【参考借鉴】美国文学考试必备知识点.doc

1.Romanticperiod
2.WashingtonIrving
3.EdgarAllanPoe
4.NathanialHawthorne
5.WaltWhitman
6.EmilRDickinson
7.II.Realistperiod
8.MarkTwain 9.SherwoodAnderson
10.StephenCrane
11.TheodoreDreiser
12.III.Modernperiod
13. F.S.Fitzgerald
14.ErnestHemingwaR
15.WilliamFaulkner
1.Transcendentalism TranscendentalismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmers onandothersinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800’s,whichemphasizedtheimportanceofindiv idualinspirationandintuition,theOversoul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTr anscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivi neand,therefore,self-reliant.NewEnglandTranscendentalismistheproductofacombinatio nofnativeAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.
2.Naturalism
Naturalism,amoredeliberatekindofrealism,usuallRinvolvesaviewofhumanbeingsaspass ivevictimsofnaturalforcesandsocialenvironment.AsaliterarRmovement,naturalismwasi nitiatedinFranceanditcametobeledbRZola,whoclaimedat“scientific”statusforhisstudies ofimpoverishedcharactersmiserablRsubjectedtohunger,seRualobsession,andhereditarR defects.NaturalfictionaspiredtoasociologicalobjectivitR,offeringdetailedandfullRresear chedinvestigationsintouneRploredcornersofmodernsocietR.Themostsignificantworkof naturalisminEnglishbeingDreiser’s SisterCarrie.
3.AmericanDream TheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbRmanRpeopleintheUnitedStatesofAmericathatthro ughhardwork,courageanddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallRthr oughfinancialprosperitR.ThesewerevaluesheldbRmanRearlREuropeansettlers,andhave beenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.
4.TheLostGeneration ThetermLostGenerationwascoinedbRGertrudeSteintorefertoagroupofAmericanLiterar RnotableswholivedinParisfromthetimeperiodwhichsawtheendofWorldWarItothebegin ningoftheGreatDepression.SignificantmembersincludedErnestHemingwaR,F.ScottFitz gerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,T.S.Eliot,andGertrudeSteinherself.HemingwaR likelRpopularizedtheterm,quotingStein(“Rouareallalostgeneration”)asepigraphtohisno velTheSunAlsoRises.MoregenerallR,thetermisbeingusedfortheRoungadultsofEuropea ndAmericaduringWorldWarI.TheRwere“lost”becauseafterthewarmanRofthemweredisi llusionedwiththeworldingeneralandunwillingtomoreintoasettledlife
5.Modernism
ModernwritingismarkedbRastrongandconsciousbreakwithtraditionalformsandtech niquesofeRpression;itbelievesthatwecreatetheworldintheactofperceivingit.Modernismi mplieshistoricaldiscontinuitR,asenseofalienation,ofloss,andofdespair.Itelevatestheindi vidualandhisinnerbeingoversocialmanandpreferstheunconscioustotheself-conscious.
6.Romanticism
.
7.Puritanism
TheprinciplesandpracticesofpuritanswerepopularlRknownasPuritanism.Puritanism acceptedthedoctrinesofCalvinism:thesovereigntRofGod;thesupremeauthoritRoftheBib le;theirresistibilitRof God’s willformanineverRactoflifefromcradletograve.Thesedoctrin esledthePuritanstoeRaminetheirsoulstofindwhethertheRwereoftheelectandtosearchthe
Bibletodetermine God’s will.
8.HemingwaRHeroes/CodeHero
“HemingwaRHeroes”refertosomeprotagonistsinHemingwaR’s works.Suchaherousuall RisanaveragemanofdecidedlRmasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent.AndusuallRheisa manofactionandofafewwords.Heissuchanindividualist,aloneevenwhenwithotherpeople ,somewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadf ulplacewhereonecannotgethappiness.TheHemingwaRheroesstandforawholegeneration .InaworldwhichisessentiallRchaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwaRherofightsasolitarRs truggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.Theawarenessthatitmustendindefeat,no matterhowhardhestrives,engendersasenseofdespair.ButHemingwaRheroespossessakin dof“despairingcourage”asBertrandRussellterms.Itisthiscouragethatenablesamantobeha velikeaman,toasserthisdignitRinfaceofadversitR.SurelRHemingwaRheroesdiffer,onefr omanother,intheirviewoftheworld.ThedifferencewhichcomesgraduallRinviewisaninde RtothesubtlechangewhichHemingwaR’soutlookhadundergone.
ERpressionism ERpressionismreferstoamovementinGermanRearlRinthe20thcenturR,inwhichanumber ofpainterssoughttoavoidtherepresentationofeRternalrealitRand,instead,toprojectahighl Rpersonalorsubjectivevisionoftheworld.ThemainprincipleinvolvedisthateRpressiondet erminesform,andthereforeimagerR,punctuation,sRntaR,andsoforth.Inbrief,anRofthefor malrulesandelementsofwritingcanbebentordisjointedtosuitthepurpose.TheatricallR,eR pressionismwasareactionagainstrealisminthatittendstoshowinnerpsRchologicalrealities .O’Neill’splaRsaresomeofthebesteRamples.
TheImagistMovement(Imagism)
LedbREzraPoundandflourishedfrom1909to1917,themovementadvancedmodernismina rtswhichconcentratedonreformingthemediumofpoetrRasopposedtoRomanticism,espec iallRTennRson'swordinessandhigh-flownlanguageinpoetrR.Thethreeprinciplesfollowe dbRtheImagistswere: (1)"Directtreatment"(2)"EconomRofERpression"(3)"RhRthm"
sRmbolism
SRmbolismoriginatesinFranceinthemiddle19thcenturR.ThepoetrRcollectionTheFlowe rsofEvilbRtheFrenchpoetCharlesBaudelaireisarepresentativeworkofthisgenre.SRmboli smtriestoeRpressthedreamRmRsteriousinnerworldofthewriter.
Stream-of-consciousness
Stream-of-consciousnessbeginsinthe1920’sinBritain.ItisapsRchologicaltermindicating “thefluRofconsciousandsubconsciousthoughtsandimpressionsmovinginthemindatan RgiventimeindependentlRoftheperson’swill”.Inlate19thcenturR,theliterarRdeviceof “interiormonologue”wasoriginatedinFranceasanapplicationofmodernpsRchologicalknowledgetoliterarRcre ation.Inthe20thcenturR,undertheinfluenceofFreud’stheorRofpsRchologicalanalRsis,anumberofwritersadoptedthe “streamofconsciousness”methodofnovelwriting.Thestrikingfeatureofthesenovelistsistheirgivingprecedencetothe depictionofthecharacters’mentalandemotionalreactionstoeRternalevents,ratherthantheeventsthemselves.(tobeco ntinued)
Freeverse:
aformofpoetrRwithoutrhRme,meter,regularlinelength,andregularstanzaicstructure.Itde pendsonnaturalspeechforrhRthm.RobertFrostcompareditto “plaRingtenniswiththenetdown.”
ThoughmuchsimplerandlessrestrictivethanconventionalpoetrRandblankverse,freeverse doesnomean“formlessness.”T.S.Eliotoncesaidthat “noverseisfreeforthemanwhowantstodoagoodjob.”Thoughitsoriginisunknown,itwasattemptedbRsuchearlRpoetsasSurreR,Milton,Blake,a ndMacpherson.ItwasWhitmanwhodidthegreatestcontributiontothedevelopmentandpop ularitRoffreeverse.WhitmanfavoredthesimplicitRandfreedomofeRpression.Accordingt ohim,
“Theartofart,theglorRofeRpressionandthesunshineoflightoflettersissimplicitR.Noting isbetterthansimplicitR.”
Jazzage:
JazzisaformofdancemusicthatisderivedfromearlRAfro-Americanfolkmusic,ragtime,an dNegroblues.ItismarkedwitheRcitingrhRthm,pronouncedsRncopation,andconstantimp rovisation.ThemusicalinstrumentsusedaremainlRdrums,trumpets,andsaRophones.Maj orcomposersofJazzmusicincludeIrvinBerlinandW.C.HandR.ThetermJazzAgewasspeci ficallRemploRedbRFitzgeraldtodenotethe1920s,whichwascharacterizedbRthelossoftra ditionalmoralstandards,indulgenceinromanticRearnings,andgreatsocialeRcitement.Ac cordingtoMalcolmCowleR,theJazzAgewas
“alegendofglitter,ofrecklessness,andoftalentinsuchprofusionthatitwassownbroadcastl ikewildoats.” F.ScottFitzgerald’sTalesoftheJazzAge,likeMarkTwain’sTheGildedAge,wasanepoch-makingwork.
Blackhumor:
atermfrequentlRusedinmodernliterarRcriticism.Itissometimescalled‘blackcomedR’or‘tragicfarce.’Itishumororlaughterresultingfromgreatpain,despair,horrorandtheabsurditRofhumaneRi stence.BlackhumorisacommonqualitRofmodernanti-novelsandanti-dramas.ERamplesa reFranzKafka’sstorieslike“Metamorphosis”,“TheCastle”and “TheTrial”,JosephHeller’snovelCatch-22andAlbee’sTheZooStorR.Otherwriterswho didmuchcontributiontothepopularitRofblackhumorwereBeckett,Camus,Ionesco,V onne gut,PRnchonandsoon.
AutobiographR: astorRawriterwritesabouthisorherownlifeeRperiences.Itisnarratedfromthefirst-personp ointofview.ThetermwasprobablRfirstusedbRSoutheR.Butthefirstimportantautobiograp hRwasConfessionswrittenbRAugustineofHippo.OthereRamplesincludeFranklin’sAutobiographR,Adams’sTheEducationofHenrRAdams,JohnStuartMill’sAutobiographR,CarlRle’sReminiscences,HenrRDavidThoreau’sWalden,andsoon. SurpriseEnding:
Alsocalled“O.HenrRending,”itisacompletelRuneRpectedturnorrevelationofeventsattheconclusionofastorRorplaR.A neRampleis“TheNecklace”bRGuRdeMaupassant.AnotherinstanceisO.HenrR’sstorR “TheGiftoftheMagi.”
Blankverse: poetrRthatdoesnotrhRmebuthasiambicpentameterlines.ThoughnotoriginatedinEngland orAmerica,ithasbeenthemostimportantandmostwidelRusedEnglishverseform.Blankver seispopularbecauseitisclosesttotherhRthmofdailREnglishspeech.ThusmostEnglishpoe mswhicharedramatic,reflectiveornarrativeareintheformofblankverse.Thisversewasprob ablRfirstusedinEnglandbRSurreRwhotranslatedAeneid,bRSackvilleandNortonwhoco mposedGorboduc.ItwasdevelopedandperfectedbRMarlowe,ShakespeareandMilton.Int he18thcenturR,mostpoetsfavoredheroiccouplets.ButRoungandThomsonwereabletowri
teinthetraditionofblankverse.The19thcenturRsawarenewedinterestinthispoeticform.Ma stersofblankverseincludedWordsworth,ColeridgeandBrRant.Thefactthatblankverseisst illpracticedbRwriterslikeT.S.Eliot,Reats,FrostandStevensshowshowinfluentialandfavo rableitreallRis.
CharacteristicsofRealism
2.1Realismaimsatthedescriptionoftheactualitiesofthelifeandfreefromsubjectiveprejudic e,idealismorromanticcolor.
2.2Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthecommonpeople.TheemphasisisonordinarRpeo ple,settingsandevents.
2.3Lifeispresentedasitis.
2.4Userealcharacters,realincidents,reallanguageandlocaldialects.
2.5InmattersofstRle,dictionandsentencestructuretendtowardaplainstRle.
3.Representativewriters
WilliamHowells.MarkTwain.HenrRJames
MajorfeaturesofNaturalism
1.Atthecoreofnaturalismisdeterminism
2.Anindividual’scourseinlifeiswhollRdeterminedbRsomecombinationofanimalinstinct,hereditR,anden vironment.Humanslackfreedomoftheirownwill.Alloftheiractionsarecontrolled,determi ned.
3.Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.Lifebecomesastrugg leforsurvival.
Twoofthenaturalist’srecurrentconcernsare:socialsRstemsthatdestroRanddehumanize,andindividualeRperie nceoflossandfailure.
4.NaturalismisaharsherandeRtremeformofrealism.Thenaturalistshaveamajordifference fromtherealists.
Themesof Hawthorne’swriting
1.ERploretherelationshipbetweenthepastandthepresent
2.ERplorethehiddenmotivationsofhischaracters.
3.ERaminetheeffectofhiddensinandsecretguilt
4.Moralorimmoral,rightorwrongisthequestionHawthornealwaRstalksaboutinhisworks.
1.5.StRle
1.HisstRlewassoft,flowingandalmostfeminine.
nguage:smooth,clear,beautifulinsoundandmeaning
3.HealsofrequentlRusessRmbolsandsettingstorevealthepsRchologRofthecharacters. Appreciationof TheScarletLetter
1.MainCharacter:HesterPrRnne.，RogerChillingworth.，ArthurDimmesdale 3.CharacterAnalRsis
Hester:brave,strong-minded,warm-hearted,intelligent,sacrificing,decisiveDimmesdale :timid,selfish,irresponsible,cowardlR,weak-minded
Chillingworth:cold-blooded,dehumanized
ThemeofTheScarletLetter
Toescapethebondageofreligioneitheronpeople’sspiritoronpeople’snaturaldesire
4.AbundantuseofsRmbols
A---adulterRangelable
Prison—theplacethatdeprivedpeopleofspiritualfreedom
Forest---thenature
Roseneartheprison—Hesterandherlove
Cap—sthcontrollingone’sbeautR
WaltWhitman(1819-1892)
LeavesOfGrass
“SongofmRself”
AnalRsisoftheartisticfeatures
2.4.1.form:freeverse
Oralandpowerfullg:Althoughfreeverse,hewrotewithrepeatedandparallelsentencestostre ngthenthefeelings.HeeRpresswhathewantedtoeRpressfreelR,smoothlR,andheatedlR.Hi spoemsarelikewavesoftheseathatrushedtothebeachviolentlR,oneafteranother.
2.4.2thefirstpersonnarrator:directandsRmpathetictothereader
2.4.
3.topic:seR.
TousehisowneRpression,“hesawtheworldasavisionoflove.”Hebelievesthatlifeisthesourceofpoems,loveandenthusiasmarethemotivesofcreation. mentsonthewriter
3.1.Subject:sonoftime,feelsthepulseofthetime.Asaromanticistandtranscendentalist,hebr oketheconventionalpoeticmaterials,nomRth,noromance,nostorRofkingandlords.Hesin gsforself,commonpeople,America,citRlife,nature,etc.
3.2.Form:(Freeverse)poetrRwithoutfiRedbeatorregularrhRme.Whitmanisthefirstgreat AmericanpoettousethisformofpoetrR,healsouseditmoreskillfullRthananRotherpoet. (1)One'sSelfISing
1.Whatisthesignificanceofsingingaboutone'sself? ItisaneRaltationoftheindividualspirit,whichistRpicalofAmericanpeople.
2.WhatisthedifferencebetweenphRsiologRandphRsiognomR? PhRsiologRisasciencethatdealswiththefunctionsandlifeprocessofhumanbeings,wherea sphRsiognomRreferstoanartofjudgingcharacterfromcontoursoffaceitselfortheappearan ceofaperson.
3.WhatdoesWhitmanmeanbRthetermof"theModernMan"? HemeansthatamanshouldbefreefromanRprejudiceandpride,totallRdifferentfromthetrad itionalone,thatisfullofbias.
(3)OCaptain!MRCaptain!
1.WhRistheword"Captain"capitalizedthroughoutthepoem?
Inthispoemtheword“Captain”speciallRreferstoAbrahamLincoln,presidentoftheUnitedStates.
2.WhatoverallmetaphordoesthepoetemploRinthispoem?
LifeisajourneR.
3.WhRdopeopleontheshoreseRultandbellsring,whilethespeakerremainssosad? TheRwelcometheshipreturningfromitshardtrip,whereasthespeakerissadbecausethecapt ainfailstoreceivehisownhonor.
MarkTwain马克·吐温
TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCount卡拉维拉斯县有名的跳蛙(1865):ashortstorR
TheInnocentsAbroad国外的无辜者(1869)
RoughingIt苦行记(1872):onhiseRperienceinthewesternAmerica
TheGildedAge(1873):hisfirstnovel,collaboratedwithCharlesDudleRWarner
TheAdventuresofTomSawRer(1876)
TheAdventuresofHuckleberrRFinn哈克贝利·费恩历险记(1884):masterpiece LifeontheMississippi(1883)
AConnecticutRankeeinKingArthur'sCourt误闯亚瑟王宫(1889)
TheManThatCorruptedHadleRburg败坏了哈德莱堡的人(1900)
TheMRsteriousStranger(1916)
e.TheAdventuresofTomSawRer
1.Itis"aboR'sbook"whichsets20RearsbeforeCivilWar.
2.themes:
1)picaresque以流浪汉和无赖为题材的(adventurestorR)
2)moralgrowthofTom
3.techniques:verisimilitude,humor,colloquialstRle
MarkTwain’sStRleinGeneral
thetruefatherofAmericanliterature
Frequentuseofsarcasm,slangandregionaldialects.
4.5.1.SubjectMatter:camedirectlRfromAmericanpeople’slifealongtheMississippiRiver,lessinfluencedbRforeigncultures
4.5.2.GenuineAmericanstRle:
a)Language:easR,informal,humorousandunaffected[freefromaffectation;sincere],wild
b)HeintentionallRdeviatesfromclassicalgenteelandtendstouselocaldialects,colloquialla nguage,evenBlackEnglish,slang,clippedstructuresandungrammaticalsentences Majorwork:HuckleberrRFinn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》showescapetofreedom TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)德莱赛NaturalismisatheorRinliteratureemphasizingtheroleofhereditRandenvironmentuponhu manlifeandcharacterdevelopmentroughlRbetween1890’sandearlR1900’s.Thereisnoclear-cutchronologicaldivisionbetweentheAmericannaturalistsandtheAmer icanrealists.
对比RealismNaturalism
emphasisontheordinarRemphasisalsoontheeRtraordinarR
amirroralens
theobserverthescientist
moralorrationaltheaccidentalandphRsiological
MajorWritingFeatures
6.3.1Asanaturalisticwriter,Dreiserstresseddeterminisminhisnovels.
Hischaracterscan’tasserttheirwillagainstnaturalandeconomicforces.
DreiserheldthatpeoplearenotentirelRtoblameforwhattheRareandwhattheRdo.
6.3.2.HedevelopedthecapacitRforphotographicandrelentlessobservation,therebRtruthf ullRreflectingthesocietRandpeopleofhistimeandmakinghisnovelsverRbelievableandco nvincing.
Almostallofhismaincharactersarebasedontherealpeople.
Vividdescriptionofenvironmentalsettingsandsocialbackground
6.3.3.Hisnovelsarefulloftragedies,serioussubjectsandmiserablesideofthesocietR. ·Dreiserbrokethroughthegenteeltradition,revealedthelifeofthelowerclasspeopleandda redtoeRposethevulgaranduglRsideofthesocietR.
StRle
nguage:verRawkward,crude/ontheborderingoflineofgrammar.
6.4.2.Seriousintone:neversatiricalorcomic
6.4.3.Naturalnarrativemethod,freefromartifice. Hisnarrativeisbasedonquantitiesofmaterialsanddetaileddescriptions.
作品
Si sterCarrie嘉莉妹妹(1900):thefirstnovel,masterwork
JannieGerhardt(1911)
TheFanancier(1912)
TheTitan(1914)
TheStoic(1947)
TheGenius(1915)
AnAmericanTragedR美国悲剧(1925)
DreiserLooksatRussia(1928)
c.SisterCarrie
theme:theemptinessofAmeircanDream
i.junglelaw
Famousactressbankmanager(theunfitisboundtodie)<——
CountrRgirl(abletofollowherinstinct)commitsuicide
ii.chanceandluck
iii.criticismofAmericanvalues:moneRandseR—thestandardstoseeifapersonissuccessful
iv.concernforthepoor
F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)
anIrish-AmericanJazzAgenovelistandshortstorRwriter.
ThemeoftheAmericanDream
Fitzgerald’sfavoritethemeistheAmericanDream.InTheGreatGatsbRandotherworks,ageneralpatter ncanbefoundtofullRdemonstrateFitzgerald’senthusiasmandhisdisillusionmentwiththeAmericanDream:formallR,apoorRoungmanf romtheWesttrRingtomakehisfortuneintheEast,butthematicallR,theRoungmangoesonaj ourneRofdiscoverRfromdream,throughdisenchantment,andfinallRtoasenseoffailurean ddespair.Inthisgeneralpatternoftheprotagonist’spersonaleRperienceisincarnatedthewholeofAmericaneRperience.
.Language
smooth,sensitive,original,simpleandgraceful JaRGatsbRNickCarrawaRTomBuchananDaisRBuchanan
TheGreatGatsbR
Theme:
1.aboutrealitRandatmosphereof1920s
2.failureofAmericanDream
c.attitudetowardstherich:paradoRical
HeischarmedbRtherich.
Heiscriticaloftherichwhoarecorruptedthemselvesandmeanwhilecorruptingothers.
d.attitudetowardstheJazzAge:insiderandoutsider
人物JaRGatsbRNickCarrawaRTomBuchananDaisRBuchanan
GatsbR,withallhisfreshness,hisoptimism,andhisvitalitR GatsbRinthenovelrepresentsthenewlRrichupstart,vulgarinhis
ostentatious[showR]wealth.However,hebecomesakindofnew
AmericanAdam.Heis“great”,becauseheisdignifiedandennobled bRhisdreamandhismRthicvisionoflife.
Tom Buchanan：Heisvulgar,hRpocriticalracistandbigot[personwhoholdssthstronglR].Heispracticalandn on-idealistic,shallowandmistrustfulofemotion.HenevercaresortakesresponsibilitR.
DaisR Buchanan：shealsohasaninneremptiness,markedbRherboredomandcRnicismandmoralirresponsibil itR.Sheisafraidofbeingalone,asthoughshehasnoinnerself.Butshehasthepowertocharm.D aisRrepresentsmaterialwealthtoGatsbR,butitalsoconnectswithphRsicalattraction.Howe ver,DaisRisunworthRofGatsbR’slove.SheisincapableoflivingthefullRimaginedlifethatGatsbRhasvisualized.Sheiscowar dlRandselfish.
Nick isbothanarratorandacharacterinthisnovel.Heleadsusto thedignitRanddepthofGatsbR’scharacter,andsuggeststherelation ofhistragedRtotheAmericansituation.
ErnestHemingwaR海明威
stRle
1.icebergprinciple.ThemeaninghereisthatthewritershouldsaRonlRoneeighth,insuchawa RthattheremainingseveneighthsbediscernedandprovidedbRthereader.
nguage:short,common,fundamentalwords,simplesentence,structure.Theeffectofthel anguage:clearness,cleannessandgreatcare.
3.dialogue:plaRsaverRimportantpartinhiswritings.HemingwaR’sdialoguecanshowsetting,developmentofplot,characters,eventheme.
4.cinematicwaR:heusesshowinginsteadoftelling.Helikestodescribesactions(kiss,withdr awhand)vividlRinsteadofmentaldescription.
5.sRmbolism
eofstreamofconsciousness
traitsfortheCodeHero:
(1)MeasuringhimselfagainstthedifficultieslifethrowsinhiswaR,realizingthatwewillalllo seultimatelRbecausewearemortals,butplaRingthegamehonestlRandpassionatelRinspite ofthatknowledge.
(2)FacingdeathwithdignitR,enduringphRsicalandemotionalpaininsilence
(3)Nevershowingemotions
(4)Maintainingfree-willandindividualism,neverweaklRallowingcommitmenttoasingle womanorsocialconventiontopreventadventure,travel,andactsofbraverR
(5)BeingcompletelRhonest,keepingone'swordorpromise
(6)Beingcourageousandbrave,daringtotravelandhave"beautifuladventures,"asHeming waRwouldphraseit
(7)Admittingthetruthof Nada(Spanish,"nothing"),i.e.,thatnoeRternalsourceoutsideofo neselfcanprovidemeaningorpurpose.ThiseRistentialawarenessalsoinvolvesfacingdeath withouthopeofanafterlife,whichtheHemingwaRCodeHeroconsidersmorebravethan"co wering"behindfalsereligioushopes
Themes nada，graceunderpressure，codehero
Magicrealism加西亚·马尔克斯《百年孤独》GarciaMarquesCenturRLoneliness) HenrRJames
TheAmerican(1877):beginswithinternationaltheme
DaisRMiller(1878):bringstheauthorfirstinternationalfame
TheWingsoftheDove(1902)
TheAmbassadors(1903)
TheGoldenBowl(1904)
ThePortraitofALadR贵妇画像:masterpiece
JackLondon
ThePeopleoftheAbRss深渊居民(1903):aboutLondon'sslum
TheIronHeel铁蹄(1908):thefirstproletariancriterionnovelwhichenvisagesthedevelopmentoffascism TheCalloftheWild野性的呼唤(1903):themostwidelRreadbook
TheSeaWolf海狼(1904)
Thesetwonovelsreflecttheideasofthelawofsurvivalandthewilltopower MartinEden马丁伊登
EzraPound埃兹拉·庞德
Imagism意象派
Poundbecamethemostimportantfigure.ImagistpoetrRreachedthepeakofliteratureforthre ethingsappeared:
i.amanifestoii.threeprinciplesiii.alotofwritings
InaStationoftheMetro在地铁车站
1.Thisisthemuch-quotedmasterpieceofPoundandarepresentativeoftheImagistpoetrR.
2.WhRdoesthepoetcallthefacesofpedestrians"apparition"? ThesepedestriansareallwalkinginahurrRamidstthedrizzlingrain.
3.Whatdo"petals"and"bough"standfor?Petalsrefertothefaceswhiletheboughstandsforth efloatingcrowd.
RobertFrost
b.Characteristics
⏹ 1.notinthemainstreamofmodernpoetrR,butwithconventionalformandplainlanguage.That’
swhRhe’sthemostpopularpoetinthe20thcenturR.
⏹ 2.akindofaregionalist----NewEngland,butnotlocalcolorism.HeusedNewEnglandasametaph
orforthewholeworldanduniverse.
⏹ 3.aplainpoetusingsRmbolsfromeverRdaRcountrRlife.SimplesRmbolsbuteRpressdeepmea
nings.
TheRoadNotTaken
⏹ 1.ThepoemwaswritteninverRregularlineswithiambicpentametreandrhRmeschemeofabaab.
⏹ 2.ThesRmbolicmeaningofthetwodivergentroadsisratherclear.TheRrepresentanRimportantd
ecisionsinone'slife.
⏹ 3.details:
StoppingbRWoodsonaSnowREvening
⏹ 1.ItisalRricpoemwithiambictetrametreandinterlockingenclosedrhRme.
⏹ 2.ItrepresentsamomentofrelaRationfromtheonerousjourneRoflife,analmostaestheticenjoR
mentandappreciationofnaturalbeautRwhichiswholesomeandretorativeagainstthechaoticeRi
stenceofmodernman.
WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)
SoundandFurR:dividedinto4parts
1.t hemes:
a)downfalloftheSouth.Thesouthwasindeterioration.It’sgoingfrombadtoworse.ThepresentandthepastformacontrastfromBenjR’seRes.He’sanidiotsohisreactionsweredistinctivefeeling.HefeltstronglRthelossoflove.Thedownfall ofMr.CampsonwasnotonlRapersonalonebutalsoauniversalone---thesocietRwasindisord er.
b)conflictbetweentheold/Rounggenerations FatherofSouthernAmericanliterature
NobelPrizeforliteraturein1950
Specialfeatures
2.1.Setting:ORfordisthemodelforhisfictionalJefferson,thecentralplaceofhisfictionalRo knapatawphaCountR
2.2.Subjects:southerntradition,familR,communitR,theland,historRandthepast,race,andt hepassionsofambitionandlove
2.3.Characters:TRpicalofthehistoricalgrowthandsubsequentdecadenceoftheSouth写作技巧
MultiplePointsofView：HealwaRsstructurehisstoriesinhisownoriginalfashionandisproficientinemploRingadisti nctivenarrativemethodofgraduallRfittinginandofwithholdingorevengivingconfusinginf ormation.Streamofconsciousness，compleRstructures,epicstRle,sRmbolism WilliamFaulkner威廉•福克纳1897-19621950年获诺贝尔文学奖,普利策奖小说奖1.1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”TheSoundandtheFurR”1930年《在我弥留之际》”AsILaRDRing”1932年《八月之光》”LightinAugust”
1936年《押沙龙，押沙龙》”Absalom,Absalom”教材作品：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》：“ARoseforEmilR”
南方文学特点：
主题：
作者获奖
TheNobelPrize&ThePulitzerPrize:JohnSteinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克
WilliamFaulkner威廉•福克纳ErnestHemingwaR厄恩斯特•海明威TheNobelPrize:ThomasStearnsEliot托马斯•斯特恩斯•爱略特ThePulitzerPrize:WallaceStevens华莱士•斯蒂文斯RobertFrost罗伯特•弗洛斯特EdwinArlingtonRobison埃德温•阿林顿•罗宾逊
尤金.奥尼尔（EugeneO’Neill，1888----1952），美国著名剧作家。

一生共4次获普利策奖（1920，1922，1928，1957），并于1936年获诺贝尔文学奖。

琼斯皇帝》
TheEmperorJones(1920)。