状语时，可转换为as, since或because等引导的状语从句。

Encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder.＝As he is encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder.
由于受到所取得的进步的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。

Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.＝Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.
由于被这个故事深深地感动，孩子们开始哭了起来。

④作让步状语时，可转换为although, though或even if等引导的状语从句。

Exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.＝Although we were exhausted by the climb, we continued our journey.
我们虽然爬得很累，但仍然继续我们的旅程。

Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.＝Although he was laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。

Defeated by his opponent, he never gave up any hope.＝Although he was defeated by his opponent, he never gave up any hope.
尽管他被对手击败了，但是从没放弃过任何希望。

⑤作方式状语时，如有连词as if，就可转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则可转换为并列结构。

The old man walked into the room, supported by his son.
＝The old man walked into the room and was supported by his son.
这位老人在儿子的搀扶下走进了房间。

He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.
＝He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.
他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。

⑥作伴随状语时，一般可转换为并列结构。

Mrs Wu came in, followed by her daughter.
＝Mrs Wu came in and she was followed by her daughter.
吴太太走了进来，后面跟着她的女儿。

[即学即练8] 单句语法填空
Children, when accompanied (accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.
解析：由空前的when可知，此处非谓语动词作时间状语，accompany 与主语Children之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用其过去分词形式。

(3)过去分词作状语的注意事项
①过去分词作状语时，有时为了强调，前面可带有连词，如：when, while, if, though, as if, unless, until等，以使句意表达得更清楚。

Unless constantly repeated, the English words are easily forgotten.
除非不断重复(记忆)，否则这些英语单词很容易被忘记。

When asked why she came here, the girl began to cry.
当有人问她为何来这儿时，那个女孩开始哭了起来。

②过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致(现在分词作状语同样如此)，否则需加上自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。

Given a chance, we can surprise the world.
若给我们一个机会，我们会让世人惊奇。

He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他正在课堂上专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

③有些过去分词(短语)来源于系表结构，作状语时不强调被动而重在描述主语的状态。

这样的过去分词(短语)常见的有：lost(迷失的), seated (坐), hidden (躲), lost/absorbed in (沉浸于), dressed in (穿着), tired of (厌烦)等。

Lost in thought, he didn't hear the bell.
由于陷入沉思之中，他没有听到铃声。

单句语法填空
1．Hearing (hear) how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
2．My mum asks me to_play (play) the guitar two hours a day.
3．It's standard practice for a company like this one to_employ (employ) a security officer.
4．You cannot accept an opinion offered (offer) to you unless it is based on facts.
5．I always help my parents (to)_do (do) the housework at home.
6．Passengers are permitted to_carry (carry) only one piece of luggage to the plane.
7．It's unwise of you to_sit (sit) around feeling sorry for yourself.
8．The ability to_express (express) an idea is as important as the idea itself.
9．When we saw the road blocked (block) with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.
10．The game was so exciting to play that the boy kept his eyes and attention fixed (fix) on it.
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