9-senserelation

More Example
Items 父 祖 外 母 祖 外 儿 女 孙 孙 外 外
亲 父 祖 亲 母 祖 子 儿 子 女孙孙
Features
父
母
女
AMLE
ADULT
DIRECT
GENER ATION
More Example
Items 父 祖 外 母 祖 外 儿 女 孙 孙 外 外
亲 父 祖 亲 母 祖 子 儿 子 女孙孙
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Componential analysis provides an insight into the meaning of words and a way to study the relationships that are related in meaning.
Features
父
母
女
AMLE + + + - - - + - + - + -
ADULT + + + + + +
E.g. My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.
6. X is semantically anomalous
When X is semantically anomalous, it is absurd in the sense that it presupposes a contradiction.
Factive verbs（实情动词）
1. John realized that he had made a mistake.
>> John made a mistake. 2. He regretted having started the
project. >> He started the project.
1. Australia, which was settled by the British in the 1770’s, had been inhabited by the aboriginals.
>> Australia was settled by the British in the 1770’s.
Presupposition Trigger 6
Verbs of judging（判断性动词）
1. Peter accused Smith of Forgery. >> Peter thinks forgery is bad. 2. Mike praised him for his
unselfishness. >> Mike thinks unselfishness is good.
Presupposition Trigger 3
Implicative verbs（含蓄动词）
1. I forgot to bring the book. >> I ought to bring the book. 2. We happened to meet our neighbor in
>> Someone danced the last dance with Mary.
2. What I am looking for is my passport. >> I am looking for something.
Presupposition Trigger 9
Structures and Expression indicating comparison（表示比较 的结构和词语）
Presupposition Trigger 5
Iteratives（表示反复的词语）
1. He promised to come again. >> He had come before. 2. I’m visiting China for the third time. >> I have visited China twice before.
Truth Value Table
P
V
V1
V2
V3
X
T
F
N
Y
T
T
F
Presupposition Trigger 1
Definite description（确定性的描述）
1) John got married last week.
>>There existed a person called
1. X: John married a blond heiress.
Y: John married a blond.
2. X: He has been to Europe.
Y: He has been to Europe.
Truth Value table
P
V
V1
V2
V3
X
T
F
F
Y
T
T/F
Presupposition Trigger 11
Counterfactual conditionals（与事 实相反的条件从句）
1. If I had not burnt the cake, we would be having it for tea.
>> I burnt the cake. Wish/pretend/look as if
the cinema. >> We did not expect to meet our
neighbor.
Presupposition Trigger 4
Change of state verbs（表示状态改 变的动词）
1. He stopped smoking cigars. >> He had been smoking cigars. 2. It began to snow at midnight. >> It did not snow before midnight.
were still enjoying themselves. >> The rest of the party enjoyed
themselves.
Presupposition Trigger 8
Cleft sentences（断裂句）
1. It was John who danced the last dance with Mary.
Y: I have been to your country before.
Truth Value Table
P
V
V1
V2
X
T
F
Y
F
T
3.X entails Y (Y is an entailment of X)
If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is
included in Y.
F
4.X presupposes Y(Y is a prerequisite of X)
1. X: John’s bike needs repairing.
Y: John has a bike.
2. X: The queen of England is old.
Y: England has a queen.
2. Examples
(1) man: [+HUMAN +ADULT +MALE] (2) woman:[+ HUMAN +ADULT -MALE] (3) boy: [+ HUMAN -ADULT +MALE] (4) girl: [+ HUMAN -ADULT -MALE]
3. 语义特征的分类
John.
2) This house was once owned by a
rich merchant.
>> There once existed a house.
3) John’s wife is a school teacher.
>> John has a wife.
Presupposition Trigger 2
Presupposition Trigger 12
Question（问题）
1. Is there a piano in the room? >> Either there is or there is not a
piano in the room. 2. Does he speak English or French? >> He speaks either English or French. 3. When did he come back last night? >> He came back sometime last night.
Y: The dog was killed by the boy.
Truth Value Table
P
V
V1
V2
X
T
F
Y
T
F
2. X is inconsistent with Y
1. X: John is married.
Y: John is a bachelor.
2. X: This is my visit to your country.
Example 1
Feature
Items HUMAN MALE ADULT
Man
+
+
+
Woman
+
-
+
Boy
+
+
-
Girl
+
-
-
附：成分分析与语义关系
同义词：语义成分都相同的词 反义词：一对语义成分相反，其他成分都
相同的词 上义词：比另一词多一个语义成分的词 下义词：比另一个词少一个语义成分的词
Sense Relations Between Sentences
1. X is synonymous with Y
1. X: He was a bachelor all his life.
Y: He never married all his life.
2. X: The boy killed the dog.
1.自然性语义特征 [抽象]、[动物]、[活动]、[互相] 2. 附属性语义特征 [褒义]、[书面语]、[薄]、[软] 3. 聚合性语义特征 [顺序]、[推移]、[循环] 4. 组合性语义特征 [领属]、[支配]、[施动]
4.语义特征的提取方法
1. 内省概括法 搀、推、赶 2. 组合分析法 山、树、房子 3. 对立比较法 柴、纸、衣服 石头、沙子 4. 变换分析法 5. 综合法
E.g. The table has bad intentions.
Analysis of meaning
Componential Analysis
1. Definition
Componential Analysis is a way proposed the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features or semes（义素）.
Attention
前提是说话人的前提，不是句子本 身具有的前提。因此，这些所谓的前提 语应该被理解为表象、理解为潜在的前 提的语言表达、理解为表达说话人的前 提的语言手段。（何兆熊 2000：297）
5. X is a contradiction
When X is a contradiction, it is invariably false.
Presupposition Trigger 7
Adverbial clauses of time（时间 状语从句）
1. After his father died he stepped into a large fortune.
>> His father died. 2. They left while the rest of the party
1. Carol is as good a pianist as me. >> I am a good pianist. 2. Tom is shorter than Jack. >> Jack is short.
Presupposition Trigger 10
Non-restrictive attributive clauses （非限定性定语从句）