商务英文合同文体（第二部分）

商务英⽂合同⽂体（第⼆部分）
从句中状语的位置
如果法律⽂件中的句⼦为复合句，则从句中状语的位置通常应放在连词if 或when等的后⾯，从句句⼦的前⾯。

If, during the effective term of a takeover offer, the purchaser needs to alter any items in the takeover offer, the purchaser shall submit a report to the securities regulatory authorities under the State Council and the stock exchange in advance. The purchaser shall, after approval of the report, make the fact in question know to the public.
在收购要约的有效期限内，收购⼈需要变更收购要约中事项的，必须事先向国务院证券监督管理机构及证券交易所提出报告，经获准后予以公布。

从句简略形式在句中的位置
如果主从句中的从句是简略形式，则从句应插⼊主句之中，并应该放在shall之后⾏为动词之前。

The Contractor shall, if called upon so to do, enter into and execute the Contract Agreement to be prepared and completed at the cost of the Employer in the form annexed to these conditions with such modifications as may be necessary.
在被邀请签约时，承包⼈应同意签订并履⾏合同协议书，该协议书由业主按照本合同条件所附格式拟定，如有必要，可对其进⾏修改。

该协议书的拟定和签订费⽤由业主承担。

关于such as的⽤法
由于法律⽂件的语⾔要求严密、准确，以避免似是⽽⾮，造成误解，通常⽤such as作关系代词来引到从句，把所修饰的词或词组放在such和as之间，这样使意思明确，从⽽避免了⽇后因理解不⼀致引起纠纷。

若所修饰的词组较多较长，有时可⽤such such as的结构。

若⽤基础英语中常⽤的which,that来作关系代词引到定语从句，容易引起争议。

发出施⼯、完成⼯程及修补⼯程中缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指⽰
such Supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the execution and the remedying of any defects therein.
Supplementary Drawings and instructions that shall be necessary for the execution and the remedying of any defects therein.
合同⼀⽅可能会理解为that后的从句只修饰instructions⽽不修饰Drawings.
Where increasing quantities of imported products cause or threaten to cause serious injury to domestic products of like or such producers as directly compete with their foreign counterparts for the products, the state may take necessary safeguard measures to remove or ease such injury or threat of injury.
因进⼝产品数量增加，使国内相同或者与其直接竞争的产品的⽣产者受到严重损害或者严重损害的威胁时，国家可以采取必要的保障措施，消除或者减轻这种损害或者损害威胁。

⼆、长句及其翻译
与普通英语相⽐较⽽⾔，商务合同英语中的句⼦结构就其长度和使⽤从句的连续性要复杂得多。

分析合同长句的基本⽅法是：⾸先，要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句⼦的主⼲结构；其次，要找出句⼦中所有的谓语结构、⾮谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词，然后再分析从句和短句的功能，即：是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等，以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。

最后,分析句⼦中是否有固定搭配、插⼊语等其他成分。

20 The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the Seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.
这是⼀个简单长句，其主⼲为The Buyer may…lodge a claim…。

修饰谓语动词的状语有三个，分别表⽰时间within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination、⽅式being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor和原因for short-weight。

诸多状语尽管在原⽂中位置灵活，然⽽在译⽂⾥，须按照汉语的⾏⽂规范适当进⾏调整：⽅式状语⼀般应置于动词之前；其他状语可以灵活处理，如本句中的时间状语可以提前⾄句⾸。

货物抵达⽬的港15天内，买⽅可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出⽰的检验证明向卖⽅提出短重索赔。

21 If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.
本句的主⼲是it shall indemnify and keep indemnified... against... the other Party and the company。

If引导的是条件从句，条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2。

in addition to 引导的是增补成分，其核⼼词remedies也跟了后置定语available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws。

That引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。

基于以上分析，再结合汉语的⾏⽂习惯条件在前，结构在后以及定语在所修饰的核⼼词之前，即可翻译成⽂。

如果⼀⽅违反任何其根据第18.1条或18.2条所作的陈述及担保或重述,则另⼀⽅除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外,违约⽅应当赔偿另⼀⽅或合营公司因此种违反⽽招致的任何损失、损害、费⽤、开⽀、责任或索赔。

22 The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.
上句中信息的重⼼在句⾸，先表明卖⽅的免责事项，接着再规定由于什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责，后对不可抗⼒⼜做了限定。

按照汉语的思维习惯，往往先谈原因，再讲结论，因此采⽤颠倒顺序的译法更合理。

凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗⼒致使卖⽅不能或推迟交货时，卖⽅不负责任。

三、条件句及其翻译
商务合同主要约定合同各⽅应享有的权利和应履⾏的义务，但由于这种权利的⾏使和义务的履⾏均赋有各种条件，所以条件句的⼤量使⽤成为商务合同的⼀个特点。

条件句多由下列连接词引导：if, in the event of, in case (of), should, provided (that), subject to, unless otherwise等。

⽐如：
23 If the third party accuses the Party B of infringement, Party B shall take up the matter…如果第三⽅指控⼄⽅侵权，⼄⽅应负责……
24In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery, the Representative can claim a compensation from the Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representative’s site.
若因任何交货延误导致的代理⽅损失，代理⽅可凭代理⽅所在地⾏政当局登记的损失清单向制造⽅索赔，但须出具证明。

25In case the Contract terminates prematurely, the Contract Appendices shall like wise terminate.
如果本合同提前终⽌，则合同附件也随之终⽌。

26 Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused. Should it be the fault of both parties, they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations.
由于⼀⽅的过失，造成本合同不能履⾏或不能完全履⾏时，由过失⼀⽅承担违约责任。

若属双⽅过失，则根据实际情况，由双⽅分别承担各⾃应负的违约责任。

27Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side.
任何⼀⽅都可更换⾃⼰指派的代表，但须书⾯通知对⽅。

28Subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth, Party B will protect…
在下列情况下，⼄⽅将保证……
29The terms CFR, or CIF shall be subject to the International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms (INCOTERMS 2000) provided by the International Chamber of Commerce unless otherwise stipulated herein.
除⾮另有规定，“CFR”和“CIF”均应依据国际商会制定的《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》INCOTERMS 2000办理。

归纳上述各例，除了句Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side 以外，条件句均置于主句之前，英译汉时译成“如果”或“若”即可。

⽽当条件句置于主句之后时，在翻译这些引导条件句的连词或短语时，可按动态等值理论视具体情况⽽定，切勿⽣搬硬套。

该句中的provided that表⽰合同该条款需作进⼀步规定或在作规定时语⽓上的转折，因⽽应译为“但是”才使译⽂过渡⾃然，符合汉语的表达规范，达到功能对等的效果。

第四节商务合同内容
国际商务合同种类繁多，标的各异，但就其结构⽽⾔，⼀般由三个部分组成：
前⾔、正⽂、结尾。

⼀、Preamble of a Contract合同的前⾔
国际商务合同的前⾔部分，主要包括两⽅⾯的内容：其⼀,主要载明合同当事⼈的名称或者姓名、国籍、主营业务或者住所(the corporate or personal names of the parties to the contract and their nationalities，principal places of business or residential addresses)；
其⼆，合同签订的⽇期、地点(the date and place of signing of the contract)。

以上两项内容主要解决以下法律问题：合同的主体是谁；订约⼈是否具有合法主体资格，合同及合同争议应适⽤的法律；合同履⾏地点；合同⽣效、终⽌、履⾏⽇期及争议时的司法管辖权等等。

本合同由中国ABC公司，总公司设于中国上海(以下简称卖⽅)与美国XYZ公司，总公司设于美国纽约州纽约市(以下简称买⽅)于2003年3⽉29⽇订⽴于中国上海，双⽅同意按下述条件买卖下列货物：
This contract is made this 29th day Of March. 2003 in Shanghai，China by and between ABC Corporation China (hereinafter referred to as “Seller")，a Corporation having their principal office in Shanghai，China who agrees to sell, and XYZ Corporation (hereinafter referred lo as “Buyer")，a Corporation having their principal office in New
York，N．Y．，USA，who agrees to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions as below：
⼆、Final Clauses合同的结尾
合同的结尾，也称合同最后条款，写在合同的结尾部分。

结尾条款主要应明确的内容有：合同使⽤的⽂字及其效⼒(languages in which the contract is to be written and its validity)。

除了明确使⽤的⽂字及其效⼒外，有时还应订⽴对合同进⾏修改或补充的内容。

如果合同中订有附件，应在合同中另⽴⼀章列出附件的具体内容，并明确在合同的结尾部分规定附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。

根据《中华⼈民共和国合同法》第32条规定：“当事⼈采⽤合同书形式订⽴合同的，⾃双⽅当事⼈签字或者盖章时合同成⽴”(If the parties enter into a contract in written form．The contract shall go into effect when the parties sign or stamp it)。

国际商务合同的成⽴⼀般是以签字为成⽴要件⽽不是以盖章为成⽴要件的。

所以，在合同的结尾部分还应明确规定：合同在双⽅授权代表签字后正式⽣效。

This Contract is made out in two originals，each copy written in Chinese and English languages，both texts being equally valid. In case of any divergence of interpretation，the Chinese text shall prevail．
The annexes as listed in Articles 19 to this Contract shall form an integral part of this Contract．
Any amendment and／or supplement to this contract shall valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written document (s)，forming integral part (s) of this Contract．
This Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.
1．本合同正⽂⼀式两份，分别以中⽂和英⽂书写，两种⽂塞本具有同等效⼒。

若对其解释产⽣异议，则以中⽂本为准。

2.本合同第19章列出的附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。

3．本合同的任何修改和戗补充，只有在双⽅授权的代表在书⾯⽂件上签字后才能⽣效，并成为本合同不可分割的组成部分。

4．本合同将在双⽅授权代表签字后正式⽣效。

三、合同的内容
1.Validity Clauses 0f Contracts合同的效⼒条款
这部分内容涉及合同⽣效的基本条件，在法律上具有重要的意义。

合同效⼒的内容主要由两组条款组成，分别写在合同的开始和结尾.
第⼀组条款写在合同的开始，在结构上称“前⾔条款”(Preface Clause)，其主要内容为：
(1)合同的名称：主要写明合同的准确名称，如
“购货合同”(Purchase Contract)，
“销售合同”(sales Contract)，
“联合⽣产合同”(Contract for Coproduction)，
“成套设备技术引进合同” (Contract for Introduction of Complete Plant and Technology)，
“中外合资经营企业合同”(Contract for Sino-foreign Joint Ventures)等；
(2)合同各⽅名称及法定地址：合同各⽅的名称第⼀次在合同中出现时⼀定要写全名，不能缩写，只有在后⾯重复出现时才能⽤简称，简称为甲⽅或⼄⽅，买⽅或卖⽅，许可⽅或被许可⽅(hereinafter referred to as Party A or Party B；the Buyer or the Seller；the Licensor or Licensee)等；法定地址，主要指营业地、住所地、或居所所在地；
(3)订约⽇期及地点：订约⽇期和地点是关系到合同发⽣纠纷时适⽤法律的问题，必须写明；
(4)合同双⽅法律关系，主要是在明确了当事⼈全称后，指明谁是买⽅谁是卖⽅，或出让⽅、受让⽅，贷款⼈或借款⼈等等；
(5)同意订约的词句，如“双⽅同意按下述条款买卖下列货物”(Both parties agree to buy and sell the following goods on the terms and conditions as below)。

This Contract is made this 16th date of Oct．，1998 in Beijing，China by and between ABC (Full Name) Company under the Law of ,having its registered address in ，Its legal address is (hereinafter referred to as the “Buyer") and DEF (Full Name) Company under the Law of ，having its registered address In ，its legal address is (hereinafter referred to as the “Seller")；whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the following goods on the terms and conditions as below：
本合同由依法律成⽴的ABC(全称)公司，其登记注册地在，法定地址为(以下简称买⽅)和依法律成⽴的DEF(全称)公司，其登记注册地在，法定地址为 (以下简称卖⽅)于1998年10⽉16⽇在中国北京订⽴，双⽅同意按下述条款买卖下列货物：
第⼆组条款写在合同的结尾部分，在结构上称“结尾条款”(concluding clauses)，其主要内容为：合同使⽤的⽂字，合同的份数，各种⽂本的效⼒，合同的⽣效时间，对合同修改补充的效⼒，双⽅当事⼈签字等。

如果合同中包括附件，还应在合同中规定： “附件是合同不可分割的部分”(The annex shall form an integral part of this Contract)，否则，就不具备构成合同附件的条件。

This Contract is made out in duplicate in Chinese and In English Language，one Chinese original copy and one English original copy for each Party，both texts being equally authentic．This contract shall come into force from the date it is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties．The annexes as listed in Article 10 shall form an integral part to this Contract．
Any amendment and／or supplement to this contract will be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written documents．forming integral parts of the Contract．
本合同⽤中⽂和英⽂书就，⼀式⼆份，双⽅各执⼀份中⽂正本和⼀份英⽂正本。

两种⽂本具有同等效⼒。

本合同⾃双⽅授权代表签字之⽇起⽣效，第⼗章中列出的附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。

对本合同的任何修改和饿补充，只有在双⽅授权代表在书⾯签字后⽅为有效，并成为本合同不可分割的组成部分。

2.Definition and Whereas定义与鉴于条款
1Definition Clauses定义条款
为了避免对涉外合同中使⽤的某些重要的名词、概念的理解发⽣争议，使双⽅对合同中使⽤的重要名词有统⼀的认识，对合同中重复出现的有特殊意义的且容易引起争议的名词概念作专门的解释，是⾮常必要的。

在订⽴定义条款时要考虑两⽅⾯问题：⾸先，应确定对合同中的哪些名词术语进⾏定义。

确定的标准是：在合同中重复出现，具有特殊意义，并且对确定当事⼈的权利和义务有关键性作⽤的名词术词；其次，应确定以何种形式对合同中的专⽤名词进⾏定义。

在实践中，⼀般对合同中重复出现的关键名词列出专章或专款进⾏解释。

定义条款常见于下列类型的合同中，如“合作⽣产合同”(Contract for Co-production)，“专有技术合同”(Contract for Know-how)，“成套设备技术引进合同”(Contract for Introduction of Complete Plant and Technology)，“合资经营企业合同”(Contract for Joint Ventures)，“国际⼟建⼯程合同”(International Contract for Civil Works)，“国际借款合同”(International Loans Contract)等。

For the purpose of this Contract，the following terms have the following meanings:
本合同中下列词语的含义为：
(1)“Patents” means those letters patent．unity models and applications therefor presently owned or hereafter acquired by Party B and／or which Party B has or may have the right to control grant License there of during the term hereof in any or all countries of the world and which are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of the Product．
“专利”，是指⼄⽅⽬前拥有的或未来获得的和威有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适⽤于或可能适⽤于制造本合同产品的专利，实⽤新型及专利申请。

(2)“Technical Information” means confidential engineering data，drawings，specifications and production
procedures，brochures，catalogs and all other technical information necessary to the manufacture，operation，sale and service 0f the product, which are owned or hereafter acquired by Party B and／or which Party B has or may have the right to control and furnish to Party A during the term of this Contract．
“技术资料”，是指⼄⽅拥有的和馘此后获得的和戗在协议有效期间⼄⽅有权或可能有权控制并提供给甲⽅的秘密技术资料、图纸、设计说明书、⽣产程序、⼩册⼦、⽬录以及⽣产、操作、销售、维修合同产品所需要的其他资料。

(3)“Exclusive Territory” means the following Countries: Australia，New Zealand，Mexico，Netherlands，Canada and Brazil．
“独占区域”，是指下列国家：澳⼤利亚、新西兰、墨西哥、荷兰、加拿⼤和巴西。

(4)“Net Selling Price'’ means the price at which the Product is sold by Party B from time to time，after deduction of packaging, installation and freight charges，trade and quantity discount，commission，insurance and commodity tax，if any，directly applicable to the Product. In the event the Product is used by Party B or its subsidiaries，“Net Selling Price”
of such product, for the purpose of determining the payment due hereunder with respect thereto, shall be the same as“ Net Selling Price” at which Party B customarily sells comparable product to its customer in bona fide business transactions.
“净销售价”，是指在扣除合同产品的包装费、安装费运输费、商业和数量折扣、佣⾦、保险费和商品税之后，⼄功通常销售合同产品的价格。

若产品被⼄⽅或其附属公司使⽤时为确定本合同所规定的到期付款项，其“销售净价”应等同哥⼄⽅通常在善意交易中向顾客出售的类似产品的“净销售价”。

2)Whereas Clauses 鉴于条款
鉴于条款常⽤于技术贸易合同之中(但不限于技术贸易合同)，⽤以说明当事⼈订⽴合同的背景、⽬的、意图以及双⽅当事⼈确认合同的签订是在互利互惠的基础上进⾏的。

鉴于条款的法律意义在于：它可以说明合同双⽅转让技术的合法性，以便发⽣纠纷时，作为仲裁机关或法院解释合同正⽂的依据。

“鉴于条款”⼀般写在前⾔的后部作为向合同正⽂的
The Contract is signed in Beijing，China on Dec．24，1998 by and between Company f hereinafter referred to as the “Licensee") on the one hand，having its registered address In Beijing，China，its legal address is and Company (hereinafter referred to as the “Licensor") on the other hand，having its registered address in , its legal address is .
Where as the Licensor possesses know-how for the designing, manufacturing, installing and marketing of ;
Whereas the Licensor has the right and desires to transfer the above-signed know-how to the Licensor’s know-how.
Whereas the Licensee desires to design, manufacture, sell and export by using Licensor’s know-how.
Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the mutual conveniences, the Licensee and the Licensor, through consultation, agree to enter into this contract under the terms and conditions set forth as follows:
本合同于1998年12⽉24⽇在北京签订。

⼀⽅为：中国北京市公司以下简称“受让⽅”，在中国北京登记注册，其法定地址在。

另⼀⽅为：国市公司(以下简称“许可⽅”)，在国地登记注册，其法定地址在。

鉴于许可⽅拥有专有技术的所有权，有权设计、⽣产、安装以及进⾏销售；
鉴于许可⽅有权且愿意将以上专有技术转让给受让⽅：
鉴于受让⽅愿意使⽤许可⽅的专有技术进⾏设计、⽣产、销售以及出⼝。

因此，根据以上情况及双⽅的意愿，经受让⽅与许可⽅协商，达成如下合同条款：
3.Assignment and Guaranty 转让与担保条款
1Assignment Clauses 转让条款
合同的转让是当事⼈⼀⽅将合同的权利和义务的全部或部分转让给第三⽅(A party assigns，wholly or in part，its contractual rights and obligations to a third party)。

第三⽅是合同转让的受让⼈(assignee)，合同的转让(assignment of contracts)不同于合同的变更(modification of contracts)，它是合同主体的变化。

《中华⼈民共和国合同法》第79条规定：“债权⼈可以将合同的权利全部或者部分转让给第三⼈，但有下列情形之⼀的除外(The creditor may transfer all or part of its rights in a contract to a third party，except in any of the following situations)：
(⼀)根据合同性质不得转让(The contract may not be transferred，according to its nature)；
(⼆)按照当事⼈约定不得转让(The contract may not be transferred，according to an agreement made by the parties)；
(三)依照法律规定不得转让(The contract may not be transferred，according to the provisions 0f laws)。

第84条规定：“债务⼈将合同的义务全部或者部分转移给第三⼈，应当经债权⼈同意(The transfer to a third party of all or part of the debtor‘s obligations as prescribed in the contract shall be approved by the creditor)。

第87条规定：“法律、⾏政法规规定转让权利或者转移义务应当办理批准、登记等⼿续的，依照其规定”(If the transfer of rights or obligations shall go through the approval and registration procedures according to the provisions of laws or administrative regulations，the parties shall act accordingly)。

合同权利和义务的全部或部分的转让或转移常见于中外合资经营企业合同之中。

根据《中外合资经营企业法实施条例》(Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-foreign Joint Ventures)规定：合营⼀⽅向第三⽅转让全部或部分出资额必须符合以下条件：1．须经合营他⽅同意，并经审批机构批准；2．合营⼀⽅转让其全部或部分出资额时，合营他⽅有优先购买权(Pre-emptive right)；3．合营⼀⽅向第三⽅转让出资额的条件，不得⽐向合营他⽅转让的条件优惠。

违反上述条件的，其转让⽆效(No assignment shall be effective)
转让Assignment
公司的任何⼀⽅未经董事会⼀致通过及中国主管审批部门的批准，不得向第三⽅转让、抵押、出售或以其他⽅式处置其全部或部分股份。

若⼀⽅要转让股份，必须遵守以下规定：
Neither Party of the Joint Venture Company may assign, pledge，sell or otherwise dispose of all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party without the unanimous approval of the Board of Directors and the consent by the appropriate Chinese Government Approving Department．In case that assignment is effected by one Party，the following stipulations must be observed:
(1)公司的⼀⽅希望转让其在公司的全部或部分股份时，公司他⽅有优先购买权；
(2)享有优先购买权的⼀⽅应在转让⽅提出书⾯转让要求后30天内作出答复，否则转让⽅有权向第三⽅转让；
(1)When one Party intends to assign all or part of its investment subscribed，the other Party shall have the Pre-emptive right;
(2)In the event that the Party who holds the Pre-emptive right fails to make response to the assignor within thirty(30)days of the assignor's request for assignment，the assignor shall have the right to effect assignment to a third party；
(3)公司⼀⽅向第三⽅转让其全部或部分投资时，第三⽅的资格和信誉必须获得他⽅的书⾯认可，转让的条件不得⽐向公司他⽅转让的条件优惠，转让⽅应将其受让⽅关于转让的相应部分权利和义务的书⾯协议两份副本提交给公司他⽅；
If one Party intends to assign al l or part of its investment to a third party，confirmation of the qualification and reputation of the third Party shall be obtained from the remaining Party and the conditions given shall not be more favorable than those given to the other Party．The assingnor shall submit 2 copies of the written agreement concerning the relevant portion of rights and obligations so assigned to the other Party of the company．
(4)转让期间不得使公司的⼯作受妨碍或组织机构受到影响；在批准转让后，公司应在30天内向⼯商⾏政管理局办理变更登记⼿续。

The business of the Joint Venture Company shall not be interrupted or the organizational structure be affected during the assignment．After assignment has taken place，registration procedures for changes shall be conducted with the Administrative Bureau for Industry and Commerce within thirty(30)days．
在起草转让条款时，应注意以下⼏个问题：
(1)合同中应明确订有“除事先取得另⼀⽅的书⾯同意外，何⼀⽅均不得将本合同的权利与义务转让给第三⽅”(Neither of the Parties hereto shall assign this contractual rights and obligations tO a third Party unless prior consent Of the other party is given in writing)的限制性条款。

(2)对于未经对⽅同意，另⼀⽅单⽅⾯将合同转让给第三⽅的情况，应约定“违反上述规定，其转让⽆效”(No assignment shall be effective should there be any violation Of the above stipulations)。

(3)对于按合同规定接受合同权利和义务的合法的第三⽅(继承⼈或受让⼈)来说，他可以依法享有和承担转让给他的权利和义务。

因此，在合同中应写明：
“本合同对双⽅当事⼈的合法继承⼈或受让⼈都有约束⼒。

转让后受让⼈享有让与⼈的⼀切权利，并负担让与⼈的⼀切义务” (This Contract shall be binding upon the lawful successor or the legitimate assigns of either of parties hereto．On any such assignment，the assignee shall have all the rights and be subject to all the obligations of the assignor hereunder)。

Notes
英⽂中的assigns在这⾥是名词，常⽤复数，表⽰the party to whom the contractual rights and obligations are transferred.
2)Warranty Clause担保条款
《中华⼈民共和国担保法》第2条规定：“在借贷、买卖、型物运输、加⼯承揽等经济活动中，债权⼈需要以担保⽅式保障其债权实现的，可以依照本法设定担保” (In such economic activities as loans，sales，goods freight and hire of process in work，etc．，where the creditor needs to safeguard the realization of his obligatory right by the way Of guarantee，a guarantee may be established in accordance with the provisions of this Law)。

国际商务合同中的当事⼈可以在合同中约定担保，担保⼈在约定的担保范围内承担责任(In the contract the parties may agree to provide a guaranty．The guarantor shall be held liable within the agreed scope of guaranty)。

在国际商务合同中设⽴担保的法律意义在于：督促债务⼈(obligor)履⾏债务，或在债务⼈不能履⾏时，使债权⼈(obligee)的权利得到⼀定补偿。

按照各国的法律，担保可以分为物的担保和⼈的担保两类分属不同的法律范畴，物的担保属于财产法的范畴，⼤陆法将关于物权担保的规定归⼈民法物权篇；⽽⼈的担保则属于债法的范畴，⼤陆法将其归⼈民法债权篇，在英美法中关于⼈的担保规定在合同法内。

从我国订⽴的国际商务合同的实际情况来看，涉外合同中约定的担保，⼀般指品质担保(guaranty of quality)、权利担保(guaranty of right)和履约担保(guaranty of performance)，这与《中华⼈民共和国担保法》中规定的担保⽅式有所不同。

(1)Guaranty of quality(品质担保)
品质担保主要指合同的⼀⽅就合同标的物的品质向合同的另⼀⽅所作的担保。

担保条款常见于国际货物买卖合同和国际技术转让合同中，前者主要是合同中的卖⽅就货物的品质向买⽅作出的担保，在起草时应着重约定，卖⽅所提供的货物必须符合合同规定的质量、规格和性能(correspond in all respects with the quality，specifications and performance as stipulated in the contract)，同时还应约定货到⽬地港之⽇起⼀定时限的质量保证期；后者主要是合同中的出让⽅向受让⽅保证的有关出让⽅所提供技术资料是出让⽅实际使⽤的最好资料；以及向受让⽅保证的所提供的技术资料的完整性、正确性和清晰性(completeness，correctness and legibility)等。

卖⽅保证所交货物是⽤最上等的材料和⾼超⼯艺制成，全新、未曾⽤过的并完全符合合同规定的质量、规格和性能。

卖⽅并保证货物在正确安装、正确使⽤和维护的情况下，⾃货物到达⽬的地之⽇起两年内运转良好。

The Seller shall guarantee that the goods supplied by the Seller are made of the best materials，with first-class workmanship, brand new，unused and correspond in all respects with the quality，specifications and performance as stipulated in this Contract. The Seller shall also guarantee that the goods when correctly mounted and properly operated and maintained，shall give satisfactory performance for a period of two(2)years starting from the date on which the goods arrive at the port of destination.
⼄⽅保证所提供的技术资料是⼄⽅实际使⽤的最薪技术资料，并保证在合同有效期内向甲⽅及时提供任何关于台同中所列产品的改进和发展的技术资料；
⼄⽅保证所提供的技术资料是完整、正确、清晰的，并舒证按合同规定的时间及时交付；。