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【cisco】architecture wifi offload
White PaperArchitecture for Mobile Data Offload over Wi-Fi Access NetworksIntroductionMobile network traffic is growing exponentially, and service providers must manage their networks efficiently to meet consumer demand. The technology evolution of radio access networks is limited by the laws of physics, and significant growth in radio frequency (RF) efficiency can no longer be expected. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) radio access is reaching the limits of Shannon’s law, the spectrum available for mobile data applications is limited, and the only solution for increasing overall mobile network capacity is to increase the carrier-to-interference ratio while decreasing cell size and deploying small cell technologies. The most efficient way to use small cells is to position them in locations where significant amounts of data are generated (shopping malls, stadiums, university campuses, public transportation hubs, etc.) and where subscribers spend most of their time and therefore consume significant amounts of data (homes, offices, etc.). Wi-Fi, one of the small cell technologies, appeals to many operators as a cost-effective mean of offloading large amounts of mobile data traffic while delivering a variety of new services. It offers these features:● ● ● ●Widespread existing deployments Availability of user devices that support the technology Cost efficiency Capability to address new users and devices without mobile subscription (without a subscriber identity module [SIM])● ●Globally available spectrum capacity Standards availability for integration into mobile core networksThis document explores technical aspects of Wi-Fi offload architecture and its capabilities and integration into existing mobile networks to provide a viable and efficient way to offload subscriber traffic.Overview of Wi-Fi Offload ArchitectureThe Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard differentiates two types of Wi-Fi access (also referred to as non-3GPP IP access):●Untrusted: Introduced in the early stages of the Wi-Fi specification in 3GPP Release 6 (2005), untrusted access includes any type of Wi-Fi access that either is not under control of the operator (public open hotspot, subscriber’s home WLAN, etc.) or that does not provide sufficient security (authentication, encryption, etc.).●Trusted: Trusted access generally refers to operator-built Wi-Fi access with over-the-air encryption and a secure authentication method. Trusted non-3GPP IP access was introduced only with the LTE standard in 3GPP Release 8 (2008). Although most of today’s offload designs are build on the trusted model, 3GPP does not currently offer guidance for integration with the 3G or 2G packet core. However, as discussed in this document, this type of access is natively integrated into LTE’s evolved packet core (EPC).© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 1 of 23Because most of today’s mobile networks are 3G based, a significant part of this document describes the possible methods of integrated trusted non-3GPP IP access into the 3G mobile packet core (MPC) together with its associated policy and charging control (PCC) architecture. Although the term “trusted non-3GPP IP access” is defined for EPC only, this document extends its definition in 3G contexts to describe Wi-Fi networks controlled by mobile operators. 3GPP 24.302 has the following definition: “For a trusted non-3GPP IP access network, the communication between the user equipment and the EPC is secure.” Thus, with the latest service provider Wi-Fi architectures encompassing Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) and IEEE 802.1X-based authentication, and with IEEE 802.11i-based RF encryption and optional use of control and provisioning of wireless access points and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) for secured user and control planes, all the elements exist for service provider Wi-Fi to be considered as trusted non-3GPP. After the 3G designs, this document describes the evolution of the architectures toward EPC integration as specified in 3GPP standards. Session mobility and, more generally, IP address persistence when moving between 3G, LTE, and Wi-Fi are also covered. The document also discusses the integration models for untrusted networks, although these are less commonly deployed in mobile networks. In the 3GPP specification, the Wi-Fi network is referred to as the Wi-Fi access network only. No details about the Wi-Fi network structure are specified. This document, however, separates the network into the access and gateway components. The Wi-Fi network infrastructure for mobile data offload consists of three parts:● ●Wi-Fi radio access network (Wi-Fi RAN) Wi-Fi access gateway (WAG) and Wi-Fi back-end systems (this document expands the definition from 3GPP TS 23.234 to refer also to non-3GPP WAG)●Packet core integration elements (multiple options)© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 2 of 23Figure 1 illustrates the architecture. It includes integration elements for 3G as well as LTE to show a summary of all designs built throughout this document.Figure 1. Wi-Fi Network ArchitectureIf the Wi-Fi network is used for mobile data offload, which is the topic of this document, it needs to take care of these tasks:● ●Authentication: To help ensure that only authorized subscribers can access the network PCC: For proper billing, quality of service (QoS), and policy enforcement for the traffic generated through Wi-Fi access, ideally compliant with 3GPP PCC●IP persistence: For service mobility between different access networks (3G to Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi to 3G, or across the Wi-Fi network)The following sections examine the details of each of these functions.AuthenticationTo control subscriber access to Wi-Fi networks, multiple authentication methods can be used. The choice of method is crucial to the usability of the network. The more transparent the authentication method is for the subscriber, the greater the likelihood that the subscriber will connect to the network. The authentication method also determines the subscriber and device types that can be addressed in a particular network (subscribers with or without SIM cards, the operator’s subscribers, visiting subscribers, etc.). In a typical modern Wi-Fi network, two types of authentication are available to address all possible subscribers and at the same time provide convenient access to the network for frequent Wi-Fi users. The first method, portalbased authentication, targets customers without a permanent contract with the operator (vouchers, time-limited© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 3 of 23access, SMS payments, etc.). Alternatively, EAP authentication provides transparent and easy access for the operator’s own subscribers with SIM cards or certificates.Portal-Based AuthenticationPortal-based authentication depends on Layer 3 connectivity to the network and HTTP communication before granting access to the subscriber. The Wireless Internet Service Provider Roaming (WISPr) standard also uses HTTP communication with the portal for automatic authentication, with the user device launching HTTP communication in the background without user intervention (Figure 2).Figure 2. Portal-Based Authentication ArchitectureThis method relies on the WAG in the Wi-Fi network, which blocks all IP communication for unknown (new) subscribers and redirects HTTP connections to a captive portal. The captive portal is responsible for requesting user credentials from the subscriber and triggering authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) to authenticate the subscriber. After successful login, the WAG will typically be signaled by the AAA server. From this moment, the subscriber is known in the AAA cache, and WAG allows the subscriber to send and receive data. Usually, the user’s IEEE 802.11 MAC address is also cached in the AAA server, together with the user data and granted service. If the subscriber leaves the Wi-Fi coverage area and then returns, the subscriber’s device will be recognized by the WAG based on the MAC address and automatically authenticated against the cached AAA record, so the subscriber is not repeatedly redirected to the portal after losing Wi-Fi coverage. This method of MAC address caching is also referred to as transparent automatic logon (TAL).© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 4 of 23A typical TAL attachment call flow is shown in Figure 3 for the case of a Layer 2 attached WAG.Figure 3. Typical Transparent Automatic Logon Call FlowEAP-Based AuthenticationEAP-based authentication uses EAP and IEEE 802.1x to provide Layer 2 authentication for subscribers accessing the network with EAP-capable devices. For actual authentication, multiple credentials can be used, depending on the capability of the device. Devices with SIM cards encapsulate the SIM application information exchange into the EAP message, and these are proxied by the AAA server to the home-location register (HLR) for authentication. EAP-SIM (RFC 4186) or EAP-Authentication and Key Agreement (EAP-AKA; RFC 4187) standards are used for the encapsulation, depending on the type of SIM card used and the HLR capabilities. Obviously, this method requires interconnection between the AAA server and the HLR or home-subscriber server (HSS). The architecture is shown in Figure 4.© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 5 of 23Figure 4.EAP-Based Authentication ArchitectureFor subscribers with non-SIM devices, the operator can distribute certificates for EAP-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) or similar versions of EAP authentication. The typical call flow of EAP authentication (with HLR integration) is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5. Typical EAP Authentication Call Flow© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 6 of 23Note that EAP-based authentication offers a radio security advantage. Because the authentication is handled at Layer 2, EAP messages can be used to negotiate encryption keys for the IEEE 802.11i-based encryption of the radio interface. This approach provides much stronger security for radio communication compared to the unencrypted radio interface of portal-based authentication and is uniquely able to prevent simple MAC address spoofing attacks.Next Generation HotspotIn 2010, Cisco and industry leaders formed the Next Generation Hotspot Task Group in the Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA). The goal was to rally the industry around a common set of Wi-Fi Alliance (WFA) standards called Hotspot 2.0 that would bring a 3G-like end-user experience to Wi-Fi authentication and roaming. The outcome of the Next Generation Hotspot Task Group is a set of operator guidelines and the Wi-Fi Certified Passpoint interoperability for operators and equipment vendors. The Cisco SP Wi-Fi solution features Next Generation Hotspot, enabling service providers to better manage and monetize their carrier-grade Wi-Fi networks. There are three main building blocks of the next-generation hotspot: IEEE 802.11u, Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA 2) Enterprise, and EAP-based authentication. For a detailed description of the initiative, see The Future of Hotspots: Making Wi-Fi as Secure and Easy to Use as Cellular.® ™program expected in 2012 from the Wi-Fi Alliance. The certification will help ensure authentication and roamingAuthentication SummaryBecause of the complementary functions of both authentication methods, mobile operators deploying Wi-Fi access networks usually implement both EAP and IEEE 802.1X authentication and portal-based authentication in their networks. Portal-based authentication is used to attract subscribers visiting the network who don’t yet have a relation to the operator. It allows typical public Wi-Fi use cases such as credit card payments, vouchers, and SMS passwords. In general, it enables generation of new revenue from Wi-Fi networks. EAP-based authentication targets primarily devices with the operator’s SIM card. It allows transparent authentication and secure communication without much interaction from the subscriber (only initial configuration of the service set ID (SSID) is needed when a device detects the Wi-Fi network for the first time). In real-life deployments, the introduction of EAP-SIM or EAP-AKA authentication leads to significantly better utilization of the network by subscribers and therefore enables much greater savings from offloading. With the introduction of Wi-Fi Certified Passpoint devices, operators will be able to simplify Wi-Fi network access even more. IEEE 802.11u devices do not need any intervention from the subscriber to connect to the Wi-Fi network (unlike traditional devices, which require SSID selection). Roaming agreements based on the Next Generation Hotspot recommendation (WLAN Roaming Inter-Exchange [WRIX]) enable user equipment with IEEE 802.11u support to choose the right SSID automatically, even in visited networks.Policy and Charging ControlAn important concern of mobile operators is the availability of similar or identical policy enforcement and charging rules for the subscriber, regardless of the RAN being used. Therefore, the design of PCC integration is a crucial part of Wi-Fi offload.© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 7 of 23Experience from live deployments shows that the most efficient approach to PCC integration is the reuse of the elements deployed for the 3GPP services. The actual integration option will depend on the PCC infrastructure implemented in the particular mobile operator network. If the operator uses a device with the standalone policy and charging enforcement function (PCEF), the WAG will be integrated as an additional gateway served by the PCEF. If the PCEF is integrated into the gateway General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) support node (GGSN), the WAG may emulate a serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and switch the Wi-Fi sessions to a GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) tunnel to the traditional GGSN. The following sections discuss the details of these two options. Note that this document describes trusted non-3GPP access integration into 2G and 3G PCC. The 3GPP standard offers no guidance for this integration. Later this document explores standardized architecture for LTE integration and untrusted non-3GPP IP access integration.Standalone PCEFIn the standalone PCEF scenario, the WAG is set up to send user data traffic to the PCEF for PCC integration. At the same time, traffic that does not need policy control (traffic from visiting customers, wholesale traffic, onetime voucher users, etc.) is allowed to go directly to the Internet (Figure 6).Figure 6. Standalone PCEF ArchitectureBecause the PCEF needs to be able to correlate the user identity with the data flows passing the PCEF, a mechanism is needed that can synchronize the user identity with the IP address of the subscriber (so that individual data packets can be associated with the user data plan and processed accordingly). Commonly, the RADIUS proxy function on the PCEF is used to create user session information based on the attributes included in the accounting messages coming from the access gateway for a particular user. Figure 7 shows the typical call flow.© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 8 of 23Figure 7.Typical PCEF Authentication Call FlowIf this model is deployed, the operator needs to help ensure that all mandatory information needed by the PCEF is included in the RADIUS messages from the access gateway or proxied through AAA, where the necessary attributes are added to the message. In addition to the IP address of the subscriber session, information about the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), the mobile station international subscriber directory number (MSISDN), and the associated access point name (APN) is usually required.GTP to Traditional GGSNIf the PCEF is an integral part of the GGSN, the option of forcing Wi-Fi sessions into a GTP tunnel (packet data protocol [PDP] context) may provide the best solution for PCC integration. The traffic that does not belong to the mobile subscribers of the operator, and which therefore cannot be processed on the GGSN, is forwarded directly to the Internet (Figure 8).© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 9 of 23Figure 8.GTP-to-Traditional GGSN ArchitectureClearly, GTP support is required on the WAG for this deployment model. Also important to consider is the availability of the required attributes in the PDP context request, which are mandatory in the operator’s PCC system. Again, these attributes commonly include the IMSI, MSISDN, QoS profile, and APN. The call flow for this deployment model is shown in Figure 9.Figure 9. GTP-to-Traditional GGSN Call Flow© 2012 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information.Page 10 of 23Note that even though all sessions (3G and Wi-Fi) are anchored on the GGSN, this solution does not provide transparent handover of the IP sessions between the Wi-Fi and 3G radio networks. This limitation exists because the Wi-Fi and 3G PDP contexts are individual sessions, and the user device can open them simultaneously. Unfortunately, the 3GPP standard does not provide a mechanism to help ensure that the same GGSN is chosen for both of these PDP contexts, and therefore anchoring of the sessions on the same device cannot be achieved.PCC Integration ConsiderationsWhen performing PCC integration, note the following:●The options listed are valid and needed for 3G. As discussed later, LTE provides native integration into theEPC and therefore into the PCC●The critical element is the capability of the WAG to provide all necessary information for charging(specifically, some of these attributes are not part of EAP authentication and need to be retrievedseparately, if needed: for example, the MSISDN, the QoS profile, and optionally, the 3GPP chargingcharacteristics)●Usually, the PCEF does not handle traffic from users who are not mobile customers of the operator(non-SIM subscribers). This traffic is sent directly to the Internet. If these particular sessions need policy or charging functions, these are usually handled by the WAG and Wi-Fi back-end systems directlyLTEBefore describing the third function of the Wi-Fi offload architecture, session handover, this document examines the integration of PCC in an LTE scenario. This examination will help you later understand user session mobility and anchoring.3GPP TS 23.402 describes native integration of trusted and untrusted non-3GPP IP access networks into the EPC. The standard accepts that the Wi-Fi network is as valid an access network as any other 3GPP radio access network. This acceptance enables operators to use the standards-based EPC components for integration and therefore helps ensure a good level of interoperability between different access types.As mentioned earlier, this document concentrates first on the trusted part of the architecture. To force the Wi-Fi traffic to the EPC, two interfaces are defined, both of them terminating Wi-Fi sessions on the packet data network gateway (P-GW) as shown in Figure 10.Figure 10. 3GPP Architecture for Non-3GPP IP Access Integration into EPC, S2c OptionThe S2c interface is based on the Dual-Stack Mobile IP Version 6 (DSMIPv6) protocol and requires user equipment to support it. DSMIPv6 creates a tunneled connection between the user equipment and the P-GW, which is used to forward all traffic to and from the user equipment. The P-GW is responsible for assigning a virtual IP address to the tunnel during the setup process. This IP address is from the same IP pool that is used for LTE sessions. Because all traffic to and from the user equipment is sent through the tunnel, the P-GW has complete visibility of the user traffic and can apply PCC and other necessary functions to the traffic in the same manner as it does to the LTE sessions (Figure 11).Figure 11. 3GPP Architecture for Non-3GPP IP Access Integration into EPC, S2a OptionAnother option shown in Figure 11 is to choose the S2a interface for forwarding traffic from the Wi-Fi network to the EPC. This interface is based on the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol. As with S2c, the interface terminates on the P-GW and enables visibility into the user traffic. The difference is that the PMIPv6 protocol does not require any changes on the user equipment. The wireless access gateway (WAG) in the trusted non-3GPP IP access network provides the mobile IP functions transparently for the client. It creates the tunnel, requests the IP address from the P-GW, and then assigns this address to the Wi-Fi connection. In this way, the user equipment is assigned an IP address that is part of the P-GW pool, but it does not see the address as virtual but as a physical address directly on the Wi-Fi interface.Figure 12 shows an overview of LTE architecture. Again, in addition to tunneled traffic to the EPC, direct connection from the WAG to the Internet is enabled for users who are not mobile subscribers of the operator.Figure 12. LTE ArchitectureTwo methods of integration (S2a and S2c) have been used here, and each has different implications for the deployment. The S2c approach requires changes on the user equipment; therefore, it is considered client-based. This feature may not be trivial in a mobile network because of the need for client software for functions. The mobile operator must help ensure that large numbers of different handsets and operating systems can be addressed by the software, must keep the user equipment updated with new versions of software, and must motivate subscribers to use the client software. Figure 13 illustrates the attachment as defined by 3GPP. Phase A represents attachment to the Wi-Fi network. In phase B, the DSMIPv6 tunnel is opened to the P-GW; and in phase C, the session is signaled as the active one. Also illustrated is the establishment of policies for the session using the PCRF.Figure 13. S2c Network Attachment As Defined by 3GPPThe S2a approach eliminates the problem of the client software. The trade-off here is that the operator loses control of Wi-Fi activation and session handover on the user equipment. This loss of control may result in unexpected behavior of the user equipment during switchover from 3GPP access to Wi-Fi and back. Figure 14 shows the attachment as defined by 3GPP. The trusted non-3GPP IP access network represents the Wi-Fi network, with the WAG as part of this network. For a detailed description of the call flow, please refer to 3GPP TS 23.402.Figure 14. S2a Network Attachment As Defined by 3GPPInter-Radio HandoverBefore analyzing different methods of handover, it is important to understand the terms often used in this context. Specifically, you need to understand what session handover is and the types of handover that can be implemented depending on the requirements of the mobile operator.In mobile data networks, one of the most important procedures is handover - when a subscriber moves from one radio station to another. The handover procedure describes the behavior of the network when the subscriber switches from one radio type to another (for example, from 3G to Wi-Fi).Today, few handover types can be used. The one required in the operator’s network needs to balance the expectations of subscribers and the complexity of the architecture.●Handover without IP address persistency (connectivity handover): When a subscriber connects to the Wi-Fiaccess network, the subscriber is authenticated transparently and is assigned a new IP address by theWi-Fi network. All new communications can use the new IP address as the source. All established TCP and UDP connections can, however, still continue over the 3G network. If the user equipment logicdisables the 3G interface, then these established sockets will need to be (automatically) reestablished over Wi-Fi, using the new IP address.●Handover with IP persistency (IP handover): When a subscriber connects to the Wi-Fi network, thesubscriber will be assigned the same IP address as he used on the 3G or LTE network. If the established TCP and UDP connections are bound to a physical interface (because of the TCP/IP stack implementation of the UE), they will need to be (automatically) reestablished using the new Wi-Fi interface, even though they will use the same IP address.●Session handover (transparent handover): This type of handover is similar to IP handover, but thehandover must occur in a time range that allows real-time media applications (voice over IP, streamingvideo, etc.) - for example, using established UDP sockets for media and TCP sockets for the control-plane protocol - to continue without interruption or user-experience degradation as the device switches between Wi-Fi and 3G cellular connectivity.Note that seamless handover can be achieved only with user equipment cooperation, which means that software updating (for client software) is needed on terminals. At minimum, this software needs to provide a virtual interface adapter, to mask the physical interface structure for TCP and UDP sockets. The challenges of client software have already been discussed above.3GPP defines handover mechanisms for trusted Wi-Fi only as part of the LTE architecture. For untrusted Wi-Fi, proposals exist for 3G and LTE. This document starts with a look at trusted non-3GPP IP access networks in LTE.S2a-Based Handover (Clientless)The advantage of PMIPv6 as protocol for the S2a interface is that the protocol is built for network-based IP mobility. Therefore, it can provide, without client involvement, handover of the IP address between different access types. In this design, the P-GW is responsible for anchoring the session, assigning the IP addresses, and switching the PMIPv6 or Ga TP tunnels between different access gateways in the event of handover. The access gateways must support the mobile access gateway (MAG) function to fulfill all mobile IP-related mobile-node functions.Figure 15 illustrates the handover call flow as defined in 3GPP TS 23.402. The trusted non-3GPP IP access element is equivalent to a WAG.Figure 15. Handover Call Flow As Defined in 3GPP TS 23.402Although S2a-based handover is clientless, recall that the problems with Wi-Fi-to-3GPP handover are the existence of two radio interfaces on the user equipment and the role of the user equipment as the handover decision point. Because of these two factors, the network can never ensure that the user equipment is using the proper interface.Note: The definition of what constitutes a proper interface can change on an operator-by-operator basis.Also, at the user equipment, the TCP/IP stack needs to be able to cope with two physical interfaces that may eventually have identical IP addresses. Additionally, in some TCP/IP stack implementations, application sockets may be bound to a physical interface. Therefore, when the user equipment or application switches between interfaces, the application connections must be dropped and may need to be reestablished from the new interface.Given all of these dependencies, the PMIPv6-based architecture cannot (without user equipment support) guarantee operation of a transparent handover function on all user equipment types. This situation can be improved if a properly designed connection manager (with virtual adapters) is installed on all user equipment.Cisco is actively working with chipset and handset vendors to support standardization and development of user equipment that meets the requirements for smooth clientless handover.S2c-Based Handover (Client-based)For the S2c interface, 3GPP reuses the IETF-defined DSMIPv6 protocol between the user equipment and theP-GW as the anchor point. When on the non-3GPP network, the user equipment builds the DSMIPv6 to the appropriate P-GW and is assigned a virtual IP address, which is then used for application communication.The same IP address will be assigned to the user equipment over a 3GPP access network in the event of handover. The 3GPP network is treated as the home network, and therefore the user equipment does not need to set up a DSMIPv6 tunnel on the 3GPP access network.Figure 16, from 3GPP TS 23.402, summarizes the call flow during handover from an LTE access network to aWi-Fi access network.。
n4会话建立的消息流程及参数符合规范标准
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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by the editor. I hope that after you download them, they can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!现今，随着信息技术的快速发展，各种通信方式的普及和应用使得人们的沟通变得更加便捷和高效。
telegraf的conf文件语法
一、介绍Telegraf是一款由InfluxData开发的开源代理程序，用于收集、处理和汇总指标数据。
Telegraf的配置文件（conf）是用来配置Telegraf 代理程序的重要部分，它定义了数据收集的规则、目标输出和其他配置选项。
本文将详细介绍Telegraf的配置文件语法，以帮助用户了解如何正确配置和定制Telegraf代理程序。
二、基本结构Telegraf的配置文件采用TOML（Tom's Obvious, Minimal Language）格式，具有简洁易读的特点。
配置文件由多个部分组成，每个部分包含一个或多个配置项。
以下是一个Telegraf配置文件的基本结构示例：```toml[global_tags]environment = "production"dc = "us-east-1"[agent]interval = "10s"round_interval = truemetric_batch_size = 1000metric_buffer_limit = xxxcollection_jitter = "0s"flush_interval = "10s"flush_jitter = "0s"[[inputs.cpu]]percpu = truetotalcpu = truecollect_cpu_time = false[[outputs.influxdb]]urls = ["网络协议://localhost:8086"]database = "mydb"precision = "s"timeout = "0s"```在上面的示例中，配置文件分为几个部分，分别包括全局标签（global_tags）、代理设置（agent）、数据输入（inputs）和数据输出（outputs）。
TRACES NT操作手册说明书
TRACES NTOperatorsEU LOGIN & ROLE REQUESTWelcome to TRACES NT. This manual contains all essential information for the user to get started with TNT. It includes the guidelines for registration and the users & operators management with step-by-stepprocedures.Table of ContentsI.EU login (3)2.Request a role (5)3. Request a role as an operator………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………I.EU loginThe first step is to create your EU login, which is a mandatory security layer.Note: in case you already have an ECAS account, it is not necessary to redo the procedure. You can go directly to stepGo to https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/tracesnt/login to access the TRACES NT welcome page.Click on the link “Sign up for TRACES”, in the box on the right side :On the top right corner, you have the option to choose your language:You will be redirected to the EU Login registration page. Complete all form fields.Note: Please keep in mind that the data you choose will be the data that appear in thecertificates/documents when you sign it. As the certificate in TRACES NT has a legal value, it is importantthat you open the EU login account in the name of a real person, NOT a generic name as your bordercontrol post, operator's name, or control body.For the e-mail address: you are strongly advised to choose your individual professional email addresswhich will be used to login to TNT.After completing all the fields, click on the "Create an account" button.Once you have sent the request, an email will automatically be sent to you with a link to set your password.Note: you have 90 min to click on the link (it will expire when the 90 minutes have passed).If you do not receive this automatic email, you can find help on this page:https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/cas/contact.htmlIn TNT, the user can manage their account and change their personal data. To do so click on the top right corner edit my profile and then click on my account on EU log in. Click om modify my personal data and modify the data you wish. Do not forget to click on submit to save changes2.Request a roleOnce you created your EU login, you have to request a role in order to have access to TRACES NT. Go to the TNT website: https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/tracesnt/loginThen click on the green button “Login into TRACES”.You will be redirected to the EU Login access. Introduce your email address or your username. Click on “Next”.Introduce your password and click on “Sign in”.When accessing TRACES for the first time, you will see this page:3.Requesting a role as an operatorIf you work for a company and/or you have to create the PART I of a CHED, select “Operator”. The system will redirect you to a page, which will enable you to search for your company.Complete the fields requested by the system by inserting “Country” and typing the name of the company you are looking for. “Section” and “Activity type” are optional.If your company already exists in the system, tick the small box on the right (you can select more than one company) and then click in the green button named “Request authorisation”.It means that you just have requested the authorisation to be linked to the company you work for.A pop-up window will appear you have the option to send more information if you wish to.Otherwise, click on “Send authorisation request”:If your company does not exist in the system,you can create it by clicking on the green button “Create a new operator”.Note:I n order to avoid duplicate in TNT, note that you f irst have to look for your company i n order for the button to turn green. Once you looked for it, you will have the option to click on it.Type the requested information in the box “Operator details”.Note: The mandatory fields are marked with the red star (*)Once you filled all the mandatory information, you will be able to choose the chapter in the box “Chapter or Activity”.Note: the chapter you chose depends on the document you need to create/access.Please, find below the chapter with the corresponding document:Organic (COI), imported timber products (FLEGT), Plants (CHED-PP and PHYTO), Fishing (CATCH),Veterinary (CHED-A), Feed and food of non-animal origin (CHED-D), Food (CHED-P), Other (horizontal roles such as “responsible for the load” or transporter).•If you are creating an operator with activity “Responsible for the Consignment”, in the box “Chapter or Activity”, select “Other”.Then, in the “Activity” box, select “Responsible for the Load” in both “Section” and “Activity”boxes.The operators with the activity “Responsible for the Load” have to assign a Responsible Authority to your operator. In orde r to select the responsible authorities, click on “Search responsible authorities” in the “Activity” box.Search for the BCP you wish to assign to your operator by typing the name of the BCP. You can also click on the “Advanced search” button. We usually advise to assign the BCP you work the most with.Click in “Select” to assign the BCP.Note: The BCP that you assigned to your operator will be the one in charge of the validation of youroperator only. Indeed, you will still be able to work with all other BCPs.Once you have filled all the mandatory fields and assigned the authority, click on the button “Create new operator” in order to submit your application.When you click on “Create new operator”, a pop-up window will appear. You have the option to send more information, otherwise, click on “Send authorisation request”:Note:By clicking on “S end authorisation request” you are making a request to the users o f t he BCP that you have assigned as responsible authority for the validation of the activity R esponsible for the Load o f your o perator. You are also requesting g to be linked to that operator, this is what we call “request a role”.•For the organic chapter, you will have to select your control body/authority.•For the other activities, the selection of the section and the activity is enough. The competent authority will be automatically assigned by the system. This competent authority is responsible for the validation of this activity and the management of this activity of your operator.Once your request is sent, you will receive the following message on the TRACES homepage:You will then be able to see the status of your request at the bottom of the page:Once both your operator and your role are valid, you will have access to TNT. The Traces Unit can be contacted at **********************.ie。
超米克斯 电导胶与超米克斯 电导胶合金产品说明说明书
1US Headquarters TEL +(1) 781-935-4850FAX +(1) 781-933-4318 • Europe TEL +(44) 1628 404000FAX +(44) 1628 404090Asia Pacific TEL +(852) 2 428 8008FAX +(852) 2 423 8253South America TEL +(55) 11 3917 1099FAX +(55) 11 3917 0817Since 1961, Chomerics has invented and extended virtually every aspect of conductive elastomer materials technology —from the earliest silver and silver/copper filled silicones to the latest and more cost-effective silver/aluminum and nickel/graphite composites. Today we offer the most comprehensive selection and highest quality products available anywhere.Each conductive elastomer consists of a silicone,fluorosilicone, EPDM or fluorocarbon-fluorosilicone binder with a filler of pure silver, silver-plated copper, silver-plated aIuminum, silver-plated nickel, silver-plated glass, nickel-plated graphite, or unplated graphite particles.The development of these composites is the result ofdecades of research and testing, both in the laboratory and in the field. Our proprietary filler powder technology allows us to carefully control the composition, size, and morphology of the conductive particles. Their precise, uniform dispersion within the resinous binders produces materials with stable and consistent electrical and physical properties.Chomerics’conductive elastomers feature excellentresistance to compression set over a wide temperature range,resulting in years of continuous service. All meet MIL-STD-810requirements for fungus resistance. In addition to EMI shielding, these materials will provide an environmental or pressure seal if required.For those materials containing silver, both packaging and storage conditions should be similar to those for other silver-containing components, such as relays or switches. They should be stored in sheet plastic, such as polyester orpolyethylene, and kept away from sulfur-containing materials,such as sulfur-cured neoprene, cardboard, etc. To remove dirt,clean the elastomer with water or alcohol containing mild soap (do not use aromatic or chlorinated solvents).Table 3 on pages 5-7 outlines the properties and specification limits of Chomerics’conductive elastomers.These materials are produced in a virtually unlimited variety of molded, die-cut and extruded shapes and sizes Our Applications Engineering Department is veryaccessible, and ready to assist with material selection and gasket design. We welcome your inquiry.Material Selection Chomerics’array of conductive elastomers offers true flexibility in selecting the appropriate material for a specific application on the basis of cost and level of attenuation required. Price varies directly with shielding performance.For most applications, CHO-SEAL materials are preferred over CHO-SIL materials, owing to their superior physical properties and excellent shielding performance. With their reticulate structure, CHO-SIL materials are typically lighter in weight and more compressible.For military/aerospace applications, we recommend that users of conductive elastomer gaskets specify that materials meet the requirements of MIL-G-83528and be procured from MIL-G-83528 QPL sources. To avoid the risk of system EMI or environmental seal failure, any change in conductive elastomer seal supplier (includingMIL-G-83528 QPL suppliers) should be proceeded by thorough system qualification testing.Non-Silicone BaseElastomer Fluid Resistance Certain specialty elastomers (E6306, E6434, E6434E, V6433 and the various fluorosilicone based materials) are offered specifically for their fluid resistance properties. Table 1 shows the qualitative assessment of fluid resistance to various fluids for three non-silicone base elastomers used for Chomerics’conductive elastomers.3US Headquarters TEL +(1) 781-935-4850FAX +(1) 781-933-4318 • Europe TEL +(44) 1628 404000FAX +(44) 1628 404090Asia Pacific TEL +(852) 2 428 8008FAX +(852) 2 423 8253South America TEL +(55) 11 3917 1099FAX +(55) 11 3917 0817Conductive Elastomer Selection GuideThe chart on these pages provides selection guidelines for Chomerics’most general-purpose elastomer EMI gasket materials. With the exception of certain limitations noted under “Remarks”, all of these materials are electrically stable over time and provide excellent moisture and pressure sealing. They are all medium-durometer materials and differ mainly in shielding performance and corrosion resistance. (Silver-plated-aluminum filled materials aresignificantly more corrosion-resistant than silver-plated-copper and silver-plated-nickel filled materials. Refer to the discussion of CHO-SEAL 1298Corrosion-Resistant EMI Shielding Gasket on page 5.)Note on Gasket Deflection and Closure Force: We do NOTrecommend that material selection be based primarily on hardness. Unlike unfilled elastomers, hardness is not always a good indicator of deflection properties. Gasket shape is generally the most important determinant of deflection under load.For applications requiring large gasket deflection with minimum closure force, select a hollow strip configuration and/or evaluate the use of Chomerics’SOFT-SHIELD ®Low Closure Force Gaskets.5US Headquarters TEL +(1) 781-935-4850FAX +(1) 781-933-4318 • Europe TEL +(44) 1628 404000FAX +(44) 1628 404090Asia Pacific TEL +(852) 2 428 8008FAX +(852) 2 423 8253South America TEL +(55) 11 3917 1099FAX +(55) 11 3917 0817CHO-SEAL1298 Corrosion-ResistantEMI Shielding GasketCHO-SEAL 1298 elastomerincorporates unique particle plating and elastomer technology for increased corrosion resistance.When used in conjunction with the CHO-SHIELD 2000 series of corrosion-resistant conductive coatings on aluminum flanges, a corrosion-proof EMI flange system is obtained.CHO-SEAL 1298 gasket material is based on a silver-plated-aluminum filler dispersed in a fluorosiliconebinder, with corrosion inhibitingadditives that contain no chromates.It offers shielding effectiveness of 100 dB at 500 MHz and meets all requirements of MIL-G-83528 Type D (initial and aged). CHO-SEAL 1298gasket material also has excellent resistance to fluids and fuels commonly used in aviation and industrial applications.Corrosion Resistance Testing Chomerics has completedextensive corrosion resistance testing on CHO-SEAL 1298 gasket materialusing a gravimetric weight lossprocedure. A copy of the test method (CHO-TM 100) is available on request from Chomerics. T estfixtures and elastomer samples are also available. Contact Chomerics’Applications Engineering Department for further information.Lightning Strike ResistanceThe survivability of any system to lightning strike is dependent on specific flange design. Lightning strike testing of CHO-SEAL 1298gasket material has demonstrateda Copies of CEPS-0002 and CHO-TM-TP08 are available from Chomericsb Compression set is expressed as a percentage of deflection per ASTM D395 Method B., at 25% deflection. To determine percent recovery, subtract 1/4 of stated compression set value from 100%. For example, in the case of 30% compression set, recovery is 92.5%.c Where two values are shown: First represents max. operating temp. for conformance to MIL-G-83528 (which requires Group A life testing at 1.25 times max. operatingtemp.) Second value represents practical limit for exposure up to 1000 hours (compressed between flanges 7-10%). Single value conforms to both definitions.d Extruded version of 1215 was formerly designated 1250; extruded version of 1401 was formerly designated 1405.e Second value applies to extruded forms only.f CHO-SIL 1401 degrades electrically after simulated EMP current levels < 0.9 kA per in.Note: It may not be inferred that the same level of shielding effectiveness provided by a gasket material tested in the fixture per MIL-G-83528 Para. 4.6.12 would be provided in an actual equipment flange, since many mechanical factors of the flange design (tolerances, stiffness, fastener location, and size, etc.) could lower or enhance shielding effectiveness. This procedure provides data applicable only to the test fixture design of MIL-G-83528, but which is useful for making comparisons between different gasket materials.n Not available in extruded form.NA Not Applicable (Q) Qualification(C) QC Conformance7US Headquarters TEL +(1) 781-935-4850FAX +(1) 781-933-4318 • Europe TEL +(44) 1628 404000FAX +(44) 1628 404090Asia Pacific TEL +(852) 2 428 8008FAX +(852) 2 423 8253South America TEL +(55) 11 3917 1099FAX +(55) 11 3917 0817Copies of CEPS-0002 and CHO-TM-TP08 are available from Chomericsb Compression set is expressed as a percentage of deflection per ASTM D395 Method B., at 25% deflection. To determine percent recovery, subtract 1/4 of stated compression set value from 100%. For example, in the case of 30% compression set, recovery is 92.5%.c Where two values are shown: First represents max. operating temp. for conformance to MIL-G-83528 (which requires Group A life testing at 1.25 times max. operating temp.) Second value represents practical limit for exposure up to 1000hours (compressed between flanges 7-10%). Single value conforms to both definitions.h Heat aging condition: 100°C/48 hrs.i Heat aging condition: 150°C/48 hrs.jFirst value represents conformance to MIL-G-83528.Note: It may not be inferred that the same level of shielding effectiveness provided by a gasket material tested in the fixture per MIL-G-83528 Para. 4.6.12 would be provided in an actual equipment flange, since many mechanical factors of the flange design (tolerances, stiffness, fastener location, and size, etc.) could lower or enhance shielding effectiveness. This procedure provides data applicable only to the test fixture design of MIL-G-83528, but which is useful for making comparisons between different gasket materials.Table 3continuedn Not available in extruded form.•Not available in sheet or molded form.NA Not Applicable NS Not Survivable (Q) Qualification (C) QC Conformance s UL 94V-0 Rated。
航空货运电报简称
航空货运电报简称电报简称,SUNSONGYI草稿版，简称中文英文全称AAAR 预先安排 ADVANCE ARRANGEMENT REQUIRED ABD 登机、乘机 ABOARDABT 关于，大约 ABOUTABV 上述 ABOVEMENTA/C 飞机 AIRCRAFTACC 根据 ACCORDING ACCT 帐户 ACCOUNTEDACK 确认、签收 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACPT 接受 ACCEPT ，ACCEPTANCE ACT 行动、活动 ACTIVE 、ACTION ADAC 请告是否接收 ADVISE ACCEPTANCE ADAW 请告货运单号码 ADVISE AIR WAYBILL NUMBER ADCON 请告有关各方面 ADVISE ALL CONCERNED ADD 地址 ADDRESSADDEL 请告交付情况 ADVISE ALL CONCERNED ADHOL 请告是否已留妥吨位ADVISE IF HOLDING ADIF 请告是否 ADVISE IFADIN 请告意见 ADVISE INSTRUCTIONS ADTOD 请告交付时间 ADVISE TIME OF DELIVERYADV 通知 ADVISE AFT 在….之后 AFTER AGN 再、重新 AGAIN AGR 同意 AGREE AGT 反对 AGAINST AGT 代理人 AGENT ALDY 已经 ALREADY ALLW 允许，宽限ALLOW AM 早晨，上午 MORNING AMD 修改 AMEND AMT 总数、总计 AMOUNT ANS 回答 ANSWER AP 机场航空站 AIRPORT APPR 出现 APPEAR APPV 批准，认可 APPROVE APR 四月 APRIL AOG 急用航材 AIRCRAFT ON GROUNDARR 到达 ARRIVE ARML 邮件 AIRMAIL ARRNG 安排 ARRANGEMENT ASABV 如上AS ABOVE AS PER 详见ASAP 尽快 AS SOON AS POSSIBLE ASFLW 如下 AS FOLLOWS ASST 帮助ASSISTANCE AS YT 根据你处电传 AS YOUR TELEX ATTN 注意 ATTENTION ATTACH 随附、附加AUG 八月 AUGUST AVI 活体动物 LIVE ANIMAL AVBL 可利用的 AVAILABLE AWB 货运单 AIRWAY BILLBBAG 行李 BAGGAGE BAL 剩下的 BALANCE BCZ 因为 BECAUSE BEG 成为、变得BECOME BELTO 属于 BELONG TO BFR 在。
Pentax KP 使用手册说明书
Noticeable better af fine adjustment you can be able to this pentax of and. Remember that was this pentax kp manual wire hookup is a filter simulator function may earn an image sync are subject is an autofocus systems. People can apply a pentax user manual in the system packed with other devices, at the status af. Default function for and user is shaken during long time to the monitor also for your computer is a superb camera control dials as cancel menu items are nearly perfect. Usually seen pixel by pentax user manual before using the shutter speed for being accidentally deleted images at different and take a kind of. Discrepancies in pentax user and go practice the light settings select af mode in playback functions in tracking, so that adjusts the live previews on. Nature and video recording with pentax kp getting started explains your pentax! Refresh the user manual focusing area by fujitsu, while checking the kp in. Diopter correction functions in pentax kp camera until perfect focus on the features and off the brightness retrieves the
nr英文邮件
nr英文邮件请求开立信用证gentlemen:thank you for your order no. . in order to execute it, please open an irrevocable l/c for the amount of us$ 50, in our favor. this account shall be available until sep. 20. upon arrival of the l/c we will pack and ship the order as requested.sincerely通告已开户信用证dear sir:thank you for your letter of june 18 enclosing details of your terms. according to your request for opening an irrevocable l/c, we have instructed the beijing city commercial bank to open a credit for us$ 50, in your favor, valid until sep. 20. please advise us by fax when the order has been executed.sincerely命令信用证延后dear sir：we are sorry to report that in spite of our effort, we are unable to guarantee shipment by the agreed date due to a strike at our factory. we are afraid that your l/c will be expire before shipment. therefore, please explain our situation to your customers and secure their consent to extend the l/c to sept.30.同意更改信用证gentlemen: sept. 5, 20xxwe received your letter today and have informed our customers of your situation. as requested, we have instructed the beijing city commercial bank to extend the l/c up to and including september 30. please keep us abreast of any new development.sincerely抱怨发货迟延dear sirs: sept. 25, 20xxconcerning our order no. for mountain bikes, so far you have shipped only 50 bikes against the shipment. we are notifying you that we reserve our right to claim on you for the shortage, if it is confirmed. we have given our customers a definite assurance that we would supply the goods by the end of september. we hope you will look into this urgent matter.yours faithfully处理客户的抱怨gentlemen: sept. 30, 20xxin response to your letter of sept.25, we regret your complaint very much. today we received information from hong kong that the remaining bikes were on a ship that developed engine trouble and had to put into port for repairs. the trouble was not serious, and the vessel is now on her way. she would arrive at your place tomorrow or the next day.truly同意进口商的还价dear sirs:thank you for your letter of june the 8th. we have accepted your offer on the terms suggested. enclosed our will find a special price list that we believe will meet your ideas of prices. you should note that the recent advances in raw materials have affected the cost of this product unfavorably. however, for your order we have kept our prices down.to sincerely拒绝进口商的还价dear sirs:thank you for your letter of june the 8th. we regret that we cannot meet your must point out that the falling market here leaves us little or no margin of profit. we mustask you for a keener price in respect to future orders. at present the best discount offered for a quantity of is 5%. our current situation leaves us little room to bargain.we hope you will reconsider the offer.truly正式提出订单dear sir:we have discussed your offer of 5% and accept it on the terms quoted. we are prepared to give your product a trial, provided you can guarantee delivery on or before the 20th of september. the enclosed order is given strictly on this condition.we reserve the right of refusal of delivery and/or cancellation of the order after this date.truly证实订单dear sir:thank you very much for your order of june 15 for deer mountain bikes. we will make every possible effort to speed up delivery. we will advise you of the date of dispatch. we are at your service at all times.sincerely中止订货dear sirs: oct. 2, 20xxwe are sorry that causes completely beyond your control have made it impossible for you to keep the shipment date of sept. 30. since you havefailed to uphold your end of the agreement, we find it necessary to cancel our order. unfortunately, ourbuyers cannot wait indefinitely for the units. we are sorry that it is necessary to take such a drastic step.一致同意晚运原因we have received of your notice of delay of shipment due to mechanical troubles on the ship. we are pleased that the order is now on its way. thank you for the notice. we are eagerly awaiting the ship's arrival.yours faithfully货物损毁报告dear sirs: oct. 4, 20xxupon arrival of your shipment, the ship's agents noticed that case no. 5 was maged and notified us. the number of articles in the case is correct according to the invoice, but the following articles are broken: (list of articles) as you will see in our survey report and of the ship's agents', that these units are damaged and quite unsaleable.please send us replacements for the broken articles; we await your replyin due course.sincerely拒绝承担损坏责任dear sirs: oct. 8, 20xxthank you for informing us of the damaged shipment. since the units were packed with the best of care, we can only assume that the cases were handled roughly. we therefore urge you to lodge your claim with the insurance company.sincerely承担赔偿责任gentlemen: oct. 8, 20xxas soon as we got your letter we got in touch with the packers and asked them to look into the matter. it appears that the fault lies with the packaging materials used. we have since corrected the mistake. we apologizefor the oversight, and are sending a new delivery immediately.sincerely催要逾期货款it has come to our attention that your payment is one month overdue. the units ordered were delivered to you on september 26 and were invoiced on september 30. payment is due on october 30. we look forward to seeing your remittance within aweek.sincerelytoxue_com付清逾期货款dear sirs: oct. 3, 20xxwe have looked into the cause of the delay in payment and have found that our accounting department made an oversight in making your remittance. we are sorry for the inconvenience. the sum of us$ 20, has been sent to you by telegraphic transfer and should reach you sometime tomorrow.sincerely向顾客推销商品dear sir: may 1, 20xxinquiries regarding our new product, the deer mountain bike, have been coming in from all parts of the world. reports from users confirm what we knew before it was put on the market - that it is the best mountain bike available. enclosed is our brochure.yours faithfully提出询价dear sir: jun.1, 20xxwe received your promotional letter and brochure today. we believe that your would do well here in the u.s.a. kindly send us further details of your prices and terms of sale. we ask you to make every effort to quote at competitive prices in order to secure our business.we look forward to hearing from you soon..truly快速提供更多报价dear sir: june 4, 20xxthank you for your inquiry of june the 1st concerning the deer mountain bike. it gives us great pleasure to send along the technical information onthe model together with the catalog and price list. after studying the prices and terms of trade, you will understand why we are working to capacity to meet the demand.we look forward to the opportunity of being of service of you.如何讨价还价dear sir: june 8, 20xxwe have received your price lists and have studied it carefully. however, the price level in your quotation is too high for this market, if you are prepared to grant us adiscount of 10% for a quantity of , we would agree to your offer. you should note that some price cut will justify itself by an increase in business.we hope to hear from you soon.yours truly为青春欢呼,为荣誉而战时维四月,暮春之初。
一些常用的外贸英文缩写
A组A.R-------------All Risks 一切险ANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定Asia North America Eastbound Rate AWB: airway bill 空运提单ATTN------------attentiona/c----------------account no.AWB-------------airway billB组B.D.I -------------------Both Days Inclusive 包括头尾两天BAF --------------------燃油附加费Bunker Adjustment FactorBAF --------------------燃油附加费，大多数航线都有，但标准不一。
B/L --------------------海运提单Bill of LadingB/ldg.--------------------B/L Bill of Lading 提单Bs/L----------------------Bills of Lading 提单(复数)B/R --------------------买价Buying RateBal.----------------------Balance 差额bar. or brl.--------------barrel 桶; 琵琶桶B.B. clause---------------Both to blame collision clause 船舶互撞条款B/C-----------------------Bills for collection 托收单据B.C.----------------------before Christ 公元前b. d.----------------------brought down 转下B.D.----------------------Bank draft 银行汇票Bill Discounted--------- 贴现票据b. d. i . --------------------both dates inclusive 包括首尾两日bdle. ; bdl.--------------bundle 把; 捆b. e. ; B/E ; B. EX.-------Bill of Exchange 汇票B.f.----------------------Brought forward 接下页B/G-----------------------Bonded goods 保税货物bg. ; b/s-----------------bag(s) 袋bkg.----------------------backing 银行业务bkt.----------------------basket 篮; 筐bl.; bls.-----------------bale(s) 包Blading-------------------Bill of Lading 提单bldg.---------------------building 大厦bls.----------------------Bales 包, barrels 桶bot. ; bott. ; btl--------bottle 瓶br.-----------------------brand 商标; 牌Brkge.--------------------breakage 破碎brls.---------------------barrels 桶; 琵琶桶b/s-----------------------bags; bales 袋; 包btl.----------------------bottle 瓶bu.-----------------------bushel 蒲式耳bx.-----------------------box 箱bxs.----------------------boxes 箱(复数), 盒(复数)Bal.-----------------------Ballance 余额C组CFR 成本加运费（……指定目的港）CFR (cost and freight)成本加运费价C&F（成本加运费）：COST AND FREIGHTC&F 成本加海运费COST AND FREIGHTCIF 成本、保险费加运费付至（……指定目的港）CIF 成本，保险加海运费COST，INSURANCE，FRIGHTCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT CPT 运费付至（……指定目的港）CPT 运费付至目的地Carriage Paid ToCIP 运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地）CIP 运费、保险费付至目的地Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCOD: cash on delivery/collect on delivery 货到付款CCA: current cost accounting 现实成本会计Contract change authorization 合同更改批准Changed carriage advice 变更货运通知CY/CY 整柜交货（起点/终点）C.Y. 货柜场Container YardCY（码头）：CONTAINER YARDCFS（场）：CARGO FREIGHT STATIONC/D (customs declaration)报关单C．C．（运费到付）：COLLECTC.C 运费到付CollectC.C.O.V 价值,产地联合证明书CCPIT 中国国际贸易促进委员会CNTR NO. （柜号）：CONTAINER NUMBERC.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱C.S.C 货柜服务费Container Service ChargeC/(CNEE) 收货人ConsigneeC/O 产地证Certificate of OriginCAF 货币汇率附加费Currency Adjustment FactorCFS 散货仓库Container Freight StationCFS/CFS 散装交货（起点/终点）CHB 报关行Customs House BrokerCOMM 商品CommodityCTNR 柜子Containerc/- (or c/s)---------------cases 箱ca.; c/s; cs.--------------case or cases 箱C.A.D.; C/D----------------cash against documents 付款交单C.A.F.------------------Cost，Assurance, Freight ---(=C.I.F.) 成本加保费. 运费价canc.----------------------cancel, cancelled，cancellation取消; 注销canclg.--------------------cancelling 取消; 注销cat.-----------------------catalogue 商品目录C/B------------------------clean bill 光票C.B.D.---------------------cash before delivery 先付款后交单c.c.-----------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米；立方公分c.c.-----------------------carbon copy 复写纸；副本（指复写纸复印的）C.C.-----------------------Chamber of Commerce 商会C.C.I.B.-------------------China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中国商品检验局C/d------------------------carried down 转下cent-----------------------centum(L.) 一百Cert. ; Certif.------------certificate ; certified 证明书; 证明c.f.-----------------------Cubic feet 立方英尺C/f------------------------Carried forward 接后; 结转(下页)cf.------------------------confer 商议; Compare 比较CFS; C.F.S.----------------Container Freight Station 集装箱中转站; 货运站Cg.------------------------Centigramme 公毫C.G.A.---------------------Cargo's proportion of General Average 共同海损分摊额cgo.-----------------------cargo 货物chges.---------------------charges 费用Chq.-----------------------Cheque支票C.I.-----------------------Certificate of Insurance 保险凭证;-----------------------Consular Invoice 领事发票; 领事签证C.I.F. & C.----------------Cost lnsurance Freight & Commission 成本. 保险费加运费. 佣金价格C.I.F. & E.----------------Cost Insurance Freight & Exchange 成本. 保险费 . 运费加汇费的价格C.I.F. & I-----------------Cost Insurance Freight & Interest 成本. 保险费. 运费加利息的价格C.I.O.---------------------Cash in Order; Cash with order 订货时付款cks.-----------------------casks 桶cl.------------------------class; clause 级; 条款; 项CLP------------------------Container Load Plan 集装箱装箱单cm-------------------------centimetre 厘米; 公分cm2------------------------square centimetre 平方厘米; 平方公分cm3------------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分CMB------------------------国际公路货物运输条约CMI------------------------Comit'e Maritime International 国际海事委员会c/n------------------------cover note 暂保单; 预保单CNC------------------------新集装箱运输Co.------------------------Company 公司c/o------------------------care of 转交C/O ; c.o.-----------------Certificate of origin 产地证明书c.o.d. ,C.O.D.-------------Cash on delivery or Collection delivery 货到付款COFC-----------------------Container on Flat Car 平板车装运集装箱Com.-----------------------Commission 佣金Con.inv.-------------------Consular invoice 领事签证发票Cont. ; Contr.-------------Contract 合同; 合约Contd.---------------------Cotinued 继续; 续(上页)Contg.---------------------containing 内容Corp. ; Corpn. ; cor.------corporation 公司; 法人C/P ; c. py.---------------charter party 租船契约C.Q.D.---------------------Customary Quick Despatch 按习惯速度装卸Cr.------------------------Credit 贷方; 信用证; Creditor 债权人Crt.-----------------------crate 板条箱Ct.------------------------Cent 人; Current 当前; 目前Credit---------------------贷方; 信用证C.T.D.---------------------Combined transport document 联合运输单据CT B/L---------------------Combined transport bill of Iading 联合运输提单C.T.O.---------------------Combined transport operator 联合运输经营人cu. cm. ; cb. cm-----------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分cu. in. ; cb. in.----------cubic inch 立方寸cu.m. ; cb. m.-------------cubic metre 立方米; 立方公尺cu.ft. ; cb.ft.------------cubic foot 立方英尺cur. ;---------------------Curt current (this month) 本月cur.-----------------------currency 币制cu.yd. ; cb. yd.-----------cubic yard 立方码C.W.O.---------------------cash with order 订货时付款c.w.t. ; cwt.--------------hundredweight 英担(122磅)CY-------------------------Container Yard 集装箱堆场D组DDU: delivery duty unpaid 未完税交货DDP: delivery duty prepaid 完税交货DAF 边境交货（……指定地点）DAF 边境交货Delivered At FrontierDES 目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DES 目的港船上交货Delivered Ex ShipDEQ 目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DEQ 目的港码头交货Delivered Ex QuayDDU 未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty UnpaidDDC、IAC 直航附加费，美加航线使用DDC 目的港码头费Destination Delivery ChargeDL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元D/P(document against payment)付款交单D/P 付款交单Document Against PaymentDOC (document)文件、单据DOC（文件费）：DOCUMENT CHARGEDoc# 文件号码Document NumberD/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单D/A 承兑交单Document Against AcceptanceDOZ/DZ(dozen)一打D/O 到港通知Delivery OrderDDC: destination distribution charge 目的分送费DOC: Direct Operating Cost 直接操作费E组EXW 工厂交货（……指定地点）Ex 工厂交货Work/ExFactoryETA（到港日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVALETD（开船日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF DELIVERYETC（截关日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF CLOSINGEBS、EBA 部分航线燃油附加费的表示方式，EBS一般是澳洲航线使用，EBA 一般是非洲航线、中南美航线使用EXP（export)出口EA(each)每个，各EPS 设备位置附加费Equipment Position SurchargesF组FCA 货交承运人（……指定地点）FCA 货交承运人Free CarrierFAS 船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货Free On BoardFOB （离岸价）：FREE ON BOARDCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT FCL（整箱货）：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADFCL 整柜Full Container LoadFAF 燃油价调整附加费（日本航线专用）FAF 燃料附加费Fuel AdjustmentFactorFAC(facsimile)传真Form A ---产地证（贸易公司）F/F 货运代理Freight ForwarderFAK 各种货品Freight All KindFAS 装运港船边交货Free Alongside ShipFeeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40‘柜型Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40’FMC 联邦海事委员会Federal Maritime CommissionFIO是FREE IN AND OUT的意思，指船公司不付装船和卸船费用FIOST条款,指船公司不负责装,卸,平舱,理舱FI是FREE IN的意思，指船公司不付装FO是FREE OUT的意思，同理指船公司不付卸FAS: free alongside ship 启运港船边交货F/P: fire policy 火灾保险FOC: free of charges 免费FOD: free of damage 损坏不赔FOI: free of interest 无息FOP: free on plane 飞机上交货FOQ: free on quay 码头交货F/D: free docks 码头交货FAA: free of all average 全损赔偿FOR: free on rail 铁路交货（价）FOT: free on truck 货车上交货（价）F.O.: free out 船方不负责卸货费用F/L: freight list 运费单，运价表G组GRI 综合费率上涨附加费，一般是南美航线、美国航线使用GRI 全面涨价General RateIncreaseG.W.(gross weight)毛重G.W.(gross weight)毛重G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制ANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定Asia NorthAmerica EastboundRateC组（主要运费已付）CFR 成本加运费（……指定目的港）CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费价C&F（成本加运费）：COST AND FREIGHTC&F 成本加海运费COST AND FREIGHTCIF 成本、保险费加运费付至（……指定目的港）CIF 成本，保险加海运费COST，INSURANCE，FRIGHTCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT FOB （离岸价）：FREE ON BOARDCPT 运费付至（……指定目的港）CPT 运费付至目的地Carriage Paid ToCIP 运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地）CIP 运费、保险费付至目的地Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCY/CY 整柜交货（起点/终点）C.Y. 货柜场Container YardCY（码头）：CONTAINER YARDCFS（场）：CARGO FREIGHT STATIONC/D (customs declaration)报关单C．C．（运费到付）：COLLECTC.C 运费到付CollectCNTR NO. （柜号）：CONTAINER NUMBERC.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱C.S.C 货柜服务费Container Service ChargeC/(CNEE) 收货人ConsigneeC/O 产地证Certificate of OriginCAF 货币汇率附加费Currency Adjustment FactorCFS 散货仓库Container Freight StationCFS/CFS 散装交货（起点/终点）CHB 报关行Customs House BrokerCOMM 商品CommodityCTNR 柜子ContainerD组（到达）DAF 边境交货（……指定地点）DAF 边境交货Delivered At FrontierDES 目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DES 目的港船上交货Delivered Ex ShipDEQ 目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DEQ 目的港码头交货Delivered Ex QuayDDU 未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty UnpaidDDP 完税后交货（……指定目的地）DDP 完税后交货Delivered Duty PaidDDC、IAC 直航附加费，美加航线使用DDC 目的港码头费Destination Delivery ChargeDL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元D/P(document against payment)付款交单D/P 付款交单Document Against PaymentDOC (document)文件、单据DOC（文件费）：DOCUMENT CHARGEDoc# 文件号码Document NumberD/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单D/A 承兑交单Document Against AcceptanceDOZ/DZ(dozen)一打D/O 到港通知Delivery OrderE组（发货）EXW 工厂交货（……指定地点）Ex 工厂交货Work/ExFactoryETA（到港日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVALETD（开船日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF DELIVERYETC（截关日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF CLOSINGEBS、EBA 部分航线燃油附加费的表示方式，EBS一般是澳洲航线使用，EBA 一般是非洲航线、中南美航线使用EXP（export)出口EA(each)每个，各EPS 设备位置附加费Equipment Position SurchargesF组（主要运费未付）FCA 货交承运人（……指定地点）FCA 货交承运人Free CarrierFAS 船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货Free On BoardFOB （离岸价）：FREE ON BOARDCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT FCL（整箱货）：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADFCL 整柜Full Container LoadLCL（拼箱货）：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOADFAF 燃油价调整附加费（日本航线专用）FAF 燃料附加费Fuel Adjustment FactorFAC(facsimile)传真Form A ---产地证（贸易公司）F/F 货运代理Freight ForwarderFAK 各种货品Freight All KindFAS 装运港船边交货Free Alongside ShipFeeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40‘柜型Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40’FMC 联邦海事委员会Federal Maritime CommissionFIO是FREE IN AND OUT的意思，指船公司不付装船和卸船费用FIOST条款,指船公司不负责装,卸,平舱,理舱FI是FREE IN的意思，指船公司不付装FO是FREE OUT的意思，同理指船公司不付卸G组GRI 综合费率上涨附加费，一般是南美航线、美国航线使用GRI 全面涨价General Rate IncreaseG.W.(gross weight)毛重G.W.(gross weight)毛重N.W.(net weight)净重G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制H组HB/L（货代提单）：HOUSE BILL OF LADINGHBL 子提单House B/LH/C 代理费Handling ChargeHB/L（货代提单）：HOUSE BILL OF LADINGHBL 子提单House B/LH/C 代理费Handling ChargeIRR: internal rate of return 内部收益率(IRR—irregular report 异常报告) LCL（拼箱货）：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOAD MAWB: master airway bill 主提单HAWB: house airway bill 分提单I 组IFA 临时燃油附加费，某些航线临时使用INT（international)国际的INV (invoice)发票IMP(import)进口I/S 内销售Inside SalesIA 各别调价Independent ActionIATA: International Air Transport Association 国际航空输运协会J 组JP---代表“日元”L组FCL（整箱货）：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL（拼箱货）：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL 拼柜Less Than Container LoadL/C （letter of credit)信用证L/C 信用证Letter of CreditLand Bridge 陆桥M 组MB/L 主提单Master Bill Of LoadingMIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度M/V（merchant vessel)商船MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨M/T 尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）Measurement TonMAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的MLB 小陆桥，自一港到另一港口Minni Land BridgeMother Vessel 主线船MTD 多式联运单据Multimodal Transport DocumentN组NOVCC（无船承运人）：NON VESSEL OPRERATING COMMON CARRIER NVOCC 无船承运人Non Vessel OperatingCommon CarrierN.W.(net weight)净重N/F 通知人NotifyO组O/F 海运费Ocean FreightO/F（海运费）：OCEAN FREIGHTORC（广东地区原产地收货费）：ORIGINAL RECEIVING CHARGEOB/L（海运提单）：OCEAN BILL OF LADINGOBL 海运提单Ocean (or original )B/LORC 本地出口附加费，和SPS类似，一般在华南地区使用ORC 本地收货费用（广东省收取）Origen Recevie ChargesOCP 货主自行安排运到内陆点Overland Continental PointOP 操作OperationP组POD 目地港Port Of DestinationPOL 装运港Port Of LoadingPSS 旺季附加费Peak Season SuchargesPSS（旺季附加费）：PEAK CEASON SURCHARGEPSS 旺季附加费，大多数航线在运输旺季时可能临时使用REF （reference)参考、查价RMB（renminbi)人民币PR或PRC(price) 价格P/P（运费预付）：FREIGHT PREPAIDP.P 预付PrepaidPCS 港口拥挤附加费，一般是以色列、印度某些港口及中南美航线使用PCS 港口拥挤附加费Port Congestion SurchargePTF 巴拿马运河附加费，美国航线、中南美航线使用PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表PCT (percent)百分比PUR (purchase)购买、购货S组S/O（订舱单）：SHIPPING ORDERS/O 装货指示书Shipping OrderSEAL NO. （铅封号）S/C（sales contract)销售确认书S/C 售货合同Sales ContractSC 服务合同Service ContractSTL.(style)式样、款式、类型SPS 上海港口附加费（船挂上港九区、十区）S.S(steamship)船运S/M （shipping marks)装船标记S/(Shpr) 发货人ShipperS/R 卖价Selling RateS/S Spread Sheet Spread SheetSSL 船公司Steam Ship LineSDR special drawing rights 特别提款权SIL: shipper’s instruction letter 委托书SOP: standard operating procedure 标准操作程序/标准运作规程T组THC（码头费）：TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGETHC 码头操作费（香港收取) Terminal Handling ChargesT/T（电汇）：TELEGRAM TRANSITT/T 航程Transit TimeT/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇T.O.C 码头操作费Terminal Operations OptionT.R.C 码头收柜费Terminal Receiving ChargeT/S 转船，转运Trans-ShipTVC/ TVR 定期定量合同Time Volume Contract/ RateTEU 20‘柜型Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit 20’TTL 总共TotalT或LTX或TX(telex)电传TACT: the Air Cargo Tariff 航空货物运价手册V组VESSEL/VOYAGE（船名/航次）VOCC 船公司Vessel Operating Common Carrier32 PCT (percent)百分比W组W (with)具有WT(weight)重量W/T 重量吨(即货物收费以重量计费) Weight Tonw/o(without)没有W/M 即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费Weight or Measurement ton33 REF （reference)参考、查价Y组YAS 日元升值附加费（日本航线专用）YAS 码头附加费Yard SurchargesHS-Code 海关编码即HS编码，为编码协调制度的简称The Harmonization Code出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税port dues回佣return commission装运港port of shipment折扣discount ,allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price目的港port of destination零售价retail price进口许口证import license现货价格spot price出口许口证export license期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailing price国际市场价格world (International)Market price离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost, insurance and freight--------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered ship)交货时间time of delivery定程租船voyage charter;装运期限time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original BL选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment 在......(时间）分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent订货；订购book; booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid; bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价) offer发实盘offer firm询盘（询价）inquiry; enquiry---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------指示性价格price indication速复reply immediately参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply** 限* *复到subject to reply reaching here** 有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till** 购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to sellers confirmation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation ------------------贸易方式------------------------(拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade（又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency; exclusive agent -------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality原样original sample规格specifications复样duplicate sample说明description对等样品counter sample标准standard type参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet公差tolerance货号article No.花色（搭配）assortment样品sample增减plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty仲裁arbitration不可抗力force Majeure仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quanlity重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)**商品检验局**commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number净重net weight容积capacity毛作净gross for net体积volume皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreign exchange法定贬值devaluation外币foreign currency法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par纸币制度paper money system国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation。
M-Sampling
9
抽样方法应用概述
抽样方法 简单随机抽样 分层随机抽样 系统无子组抽样 系统子组抽样 对象分析 总体 总体 总体或流程 流程 抽样目的 代表性, 评估参数 代表性, 评估子组 代表性, 评估参数 代表性, 评估参数
M3 Sampling -v2
Copyright 2002, The Processwise Consultants Inc. All Rights Reserved
M3 Sampling -v2
Copyright 2002, The Processwise Consultants Inc. All Rights Reserved
2
DMAIC Roadmap
Define
顾客需求与关键 质量要素 客户调查计划 问题设计 SIPOC 项目选择与 项目任务书 项目效益计算
M3 Sampling -v2
Copyright 2002, The Processwise Consultants Inc. All Rights Reserved
20
抽样案例3– 电信公司新服务
背景: 你想知道顾客愿意接受某项电信新服务的比例, 调查了1000顾客, 其中500人表示愿意接受新服务 问题: 这种方法正确吗?应该怎么做?
独立性: 样本之间应该不相关
经济性: 确定样本大小需要考虑经济性
优秀的抽样是母集团的缩小 - 跟母集团相似但比较小
M3 Sampling -v2 Copyright 2002, The Processwise Consultants Inc. All Rights Reserved
7
抽样方法概述
• 随机抽样 各单元被选择的概率是特定和已知的 随机地选择单元 所有单元被选择的机会相等 • 系统抽样 没有概率问题: 明确包含或者不包含在样本中 有意地选择样本 用技巧与判断力
TS11 Annex F
TS.11- Annex F Detailed Test procedures for Services based on non-3GPPRadio Access TechnologiesVersion 14.109th December2015 This is a Non-binding Permanent Reference Document of the GSMASecurity Classification: Non-ConfidentialAccess to and distribution of this document is restricted to the persons permitted by the security classification. This document is confidential to the Association and is subject to copyright protection. This document is to be used only for the purposes for which it has been supplied and information contained in it must not be disclosed or in any other way made available, in whole or in part, to persons other than those permitted under the security classification without the prior written approval of the Association.Copyright NoticeCopyright © 2016GSM AssociationDisclaimerThe GSM Association (“Association”) makes no representation, warranty or undertaking (express or implied) with respect to and does not accept any responsibility for, and hereby disclaims liability for the accuracy or completeness or timeliness of the information contained in this document. The information contained in this document may be subject to change without prior notice.Antitrust NoticeThe in formation contain herein is in full compliance with the GSM Association‟s antitrust compliance policy.Table of ContentsANNEX F:DETAILED TEST PROCEDURES FOR SERVICES BASED ON NON-3GPP RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES (3)80DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING FOR HANDHELD TERMINALS (DVB-H) (3)80.1DVB-H Out of Coverage (3)80.2DVB-H Handover (3)80.2.1Single Frequency Network Handover (3)80.2.2Multi-Frequency Network Handover (4)80.3DVB-H Channel Switching (5)80.4Features Interaction with DVB-H Active (5)80.4.13G Voice Call Feature Interaction (5)80.4.23G Video Call Feature Interaction (6)80.4.33G SMS Feature Interaction (6)80.4.43G MMS Feature Interaction (7)80.4.52G Voice Call Feature Interaction (8)80.4.62G SMS Feature Interaction (8)80.4.72G MMS Feature Interaction (9)80.5Cellular Mobility with DVB-H Active (10)80.5.12G Cell Reselection (10)80.5.22G Routing Area Update (10)80.5.32G Location Area Update (11)80.5.43G Out of Service (11)80.5.52G Out of Service (12)80.6DVB-H Radio Sensitivity (12)81GENERIC ACCESS NETWORK (GAN) (13)81.1GAN Registration (13)81.1.1Paring to AP and GAN Registration (13)81.1.2GAN registration establishment time (14)81.2Voice calls (14)81.2.1Mobile Originated Calls (14)81.2.2Mobile terminated Calls (15)81.2.3Emergency Call under GAN coverage, ECMP = GERAN preferred (15)81.2.4Emergency Call under GAN coverage, ECMP = GAN preferred (16)81.3SMS (17)81.3.1SMS Sending (17)81.3.2SMS Reception (17)81.4MMS (17)81.4.1MMS Sending (17)81.4.2MMS Reception (18)81.5WAP Browsing (18)81.5.1Browsing connection success (18)81.5.2Browsing connection time (18)81.6Media Download and Streaming (19)81.6.1Download (19)81.6.2Streaming (19)81.7Mobility GAN-GERAN (20)81.7.1Reselection from GAN to GERAN (Rove-out) (20)81.7.2Reselection from GERAN to GAN (Rove-in) (20)81.7.3Circuit Switched Handover GAN to GERAN (21)81.7.4Circuit Switched Handover GERAN to GAN (21)81.7.5Packet Switched mobility GAN to GERAN (21)81.7.6Packet Switched mobility GERAN to GAN (22)81.8Mobility GAN-UTRAN (22)81.8.1Reselection from GAN to UTRAN (Rove-out) (22)81.8.2Reselection from UTRAN to GAN (Rove-in) (22)81.8.3Circuit Switched Handover GAN to UTRAN (23)81.8.4Circuit Switched Handover UTRAN to GAN (23)81.8.5Packet Switched mobility GAN to UTRAN (23)81.8.6Packet Switched mobility UTRAN to GAN (23)82GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) (24)82.1Time To First Fix (TTFF) (24)82.1.1TTFF – Standalone (24)82.1.2TTFF – UMTS/GSM Interworking (25)82.2Positioning Accuracy and Reliability (26)82.2.1In-Car – Standalone (26)82.2.2In-Car – UMTS/GSM Interworking (27)82.2.3Pedestrian – Standalone (28)82.2.4Pedestrian – UMTS/GSM Interworking (29)DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT ................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
OSHA现场作业手册说明书
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。
软件配置管理-软件版本外发检查单
目前是由SPDM填写完相关信息后，作为通知外发邮件的附件发给CM
包括release的项目名、客户名、发布目的、发布时间等相关信息 版本号应同时标明客户内部版本号和内部版本号，确定其正确性 区分target的文件是发给工厂还是客户或者第三方 写明接收人的信息 姓名+邮箱 写明target、特殊文件（若需要）、工具（若需要）本次外发的所 有压缩包的名字和大小 target的命名遵循： 1.发送给工厂的文件命名：项目名称+_软件内部版本号_target_发 布时间.rar 2.发送客户的文件命名：客户名称+_项目名称+客户(内部)版本 号.rar
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MTK项目：如果做了FAT文件，外发时要包含该文件 1.发送给客户以及第三方的软件：Stouch项目发送给客户的target 还要包含.txt(checksum)文件 1）MTK-6223系列， bin/txt/tst/(FAT) 2）MTK-6225系列， bin或ROM/txt/ tst/(FAT) 3）MTK-6235系列， bin文件夹与tst文件夹中的所有文件/(FAT) 4）MTK-6253系列， bin/txt/tst/(FAT) 5）MTK-6226系列， bin/txt/tst/(FAT) 6）MTK-6229系列， bin文件夹与tst文件夹中的所有文件/(FAT) 2.发送给工厂生产的软件： 除包含发送给客户的所有文件外，还要包含.txt(checksun)文件 Simlock文件包的内容是否正确 确定Simlock文件与SPDM要求发的文件版本是一致的
扩展回归模型手册说明书
Contents Intro.................................Introduction to extended regression models manual Intro1.........................................An introduction to the ERM commands Intro2....................................................The models that ERMsfit Intro3................................................Endogenous covariates features Intro4..........................................Endogenous sample-selection features Intro5.................................................Treatment assignment features Intro6.....................................Panel data and grouped data model features Intro7.........................................................Model interpretation Intro8...............................A Rosetta stone for extended regression commands Intro9.....................................Conceptual introduction via worked exampleeintreg..................................................Extended interval regression eintreg postestimation........................Postestimation tools for eintreg and xteintreg eintreg predict........................................predict after eintreg and xteintreg eoprobit............................................Extended ordered probit regression eoprobit postestimation.....................Postestimation tools for eoprobit and xteoprobit eoprobit predict.....................................predict after eoprobit and xteoprobit eprobit....................................................Extended probit regression eprobit postestimation........................Postestimation tools for eprobit and xteprobit eprobit predict........................................predict after eprobit and xteprobit eregress...................................................Extended linear regression eregress postestimation.....................Postestimation tools for eregress and xteregress eregress predict.....................................predict after eregress and xteregress ERM options........................................Extended regression model optionsestat teffects......................Average treatment effects for extended regression modelsExample1a.......................Linear regression with continuous endogenous covariate Example1b......................Interval regression with continuous endogenous covariate Example1c..............Interval regression with endogenous covariate and sample selection Example2a...........................Linear regression with binary endogenous covariate Example2b..................................Linear regression with exogenous treatment Example2c.................................Linear regression with endogenous treatment Example3a........................Probit regression with continuous endogenous covariate Example3b.....................Probit regression with endogenous covariate and treatment Example4a...........................Probit regression with endogenous sample selection Example4b...............Probit regression with endogenous treatment and sample selectionExample5............................Probit regression with endogenous ordinal treatmentExample6a..........................Ordered probit regression with endogenous treatment Example6b........Ordered probit regression with endogenous treatment and sample selection Example7.................Random-effects regression with continuous endogenous covariate Example8a.....................Random effects in one equation and endogenous covariateiii ContentsExample8b.........Random effects,endogenous covariate,and endogenous sample selection Example9..........Ordered probit regression with endogenous treatment and random effects predict advanced...........................................predict’s advanced features predict treatment.........................................predict for treatment statistics Triangularize.................................How to triangularize a system of equationsGlossary.........................................................................Subject and author index...........................................................Contents iii Stata,Stata Press,and Mata are registered trademarks of StataCorp LLC.Stata andStata Press are registered trademarks with the World Intellectual Property Organization®of the United Nations.Other brand and product names are registered trademarks ortrademarks of their respective companies.Copyright c 1985–2023StataCorp LLC,College Station,TX,USA.All rights reserved.。
外贸函电常用回复
1、 Telex released b/l 电放提单之马矢奏春创作2、 for your reference 做为你的参考3、 sign back 签回4、 Pls see attachment 请看附件5、 Pls sign back the telex releae letter . 请签回电放信6、 Pls find attached SO for your reference (yr ref.) 请查收附件做为你的参考7、 Pls make sure your cargo will send to our warehouse before tomorrow afternoon(18:00pm).请尽量将你的货在明天下午6点前送到我们的仓库8、 Pls see attchment and cfm the b/l of XXX. 请收附件而且确认提单为XXX是否OK？9、 I receipted the telex released requirment , but no payment receipt , we can’t telex release this cargo.Pls mail it to me hurry!我有收到电放函，但未收到付款收据，请尽快Email过来，否则我们不克不及电放此票货物。
10、Any further question, pls feel free to contact me, tks! 有任何问题，请及时联络我11、Enclosed booking form for yr ref, pls fill it out by return 附件所涵内容给你参考，请填好后回传给我12、Enclosed our airport warehouse address for yr send the cargo tomorrow morning请于明天早上送货，附件为飞机场仓库地址13、Pls find the attached , 1 filed for two TELEX RELEASE B/L to CHICAGO and check it ‘s OK or NOT 请收附件，我已电放好了去芝加哥的两票货物，请检查是否OK？14、Have received 已有收到15、Received with tks. 收到，谢谢已收到且将会安插17、The s/o can use till next week. 这份S/O下星期也可以使用请确认附件并传回19、Please kindly advice yr PO#. 请提供PO号码请查收附件中的付款单做参考21、I have release S/O to you , Pls received it . 我已有释放S/O给你，请查收。
基本入门知识--电放(Telex Release)
基本入门知识--电放（T e l e x R e l e a s e）关于Telex Release (电放)：1）有的简写为TLX，少部分人简写为T/R（另：T/R还指trucking 吨车费，拖车费）2）电放：应签发或已签发正本B/L的货代或船公司，根据托运人或货代的要求，在POL不签发正本B/L或收回已签发之正本B/L，以E?MAIL 或FAX或Telex , Telegram 等方式通知Delivery Agent 将货放给B/L上的Consignee或shipper order之人（to order B/L 下）3）shipper申请电放，通常要其出具公司正本保函或在有关B/L COPY（MEMO?B/L）上背书。
保函的内容通常有：shipper’s name , voyage NO. B/L NO. Sailing date (开航日)及货代无条件免责条款。
4）切记：若签正本B/L给shipper 后，shipper才提出电放申请，须收回全套正本B/L。
5）当同意电放后，有的出具电放信，有的给出一个电放号（如密码一样，为阿拉伯数字或英文字母）。
6）做L/C （以L/C为付款条件），或B/L为order单（即B/L上Consignee栏未填收货人Business Name , （又叫 Complete 或 Full Name ），而显示为“order”或“order of shipper”或“order of XXX Bank CO”或“order of XXX CO”,总之，只要于Consignee见有order 字样者）或空白B/L(即B/L中Consignee栏空着不填)或付款条件为Collection(托收（注：collect 则为“到付”之义）)（托收含D/P=Doc Against Payment 与D/A= Doc Against Acceptance），以上四种情况原则上不允许做电放。
欧六排放法规原文(最新版本 6 December 2012)
DIRECTIVESCOMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2012/46/EUof 6 December 2012amending Directive 97/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the approximationof the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobilemachinery(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,Having regard to Directive 97/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery ( 1 ), and in particular Article 14 thereof,Whereas:(1) Directive 2004/26/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 21 April 2004 amending Directive97/68/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery ( 2 ) introduced new emission Stages IIIA, IIIB and IV to Directive 97/68/EC, in order to increase environmental protection and preserve human health. The test methods have been amended accordingly, first by Directive 2004/26/EC and later by Commission Directive 2010/26/EU of 31 March 2010 amending Directive 97/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-roadmobile machinery ( 3 ).(2)The Stage IV limit values will become mandatory for type approvals issued as of 1 January 2013 for engines of category Q and as of 1 October 2013 for engines of category R. Based on the experience gained with heavy duty euro V and VI engines under Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Councilof 18 June 2009 on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (euro VI) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and Directive 2007/46/EC and repealing Directives 80/1269/EEC, 2005/55/EC and 2005/78/EC ( 4 ), certain gaps have been identified in the test requirements for Stage IV engines. In order to enable type approval of Stage IV engines of categories Q and R, taking into account technical progress, and in order to increase global harmonisation, it is necessary to revise and complement certain provisions of Directive 97/68/EC. It is also necessary in order to reduce the margin of interpretation of test results and to limit the errors in the appreciation of engine emissions.(3) Directive2010/26/EU introduced provisions on NO x control which are necessary to ensure that the sophis ticated after treatment systems, required in order to meet the new emission limits for Stage IIIB and IV engines, function properly. In particular, to avoid that operators circumvent compliance with emission limits, it is appro priate to complement the provisions on NO x control by introducing an operator warning system based on the corresponding provisions of Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 for heavy duty vehicles (euro VI), combined with a two-stage inducement system which reduces significantly the equipment’s performance thus enforcing compliance.(4) Withthe introduction of electronically controlled engines it is necessary to adapt the test procedure in order to ensure that engine tests better reflect real use conditions, further preventing circumvention of emission requirements (cycle beating). Therefore, during type approval, compliance should be demonstrated at a working area of the tested engine which has been selected on the basis of the ISO 8178 standard. It is also necessary to specify the engine operating conditions under which those tests are carried out and to modify the calculation methods for specific emissions in order to correspond to those required for heavy duty vehicles (euro VI) and to align them with the provisions of the major trading partners of the Union.( 1 ) OJ L 59, 27.2.1998, p. 1. ( 2 ) OJ L 146, 30.4.2004, p. 1. ( 3 ) OJ L 86, 1.4.2010, p. 29.( 4 ) OJ L 188, 18.7.2009, p. 1.(5) Directive 97/68/EC requires the manufacturer to specifythe engine emission performance under specific ambientcontrol conditions relating to altitude or pressure and temperature. In order to better reflect the real use of engines, it is appropriate to extend the temperature/ pressure and altitude criteria by aligning the provisions more closely with the requirements for heavy duty euro VI engines.(6) Thedurability requirements should also be revised in order to guarantee the efficiency of the emissionreduction once the engine is in operation. Due to the technological changes associated with Stage IV engines and their respective after treatment system, the durability provisions laid down in Directive 97/68/EC are not appropriate for those engines, and therefore provisions based on those of Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 regarding heavy duty euro VI engines should be inte grated in Directive 97/68/EC.(7) Aglobally harmonised test procedure for Stage IV engines has been adopted at the level of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE Regulation No 96.03 series of amendments). It is appro priate to provide that that procedure also applies to the testing of those engines in the Union.(8) Directive97/68/EC provides that approvals issued under other specific Union or UNECE legislation are equivalent to type approvals issued under that Directive. The references to the legal acts considered as equivalent should be adapted to current versions in force. With regard to heavy duty euro VI engines it is necessary to specify that the equivalency can only be met if certain additional inducement requirements are respected.(9) The reporting of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions provides further indication about the performance ofan engine. Reporting of CO 2 emissions on the engine test cycles is part of the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 for heavy duty vehicles (euro VI and Envi ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) 40CFR Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards). It is therefore appropriate to introduce such provisions also in Directive 97/68/EC.(10) Directive 97/68/EC does not contain specificrequirements for crankcase emissions, which are secondary engine emissions. In order to avoid interpre tation problems, it is necessary to clarify how crankcase emissions are taken into account in judging whether the emission test is passed or not. Those provisions should be aligned with Heavy Duty euro VI and US Tier 4 provisions (EPA 40CFR part 1039).(11) Directive97/68/EC specifies that engines are categorised in different engine power ranges due to the net engine power and thus emission limit requirements. With new electronically controlled engines, the maximal engine power could be different from the rated engine power. In order to ensure that the emission requirements are met, the engine power to be considered should be the maximum engine power.(12) Theinformation documents laid down in Directive 97/68/EC should be updated to reflect technicalprogress and the changes introduced. The new documents should allow a complete reporting.(13) Directive 97/68/EC should therefore be amended accord ingly. (14) In accordance with the Joint Political Declaration ofMember States and the Commission on explanatory documents of 28 September 2011, Member States have undertaken to accompany, in justified cases, the notifi cation of their transposition measures with one or more documents explaining the relationship between the components of a directive and the corresponding parts of national transposition instruments.(15) The measures provided for in this Directive are inaccordance with the opinion of the TechnicalCommittee of Motor Vehicles competent under Article 15 of Directive 97/68/EC,HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:Article 1Amendments to Directive 97/68/ECDirective 97/68/EC is amended as follows:(1) Annex I is amended in accordance with Annex I to thisDirective; (2) Annex II is amended in accordance with Annex II to thisDirective; (3) Annex III is amended in accordance with Annex III to thisDirective; (4) Annex VI is amended in accordance with Annex IV to thisDirective; (5) Annex VII is amended in accordance with Annex V to thisDirective; (6) Annex XI is replaced by the text set out in Annex VI to thisDirective; (7) Annex XII is replaced by the text set out in Annex VII tothis Directive.Article 2 Transposition1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with the Directive by 21 December 2013 at the latest. They shall forthwith communicate to the Commission the text of those provisions.When Member States adopt those provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member States shall determine how such reference is to be made. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.Entry into forceThis Directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.Article 4AddresseesThis Directive is addressed to the Member States.Done at Brussels, 6 December 2012.For the CommissionThe PresidentJosé Manuel BARROSOAnnex I to Directive 97/68/EC is amended as follows:(1) the following Sections 3.2.3 and 3.2.4 are added:‘3.2.3. The parenthesised number of the emissions stage, in roman numerals, which shall be prominently visible and located near to the type approval number.3.2.4. The parenthesised letters SV which are referring to small volume engine manufacturer and which shall beprominently visible and located near to the type approval number on each engine placed on the market underthe small volume derogation set out in Article 10(4).’;(2) Section 8.3.2.2 is replaced by the following:‘8.3.2.2. The control conditions applicable for Stage IIIB and Stage IV are the following:(a) Control conditions for Stage III B engines:(i) an altitude not exceeding 1 000 metres (or equivalent atmospheric pressure of 90 kPa);(ii) an ambient temperature within the range 275 K to 303 K (2 °C to 30 °C);(iii) the engine coolant temperature above 343 K (70 °C).Where the auxiliary emission control strategy is activated when the engine is operating within thecontrol conditions set out in points (i), (ii) and (iii), the strategy shall only be activated exceptionally.(b) Control conditions for Stage IV engines:(i) the atmospheric pressure greater than or equal to 82,5 kPa;(ii) the ambient temperature within the following range:— equal to or above 266 K (– 7 °C),— less than or equal to the temperature determined by the following equation at the specified atmospheric pressure: T c= – 0,4514 · (101,3 – p b) + 311, where: T c is the calculated ambient airtemperature, K and P b is the atmospheric pressure, kPa;(iii) the engine coolant temperature above 343 K (70 °C).Where the auxiliary emission control strategy is activated when the engine is operating within thecontrol conditions set out in points (i), (ii) and (iii), the strategy shall only be activated when demonstrated to be necessary for the purposes identified in Section 8.3.2.3. and approved by the TypeApproval authority.(c) Cold temperature operationBy derogation from the requirements of point (b), an auxiliary emission control strategy may be used ona Stage IV engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) when the ambient temperature is below275 K (2 °C) and if one of the two following criteria is met:(i) intake manifold temperature is less than or equal to the temperature defined by the followingequation: IMT c=P IM/15,75 + 304,4, where: IMT c is the calculated intake manifold temperature,K and P IM is the absolute intake manifold pressure in kPa;(ii) engine coolant temperature is less than or equal to the temperature defined by the following equation: ECT c=P IM/14,004 + 325,8, where: ECT c is the calculated engine coolant temperature,K and P IM is the absolute intake manifold pressure, kPa.’;(3) in Section 8.3.2.3, point (b) is replaced by the following:‘(b) for operational safety reasons;’;(4) the title of Section 8.4 is replaced by the following:‘Requirements on NO x control measures for Stage IIIB engines’;(5) the following Sections 8.5, 8.6 and 8.7 are added:onNO x control measures for Stage IV engines‘8.5. Requirementsthedescribesfunctionaloperationalofcharacteristicsfullymanufacturer8.5.1. Thethatshallprovideinformationthe NO x control measures using the documents set out in Section 2 of Appendix 1 to Annex II and inSection 2 of Appendix 3 to Annex II.8.5.2. The engine emission control strategy shall be operational under all environmental conditions regularlypertaining in the territory of the Union, especially at low ambient temperatures. This requirement is notrestricted to the conditions under which a base emission control strategy must be used as specified inSection 8.3.2.2.8.5.3. When a reagent is used, the manufacturer shall demonstrate that the emission of ammonia over the hotNRTC or NRSC at the type approval procedure does not exceed a mean value of 10 ppm.8.5.4. If reagent containers are installed on or connected to a non-road mobile machine, means for taking asample of the reagent inside the containers must be included. The sampling point must be easily accessiblewithout requiring the use of any specialised tool or device.withArticlein accordance4(3), upon the following:8.5.5. Thetypebe made conditional,approvalshall(a) providing to each operator of non-road mobile machinery written maintenance instructions;(b) providing to the OEM installation documents for the engine, inclusive of the emission control systemthat is part of the approved engine type;(c) providing to the OEM instructions for an operator warning system, an inducement system and (whereapplicable) reagent freeze protection;(d) the application of provisions on operator instruction, installation documents, operator warning system,inducement system and reagent freeze protection that are set out in Appendix 1 to this Annex.IVstage8.6. ControlareaforIn accordance with paragraph 4.1.2.7 of this Annex, for stage IV engines the emissions sampled within thecontrol area defined in Annex I Appendix 2 shall not exceed by more than 100 % the limit values of theemissions in table 4.1.2.6 of this Annex.8.6.1. Demonstration requirementsThe technical service shall select up to three random load and speed points within the control area fortesting. The technical service shall also determine a random running order of the test points. The test shallbe run in accordance with the principal requirements of the NRSC, but each test point shall be evaluatedseparately. Each test point shall meet the limit values defined in Section 8.6.requirements8.6.2. TestThe test shall be carried out immediately after the discrete mode test cycles as described in Annex III.However, where the manufacturer, pursuant to point 1.2.1 of Annex III, chooses to use the procedure ofAnnex 4B to UNECE Regulation No 96.03 series of amendments the test shall be carried out as follows:(a) the test shall be carried out immediately after the discrete mode test cycles as described in points (a) to(e) of paragraph 7.8.1.2 of Annex 4B to UNECE Regulation No 96.03 series of amendments but beforethe post test procedures (f) or after the Ramped Modal Cycle (RMC) test in points (a) to (d) of paragraph7.8.2.2 of Annex 4B to UNECE Regulation No 96.03 series of amendments but before the post testprocedures (e) as relevant;(b) the tests shall be carried out as required in points (b) to (e) of paragraph 7.8.1.2 of Annex 4B to UNECERegulation No 96.03 series of amendments using the multiple filter method (one filter for each testpoint) for each of the three chosen test points;(c) a specific emission value shall be calculated (in g/kWh) for each test point;(d) emissions values may be calculated on a molar basis using Appendix A.7 or on a mass basis usingAppendix A.8, but should be consistent with the method used for the discrete mode or RMC test;(e) for gaseous summation calculations the N mode shall be set to 1 and a weighting factor of 1 shall beused;(f) for particulate calculations use the multiple filter method and for summation calculations N mode shall beset to 1 and a weighting factor of 1 shall be used.forstageIVenginesGasesCrankcaseEmissions8.7. Verifyingofatmosphere,ambientwithexceptiongiventhethedischargedcrankcase8.7.1. Noemissionsshalldirectlybeintoin paragraph 8.7.3.8.7.2. Engines may discharge crankcase emissions into the exhaust upstream of any after treatment device duringall operation. 8.7.3. Engines equipped with turbochargers, pumps, blowers, or superchargers for air induction may dischargecrankcase emissions to the ambient atmosphere. In this case the crankcase emissions shall be added to the exhaust emissions (either physically or mathematically) during all emission testing in accordance with paragraph 8.7.3.1 of this section. 8.7.3.1. Crankcase emissionsNo crankcase emissions shall be discharged directly into the ambient atmosphere, with the followingexception: engines equipped with turbochargers, pumps, blowers, or superchargers for air induction may discharge crankcase emissions to the ambient atmosphere if the emissions are added to the exhaust emissions (either physically or mathematically) during all emission testing. Manufacturers taking advantage of this exception shall install the engines so that all crankcase emission can be routed into the emissions sampling system. For the purpose of this paragraph, crankcase emissions that are routed into the exhaust upstream of exhaust after treatment during all operation are not considered to be discharged directly into the ambient atmosphere.Open crankcase emissions shall be routed into the exhaust system for emission measurement, as follows: (a) the tubing materials shall be smooth-walled, electrically conductive, and not reactive with crankcaseemissions. Tube lengths shall be minimised as far as possible; (b) the number of bends in the laboratory crankcase tubing shall be minimised, and the radius of anyunavoidable bend shall be maximised; (c) the laboratory crankcase exhaust tubing shall meet the engine manufacturer’s specifications forcrankcase back pressure; (d) the crankcase exhaust tubing shall connect into the raw exhaust downstream of any after treatmentsystem, downstream of any installed exhaust restriction, and sufficiently upstream of any sample probes to ensure complete mixing with the engine’s exhaust before sampling. The crankcase exhaust tube shall extend into the free stream of exhaust to avoid boundary-layer effects and to promote mixing. The crankcase exhaust tube’s outlet may orient in any direction relative to the raw exhaust flow.’;(6) the following Section 9 is added:‘9. SELECTION OF ENGINE POWER CATEGORY9.1. For the purposes of establishing the conformity of variable speed engines defined by Section 1.A.(i) and 1.A.(iv)of this Annex with the emission limits given in Section 4 of this Annex they shall be allocated to power bands on the basis of the highest value of the net power measured in accordance with paragraph 2.4 of Annex I. 9.2. For other engine types rated net power shall be used.’; (7) the following Appendices 1 and 2 are added:‘Appendix 1Requirements to ensure the correct operation of NO x control measures1. IntroductionThis Annex sets out the requirements to ensure the correct operation of NO x control measures. It includes requirements for engines that rely on the use of a reagent in order to reduce emissions.1.1. Definitions and abbreviations“NO x Control Diagnostic system (NCD)” means a system on-board the engine which has the capability of: (a) detecting a NO x Control Malfunction;(b) identifying the likely cause of NO x control malfunctions by means of information stored in computermemory and/or communicating that information off-board.“NO x Control Malfunction (NCM)” means an attempt to tamper with the NO x control system of anengine or a malfunction affecting that system that might be due to tampering, that is considered by thisDirective as requiring the activation of a warning or an inducement system once detected.“Diagnostic trouble code (DTC)” means a numeric or alphanumeric identifier which identifies or labels aNO x Control Malfunction.“Confirmed and active DTC” means a DTC that is stored during the time the NCD system concludes thata malfunction exists.“Scan-tool” means an external test equipment used for off-board communication with the NCD system.“NCD engine family” means a manufacturer’s grouping of engine systems having common methods ofmonitoring/diagnosing NCMs.requirements2. GeneralThe engine system shall be equipped with a NO x Control Diagnostic system (NCD) able to identify theNO x control malfunctions (NCMs) considered by this Annex. Any engine system covered by this sectionshall be designed, constructed and installed so as to be capable of meeting these requirements throughoutthe normal life of the engine under normal conditions of use. In achieving this objective it is acceptablethat engines which have been used in excess of the useful life period as specified in Section 3.1 ofAppendix 5 to Annex III to this Directive show some deterioration in the performance and the sensitivityof the NO x Control Diagnostic system (NCD), such that the thresholds specified in this Annex may beexceeded before the warning and/or inducement systems are activated.information2.1. Required2.1.1. If the emission control system requires a reagent, the characteristics of that reagent, including the type ofreagent, information on concentration when the reagent is in solution, operational temperature conditionsand reference to international standards for composition and quality must be specified by the manufacturer, in Section 2.2.1.13 of Appendix 1 and in Section 2.2.1.13 of Appendix 3 to Annex II.2.1.2. Detailed written information fully describing the functional operation characteristics of the operatorwarning system in paragraph 4 and of the operator inducement system in paragraph 5 shall beprovided to the approval authority at the time of type-approval.2.1.3. The manufacturer shall provide installation documents that, when used by the OEM, will ensure that theengine, inclusive of the emission control system that is part of the approved engine type, when installedin the machine, will operate, in conjunction with the necessary machinery parts, in a manner that willcomply with the requirements of this Annex. This documentation shall include the detailed technicalrequirements and the provisions of the engine system (software, hardware, and communication) neededfor the correct installation of the engine system in the machine.conditions2.2. OperatingNO x control diagnostic system shall be operational at the following conditions:2.2.1. The(a) ambient temperatures between 266 K and 308 K (– 7 °C and 35 °C);(b) all altitudes below 1 600 m;(c) engine coolant temperatures above 343 K (70 °C).This section shall not apply in the case of monitoring for reagent level in the storage tank wheremonitoring shall be conducted under all conditions where measurement is technically feasible (forinstance, under all conditions when a liquid reagent is not frozen).protection2.3. Reagentfreeze2.3.1. It is permitted to use a heated or a non-heated reagent tank and dosing system. A heated system shallmeet the requirements of paragraph 2.3.2. A non-heated system shall meet the requirements of paragraph2.3.3.systemshallindicatedbethetoinstructionswrittenintankofusedosinga2.3.1.1. Thenon-heatedandreagentthe owner of the machine.dosingsystemtankand2.3.2. Reagent2.3.2.1. If the reagent has frozen, the reagent shall be available for use within a maximum of 70 minutes after thestart of the engine at 266 K (– 7 °C) ambient temperature.2.3.2.2. Design criteria for a heated systemA heated system shall be so designed that it meets the performance requirements set out in this sectionwhen tested using the procedure defined.2.3.2.2.1. The reagent tank and dosing system shall be soaked at 255 K (– 18 °C) for 72 hours or until the reagentbecomes solid, whichever occurs first. 2.3.2.2.2. After the soak period in paragraph 2.3.2.2.1, the machine/engine shall be started and operated at 266 K(– 7 °C) ambient temperature or lower as follows:(a) 10 to 20 minutes idling,(b) followed by up to 50 minutes at no more than 40 per cent of rated load.2.3.2.2.3. At the conclusion of the test procedure in paragraph 2.3.2.2.2, the reagent dosing system shall be fullyfunctional. 2.3.2.3.Evaluation of the design criteria may be performed in a cold chamber test cell using an entire machine or parts representative of those to be installed on a machine or based on field tests. 2.3.3.Activation of the operator warning and inducement system for a non-heated system2.3.3.1. The operator warning system described in paragraph 4 shall be activated if no reagent dosing occurs at anambient temperature ≤ 266 K (– 7 °C). 2.3.3.2. The severe inducement system described in paragraph 5.4 shall be activated if no reagent dosing occurswithin a maximum of 70 minutes after engine start at an ambient temperature ≤ 266 K (– 7 °C). 2.4. Diagnostic requirements2.4.1. The NO x Control Diagnostic system (NCD) shall be able to identify the NO x control malfunctions (NCMs)considered by this Annex by means of Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) stored in the computer memory and to communicate that information off-board upon request. 2.4.2. Requirements for recording Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)2.4.2.1. The NCD system shall record a DTC for each distinct NO x Control Malfunction (NCM).2.4.2.2. The NCD system shall conclude within 60 minutes of engine operation whether a detectable malfunctionis present. At this time, a “confirmed and active” DTC shall be stored and the warning system be activated according to paragraph 4. 2.4.2.3.In cases where more than 60 minutes running time is required for the monitors to accurately detect and confirm a NCM (e.g. monitors using statistical models or with respect to fluid consumption on the machine), the Approval Authority may permit a longer period for monitoring provided the manufacturer justifies the need for the longer period (for example by technical rationale, experimental results, in-house experience, etc.).2.4.3. Requirements for erasing Diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs):(a) DTCs shall not be erased by the NCD system itself from the computer memory until the failurerelated to that DTC has been remedied; (b) the NCD system may erase all the DTCs upon request of a proprietary scan or maintenance tool thatis provided by the engine manufacturer upon request, or using a pass code provided by the engine manufacturer.2.4.4. An NCD system shall not be programmed or otherwise designed to partially or totally deactivate based onage of the machine during the actual life of the engine, nor shall the system contain any algorithm or strategy designed to reduce the effectiveness of the NCD system over time. 2.4.5. Any reprogrammable computer codes or operating parameters of the NCD system shall be resistant totampering. 2.4.6. NCD engine familyThe manufacturer is responsible for determining the composition of an NCD engine family. Groupingengine systems within an NCD engine family shall be based on good engineering judgement and be subject to approval by the Approval Authority.。
英语信简写TELEX的用法
AS FOLLOWS的用法对重要事情或长事件，应尽量使用AS FOLLOWS，然后独立叙述此事，这样无论对方在阅读或将来复查时，接有所帮助，使电文层次分明。
一段一事﹔每一段应尽量只叙述一件事，如无法如此，至少每一段应只叙述同类事件简化电文省略主词、助动词、前置词、冠词。
但为加强语气或可能导致误解时，则不省略。
以现在分词代替未来，如﹔I WILL ACCEPT YOUR PROSPOSALACCEPTING UR PROPOSAL但如可能与现在进行式混淆时，仍应用未来式。
以形容词尾ABLE代替可能动词: 如IF YOU CAN SHIP THE GOODS PLEASE LET US INFORMEDPLS ADVISE US UF GOODS SHIPPABLE将主动改为被动:中文式主动词发达的文字，而英文是被动词发达的文字，使用被动不但具英文味，且更能使用自简洁﹔如﹔WE ACCEPT OUR TERMS PROVIDED THA T OU REPAIR THIS MACHINEUR TERMS ACCEPTABLE PROVIDED MACHINE REPAIRED以无生物或事件当主词﹔IF YOU FOLLOW THIS ROAD, YOU CAN GET TO THE STATIONTHIS ROAD WILL LEAD YOU TO THE STATIONIF YOU CAN CONFORM TO THIS PROPOSAL, YOU WILL EFFECT SHIPMENT IN TIMEHIS PRODOSAL WILL MAKE UR SHIPMENT DUELYIF YOU WILL PAY ATTENTION TO THIS MATTER WE WILL APPRECIA TE ITUR A TTN TO THIS MATTER BEING APPRECIATED活用命令式:一般的命令式皆有简洁的优点，为在应用时应加用PLS或其它客气用词句。