美英之差

在一定意义上说，美语是在英语基础上分离出来的一个支系，或者如某些语言学家们所说的，美语是一支一直在美洲土地上的英语.虽然英语和美语两种语言的主体部分（语法、词汇、读音、拼写等）是相同的，但最重要的是美语在其发展过程中受其独特的历史、文化、民族、地域等各种因素的影响，形成了自己的特点，与英语有显著不同。

英语和美语的主要差异表现在词汇、读音、拼写及说话的气质等方面，尤其是某些词汇的表示意思。

一、词语方面这主要指英语和美语在表示相同的事物时，选用不同的词语，或相同的词语在英语和美语中具有不同的内涵，也指相同的词语在用法上的不同。

英语和美语中所用的词语不同，涉及到生活中许多细小方面。

再例如在教育方面，英国人称之为public school的学校，在美国则叫prep school，指的是由私人赞助，多为富家子弟就读的私立学校，其目的是准备学生日后进入高等学府深造。

美国由政府出资兴办的public school在英国则称作council school，因为这类学校统归Education Committee of the County Council管辖。

英国学校中的班级称作form，在美国学校中则叫grade或class。

英国大学中的男生被称作university men，在美国大学中则被叫做college boys。

英国大学中的教师叫staff，统称之为dons，而在美国大学中则叫faculty。

再如，人行道在英国叫pavement，在美国叫sidewalk。

英国人把钱包叫做purse或wallet，美国人则叫做pocketbook。

而英国叫做pocketbook的记事本或备忘录，在美国则叫memorandum book。

吃饭时美国人称最后一道食品为dessert（甜食），英国则只把其中的水果叫dessert ，其余的叫pudding。

英语和美语中对股份有限公司的说法也不一样，英国叫limited liability，写作Ltd.，如Matsushita Electric Trading Co., Ltd.美语中则叫incorporated，写作Inc.，如Tandem Manufacturing Inc.。

以上所举的只是少数的几个例子.
二、读音方面英语和美语在读音上的差异主要反映在元音字母a, o 和辅音字母r 的不同读音上。

1，在ask, can…t, dance, fast, half, path 这一类的单词中，英国人将字母a 读作[a:]，而美国人则读作[æ]，所以这些词在美国人口中就成了
[æsk][kænt][dæns][fæst][hæf]和[pæø]。

2，在box, crop, hot, ironic, polish, spot这一类单词中，英国人将字母o读作[)],而美国人则将o读作近似[a:]音的[a]。

所以这些词在美国人读起来就成了[baks][krap][hat][ai…ranik][paliJ] 和[spat]。

3，辅音字母r在单词中是否读音是英语与美语的又一明显差异。

在英语的r音节中不含卷舌音[r]，而美语的r音节中含卷舌音[r]，如下列词在英语和美语中读音是不同的：
英语读音美语读音
car [ka:] [kar]
door [d):] [dor]
river […riv2] […riv2r]
party […pa:ti] […parti]
board [b):d] [bord]
dirty […d2ti] […d2rti]
morning […m):ni9] […morni9]
英语中只有在far away, for ever, far and wide等连读情况下，字母r才明显的读作卷舌音[r]: [fa:r2…wei][f2…rev2][far2ndwaid]。

4，在以-ary或-ory结尾的多音节词中，英国人通常将a或o弱读，而美国人不仅不弱读，还要将a或o所在的音节加上次重音，所以这些词在英语和美语中不仅读音有差异，节奏也显然不同，例如：
英语读音美语读音
dictionary […dikJ2n2ri] […dikJ2nori]
laboratory [le…b):r2tri] […læbr2,tori]
necess arily […nesis2rili] [,nesi…serili]
preparatory [pri…pær2t2ri] [pri…pær2,tori]
secretary […sekr2tri] […sekr2,tori]
5，而在以-ile结尾的另一类单词中，英国人将尾音节中的字母i读作长音[ai]；而美国人则弱读作[2]，例如：
英语读音美语读音
docile […dousail] […das2l]
fertile […f2tail] […f2rtl]
fragile […fræd3ail] […fræd32l]
hostile […hostail] […hastl]
missile […misail] […mis2l]
除此之外，另有一些难于归类的单词在英语和美语中读音也各有不同：
英语读音美语读音
clerk [kla:k] [kl2rk]
either […ai92] […i:92r]
figure […fig2] […figj2r]
issue […isju:] […iJu:]
leisure […le32] […li:32r]
neither […nai92] […ni:92r]
schedule […Jedju:l] […sked32l]
三、拼写方面美国人是一个注重实用的民族，在其文字的拼写方面，他们也是采取了实用主义的态度。

在美语的发展过程中，在拼写方面也曾出现过类似我国简化字的运动(The simplified Spelling Movement)，删除了单词拼写中不发音的某些字母。

拼写上的不同是英语与美语的又一差异。

归纳起来有以下几种情况。

1，英语单词中不发音的词尾-me, -ue在美语拼写中被删除。

英语拼法美语拼法
公斤kilogramme kilogram
方案programme program
目录catalogue catalog
对话dialogue dialog
序言prologue prolog
2，英语中的以-our结尾的单词，在美语中删去了不发音的字母u。

英语拼法美语拼法
举止、行为behaviour behavior
颜色colour color
特别喜爱的favourite favorite
风味flavour flavor
荣誉honour honor
劳动labour labor
3，英语中以-re结尾，读音为[2]的单词，在美语中改为-er结尾，读音不变。

英语拼法美语拼法
中心centre center
纤维fibre fiber
公尺metre meter
剧场theatre theater
4，英语中某些以-ence为结尾的单词，在美语中改为- ense结尾，读音仍为[ns]。

英语拼法美语拼法
防御defence defense
犯法行为offence offense
执照licence license
托词pretence pretense
1 元音:
[i：] [i] [A] [e] [[：] [[] [a：] [Q] [R：] [R] [U：] [U]
[ei] [ai] [aU] [EU] [Ri] [i[] [Z[] [UE]
1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie
three tree green sheep meet beef see seek
eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please
he she me
piece receive ceiling
2) [i] 发音字母i y e
sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss
myth many twenty happy dictionary
defect decide delicious
3) [] 发音字母a
bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man 4) [e] 字母组合ea e a
head bread pleasure
elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any
5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear ur or
girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird
turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger
learn earn earth heard
term her nerd serve
work worm work world
6) [ε] 字母组合er or ou ar o a e u
teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder
doctor actor mayor author tractor
delicious gracious pleasure
familiar collar dollar
together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china
men listen
famulus Saturday
7) [a:] 字母组合ar a
car farm card arm garden
fast class last glass plant aunt calm
8) [] 发音字母u o ou oo
up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus
come mother dose brother love above
trouble rough flourish
blood flood
9) []字母组合al or au our ar aw
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumn
four mourn court bought
warm quarrel quarter
draw saw flaw
10) [] 发音字母o a
hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not
want wash
11) [u:] 字母组合oo o u
food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do two
true truth blue full
12) [u] 字母组合oo ou u o
look good foot book
should could
put full bull pull push
woman wolf
13) [ei] 发音字母a ay ea ai ey
name cake late gate plane April
play say may way
great break
rain paint plain
they grey
14) [ai] 发音字母i y
bike fine find die nine light night high
my try fly eye
15) [au] 字母组合ou ow
house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town
16) [εu] 发音字母o ow oa
home cold go no phone host ghost
know low below grow blow show flow
boat coat goal
17) [] 字母组合oy oi
boy toy joy
oil soil voice choice
18) [iε] 字母组合eer
beer deer ear idea near here fierce
19) [] 字母组合ear air
pear bear chair air fair care there where
20) [uε] hou r tour poor flower shower
2 容易混淆的元音
[A] [e]
bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said
[i：] [ei]
real rail greet great mean main read raid
[e] [ai]
bet bite red write said side head hide
[aU] [R：]
house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn [aU] [Q]
found fond down done gown gone town ton
3辅音
1)
pen pear play pig pour pull push
2) [b] book big boot bike bread break
3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city
4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary
5) [k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (发音字母k)
card cat cream correct climb come account accept (发音字母c)
fox box oxygen x-ray (发音字母x)
school schedule schema (字母组合ch)
6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language
7) [m] man make moon morning move come comb
8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean
9) [N] uncle bank English think thank junk
sing king morning evening
10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag black
world cold could goal soul
11) [r] read red right run room write
12) [f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife
cough laugh rough physic photo phone
13) [v] very evening even every voice vest
of
14) [s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (发音字母s) license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (发音字母c)
licence piece juice science lance space ace (字母组合ce)
15) [z] zoo zebra zero zap
close nose hose suppose pause those whose
16) [W] think thank three thirty tooth mouth
17) [T] that this those these though
18) [F] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash
nation attention station
social special
sure
19) [V] pleasure
20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who
21) [w] when what where window wind wood
22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow
23) [tF] child chicken china chair lunch ouch teach (字母组合ch）catch watch match （字母组合tch)
24) [dV] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge
joy enjoy join July June junk
25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk
26) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink
27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts
28) [dz] goods woods moods hoods
4容易混淆的辅音
[v] [w]
vest west vet wet vine wine very well
[s] [W]
sink think mass math miss myth sort sought [z] [T]
close cloth breeze breathe
[n] [N]
thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing
5 字母，组合音节发音规律
1）a [ei] [æ] [[] [a:] [R]
late private grade bake grape nation station page active hand bank fan parent family glad flag accept about above formative machine cinema fast last glass class past father
wash what watch want
2）e [i:] [e] [i] [[] 不发音
appreciate extremely secret she me he
letter left message generate pebble
decide pretty previous result restore
problem prosperous student confident
active table late wife store lecture
3）i [ai] [i]
high price library ice cream wife size line fist pick chicken piano fiancé city unit 4）o [[J] [J:] [Q] [[] [R]
lode host cold note okay old home
lose do who whose prove
love some other mother honey company today tomorrow together control collect lost hot mock office soft honest
5）u [ju] [u] [Q] [[]
university refuse unique universe huge put push pull full bull
but brush bucket duck bubble
support suggest
6）c [k] [s]
country camp camera courage cable city ceiling celebrate cell cease
7）g [g] [dV] [N]
girl grade glass glade bag flag
village vegetable bridge gentleman gym long song sing morning evening
8) l [l] 读音不同
listen learn language collect English gorilla world cold soil tall sell cool animal
9) n [n] [N]
moon night noodle number
uncle hungry angry young
10) r [r] [[](美语发音)
right read write grade progress
card board door floor form north
11）y [j] [i] [ai]
yellow year yell young yolk
university country pretty happy
dyke dying fly buy by my
12）ar [a:] [[] [R:]
farm card garden mark
dollar
warm quarrel quarter
13) ea [i:] [e] [ei] [i[]
cease season breathe feature meat please bread breast breath meadow weather great break
idea realize
14) ear [[:] [i[]
learn earth earn heard
hear near clear ear fear
15) er [[:] [[] [i[]
deserve serve her person
teacher driver anger singer
serious experience mysterious fierce
16）ere [i[] [Z[]
here mere fere sere
there
17) ir [[:] [ai]
shirt girl skirt
admire desire
18) oo [u:] [u] [Q] [R:]
room tool cool moon noon goof food
good foot stood wood wool cook wood book blood flood
door floor
19) or [ R:] [[:] [[]
short form corn born for
work world worm word worst
tractor doctor actor sector senior senator 20) oor [ R:] [J[]
door floor
moor poor boor
21) our [J[] [R:]
hour tour flour bourn lour
pour court four mourn
22) ou [au] [Q] [[]
house mouth mouse sound found enough trouble touch
delicious gracious prosperous
23) ow [[J] [au]
window meadow know show low
now town how down cow
24) se [z] [s]
nose suppose gose lose pose rose mouse house
25) th [W] [T]
thank think thought cloth
clothes that this then than
26) sion [F[n] [V[n]
propulsion tension progression passion
protrusion provision conclusion television
27) tion [F[n] [ tF[n](不常见)
station nation translation attention
question
6关于语音的几个概念:
Phonics 是一种(方法), 是教育学习者从字母排列中去拼读出单个字来.
AHD表示美语发音,The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language （简称AHD）
KK音标是一套(注音符号系统),是由John Samuel Kenyon 和John Albert Knott 两位美国学者共同编著的发音词典A Pronouncing Dictionary of American1956中用于标注美式发音的符号系统, 这是一套最常用的也是最权威的注音法，从此人们把美语标准发音惯称为KK音标。

DJ是根据英国学者Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典(English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)中的标音而来.
英式读音根据的是English Pronouncing Dictionary 《英语正音辞典》。

它们代表了被称为“Received Pronuciation”（RP）（标准读音）的读音，这在受过教育的英国人尤其是南部英格兰人中通用。

1888年国际语音协会(International Phonetic Association) 的语言学家便制定出一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号(IPA—International Phonetic Alphabet)，希望以一个符号代表一音，并避免各人使用一套自己的符号所产生的不便。

国内的英文字典里最常见的音标为英式发音的国际音标(DJ) 和美式发音的KK 音标，前者乃根据Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典(English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)，后者则是根据John S. Kenyon & Thomas A. Knott二氏的美语发音字典(A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, 1956)。

值得一提
的是，KK音标所使用的符号均从前面提到的国际音标符号(IPA) 而来，Kenyon & Knott二氏仅将其中适用于美式英语的符号截取出来。

音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素.
音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.
元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音. 辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组
成部分,英语中有28个辅音.
开音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine
2)辅音+元音he hi go no do be tree three hello
闭音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head
2)元音+辅音it is of in on up out ant
重读音节词尾的字母组合oo发音素[u:]的音。

如:too(太;也),zoo(动物园),room(房间)等
; II. 在辅音字母f, l, m, n, s前的字母组合oo也发音素[u:]的音。

如:roof(屋顶),sch ool(学校),soon(不久),goose(鹅)等.有一个特例词要特别注意,它就是:wool[u](羊毛);
III. 在字母t前的字母组合oo发音素[u:]的音。

如:boot(靴子),tooth(牙齿),特例词:foot[
u](脚); IV. 字母组合oo在字母d和k前发音素[u]的音。

如:good(好),book(书),look(看)
,特例词:food[u:](食物); V. 在复合词的非重读音节中的字母组合oo发音素[u]的音。

如
:bedroom(卧室),classroom(教室)等; VI. 在字母l和d之间的字母组合oo发音素[]的音。

如:blood(血),flood(洪水)等. [笨笨猪]谢谢你讲得这么详细,你能为我归纳出一个巧记
方法吗? [聪明猴]Let me try!(我试试看!)可以这样记: oo读长还是短,记住口诀就简
单。

d, k之前读短[u],food一词是特例; t前读长[u:],foot需要特殊记; 复合词中要读短,其余多数读长[u:]; l, s, d间读作[],例外还要特殊记。