国际贸易实务(英语版)期末考试总结

1.询盘Enquiry(inquiry) refers to the buyer in order to buy or the seller in order to sell goods to ask to each other about trading conditions.
2.接受Acceptance.In business law, an acceptance is the assent to the terms of an offer. It must be absolute and unconditional.
3.商品的品质；Sale by seller’s sample made on the basis of the sample provided by the seller Sale by buyer’s sample made on the basis of the sample provided by the buyer
Sale by counter sample Counter sample: a replica made by the seller of the sample provided, normally by the buyer counter sample used as the basis for quality to remove the risk of the seller,
a good substitute to sale by buyer’s sample
4.重量gross weight （毛重）= net weight （净重）+ Tare（皮重）
Conditioned weight:（公量）equals to the dry weight of a commodity plus the standard moisture content. Conditioned weight = Dried net weight x (1 + Standard regain rate)
Theoretical weight（理论重量）= Unit weight x Quantity
Legal weight（法定重量）= Net weight + Tare (immediate packing)
5.商品包装bulk commodities（散装）nude packed commodities (裸装)
Packed commodities(包装)
Neutral packing （中性包装）means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers origins packing without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturers .
6.贸易术语Warsaw-Oxford Rules is made by International Law Association, which only defines CIF contracts.
海洋和河内运输：FAS FOB CFR CIF
任何：EXW FCA CPT CIP DAT DAP DDP
装运港交货：FOB CFR CIF 向承运人交货：FTA CIP CPT 目的地交货：DA T DAP DDP FOB:Free on board The seller is responsible for shipping the contracted goods on board the ship dominated by the buyer at the port of shipment within specific period and bearing all costs and risks before the goods are on board the vessel.
CFR----Cost and freight: The seller is responsible for booking space and delivering the goods on board the vessel sailing for the destination in due time according to the contract and covering the risks and expenses during carriage (the risks are transferred when goods are delivered on board). CIF-----Cost Insurance and Freight: CIF means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the cost and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover.
7.国际运输：Liner Transport 班轮运输A liner is vessel with regular sailings and arrivals and sails on a fixed (regular) sailing route and calls at fixed (regular) base ports.
特点：a. Fixity, namely fixed routes, fixed ports of call, fixed dates and fixed rates. 四固定b. Responsibility 一负责c. Liabilities, obligations and exemptions of liners and the shipper are all on the basis of the bill of lading issued by liners. 权利、义务、责任豁免
Shipping by Charter租船运输：It means a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or
schedule of sailings or port or freight. The shipper charters ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods.
International Multi-modal Transport 国际多式联运：It involves the transportation of freight in an international container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation (rail, ship and truck), without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes.
8.海运提单Bill of lading (B/L)：a document issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of goods. 作用：a receipt of cargo，an evidence of contract of carriage ，a document title to the goods
9.保险：Perils of the Sea（海上风险）：Natural Calamities（自然灾害）Fortuitous Accidents （意外事故）Extraneous Risks（附加其他风险）General Extraneous Risks Special Extraneous Risks（特殊附加风险战争等）
Actual Total Loss: 实际全损It means that the insured subject matter is totally and irretrievably (un-savable) lost.
Constructive Total Loss: 推定全损It is estimated that the actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or the cost of salvage or recovery could have exceed the value of the cargo.
Partial loss 部分损失：General Average: 共同海损It refers to a certain special sacrifice and extra expense intentionally incurred for the general interests of the ship-owner, the insurer, and the owners of the various cargoes abroad the ship. When a ship is in danger, the captain must make a decision and one of shippers will suffer.In order to compensate the special sacrifice,all the others will club together to re-compensate him for loss.
Particular average: 单独海损It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of the damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss, which shall be borne by the owner of this individual consignment.
Free from particular average (F.P.A.) 平安险
With particular average (W.P.A.) 水渍险I t covers partial loss due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/or flood as well as the risks covered under F.P.A. condition as mentioned above.
All risks: 一切险Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.A. and W.A. conditions as above, this insurance also covers all risks of losses or damage to the insured goods whether partial or total, arising from general additional risks.
保险金额计算insurance amount=CIF price×（1 + markup percentage 加成率）premium(溢价)=insurance amount ×premium rate
Insurance Policy: (保险单) It is the most widely used insurance document. Contents of the insurance policy usually include The detailed content .
Insurance Certificate 保险凭证It is a kind of simplified insurance policy, and the rights and obligations of two parties are omitted. But it has the same legal validity as the insurance policy. 10.支付工具A bill of exchange（汇票）is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable further time, a sum certain in money to, or to the order of, a specified person, or to any bearer.
Classification of the bill of exchange （汇票分类）：a.According to the drawer, it is divided into banker’s draft and commercial draft. b.According to whether accompanied with shipping documents, it can be classified into clean bill and documentary bill. c.According to the time of payment, it is divided into sight bill and time bill or usance bill.
A promissory note (本票)is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another signed by the maker, engaging to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to, or to a order of, a specified person or to a bearer.
Promissory note is classified（分类）into bank note and commercial note. Bank note is issued by the bank; but commercial note is issued by the business or the person.
11.The difference between the bill of exchange and promissory note（汇票本票区别）
a.Promissory note: two parties involved; bill of exchange: three parties involved.
b.The drawer of the promissory note is the payer, and time promissory note doesn’t need endorsement; time bill of exchange needs endorsement.
c.In any cases, the drawer of the promissory note is the main debtor（债务人）; For bank draft,the drawer of bill of exchange is the main debtor before acceptance, but after acceptance, the acceptor become the main debtor.
12.支付方式：Mail transfer (M/T):(信汇)The buyer gives money to a local bank which sends
a trust deed（契约）for payment to it’s correspondent bank at the seller’s end by mail and entrusts it with the task to pay money to the seller. Telegraphic transfer (T/T)(电汇) At the request of the buyer, a local bank sends a trust deed for payment by cable directly to it’s correspondent bank at the seller’s end and entrusts the work to it to pay money to the seller. Demand draft (D/D): (票汇) The buyer buys a draft from a local bank and sends it by mail to the seller, the seller or his appointed person can collect money from the relative bank at his end against the draft sent by the buyer.
Collection 托收Collection means that the exporter asks his bank to arrange for the acceptance or payment of the bill overseas, and the bank will carry his task through it’s own branch office abroad or a correspondent bank.
信用证In simple terms, a L/C is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of payment. Expressed more carefully, it is a written undertaking by a bank given to the seller at the request and in accordance with the instructions
of the buyer to effect payment up to a stated sum of money, within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents. 信用证分类According to whether the draft is accompanied with the shipping document, L/C is divided into Documentary L/C: 跟单信用证 and Clean L/C: 光票信用证. According to whether the draft is revocable ,L/C is divided into revocable L/C and irrevocable L/C.(可撤销否) Back to back L/C:（背对背信用证）The exporter sends the L/C established by the importer in his favor to a bank as sole security, requiring the local bank to reopen an L/C in favor of the actual exporter. The L/C opened by the importer is called the original L/C, while the second L/C issued in favor of the actual exporter at the request of the exporter is called the subsidiary L/C.
13.货物检验：Legal inspection（法定检验）is conducted to make mandatory inspection of import and export commodities according to laws and regulations of the country. It is an important way to control the quantity of commodities.
Place and time of inspection：货物检验分类It can be divided into 3 kinds:
(1)To make inspection in the export country
(2)To make inspection in the import country
(3)To make inspection in the export country and make re-inspection in the import country
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