7,21日直接引语转为间接引语——宾语从句

宾语从句讲解
一、基本讲解
1、概念:在句中担当宾语的句子叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。

Eg: “I take your book” he told me.(改为间接引语)
He told me that he take my book.
“Do you go there?” he asks me.
He asked me whether/if I go there.
“Where do you go?” he asks me.
2、连接词
(1) 陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that,口语中常常省略。

Eg: She told me (that) she would like to go with us.
(2) 一般疑问句或选择疑问句转化成宾语从句时，引导词要用whether 或if，意为“是否”，并且从句要用陈述语序。

Eg:I wonder if /whether you have told the news to Li Lei .
注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况只能用whether。

a. 当从句做介词的宾语时只用whether 不用if。

Eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the pinic.
b. 当句中出现not或or not时，只用whether.
Eg: Could you tell me whether you go or not?
c. 在不定式前只能用whether.
Eg: I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。

(3) 特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用特殊疑问词，引导词后要用陈述句语序。

E.g. Could you tell me what's the matter\wrong with you?
I want to know why I don’t have money.
What,where, when, why, who(谁，主语), whom（谁，宾语）, how, which(哪一个)
Can you tell me who broke the cup?
Can you tell me whom he beat?
Can you tell me which superstar you like.
特殊情况：：当do you think后接特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，句式结构应为引导词＋do you think＋陈述句语序。

3.宾语从句时态
a. 主现从不限（主句是一般现在时，从句的时态不限）
Eg: Do you know（if/whether he has seen the film）?
b.主过从四过（主句是一般过去时，从句的时态应是一般过去时、过去完成时、过去将来时或者过去进行时）
Eg: I didn't know （if/whether he the film.）nine o’clock yesterday evening.(see) 注意：当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理，格言等，从句仍然要用一般现在时。

Eg: He said（that the earth moves a round the sun.）
The teacher told us （that light travels much faster than sound.）
4、人称的变化和标点的使用
a.从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。

(口诀：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新)。

Eg: “May I use your knife？”He asked me
.→He asked me if he may use my knife.
“Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. →He asked me if I know her telephone number.
b. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。

主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。

Eg: Who wil l give us a talk? I don‟t know.→I don‟t know who will give us a talk.
Do you know？Where does he live? →Do you know where he lives?
5、否定前移及完成反意问句
主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, guess等时，其后跟宾语从句否定式时，在翻译时应转移到主句上去。

完成反意问句时，肯定与否定状态应与从句主、谓保持一致。

（注: 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）
Eg：I don’t think he will come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don't believe they have finished their work yet, have they ?
我认为他们没有完成他们的工作，是不是？
He doesn’t consider this matter is very important, .
I didn’t think he would go on a picnic with us, ?
二、宾语从句的转化
1、当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。

Eg: She agreed that she could help me with my math. →She agreed to help me with my math.
2、当主句的谓语动词是know, learn, forget, remember, decide等后面带特殊疑问句转化的宾语时，主从句的主语也须一致这时从句可以简化成“疑问词＋不定式结构”。

Eg:I don't know which sweater I should buy.→I don't know which sweater to buy.
3、当主句的谓语动词是ask，tell, show, teach等后面带双宾语时，从句的主语和间接宾语一致，且从句是由特殊疑问句转化来时，从句可以转化成“疑问词＋不定式结构”,或者在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构。

如：
He asked us “What do you want to drink?”
He asked us what we wanted to drink.
He asked us what to drink.
4. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。

如：
She saw that a boy was lying on the ground.
→she saw a boy lying on the ground.。