英美文学名词解释浪漫主义湖畔派诗人十四行诗拜伦式英雄无韵诗

英美⽂学名词解释浪漫主义湖畔派诗⼈⼗四⾏诗拜伦式英雄⽆韵诗
1.Romanticism浪漫主义
1)a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art from late 18th century to early 19th century in Europe.
2)emphasized individual values (个⼈价值）and aspirations（志向，抱负） above those of society.
3)started from the ideas of Rousseau（卢梭） in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (“狂飙突进”⽂学运动) in Germany.
4)the characteristics of Romanticism（浪漫主义⽂学特⾊）:Passion /
emotion ,Individualism
5)Representative writers(代表作家）:
France:Hugo, Lamartine, George Sand
Germany: Geothe, Schiller
Russia:Pushkin, Lemontove
America (30 years later): Irving, Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau
/doc/3b53650179563c1ec5da71f1.html ke Poets湖畔派诗⼈
Wordsworth，Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England. The former two published The Lyrical Ballads (抒情诗谣)together in 1798, while all three of them had radical inclinations(主要的喜爱，倾向） in their youth but later turned conservative（保守的） and received pensions（退休⾦） and poet laureateships（桂冠诗⼈） from the aristocracy(贵族，统治阶级）.
3.Sonnet⼗四⾏诗
1)A sonnet is a 14 line poem that follows a very specific rhyme scheme(特殊的韵律组合）.
2)Sonnets are traditionally love poems.
3)There are two different types of sonnets:
- Italian or Petrarchan Sonnet( 意⼤利诗⼈彼特拉克推⼴的彼特拉克⼗四⾏诗）:
Named after Francesco Petrarch, an Italian poet from the 14th century
–English or Shakespearean Sonnet:
Created by Henry Howard in the 16th century
4.Ballad meter民谣诗歌⾳节
Ballad meter is a type of poetry that uses alternating (交替的，轮流的）lines of iambic（抑扬格的） tetrameter（四⾳部诗) and iambic trimeter(三⾳格，三⾳步）, with a rhyme scheme of A-B-C-B.
5.Byronic hero拜伦式英雄
1） The Byronic hero is an idealized （理想化的）but flawed (有缺陷的）character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).
2）Characteristics
The Byronic hero typically exhibits the following characteristics: high level of intelligence and perception ，cunning and able to adapt ，sophisticated and educated self-critical and introspective ，mysterious, magnetic and charismatic ，struggling with integrity ，power of seduction and sexual attraction ，social and
sexual dominance ，emotional conflicts, bipolar tendencies, or moodiness，a distaste for social institutions and norms
，being an exile, an outcast, or an outlaw ，"dark" attributes not normally associated with a hero[citation
needed]，disrespect of rank and privilege ，a troubled past ，cynicism ，arrogance ，self-destructive behavior
6.Blank verse⽆韵诗
is poetry written in unrhymed（⽆韵律的）iambic pentameter(五⾳部诗⾏）. It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the sixteenth century"and Paul Fussell has claimed that "about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse."The preeminent(卓越的）dramatic（戏剧的）and narrative（记叙的）verse form in English and also the standard form for dramatic verse in Italian and German. Its richness and versatility （多⾯性）depend on the skill of the poet in varying the stresses and the position of the caesura (pause停顿) in each line, in catching the shifting tonal （⾳调的）qualities and emotional overtones （弦外之⾳）of the language, and in arranging lines into thought groups and paragraphs
The first documented use of blank verse in the English language was by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in his translation of the ?neid (c. 1554). He was possibly inspired by the
Latin original, as classical Latin verse (as well as Greek verse) did not use rhyme; or he may have been inspired by the Italian verse form of Versi Sciolti , which also contained no rhyme. The play, Arden of Faversham (circa⼤约1590 by an unknown author) is a notable （显著的）example of end-stopped blank verse.
Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of
blank verse, and also established it as the dominant verse form for English drama in the age
of Elizabeth I and James I. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare, who wrote much of the content of his plays in unrhymed iambic pentameter, and Milton, whose Paradise Lost is written in blank verse. Miltonic blank verse was widely imitated in the 18th century by such poets as James Thomson (in The Seasons) and William Cowper (in The T ask). Romantic English poets such as William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats used blank verse as a major form. Shortly afterwards, Alfred Lord T ennyson became particularly devoted to blank verse, using it for example in
his long narrative poem "The Princess", as well as for one of his most famous poems: "Ulysses". Among American poets, Hart Crane and Wallace Stevens are notable for using blank verse in extended compositions at a time when many other poets were turning to free verse.。