Boundary Layer Clear-Air Radar EchoesOrigin of Echoes and Accuracy of Derived Winds

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化工专业英语单词汇总

a function of …的函数 absorption：吸附 acetone 丙酮acrylics丙烯酸树脂 Aerospace 航空 agricultural engineering农业工程agricultural engineer农艺师 Amalgam 汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉ammonia 氨 ammonium nitrate硝酸铵ammonium sulfate硫酸铵 analyte分析物 analytical chemistry分析化学amorphous 非定型的,非晶型的,非结晶的,玻璃状的;无一定目的的,乱七八糟approximate to：接近，趋近 area 面积 argon氩 aromatic 芳香烃的as a whole整体而言 ash纯碱 asphalt沥青a priori：先验的,既定的,不根据经验的,由原因推出结果的,演绎的,直觉的accessory heater 附属加热器accident prevention事故预防accountant会计师，会计，出纳 activity coefficient活度系数actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率 adiabatic绝热的，不传热的alkane烷烃 ammonia-air mixture 氨气-水混合物ammonium phosphate磷酸铵anhydrous无水的applied Chemistry应用化学aquatic plant 水生植物 artificial人工的 asphaltene沥青油assay分析化验 at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直bottoms product塔底产品 baffle-plate折流挡板，缓冲挡板balance 抵消，平衡 barrier障碍物 batch间歇的；benzene苯binary distillation双组分精馏 bioengineering生物工程 bionics（仿生学）biosynthesis生物合成 blower 风机 boundary layer 边界层brick wall 墙壁 brittleness 脆性 bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗 bulk explosive集装炸药 buoyancy force 浮力by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于 barrel桶(国际原油计量单位)base塔底，基础 biological production生物制品生产biomechanics生物力学 bitumen沥青 blood-flow dynamics血液流动动力学boiling point 沸点 bottom 底部，塔底 branched chain支链烷烃branched-chain（带支链的） bulk chemical 大宗化工产品capillary action毛细管作用 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳capital expenditure 基建投资 carbon skeleton碳骨架capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资 carrier载体carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳 straightforward简单明了的 catalyst 催化剂catalyst催化剂， catalytic cracking 催化裂化catalytic oxidation催化氧化 chemical additive添加剂centrifuge离心.离心机，离心分离 chemical process safety 化工过程安全chain-shaped链状的 chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization结晶chain链 chlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂chemical reaction化学反应 circulating gas 循环气civil engineer土木工程师 closed system封闭系统cleansing agent清洗剂 compound化合物close teamwork紧密的团队协作 computer microchip 计算机芯片coefficient系数 concentration difference 浓度差columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪 concentration gradient 浓度梯度combustion燃烧 condensate冷凝液，凝缩液commercial proportions 商业规模 condensation冷凝commodity or specialty通用商品或特殊化学品 condenser冷凝器compress压缩 condense凝缩，冷凝computationally intensive计算量大的 constitute取代物，取代基concave （凸的，凸面） continuous：连续的concentration 浓度 convection 对流conduction 传导 convection drying对流干燥conduit导流管）, cooling water 冷却水conical funnel 锥形漏斗 coordinating ligand配合体，向心配合体conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律 corrosive property 腐蚀性constant-rate drying period恒速干燥阶段 cost engineer造价师control volume 控制体 counterpart对应物，配对物cooler 冷却器 cracking of petroleum石油裂解counteract抵消 cracking裂化counter-current逆流 criteria 指标 conversion转化，转化率critical moisture content临界湿湿含量 crude oil原油cake filtration 饼层过滤 capillarity毛细现象，毛细管力 crystal flaw 晶体瑕疵decompose分解，离解，还原，腐烂 depth 深度 derivative衍生物descriptive 描述性的 diagnostic application of computers计算机诊断diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸二氢铵 dislocation 错位dispersion model分散模型 dissolve 溶解 distillate product塔顶馏出产品distillate section精馏段 downcomer 降液管 drag forces曳力 drying of Solids 固体干燥drying rate干燥速率 ductility 延展性 dairy牛奶deactivate失活 deep bed filtration 深层过滤 defect structure 结构缺陷demonstrate论证，证明，证实；说明，表明，显示density 密度 density difference密度差 deposit沉积物design engineer设计师 detector检测器 detrimental有害的devastate破坏，蹂躏 discolor变色，脱色drop in pressure 压降 drying gas干燥气体 drying干燥durability 耐久性，寿命，使用期限，强度eddy diffusion涡流扩散 efficiency improvement 效率提高electromagnetic wave 电磁波 Empirical model 经验模型employ采纳，利用 end-of-pipe solution 最终方案energy efficiency 能量效率 environmental health engineering环境健康工程equimolecular counter-diffusion 等分子反向扩散essential oil香精油 ether 乙醚 ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应exothermic（放热的，endothermic吸热的,adiabatic绝热的）exotic chemistry 奇异化学explosive炸药 extract 萃取液extract萃取液 eddy 尾流，涡流 electrical conductivity 导电性emission释放物，排放物 emulsifying agent乳化剂energy saving 节约能量 enthalpy 焓 extract phase萃取相environmentally benign processing环境友好加工equilibrium constant 平衡常数 ethyl alcohol乙醇)energy conversion 能量转化falling-rate降速 falling-rate period降速干燥阶段feedstock 进料，原料 fermentation发酵Fick’s Law 费克定律 filter cake 滤饼filter paper 滤纸 filtering medium 过滤介质filtering surface 过滤表面 filtrate 滤液flux（通量，流通量） foodstuff 食品forces of friction 摩擦力 forefront最前线，最前沿fouling污垢，发泡 foundation 基础fraction collector馏分收集器fractional crystallization分步结晶fully developed turbulent flow充分发展湍流 functional group官能团furnace 火炉，燃烧器 fused quartz 熔化的石英factor 因数，因子，系数，比例 family族 feed liquor 进料液fertilizer化肥 fiber纤维 filter cake 滤饼filter 过滤器 filtration 过滤 final-proposal决议Fine chemical 精细化工 first-principles基本原理，基本规则fluid mechanics 流体力学 fluorescence 荧光色，荧光fossil fuel化石燃料 freeze drying冷冻干燥gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gasoline汽油 general service facilities公用工程gravity重力 gas adsorption 吸收；Gas and Liquid Chromatography气相色谱与液相色谱gasoline汽油 governmental regulation政府规定heat exchanger 换热器 heat requirement热负荷heat-sensitive material 热敏性物质 heavy gas oil重瓦斯油helium氦 HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化high-efficiency高效的 high-fidelity高保真的 high-performance高性能human-factors engineering人类与环境工程humidity湿度 hydrodynamic model水力学模型hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应hydroquinone 对苯二酚 hard hat 安全帽hazard identification 危害辩识， health care保健hearing aid助听器 artificial limb假肢 heat exchange 热交换heats of solution and vaporization溶解热和汽化热 homologous series同系物human medicine人体医学 hydrocarbon naphthene环烷烃hydrogen cyanide氰化氢i feed tray进料板 ibuprofen异丁苯丙酸 ifetime寿命 impurity杂质in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近..,大约…，在…左右information processing 信息处理injection注射 inorganic salt无机盐 insulation 绝缘inter-phase mass transfer界相际间质量传递is proportional to 与…成比例ideal system 理想系统 In principle从原理而言in the absence of无---存在 inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质inflection:折射 intensity强度，程度is almost inversely proportional to 几乎与…成反比internal structure 内部结构ketone酮 kilogram千克labor 劳动力 laminar sub-layer 层流底层 latent heat潜热 law 定律 Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸liquid mixture 液体混合物 lubricating oil润滑油Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根least-squares-regression最小二乘法 life scientist生命科学家liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取 locant位次，位标 loss prevention损失预防macroscopic phenomenon 宏观现象 thermal stability热稳定性maintenance expense 维修费 macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子materials science材料科学 magnet 磁铁，有吸引力的人或物matte无光泽的，无光的 mathematical expression steady-state model稳态模型mean value平均值 maximum最大的mechanical disturbance 机械扰动 mechanical, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic, and optical behavior. （机械性能、热学性能、化学性能、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能）mechanical separation 机械分离） medical electronics医疗电子medical instrumentation医疗器械 medical engineering医学工程，医疗工程membrane technology膜技术 medium 介质metal wall of a tube 金属管壁 membrane module膜组件metallic solid 金属固体 methane甲烷metallurgy 冶金学，冶金术 milliliter毫升micro-reactor 微型反应器 miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mobile phase移动相 model identification模式识别moisture content湿含量 molecular diffusion 分子扩散motion of unbound electrons 自由电子的运动 molecular transfer分子传递mount 安装，固定 moving gas stream移动的气流multi-component distillation多组分精馏natural gas天然气 naphtha石脑油near toequilibrium接近平衡 natural and forced convection 自然对流和强制对流neural network神经网络 net flow 净流量nitric acid 硝酸 nitric acid硝酸 nylon尼龙nitrogen oxides氮氧化物 nonlinear-equation-solving technique非线性方程求解技术nomenclature of chemical compound化学化合物的命名法 nuclear power 核能octane number of gasoline汽油辛烷值 of the same order具有同一数量级of enthalpy 焓通量 oil drilling采油operating condition操作条件 oil shale油页岩overhead vapor塔顶汽体 one-pass（单程）oxygenate content 氧含量 operating cost 操作费用or convex（凹的，凹面） organic有机的，有机物的outline描绘，勾勒 output产出，输出，产量oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物paraffin石蜡，烷烃parent母链，主链penicillin青霉素partial vaporization 部分汽化particle size 颗粒尺寸pharmaceutical intermediate药物中间体pharmaceutical 制药 packed tower 填料塔phaseout消除 packing characteristics填充性质phenomenological model 现象模型 packing material 填料 pump 泵physical process 物理过程 paint涂料physiologists生理学 paraffin石蜡，链烷烃physiologist生理学家 per unit area单位面积plastic塑料 percent conversion百分比转化率plate tower 板式塔 installation 装置 feed 进料 perpendicular to：与----垂直polymers聚合物 Pharmaceutical制药power 动力 phosgene synthesis 光气合成.precipitate 沉淀物 plane chromatography薄层色谱precipitation沉淀，沉析 plant layout工厂布局pressure gradient plant location工厂选址probability of failure失效概率 pollutant 污染物process data historian：过程数据历史编撰师 poor conductor of electricity 不良导电体process engineering过程工程 porous medium 多孔介质process material过程物料(相对最终产品而言的） pretreatment 预处理process-simulation software packages过程模拟软件包 processcontrol（过程控制）product 产物，产品 production line生产线prosthetics假肢器官学 protein蛋白质psychology心理学 pyridine砒啶 purify 精制提纯qualitative定性的 quantitative precision定量的精确 quantitative relation 定量关系radiation 辐射 raffinate萃余液ratio of A to B A与B的比值 rate of diffusion扩散速率reactant 反应物 reaction 反应 separation 分离reaction byproduct 反应副产物 reaction yield反应产率reaction speed反应速度 reaction zone反应区reactive distillation 反应精馏 reactive distillation 反应精馏reactor energy input能量输入 recycle 循环回收reboiler再沸器 vaporization汽化 regression model回归模型.refix前缀 release释放，排放reflect 反射， replacement organ器官移植reflux回流 replication 复制 reforming重整 resistance 阻力regenerate再生 resistance 阻力，阻止replicating prefix重复前缀词 retention volume保留体积retention times保留时间 ring-shaped（环状的）Reynolds number雷诺准数 rules and regulations 规章制度reaction kinetics 反应动力学 reactant 反应物retardation factor保留因子，延迟因子safety experience安全经验 safety knowledge安全知识safety management support安全管理基础知识 safety shoe防护鞋sample样品 sandstone砂岩 sedimentary rock沉积岩 sanitation卫生segment段，片，区间，部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断screening筛选，浮选sensor 传感器，探头 seepage渗出物 siltstone泥岩 self-taught自学size distribution 粒度分布 semiconductor 半导体sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠 sensible heat（sensible heat：显热）solubility，溶解度，溶解性 separation of solids 固体分离solute溶质 settling tank沉降槽 solution溶液 setup 装置solvent make-up 补充溶剂 optimum 最优的 shape 形状solvent 溶剂 soap肥皂solvent-recovery system 溶剂回收系统 solid state physics固体物理学stage-type distillation column级板式精馏塔 soluble可溶解的 solvent溶剂statistical technique 统计技术 specialized group专业组storage仓库 specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品stripping section汽提段,提馏段 spinning electrons 旋转电子structural steels 结构钢 spray chamber 喷淋室substituent取代基 stationary nonvolatile phase静止的不挥发相substitute取代，替代 steam蒸汽suffix后缀 stereoselective立体选择性的surface layer 表面层 straight line：直线surface treatment表面处理 streptomycin（链霉素）surgeon外科医生 styrene苯乙烯suspension 悬浮液 sublime升华supportive or substitute organ辅助或替代器官 synthetic rubber合成橡胶tanker油轮 kerosene煤油 tarry柏油的，焦油的，焦油状的technical competence技术能力 tangible return有形回报terminology术语，词汇 tar sand沥青石thermal conductivity 导热性 technical advance 技术进步thermal diffusion热扩散 technical challenge技术挑战，技术困难total condense全凝器 technical evaluation技术评估tower shell 塔体 Telecommunication 电信toxic有毒的 temperature gradient 温度梯度transport of momentum 动量传递 temperature gradient 温度梯度tray 塔板 temperature level 温度高低turbulent flow 湍流 test mixture测试混合物two-film theory 双膜理论 the Chemical Manufacturers Association化工生产协会two-phase flow两相流 the random motion of molecules 分子无规则运动thermal conduction 热传导 thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡 tonnage吨位，吨数，吨产量 top 顶部，塔顶trap 收集，捕集 triple bond三健，三价unconverted reactant未转化的反应物 unabsorbed component未吸收组分 purity纯度urea尿素vacant atomic site 原子空位 vacuum drying真空干燥vapor-liquid contacting device汽液接触装置 Vacuum 真空viscous resistance粘性阻力 valve tray浮阀塔板volatility挥发性 vapor pressure蒸汽压voluntary自愿的，无偿的，义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的 via经，由，通过，借助于 viscosity 黏度waste 废物 wastewater treatment污水处理 waste disposal废物处理water droplet水珠，水滴 water purification水净化wax石蜡 weir溢流堰 with the result that：由于的缘故，鉴于的结果water-cooling tower水冷塔yield 产率，收率。

气科院大气物理面试英语专业词汇

大气科学系微机应用基础Primer of microcomputer applicationFORTRAN77程序设计FORTRAN77 Program Design大气科学概论An Introduction to Atmospheric Science大气探测学基础Atmospheric Sounding流体力学Fluid Dynamics天气学Synoptic Meteorology天气分析预报实验Forecast and Synoptic analysis生产实习Daily weather forecasting现代气候学基础An introduction to modern climatology卫星气象学Satellite meteorologyC语言程序设计 C Programming大气探测实验Experiment on Atmospheric Detective Technique云雾物理学Physics of Clouds and fogs动力气象学Dynamic Meteorology计算方法Calculation Method诊断分析Diagnostic Analysis中尺度气象学Meso-Microscale Synoptic Meteorology边界层气象学Boundary Layer Meteorology雷达气象学Radar Meteorology数值天气预报Numerical Weather Prediction气象统计预报Meteorological Statical Prediction大气科学中的数学方法Mathematical Methods in Atmospheric Sciences专题讲座Seminar专业英语English for Meteorological Field of Study计算机图形基础Basic of computer graphics气象业务自动化Automatic Weather Service空气污染预测与防治Prediction and Control for Air Pollution现代大气探测Advanced Atmospheric Sounding数字电子技术基础Basic of Digital Electronic Techniqul大气遥感Remote Sensing of Atmosphere模拟电子技术基础Analog Electron Technical Base大气化学Atmospheric Chemistry航空气象学Areameteorology计算机程序设计Computer Program Design数值预报模式与数值模拟Numerical Model and Numerical Simulation接口技术在大气科学中的应用Technology of Interface in Atmosphere Sciences Application海洋气象学Oceanic Meteorology现代实时天气预报技术（MICAPS系统）Advanced Short-range Weather Forecasting Technique(MICAPS system)1) atmospheric precipitation大气降水2) atmosphere science大气科学3) atmosphere大气1.The monitoring and study of atmosphere characteristics in near space as an environment for space weapon equipments and system have been regarded more important for battle support.随着临近空间飞行器的不断发展和运用,作为武器装备和系统环境的临近空间大气特性成为作战保障的重要条件。

多普勒天气雷达原理与应用6-雷暴生成发展和衰亡的临近预报(3)

Beijing SA 20060807
0739-0952
Thunderstorm AutoNowCaster (ANC) System
Heuristic, fuzzy logic system that runs on the regional scale
Combines information from: 10-14 NEXRAD radars, geostationary satellite, RUC NWP output, surface stations, radiosondes, 4D-VAR retrieved wind fields, and forecaster-entered convergence boundaries
20090722 北京雷暴个例
0800 CAPE=2100
13:30 MODIS 250m
1.5度仰角 14:00
1400 CAPE=2900
20090603 河南强对流
订正后 CAPE 1400
20090603
1400
10:00
12:00
Beijing 20080808 0800订正 CAPE=1700
500hpa 20080808 20:00
2008年8月8日1300点MODIS云图
20080808 14:00
20080808 14:00
Beijing 080808 2000
CAPE=1700
20080808 20:00
• Cloud characteristics -cloud type -cloud growth -cloud top temperatures -new cloud motion

Mysterious radar echoes in the sky explained(天空中神秘的雷达回波到底意味着什么)

Mysterious radar echoes in the sky explained?They appear at dawn at an altitude of about 150 kilometers: odd radar blips that descend from the sky over the course of the morning, growing stronger as they drop 20 km as the day progresses. Then they rise back to 150 km during the afternoon, before disappearing at sunset. These radar echoes have puzzled researchers for decades. And now a new study may finally have an explanation for what causes them.At first glance on a radar screen, the echoes don’t look much different than the zones of light and heavy precipitation that show up on weather radars, which operate at much shorter wavelengths. And although mysterious, the high-altitude radar ec hoes are somewhat predictable, says Meers Oppenheim, a space physicist at Boston University (BU). First, there’s their daily routine of falling and rising. Then there’s the fact that they weaken during a solar eclipse and strengthen during a solar flare. A ll this points to the sun as a possible trigger, but exactly how isn’t clear, Oppenheim says. Adding to the mystery, rockets and satellites probing the upper atmosphere don’t see the echoes.Now, Oppenheim and colleague YakoDimant, also a space physicist at BU, have come up with a possible explanation. The phantom echoes begin, the researchers say, when extremely energetic ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun strikes gas molecules in a relatively narrow layer of the upper atmosphere. Oppenheim describes this layer, which lies at an altitude of about 150 km, as “a sweet spot of absorption.” At higher altitudes, the air is so thin that the radiation doesn’t interact strongly with gas molecules there; at lower altitudes, the radiation is largely blocked by overlying atmosphere. Within the layer, however, the UV radiation knocks electrons off the molecules, rendering the cold and remarkably sparse atmosphere a thin soup of charged particles, Oppenheim explains. (This layer of charged particles is somewhat akin to the atmosphere’s ozone layer in that it blocks certain harmful wavelengths of radiation.)Then, interactions among the free-ranging photoelectrons, the much heavier molecules from which they came, and the lines in Earth’s magnetic field set up variat ions in atmospheric density that are something like sound waves, with denser-than-average concentrations of the heavier particles in some regions of space and low-density zones in others. That’s what comes through as echoes on radar, the researchers report online in the latest issue of Geophysical Research Letters.The team confirmed its idea using supercomputer simulations of the motions of billions of individual particles within a 10-meter-on-a-side slice of atmosphere. Results suggest that the free-ranging electrons start out at supersonic speeds but soon slow down and lose energy as they collide with heftier gas molecules.So why did no one figure this out before? The wide variety of molecules in the radiation-fried atmosphere, as well as their varying lifetimes (some ephemeral, some long-lived), make computer simulations very difficult, Oppenheim says. “If it were simple, it would have been figured out in the 1960s.”The team’s notion that high-energy photoelectrons play a major role in creating the m ysterious echoes “is a very promising beginning” and “a step in the right direction,” says ErhanKudeki, a space physicist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, who was not involved with the work. Plus, he adds, the sun’s purported role in the pr ocess helps explain how the echoes turn on and off very quickly at dawn and dusk. Further analyses, including higher resolution models of the processes, should help clarify what’s going on in this enigmatic slice of Earth’s atmosphere, Kudeki says.In the meantime, the daily up-and-down migrations of the radar echoes may help scientists track other motions such as atmospheric tides, the changes in air pressure influenced by the varying positions of the sun and moon. Most instruments can’t detect such tides, but the radar echoes may serve as markers that make their motions apparent. Because other studies have linked those tides to variations in rainfall and temperature in the atmosphere near ground level, researchers could one day use the movements of the echoes to help fine-tune weather forecasts over broad areas.天空中神秘的雷达回波到底意味着什么？这些雷达回波黎明时出现在150km的高空：奇怪的雷达光点在整个早晨中在天空所出现高度的会下降，当高度下降到20km时雷达回波达到一天中的最强。

水文气象学缩写

AA ARCTIC ABNDT ABUNDANT ABT ABOUTABV ABOVE ACCUM ACCUMULATE ACLT ACCELERATE ACPT ACCEPT ACRS ACROSS ACTV ACTIVE ACYC ANTICYCLONIC ADDN ADDITION ADJ ADJACENT ADQT ADEQUATE ADRNDCK ADIRONDACK ADVCTN ADVECTION ADVN ADVANCE AFCT AFFECTAFT AFTERAFTN AFTERNOON AGRMT AGREEMENT AHD AHEADALF ALOFTALG ALONGALQDS ALL QUADRANTSALTA ALBERTAAM ANTE MERIDIEMAMPLTD AMPLITUDE AMS AIR MASS AMT AMOUNTAOA AT OR ABOVE AOB AT OR BELOW APCH APPROACH APLCN APPALACHIAN APRNT APPARENT APRX APPROXIMATE ARND AROUNDASLABOVE SEALEVELATLC ATLANTIC ATTM AT THIS TIME AVBL AVAILABLE AVG AVERAGEAVNAVIATIONMODELAWTAWAIT orAWAITINGBB BLUEBC PATCHESBCBRITISHCOLUMBIABCH BEACHBCKG BACKINGBCM BECOMEBDA BERMUDABDR BORDERBFDKBEFOREDARKBFR BEFOREBGNBEGAN orBEGINBHND BEHINDBKN BROKENBL BLOWINGBLD BUILDBLDG BUILDINGBLDUBLOWINGDUSTBLDUP BUILDUPBLKHLS BLACK HILLSBLO BELOWBLSA BLOWING SANDBLSN BLOWING SNOWBLZD BLIZZARD BNDRY BOUNDARY BOMB BOMBING BR BRANCH BR MISTBRF BRIEF BRGT BRIGHT BRK BREAK BRKSHR BERKSHIRE BTR BETTER BTWN BETWEENBY BLOWING SPRAYBYD BEYONDC C CELSIUSC CONTINENTAL AIR MASSCAA COLD AIR ADVECTIONCAN CANADACARIB CARIBBEAN CASCDS CASCADESCB CUMULONIMBUS CCLKWS COUNTERCLOCKWISE CDFNT COLD FRONTCENPAC CENTRAL NORTH PACIFICCFN CONFINE CFPCOLD FRONTPASSAGECHC CHANCECHG CHANGECHGO CHANGING OVER CHSPK CHESAPEAKECI CIRRUSCIG CEILINGSCLD CLOUDCLRCLEAR BELOW12,000 FEET CLKWS CLOCKWISE CLSD CLOSEDCMA COMMACMNC COMMENCE CMPCT COMPACT CMPLX COMPLEX CNCT CONNECT CNDN CANADIAN CNTR CENTER CNTRL CENTRAL CNVG CONVERGE CNVTV CONVECTIVE COMB COMBINE COMPR COMPARE CONC CONCRETE COND CONDITION CONFDC CONFIDENCE CONS CONTINUES CONTCONTINUES orCONTINUOUSLY CONTDVDCONTINENTALDIVIDE COORD COORDINATES CORCORRECT orCORRECTED orCORRECTION COT AT THE COAST CPBL CAPABLECPD COUPLED CRC CIRCLE CRLC CIRCULATE CRZ CRUISE CSDR CONSIDER CSDRBL CONSIDERABLE CST COAST CTSKLS CATSKILLS CU CUMULUSCUF CUMULIFORM CVR COVERCWA COUNTY WARNING AREACYC CYCLONIC CYCLGN CYCLOGENESISDDABRK DAYBREAK DALGT DAYLIGHTDBL DOUBLEDBTF DOUBTFULDC DISTRICT OF COLUMBIADCLRT DECELERATE DCR DECREASE DCT DIRECT DEG DEGREEDEP DEPARTURE DESTN DESTINATION DEV DEVIATION DFCLT DIFFICULT DFNT DEFINITE DFRS DIFFERS DFUS DIFFUSE DGR DANGER DIAM DIAMETER DIF DIFFUSE DISC DISCONTINUE DIST DISTANCE DIST DISTRICTDIVDIVERT orDIVISION DKTS DAKOTAS DLA DELAYDLT DELETE DLVR DELIVER DLY DELAYDMG DAMAGE DMNT DOMINANT DMSH DIMINISH DNS DENSE DNSLP DOWNSLOPE DNSTRM DOWNSTREAM DNWND DOWNWIND DP DEEPDPNG DEEPENING DPTH DEPTHDRLOWDRIFTING DRCT DIRECT DRCTN DIRECTION DRDULOWDRIFTINGDUSTDRFT DRIFTDRG DURING DRSALOWDRIFTINGSANDDRSNLOWDRIFTINGSNOWDRZL DRIZZLEDS DUST STORM DSIPT DISSIPATE DSNT DISTANTDSRGD DISREGARD DST DISTORT DSTC DISTANCE DSTND DESTINED DTL DETAIL DTRM DETERMINE DTRT DETERIORATEDU WIDESPREAD DUSTDUR DURATION DURG DURING DURN DURATION DVLP DEVELOP DVRG DIVERGE DVRSN DIVERSIONDVV DOWNWARD VERTICAL VELOCITYDWPNT DEWPOINT DZ DRIZZLEEE EAST or EASTERN LONGITUDEE EQUATORIAL AIR MASSEBND EASTBOUND EFCT EFFECTELEV ELEVATE or ELEVATIONELIP ELLIPTICAL ELNGT ELONGATEELSW ELSEWHEREELY EASTERLY EMBDD EMBEDDEDENDG ENDINGENE EAST-NORTH EAST ENERN EAST-NORTHEASTERN ENEWD EAST-NORTHEASTWARD ENHNCD ENHANCED ENHNCMNT ENHANCEMENTENRT EN ROUTEENTR ENTIREERN EASTERNERY EARLYESE EAST-SOUTH EAST ESERN EAST-SOUTHEASTERN ESEWD EAST-SOUTHEASTWARD ESNTL ESSENTIALETC ET CETERAEVALEVALUATE orEVALUATIONEVE EVENINGEXCLD EXCLUDEEXCLV EXCLUSIVEEXCP EXCEPTEXPC EXPECTEXPS EXPRESSEXTD EXTENDEXTN EXTENSIONEXTRM EXTREMEEXTSV EXTENSIVEFFA AREA FORECASTFAH FAHRENHEITFC FUNNEL CLOUD+FCTORNADO orWATERSPOUTFCST FORECASTFGFOG (under5/8 milevisibility)FIG FIGURE FLCTN FLUCTUATION FLDST FLOOD STAGE FLG FALLING FLRY FLURRY FLUC FLUCTUATING FLW FOLLOWFLWIS FLOOD WARNING ISSUEDFM FROMFNCTN FUNCTIONFNT FRONT FNTGNS FRONTOGENESIS FNTLYS FRONTOLYSIS FORNN FORENOON FRMG FORMINGFQT FREQUENT FRMG FORMINGFROPA FRONTAL PASSAGEFRZ FREEZEFRZLVL FREEZING LEVELFRZN FROZENFT FOOT or FEETFTHR FARTHER or FURTHERFU SMOKE FWD FORWARDFZ SUPERCOOLED or FREEZINGFZDZ FREEZING DRIZZLEFZFG FREEZING FOG FZRA FREEZING RAING GEN GENERAL GLFALSKGULF OFALASKA GLFCALGULF OFCALIFORNIA GLFMEXGULF OFMEXICO GLFSTLAWRGULF OFST.LAWRENCE GMTGREENWICHMEAN TIME GND GROUND GNDFG GROUND FOGGRHAIL OF1/4"DIAMETEROR MORE GRAD GRADIENT GRBNKSGRANDBANKS GRDL GRADUAL GRTLKSGREATLAKESGSSNOWPELLETS orHAIL UNDER1/4" INDIAMETER GSTS GUSTS GSTY GUSTYGTR GREATERHHAZ HAZARDHCVISHIGH CLOUDSVISIBLE HDFRZ HARD FREEZEHDSVLY HUDSON VALLEYHGT HEIGHT HI HIGHHIEAT HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EQUALED FOR ALL TIMEHIEFM HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EQUALED FOR THE MONTHHIESE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EQUALED SO EARLYHIESL HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EQUALED SO LATEHITMP HIGHEST TEMPERATUREHIXAT HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EXCEEDED FOR ALL TIMEHIXSE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EXCEEDED SO EARLYHIXSL HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EXCEEDED SO LATEHLF HALFHLSTO HAILSTONES HOL HOLIDAYHPA HECTOPASCAL HR HERE or HOUR HRZN HORIZON HURCN HURRICANE HVY HEAVY HWVR HOWEVERHYR HIGHERHZ HAZEIIC ICE CRYSTALS ICG ICINGIMDT IMMEDIATEIMP IMPRACTICABLE IMPL IMPULSEIMPR IMPROVEIMPT IMPORTANTIMTIMMEDIATE orIMMEDIATELYIN INCHINADQT INADEQUATEINCL INCLUDEINCLV INCLUSIVE INCOMP INCOMPLETE INCOR INCORRECTINCR INCREASEINDC INDICATEINDEF INDEFINITEINFO INFORMATION INLD INLANDINSTBY INSTABILITY INTCNTL INTERCONTINENTAL INTCP INTERCEPTINTMT INTERMITTENT INTR INTERIOR INTRMTRGNINTERMOUNTAINREGIONINTS INTENSEINTSFY INTENSIFYINTXN INTERSECTION INVOF IN THE VICINITYOF INVRN INVERSION IPV IMPROVE IS ISLAND ISOL ISOLATEJJCTN JUNCTIONJTSTR JET STREAMKK COLD AIR MASSKFRST KILLING FROSTKM KILOMETERS KT KNOTSL LABRDR LABRADOR LAT LATITUDE LCLY LOCALLY LCT LOCATE LFT LIFTLGT LIGHT LGWV LONGWAVE LK LAKE LKLY LIKELYLLWS LOW LEVELWIND SHEARLMT LIMITLN LINELND LANDLOC LOCALLYLOEATLOWESTTEMPERATUREEQUALED FORALL TIMELOEFMLOWESTTEMPERATUREEQUALED FORTHE MONTHLOESELOWESTTEMPERATUREEQUALED SOEARLYLOESLLOWESTTEMPERATUREEQUALED SOLATELONG LONGITUDELOTMPLOWESTTEMPERATURELOXATLOWESTTEMPERATUREEXCEEDED FORALL TIMELOXFMLOWESTTEMPERATUREEXCEEDED FORTHE MONTHLOXSELOWESTTEMPERATUREEXCEEDED SOEARLYLOXSLLOWESTTEMPERATUREEXCEEDED SOLATELRGLARGE orLONG RANGELTL LITTLELTLCG LITTLE CHANGELTNG LIGHTNING LTR LATER LTTR LATTERLV LEAVE LVG LEAVING LVL LEVEL LWR LOWERLYR LAYER OR LAYERED OR LAYERSMM MARITIME AIR MASSMA MAP ANALYSISMAN MANITOBA or MANUALMAX MAXIMUMMB MILLIBARS MDFY MODIFYMDT MODERATE MEGG MERGINGMET METEOROLOGICAL METRO METROPOLITAN MEX MEXICO MHKVLY MOHAWK VALLEYMI MILE or SHALLOWMID MIDDLE MIDN MIDNIGHT MIDPT MIDPOINTMIFG PATCHES OFSHALLOW FOGLESS THAN TWOMETERS INDEPTHMINMINIMUM orMINUTEMISG MISSINGMLTLVL MELTING LEVELMNLD MAINLANDMNLY MAINLYMONTR MONITORMOSMODEL OUTPUTSTATISTICSMOV MOVEMPH MILES PER HOURMRG MEDIUM RANGEMRGL MARGINALMRNG MORNINGMRTM MARITIMEMSL MEAN SEA LEVELMSTR MOISTUREMSTLY MOSTLYMSTR MOISTUREMTN MOUNTAINMTRY MOMENTARYMULT MULTIPLEMXD MIXEDNNNORTH or NORTHERNLATITUDENARNOT ACCORDING TOROUTINENAT NORTH ATLANTICNATL NATIONALNB NEW BRUNSWICKNBND NORTHBOUNDNBRHD NEIGHBORHOODNC NO CHANGENE NORTHEASTNB NORTHBOUNDNEG NEGATIVENELY NORTHEASTERLY NERN NORTHEASTERNNEWD NORTHEASTWARDNEWENGNEW ENGLANDNFLD NEWFOUNDLANDNGT NIGHTNLT NO LATER THANNLY NORTHERLYNM NAUTICAL MILE NMBR NUMBERNML NORMALNMRS NUMEROUSNNE NORTH-NORTH EAST NNERN NORTH-NORTHEASTERN NNEWD NORTH-NORTHEASTWARD NNW NORTH-NORTH WEST NNWRN NORTH-NORTHWESTERN NNWWD NORTH-NORTHWESTWARD NOPAC NORTH PACIFICNOSIG NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGENR NEAR NRN NORTHERN NRW NARROWNS NOVA SCOTIA or NIMBOSTRATUSNTE NOT TO EXCEEDNVA NEGATIVE VORTICITY ADVECTIONNW NORTHWESTNWB NORTHWEST BOUND NWD NORTHWARDNWLY NORTHWESTERLY NWRN NORTH-WESTERN NWS NATIONAL WEATHERSERVICE NWWD NORTHWESTWARDOOBS OBSERVATION OBSC OBSCUREOCFNTOCCLUDEDFRONTOCLD OCCLUDE OCLN OCCLUSION OCNL OCCASIONAL OCR OCCUROFPOCCLUDEDFRONTALPASSAGE OFSHR OFFSHORE OMTSOVERMOUNTAINS ONSHR ONSHOREONT ONTARIO OPN OPEN ORGPHC OROGRAPHIC OTLK OUTLOOKOTR OTHEROTRW OTHERWISE OVC OVERCAST OVD OVERDUE OVHD OVERHEAD OVNGT OVERNIGHT OVR OVEROVRN OVERRUNPP POLAR AIRMASSPAC PACIFICPARL PARALLELPAT PATTERNPBL PROBABLE PCPN PRECIPITATION PD PERIODPDMT PREDOMINANT or PREDOMINATEPEN PENINSULA PGTSND PUGET SOUND PL ICE PELLETS PM POST MERIDIEM PMT PERMIT PNHDL PANHANDLEPO DUST DEVILPOP PROBABILITY OF PRECIPITATIONPPINE RADAR REPORT WITH NO ECHOES OBSERVEDPR PARTIAL PRBLTY PROBABILITY PRCTN PRECAUTION PRECD PRECEDE PRES PRESSURE PREV PREVIOUS PRIN PRINCIPALPRIND PRESENT INDICATIONS AREPROCD PROCEEDPROG PROGNOSIS or PROGNOSTIC or PROGRESSPROPA PROPAGATION PRSNT PRESENT PRST PERSISTPSBL POSSIBLEPSGPASSAGE orPASSINGPSN POSITIONPSTPACIFICSTANDARD TIME PTCHY PATCHYPTLY PARTLYPTN PORTIONPVAPOSITIVEVORTICITYADVECTIONPVL PREVAILPWR POWERPY SPRAYQQLFY QUALIFYQLTY QUALITYQN QUESTIONQNTY QUANTITYQPFQUANTITATIVEPRECIPITATIONFORECAST QSTNRY QUASISTATIONARY QTR QUARTERQUAD QUADRANTQUE QUEBECRRA RAINRAOBRAWINSONDEOBSERVATIONRCH REACHRCKY ROCKIES (MOUNTAINS)RCMD RECOMMEND RCRD RECORDRCV RECEIVERDC REDUCERDG RIDGERECON RECONNAISSANCE REF REFERENCE RELBL RELIABLE RESP RESPONSE RESTR RESTRICTRGD RAGGEDRGLR REGULARRGN REGIONRH RELATIVE HUMIDITYRIOGD RIO GRANDE RLS RELEASE RLTV RELATIVE RMN REMAIN RNFL RAINFALL ROT ROTATERPD RAPIDRSG RISINGRSN REASON RSTR RESTRICT RSVN RESERVATION RTRD RETARD RTRN RETURNSS SOUTH or SOUTHERN LATITUDESA SANDSTORM orDUSTSTORMSASK SASKATCHEWANSATFYSATISFY orSATISFACTORYSB SOUTHBOUNDSBSD SUBSIDESC STRATOCUMULUSSCNDSECOND (IN ASERIES)SCT SCATTEREDSCTR SECTORSE SOUTHEASTSEB SOUTHEAST BOUNDSECSECOND (FRACTION OFA MINUTE)SELS SEVERE LOCAL STORMS SELY SOUTHEASTERLYSEPN SEPARATIONSEQ SEQUENCESERN SOUTHEASTERNSEV SEVERESEWD SOUTHEASTWARDSFC SURFACESFERICS ATMOSPHERICSSG SNOW GRAINSSGFNT SIGNIFICANTSGL SIGNALSHFT SHIFTSHGRHAIL SHOWERS(>=1/4" DIAMETER) SHGSHAIL SHOWERS(<1/4" DIAMETER) SHLW SHALLOWSHPL ICE PELLET SHOWERS SHRA RAIN SHOWERSSHRT SHORTSHRTLY SHORTLYSHRTWV SHORTWAVESHSN SNOW SHOWERSHUD SHOULDSHWR SHOWERSIERNEV SIERRA NEVADASIG SIGNATURESIGWX SIGNIFICANT WEATHER SKC SKY CLEARSL SEA LEVEL or SICK LEAVESLCT SELECTSLD SOLIDSLGT SLIGHTSLO SLOWSLT SLEETSLP SEA LEVEL PRESSURE SLY SOUTHERLYSM STATUTE MILESML SMALLSMRY SUMMARYSMTH SMOOTHSMTM SOMETIMESMWHT SOMEWHATSN SNOWSNBNK SNOWBANKSNFLK SNOWFLAKESNGL SINGLESNOINCR SNOW DEPTH INCREASE IN PAST HOURSNW SNOWSNWFL SNOWFALLSP STATION PRESSURE SPCLY ESPECIALLYSPD SPEEDSPKL SPRINKLESPLNS SOUTH PLAINS SPRD SPREADSQ SQUALLSQLN SQUALL LINESR SUNRISESRCH SEARCH SRND SURROUNDSS SANDSTORMSSE SOUTH-SOUTHEAST SSERN SOUTH-SOUTHEASTERN SSEWD SOUTH-SOUTHEASTWARD SSW SOUTH-SOUTHWEST SSWRN SOUTH-SOUTHWESTERN SSWWD SOUTH-SOUTHWESTWARD ST STRATUSSTAGN STAGNATIONSTBL STABLESTDY STEADYSTFRA STRATUS FRACTUS STFRM STRATIFORMSTG STRONGSTLT SATELLITESTM STORMSTNRY STATIONARYSUF SUFFICIENTSUG SUGGESTSUP SUPPLYSUPR SUPERIORSVR SEVERESVRL SEVERALSW SOUTHWESTSWB SOUTHWEST BOUND SWD SOUTHWARDSWLG SWELLINGSWLY SOUTHWESTERLY SWRN SOUTHWESTERNSXN SECTIONSYS SYSTEMTTAND TANDUMTC TROPICALCYCLONETCU TOWERING CUMULUSTDA TODAYTELCO TELEPHONE COMPANYTEMP TEMPERATURE THD THUNDERHEAD THDR THUNDER THK THICKTHN THIN THRFTR THEREAFTER THRU THROUGH THRUT THROUGHOUT THSD THOUSAND THTN THREATEN TIL UNTIL TMPRY TEMPORARY TMT TRANSMIT TMW TOMORROW TNDCY TENDENCY TNGT TONIGHT TNTV TENTATIVE TOP CLOUD TOP TPG TOPPING TRBL TROUBLE TRIB TRIBUTARY TRNSP TRANSPORT TROF TROUGH TROP TROPOPAUSETRPCD TROPICAL CONTINENTAL AIR MASSTRPCL TROPICAL TRRN TERRAIN TSFR TRANSFERTSGR THUNDERSTORMWITH HAILOF 1/4" ORMORE INDIAMETERTSGSTHUNDERSTORMWITH HAILLESS THAN1/4" INDIAMETERTSPAC TRANSPACIFICTSRATHUNDERSTORMWITH RAINTSTM THUNDERSTORMTURBT TURBULENTTVL TRAVELTWD TOWARDTWI TWILIGHTTWR TOWERTYPH TYPHOONUUFNUNTIL FURTHERNOTICEUN UNABLEUNAVBL UNAVAILABLEUNEC UNNECESSARYUNHRD UNHEARDUNKN UNKNOWNUNL UNLIMITEDUNRELBL UNRELIABLEUNSBL UNSEASONABLEUNSTBL UNSTABLEUNSTDY UNSTEADYUNSTL UNSETTLEUNUSBL UNUSABLEUPUP or UNKNOWNPRECIPITATIONUPR UPPERUPSLP UPSLOPEUPSTRM UPSTREAMURG URGENT USBL USABLEUTC COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIMEUVV UPWARD VERTICAL VELOCITYUWNDS UPPER WINDSVVA VOLCANIC ASHVARN VARIATIONVCFG FOG IN VICINITYVCNTY VICINITY VFY VERIFYVIA BY WAY OF VIS VISIBILITY VLCTY VELOCITY VLNT VIOLENT VLY VALLEY VOT VORTICITY VR VEERVRBL VARIABLEVRISL VANCOUVER ISLANDVRT MOTN VERTICAL MOTIONVSBY VISIBILITYWW WARM AIR MASS orWHITE orWEST or WESTERNLONGITUDEWAA WARM AIR ADVECTION WB WESTBOUNDWBTS WHEREABOUTSWDLY WIDELYWDSPRD WIDESPREADWEA WEATHERWFP WARM FRONT PASSAGE WI WITHINWINT WINTERWK WEAKWKDAY WEEKDAYWKEND WEEKENDWKN WEAKENWL WILLWND WINDWNW WEST-NORTH WEST WNWRN WEST-NORTHWESTERN WNWWD WEST-NORTHWESTWARD WO WITHOUTWPLTO WESTERN PLATEAU WRM WARMWRMFNT WARM FRONTWRN WESTERNWRNG WARNINGWRS WORSEWS WIND SHEAR WSHFT WIND SHIFT WSTCH WASATCH RANGE WSW WEST-SOUTHWEST WSWRN WEST-SOUTHWESTERN WSWWD WEST-SOUTHWESTWARD WTSPT WATERSPOUTWV WAVEWWD WESTWARDWWW WORLD WIDE WEBWX WEATHERXXCP EXCEPTXPC EXPECT XPLOS EXPLOSIVEYYDA YESTERDAY YKN YUKON YLSTN YELLOWSTONEZZ GREENWICH MEAN TIMEZI ZONAL INDEXZRNO FREEZING RAIN INFORMATION NOT AVAILABLENumerical ForecastModelsCMC C anadianM eteorological C entreECMWF E uropean C entre forM edium-RangeW eather F orecastsGEMG lobal E nvironmentM ultiscale (CMC'sshort-range model)GFDLG eophysical F luidD ynamicsL aboratory'sHurricane ModelGFSG lobal F orecastS ystem (formerlyknown as the AVNand MRF)MM5Penn StateUniversity/NationalCenter forAtmosphericResearch'sM esoscale M odelNAMN orth A mericanM esoscale (formerlyknown as the Eta)NGM N ested G rid M odelNOGAPSN avy O perationalG lobal A tmosphericP rediction S ystemRUCR apid U pdate C ycleForecast ModelSREFS hort R angeE nsembleF orecastsUKMETU nited K ingdomMet eorologicalOffice<>Two-letter State andTerritory AbbreviationsAL AlabamaLALouisianaOHOhioAK AlaskaMEMaineOKOklahomaAZ Arizona M Maryland O OregonD RAR Arkansas MAMassachusettsPAPennsylvaniaCA CaliforniaMIMichiganPRPuertoRicoCO Colorado MNMinnesotaRIRhodeIslandCT ConnecticutMSMississippiSCSouthCarolinaDE Delaware MOMissouriSDSouthDakotaDC DistrictofColumbiaMTMontanaTNTennesseeFL Florida NENebraskaTXTexasGA Georgia NVNevadaUTUtahHI Hawaii NHNewHampshireVTVermontID Idaho NJNewJerseyVAVirginiaIL Illinois NMNewMexicoWAWashingtonIN Indiana NYNew YorkWVWestVirginiaIA Iowa NCNorthCarolinaWIWisconsinKS Kansas NDNorthDakotaWYWyomingKY Kentucky。

大气边界层

第三章对流启动的影响因子分析强对流等中小尺度天气的分析和预报历来是气象业务的难点，各种动力和热力不稳定的存在是对流发展的前提，位势和层结不稳定是强对流活动最重要的基本条件，对流能量的大小决定了对流发展的程度。

因此，分析大气位势和层结不稳定、计算对流能量成为分析和预报强对流天气过程的十分重要的问题。

本章着重研究了几个与强对流有关的参数并结合实例进行分析。

3．1．1边界层厚度BLD(BoundaryLayerDepth)大气边界层是指靠近地球表面、受地面摩擦阻力影响的大气层区域。

大气流过地面时，地面上的各种粗糙元都会使大气流动受阻，这种摩擦阻力由于大气中的湍流而向上传递，并随高度的增加而逐渐减弱，达到某一高度后便可忽略。

此高度称为大气边界层厚度，它随气象条件、地形以及地面粗糙度等变化，大致为300-1000m。

3．1．2自由对流高度LFC(Level ofFreeConvection)某一高度以下气层稳定，气块只能在外力作用下才能强迫抬升，当上升到这一高度后，气块温度高于环境温度，气块能从环境大气中获取不稳定能量自由上升，这个高度即为自由对流高度。

在"T-logP 图上，用地面温度、气压和露点作状态曲线，它与层结曲线相交点所在的高度即为自由对流高度。

3．13对流有效位能CAPE(ConvectiveAvailablePotential Energy)对流有效位能CAPE是从自由对流高度(气块温度超过其环境温度，气块相对于其环境是不稳定的高度)到平衡高度(环境温度超过气块的温度，气块相对其周围环境是稳定的高度)自由对流层内累积浮力能垂直积分的指数。

是判断大气是否发生对流最常用的参数。

根据这种考虑，引入对流有效位能CAPE 的概念：dz Tve Tve Tv g CAPE zezc ⎰-= 式中，zc 为自由对流高度，Ze 为平衡高度，Tv 为气块的虚温，Tve 为环境大气的虚温.CAPE 为在自由对流高度之上，气块可从正浮力作功获得的能量。

气象专业英语3

P5:①Forecasts are usually referred to as short-range, medium (or extended) range and long-range. ②The first two can for present purposes be considered together.
displayed in Britain at the Great Exhibition of
1851. ④Sequences of weather change were
correlated with barometric pressure patterns both in space and time by such workers as Fitzroy and Abereroleby, but it was not until later that theoretival models of weather system were devised——notably the Bjerknes depression model.
Short-range forecasting P6:① Forecasting procedures developed up
to the 1950s were based on synoptic principles but, since the 1960s, practices have been revolutionized by numerical forecasting models and the adoption of “nowcasting ” techniques.
or ocean buoys to processing centres; ⑤GOES

BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL

：BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL 发明人：BRANIFF, Mark, Anthony 申请号：EP 9291064 0.0 申请日：19920527 公开号：EP0585305A1 公开日：1994 0309
摘要： It regulates a laminar flow of air in a boundary layer adjacent to one side of a flight element exposed to air flow, injecting air into the boundary layer, or by removing air thereto by a multiplicity of small holes drilled through the element. To avoid the disadvantages of drilling holes, using a low drag member (12) comprises a honeycomb face region (13) having a front face (15) is exposed to airflow and which has a honeycomb structure enables a gaseous fluid to flow through the face (15) of the element (12). Collectors (41) are provided at the rear of the zone (13) to face to allow a gas fluid to flow or to ensure that the gaseous fluid flows to or from the boundary layer through the honeycomb structure of the face area. According to one embodiment, this area is made from a porous permeable thermoplastics material by a process which consists in carrying out the sintering in the form of powder of thermoplastic material.

遥感专业名词中英对照

BP网络‎‎‎‎B ack ‎p ropa‎g atio‎n net‎w ork‎K-L变‎换‎‎‎K-L ‎t rans‎f orm‎X射线‎X-ra‎yΓ射线‎Г-‎r ay按‎波段顺序‎ Ba‎n d se‎q uent‎i al,B‎S Q饱和‎度 S‎a tura‎t ion‎被动式‎Pass‎i ve比‎例尺‎Scal‎e比值植‎被指数‎ Ra‎t io v‎e geta‎t ion ‎i ndex‎,RVI‎编号‎Numb‎e r标定‎参数‎ Cal‎i brat‎i on p‎a rame‎t er表‎面粗糙度‎ S‎u rfac‎e rou‎g hnes‎s波段间‎扫描线逐行‎交替记录‎ Ba‎n d in‎t erle‎a ved ‎b y li‎n e,BI‎L波段间‎像交叉‎ Ba‎n d in‎t erle‎a ved ‎b y pi‎x el,B‎I P波谱‎曲线‎S pect‎r al c‎u rve‎采伐迹地‎‎‎‎‎C lear‎e d ar‎e a彩色‎片 C‎o lor ‎f ilm‎彩色原理‎ Col‎o r pr‎i ncip‎l e操作‎向导‎W izar‎d成分‎ Co‎m pone‎n t成像‎过程‎I magi‎n g臭氧‎总量测图光‎谱仪/系统‎ T‎o tal ‎o zone‎mapp‎i ng s‎p ectr‎o mete‎r/sys‎t em,T‎O MS传‎感器‎Sens‎o r传输‎与处理‎ Tr‎a nspo‎r tati‎o n an‎d pro‎c essi‎n g垂直‎投影‎V erti‎c al p‎r ojec‎t ion‎搭载校验数‎据‎Payl‎o ad ‎C orre‎c tion‎Date‎大气窗口‎ At‎m osph‎e ric ‎w indo‎w大气吸‎收波段‎Atmo‎s pher‎i c ab‎s orpt‎i on b‎a nd大‎气影响‎A tmos‎p heri‎c aff‎e ctio‎n道路‎‎‎‎‎R oadw‎a y等角‎点‎Isoc‎e nter‎地段‎‎‎‎ S‎e gmen‎t地理信‎息系统‎‎‎Geog‎r aphi‎c inf‎o rmat‎i on s‎y stem‎,GIS‎地理资源分‎析支持系统‎‎ Ge‎o grap‎h ic R‎e sour‎c es A‎n alys‎i s su‎p port‎syst‎e m，GR‎A SS 地‎理坐标‎ Ge‎o deti‎c coo‎r dina‎t es地‎面 G‎r ound‎地面分辨‎率 G‎r ound‎reso‎l utio‎n地面记‎录与监测系‎统 G‎r ound‎Reco‎r ding‎& Mo‎n itor‎i ng S‎y stem‎，GR&M‎S地面接‎收站‎ Gro‎u nd r‎e ceiv‎i ng s‎t atio‎n地面控‎制点‎ Gro‎u nd ‎c ontr‎o l p‎o ints‎,GCP‎地面控制中‎心 G‎r ound‎cont‎r ol c‎e nter‎地球观测‎实验卫星（‎法国卫星系‎统）‎ Sys‎t eme ‎p roba‎t oire‎d’ob‎s erva‎t ion ‎d e la‎terr‎e，SPO‎T地球观‎测卫星‎ E‎a rth ‎o bser‎v atio‎n sat‎e llit‎e,EOS‎地球观测‎卫星公司‎ E‎a rth ‎o bser‎v atio‎n sat‎e llit‎e cor‎p orat‎i on,E‎O SAT‎地球观测卫‎星委员会‎ Com‎m itte‎e on ‎e arth‎obse‎r vati‎o n sa‎t elli‎t es,C‎E OS地‎球资源观测‎系统‎ Ea‎r th r‎e sour‎c es o‎b serv‎a tion‎sate‎l lite‎/syst‎e m,ER‎O S地球‎资源技术卫‎星‎Eart‎h res‎o urce‎s tec‎h nolo‎g y sa‎t elli‎t e,ER‎T S地球‎资源卫星‎ L‎a nd s‎a tell‎i te,L‎A NDSA‎T地物波‎谱特征‎Grou‎n d sp‎e ctru‎m cha‎r acte‎r isti‎c s电磁‎波‎E lect‎r omag‎n etic‎wave‎电磁波‎谱‎E lect‎r o-ma‎g neti‎c spe‎c trum‎电荷耦合‎器件‎Char‎g e co‎u pled‎devi‎c e,CC‎D调制传‎递函数‎Modu‎l atio‎n tra‎n sfer‎func‎t ion,‎M TF动‎态定位‎‎‎‎D ynam‎i c po‎s itio‎n ing‎短波红外‎‎‎S hort‎-Wave‎l engt‎h inf‎r ared‎,SWIR‎多光谱扫‎描仪‎ Mul‎t i-Sp‎e ctra‎l sca‎n ner,‎M SS多‎光谱摄影机‎ Mu‎l tisp‎e ctra‎l cam‎e ra多‎角度成像光‎谱辐射仪‎ Mul‎t i-An‎g le i‎m agin‎g spe‎c tro-‎r adio‎m eter‎,MISR‎二维直方‎图‎2D h‎i stog‎r am反‎差‎Cont‎r ast‎反差系数‎ Co‎n tras‎t coe‎f fice‎n t反差‎增强‎ Con‎t rast‎enha‎n ceme‎n t反光‎立体镜‎Mirr‎o r(-t‎y pe) ‎s tere‎o scop‎y反立体‎ Ps‎e udo-‎s tere‎o scop‎y反射‎ R‎e flec‎t ion‎反射角‎ An‎g le o‎f ref‎l ecti‎o n反束‎光导管摄像‎管 R‎e turn‎beam‎vidi‎c on,R‎B V方差‎扩大因子法‎‎‎Vari‎a nce ‎i nfla‎t ion ‎f acto‎r非参数‎估计‎‎‎ non‎-papa‎m etri‎c est‎i mati‎o n非成‎像‎N on-i‎m agin‎g非林地‎‎‎‎ N‎o n-fo‎r est ‎l and‎分辨单元‎‎Reso‎l utio‎n cel‎l分辨率‎‎‎‎ R‎e solu‎t ion‎分布式计算‎‎‎‎D istr‎i bute‎d com‎p utat‎i on分‎布式主动归‎档中心‎Dist‎r ibut‎e d ac‎t ive ‎a rchi‎v e ce‎n ter,‎D AAC‎分布图‎‎‎‎ Di‎s trib‎u tion‎map‎分层抽样‎‎‎‎Stra‎t ific‎a tion‎samp‎l ing‎分类‎‎‎‎ Cl‎a ssif‎i cati‎o n,Ca‎t egor‎y分形‎‎‎‎‎F ract‎a l分形‎布朗运动‎‎‎ Fra‎c tal ‎B rown‎moti‎o n分形‎维数‎‎‎ F‎r acta‎l dim‎e nsio‎n符号‎ Sy‎m bol ‎辐射校正‎ Ra‎d iati‎o n‎俯仰角‎ An‎g le o‎f pit‎c h复共‎线性‎‎‎ M‎u lti-‎C olli‎n eari‎t y傅里‎叶变换‎F ouri‎e r tr‎a nsfo‎r m改进‎型甚高分辨‎率辐射仪‎ Adv‎a nced‎very‎high‎reso‎l utio‎n rad‎i omet‎e r,AV‎H RR 感‎光材料‎ Gr‎a phic‎a l ma‎t eria‎l s高度‎ Al‎t itud‎e高分辨‎率可见光波‎段传感器‎ Ha‎u te r‎e solu‎t ion ‎v isib‎l e,HR‎V高分辨‎率视频‎High‎reso‎l utio‎n vid‎e o,HR‎V高分辨‎率图像传递‎装置‎ Hig‎h res‎o luti‎o n pi‎c ture‎tran‎s miss‎i on,H‎R PT高‎光谱‎‎‎‎Hype‎r-spe‎c trum‎戈达德宇‎航中心‎ Gl‎o bal ‎s pace‎flig‎h t ce‎n ter,‎G SFC‎格式‎Form‎a t格网‎数据‎Grid‎data‎工矿‎‎‎‎ I‎n dust‎r ial ‎a nd m‎i nera‎l are‎a s灌木‎林‎‎‎‎B rush‎光谱反射‎曲线‎S pect‎r al r‎e flec‎t ance‎curv‎e s光谱‎分辨率‎‎‎ Sp‎e ctra‎l res‎o luti‎o n光谱‎辐射 S‎p ectr‎a l ra‎d ianc‎e光谱特‎性‎Spec‎t ral ‎p rope‎r ties‎光谱效应‎ Sp‎e ctra‎l eff‎e ct光‎速‎Ligh‎t vel‎o city‎光学‎ Opt‎i cal‎广角成像仪‎‎ Wi‎d e Fi‎e ld I‎m ager‎，WFI‎轨道‎Orbi‎t国际地‎圈－生物圈‎计划‎I nteg‎r ated‎geos‎p here‎-bios‎p here‎prog‎r amme‎,IGBP‎国际电信‎联盟‎ In‎t erna‎t iona‎l tel‎e comm‎u nica‎t ions‎unio‎n,ITU‎国家海洋‎与大气管理‎局 N‎a tion‎a l oc‎e anog‎r aphi‎c and‎atmo‎s pher‎i cad‎m inis‎t rati‎o n,NO‎A A国家‎航空航天局‎‎N atio‎n al a‎e rona‎u tics‎and ‎s pace‎admi‎n istr‎a tion‎,NASA‎国家极轨‎环境卫星系‎统 N‎a tion‎a l po‎l ar o‎r biti‎n g en‎v iron‎m enta‎l sat‎e llit‎esys‎t em,N‎P OESS‎国家气象‎中心‎ Nat‎i onal‎mete‎o rolo‎g ical‎cent‎e r,NM‎C哈达玛‎核 Ha‎d amar‎d ker‎n el海‎拔‎‎‎‎ Ele‎v atio‎n海量存‎储器‎‎‎ Mas‎s sto‎r age‎航高‎Flig‎h t al‎t itud‎e航空‎ Aer‎i al航‎空侧视雷达‎ A‎e rial‎side‎-work‎i ng r‎a dar‎航空摄影‎ Aer‎i al p‎h otog‎r aphy‎，Aero‎p hoto‎g raph‎y航空摄‎影机‎Aeri‎a l ca‎m era‎航空摄影平‎台‎A eria‎l pla‎t form‎航空遥感‎‎ Aer‎i al r‎e moti‎n g se‎n sing‎航偏角‎ A‎n gle ‎o f ya‎w航摄像‎片分辨力‎ Res‎o luti‎o n of‎phot‎o航天‎ Spa‎c e航天‎遥感‎‎‎ S‎p ace ‎r emot‎e sen‎s ing‎航向重叠‎ Lo‎n gitu‎d inal‎over‎l ap合‎成孔径雷达‎ S‎y nthe‎t ic a‎p ertu‎r e ra‎d ar,S‎A R核函‎数‎‎‎‎K erne‎l fun‎c tion‎红外‎ Inf‎r ared‎,IR红‎外彩色片‎ Inf‎r ared‎film‎红外扫描‎仪‎Infr‎a red ‎s cann‎e r红外‎线 I‎n frar‎e d li‎g ht宏‎纹理‎‎‎‎Macr‎o tex‎t ure‎互操作‎‎‎‎ Int‎e rope‎r ate‎环境植被指‎数‎ Env‎i ronm‎e ntal‎vege‎t atio‎n ind‎e x,EV‎I荒山‎‎‎‎‎W aste‎land‎灰标‎ Gra‎y lev‎e l灰度‎比值‎‎‎ R‎a tio ‎o f gr‎a y va‎l ue灰‎度值‎‎‎‎Gray‎valu‎e灰阶‎ Gr‎a y sc‎a le混‎交稀疏林‎‎‎ M‎i xed ‎o pen ‎f ores‎t混交郁‎闭林‎‎‎ Mix‎e d cl‎o se f‎o rest‎机载成像‎光谱仪‎‎Airb‎o rne ‎i magi‎n g sp‎e ctro‎m eter‎,AIS‎基本控制‎ Bas‎i c co‎n trol‎基准点‎‎‎ Or‎i gin ‎o f a ‎d atum‎极地球面‎投影‎Pola‎r ste‎r eogr‎a phy ‎p roje‎c t,PS‎P集成电‎路‎‎I nteg‎r ated‎circ‎u it,I‎C几何校‎正‎‎‎ Ge‎o metr‎i c co‎r rect‎i on计‎算机兼容磁‎带‎C ompu‎t er c‎o mpat‎i ble ‎t ape,‎C CT技‎术系统‎T echn‎i cal ‎s yste‎m加拿大‎遥感中心‎‎C anad‎a cen‎t er f‎o r re‎m ote ‎s ensi‎n g,CC‎R S 加色‎法 A‎d dict‎i ve m‎i xtur‎e s假彩‎色‎‎‎‎F alse‎colo‎r监督分‎类‎Supe‎r visi‎o n cl‎a ssif‎i cati‎o n减色‎法 S‎u btra‎c tive‎mixt‎u re焦‎距‎F ocus‎角速度‎ A‎n gula‎r rat‎e接收站‎ R‎e ceiv‎i ng s‎t atio‎n结构‎ Str‎u ctur‎e介质‎‎‎‎‎Diel‎e ctri‎c经度‎‎‎‎‎ L‎o ngit‎u de经‎纬度注记‎ Ann‎o tati‎o n of‎long‎i tude‎and ‎l atit‎u de精‎度‎‎‎‎ Acc‎u racy‎净初级生‎产力‎Net ‎p rima‎r y pr‎o duct‎i vity‎,NPP‎静态定位‎‎‎‎Stat‎i c po‎s itio‎n ing‎镜头分辨力‎ Re‎s olut‎i on o‎f len‎镜像‎‎ Mir‎r or i‎m age‎居民点‎‎‎‎ Res‎i denc‎e局部比‎例尺‎L ocal‎scal‎e局部地‎区覆盖‎ Loc‎a l ar‎e a co‎v erag‎e,LAC‎绝对定位‎‎A bsol‎u te p‎o siti‎o n绝对‎航高‎Abso‎l ute ‎h eigh‎t军用设‎施‎‎‎ Mi‎l itar‎y est‎a blis‎h ment‎均方差‎‎‎‎ Me‎a n sq‎u are ‎e rror‎均方根误‎差 R‎o ot m‎e an s‎q uare‎erro‎r,RMS‎E可见光‎ Vi‎s ible‎ligh‎t可见光‎和近红外光‎ V‎i sibl‎e and‎near‎infr‎a red,‎V NIR‎可视化‎‎‎‎ Vis‎u aliz‎a tion‎空间分辨‎率‎‎‎Spat‎i al r‎e solu‎t ion‎空间分布‎‎‎‎Spat‎i al d‎i stri‎b utio‎n空间结‎构‎‎‎ Sp‎a tial‎stru‎c ture‎空间信息‎‎‎‎ Spa‎t ial ‎i nfor‎m atio‎n空间坐‎标系‎ Spa‎c e co‎o rdin‎a te s‎y stem‎快速格式‎‎ Fas‎t For‎m at宽‎视场传感器‎‎Wide‎fiel‎d sen‎s or,W‎I FS框‎标‎F iduc‎i al m‎a rk扩‎展二进制编‎码的十进制‎交换代码‎ Ex‎t ende‎d bin‎a ry c‎o ded ‎d ecim‎a l in‎t erch‎a nge ‎c ode,‎E BCDI‎C阔叶稀‎疏林‎‎‎ Ope‎n bro‎a dlea‎f for‎e st阔‎叶郁闭林‎‎‎ C‎l ose ‎b road‎l eaf ‎f ores‎t雷达图‎像‎‎R adar‎imag‎e离散分‎形布朗随机‎场‎ Di‎s cret‎e fra‎c tal ‎B rown‎i an r‎a ndom‎fiel‎d离散余‎弦变换‎ D‎i scre‎t e co‎s ine ‎t rans‎f orm,‎D CT立‎体感觉‎Ster‎e osco‎p ic p‎e rcep‎t ion‎立体观察‎ Ste‎r eosc‎o pogr‎a ph s‎t ereo‎v isio‎n立体模‎型‎Ster‎e osco‎p ic m‎o del‎立体效应‎ St‎e reos‎c opic‎effe‎c t联合‎研究中心‎Join‎t res‎e arch‎cent‎e r,JR‎C粮农组‎织 Fo‎o d an‎d agr‎i cult‎u re o‎r gani‎z atio‎n,FAO‎亮度‎Ligh‎t ness‎林班‎‎‎‎ C‎o mpar‎t ment‎林地‎‎‎‎ F‎o rest‎land‎林分类型‎‎‎‎ Sta‎n d ty‎p e林网‎‎‎‎‎Fore‎s t ne‎t work‎林业遥感‎‎‎‎ Rem‎o te s‎e nsin‎g of ‎f ores‎t ry岭‎参数‎‎‎‎Ridg‎e par‎a mete‎r岭迹分‎析‎‎‎ Ri‎d ge t‎r ace ‎a naly‎s is陆‎地卫星‎‎‎‎L ands‎a t陆地‎卫星影像数‎据质量评定‎ La‎n dsat‎imag‎e dat‎a qua‎l ity ‎a sses‎s ment‎,LIDQ‎A 陆地资‎源卫星系统‎ L‎a ndsa‎t sys‎t em滤‎光镜‎ Fi‎l ter‎绿色植被指‎数 Gr‎e en v‎e geta‎t ion ‎i ndex‎,GVI‎漫散射‎‎‎‎‎ Dif‎f use ‎r efle‎c tion‎美国标准‎化协会‎ Am‎e rica‎n sta‎n dard‎s ass‎o ciat‎i on,A‎S A美国‎地质调查局‎‎U nite‎d Sta‎t es g‎e olog‎i cal ‎s urve‎y,USG‎S米氏散‎射‎ Mie‎scat‎t erin‎g面积估‎计‎‎‎ Ar‎e a es‎t imat‎i on面‎状目标‎ Are‎a tar‎g et目‎视判读‎‎‎‎V isua‎l int‎e rpre‎t atio‎n牧地‎‎‎‎‎G razi‎n g la‎n d农地‎‎‎‎‎Farm‎land‎诺阿卫星‎‎‎‎ NOA‎A sat‎e llit‎e欧洲空‎间局‎ Eur‎o pean‎spac‎e age‎n cy,E‎S A欧洲‎遥感卫星‎ E‎u rope‎a n re‎m ote ‎s ensi‎n g sa‎t elli‎t e,ER‎S旁向重‎叠‎L ater‎a l ov‎e rlap‎配准‎‎‎‎ C‎a libr‎a tion‎品质保证‎‎Q uali‎t y as‎s uran‎c 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对空打击面积专业名词

对空打击面积专业名词空打击面积（RCS），即雷达截面积（Radar Cross Section），是一个重要的概念，用于描述目标物体对于雷达回波的散射截面。

本文将从简到繁、由浅入深地介绍空打击面积，包括定义、计算方法、影响因素以及相关应用。

我将分享我的观点和理解，帮助你全面、深入地理解这一主题。

一、定义空打击面积是指目标物体对于雷达波束的接收截面，也可理解为目标物体在雷达系统中的"反射面积"。

它是一个量化目标物体在雷达系统中的能量反射情况的参数，通常用单位面积（平方米）表示。

二、计算方法空打击面积的计算是通过模拟或实测目标物体对于不同频率和波段的雷达波束的散射特性来完成的。

计算方法多种多样，其中常用的方法有几何光学法、物理光学法和计算机仿真法。

这些方法根据目标物体的形状、材料和雷达波束的特征等因素来计算空打击面积。

三、影响因素目标物体的形状、尺寸、材料和姿态是影响空打击面积的重要因素。

一般来说，对于雷达系统来讲，目标物体的尺寸越大，形状越复杂，材料越吸波，姿态越容易使得雷达波束反射消散，其空打击面积就越小；反之，目标物体的空打击面积就越大。

频率和波长也是决定空打击面积大小的因素之一。

四、相关应用空打击面积的概念广泛应用于军事、航空航天、雷达系统等领域。

在军事领域，空打击面积的减小是隐形战机设计的目标之一，通过优化飞机的形状和材料，可以尽可能降低战机的雷达可探测范围，提高战机的隐身性能。

在航空航天领域，空打击面积对于飞机的性能和安全至关重要，研究和控制空打击面积可以提高飞机的隐身性能、减小雷达侦测范围和整体结构的防护。

在雷达系统领域，了解目标物体的空打击面积有助于改进雷达系统的设计，提高雷达的敌我识别能力和目标探测精度。

个人观点和理解空打击面积作为衡量目标物体在雷达系统中的散射特性的重要参数，对于军事和航空航天领域具有重要意义。

随着科技不断发展，人们对于隐形技术和隐身性能的需求越来越高，对空打击面积的研究和控制也变得愈发重要。

波因公司飞机术语翻译

波因公司飞机术语翻译-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1飞机行业术语一览前部The front(fore)part 无襟翼着陆 a flapless landing后部The rear (aft) part 起落架the landing gear左舷port 推力换向器t hrust reversers右舷starboard 滑油温度表oil temperature indicator内侧发动机the inboard engine 液压系统hydraulic system外侧发动机the outboard engine 空调系统air-conditioning system机头the nose 多卜勒导航系统 Doppler navigation system腹部the belly 地速和偏流显示器 Ground speed and drift indicator风挡the windscreen or windshield 应答机接收机 transponder receiver机翼the wing 升降速率rate of climb indicator机翼后缘the trailing edge 升降舵调整片指示表 elevator trim indicator 机翼前缘the leading edge 陀螺地平仪gyro horizon翼尖the wing tip 气象雷达weather radar操纵面 the control surface 测距机指示机DME indicator副翼ailerons 罗兰接受机Loran receiver襟翼flaps 内话系统interphone system内侧襟翼inboard flap 右航行灯right navigation lamp外侧襟翼outboard flap 防撞灯Anti-collision lights前缘缝翼leading edge flaps 天线俯仰控制antenna tilt control阻力板，扰流板spoilers前反推装置操纵Forward thrust reverser controls内、外侧扰流板inboard\outboard spoiler后反推装置操纵Aft thrust reverser controls缝翼slats 基本重量 basic operating weight升降舵 elevators 最大起飞重量maximum take-off weight升降舵操纵片elevator control tab 最大着陆重量maximum landing weight方向舵 rudder 最大无油重量 maximum zero-fuel weight empty方向舵操纵片 rudder control tab 最大业载maximum payload襟翼角 flap angle 载油量 fuel load襟翼调整flap setting 提前接地undershoot run全襟翼位置the full flap position 带侧滑着陆sideslip landing火警探测系统fire detection system 单发着陆single engine landing空速管防冰Pitot tube anti-icing 双发着陆two-engine landing坐标网 abac 高差计kathetometer嵌饰abaciscus 液体火箭燃烧katergol顶板abacus 冷空气滴kaltlufttorpfen在船尾 abaft 键槽key-seating电磁制安培abampere 配电板keysets抛弃abandon 大片陆地landmass列（曲）线图abas 向侧面地lateral可降低的abasable 发射器launcher使惭愧 abash 左翼的 leftist改变航向aboutship 水准经纬仪level-theodolite混乱 ( 化 ) babelization 浮动levitate塔状石英babel-quartz 升力体lifting-body小杆的 bacillar 光闸light-valve后退偏航backdrift 限制器 limitator交流声 backdrop 定位器localizer反电动势back-emf 低空战斗巡逻locap反冲backswing 远程导航LRN防护板 baffle 去亮信号 luminance-free signal压舱材料ballasting 溶解 lysis辐射热测定器balometer 潜伏lurk座舱cabin 电磁吸盘magnechuck闭舱式飞机cab-type airplane 磁电式自动同步机magnesyn 下降的 cadent 主轮main-wheel笼形天线cage antenna 供电干线main-supply垂直燃烧器calmet burner 中部舱口main-hatch无风层 clam layer 多变量系统 many-variable system鸭式飞行器canard vehicle 脉塞maser平板形凸轮cam-plate 惯性力mass-force解除空袭报警cancel caution 有保护层的mat-covered转杆器 cantihook 舌槽接口matchjoint指形晶 dactylite 配合mating吸收敷层darkflex 基体matrix缓冲控制dash-control 军用航空 MAVN仪表板灯dashlight 测量器measurer点划线 dash-dot-line 机械作用的mechanomorphic死点指示器dead-center indicator 中速扫描medium-fast sweep速式仪表desd-beat metre 中速飞机medium-speed plane推测航行法dead-reckoning 高台mesa舱面室 deckhouse 小型真空泵minipump磁偏计 declinometer 卫星跟踪moontrack减聚力 decohesion 导航的navigational反互换器decommutator 近临界的 near-critical护耳塞 earplug 跨音速的near-sonic回波定位echo-bearing 细缝筛needle-slot screen边管提升edge-lift 夜用望远镜nightglass喷射器 eductor 夜间着陆night landing升降式发射装置elevator-launcher 夜间空袭nighttraid上飞机 enplane 无人驾驶飞行no lofit使耸入云霄ensky 机头向上的水平飞行nose-high使成急斜面escarp 下垂的nutation设备检查飞行facility checking flight 离位off-normal门顶fair light 沿轨道飞行orbit水落管 fall-pipe 轨道飞行器orbiter正常运行failure-free operation 倾斜的out-of-square减退falling-off 飞越overfly脚手架 falsework 无氧的oxygen-free褶合faltung 测霜仪pagoscope过滤槽 filter-tank 报警设备panalarm闸板flashboard 飞行降伞parakite漂浮性 floatability 领航path finding凹槽gab 声波记振仪phonautograph外形尺寸gabarit 航测领航员photo-navigator有走廊的galleried 位置指示器PIN飞驰的 galloping 俯冲pitch down电流的 galv 机旁planeside电镀器 galvanizer 测雨法pluviometry活动中心ganglion 多量程仪表polyranger龙骨翼板garboard 出气冒口pop-off狭窄航道gat 观察孔porthole气体检验器gasoscope 预压空气precompressed air手操纵飞行hand-fly 跑道racecourse手动装置hand-gear 旋转机构racer舱口盖 Hat 安装在机架上 rack-mounted舱口HATCH 雷达导航radar navigation严密屏蔽的heavily-shielded 无线电气象记录 radiometeorogram耐热的 heat-proof 无线电遥控radio-telecontrol直升机 heliogyro 雷达信号反射器radar reflector直升机航站heliport 升降速度表rate-of-climb indicator高压的 hyperbaric 转速记采器rate-of-turn record液压机 hydropress 返束视象管return beam vidicon引燃ignition 后向喷管rearward-facing nozzle自现干涉圈现象idiophanism 导弹发射scream-up检查镜 inspectoscope 航天器试验指挥员spacecraft test conductor 检测仪表装置instrumenting 搜索跟踪search-track积分仪 integraph 水上飞机seaplane入侵飞机intruder 海上基地seabase交点的 intersectional 飞机半局部失速semistall感觉飞行introduction 上升暖气流thermal红外线电子瞳孔仪 iriscorder 起飞总重量takeoff gross weight同航线 isodromic 双喷气发动机twin-jet充糊电容器jelly-filled capacitor 滑行道twy喷气助推起飞jet-assisted take-off 行波速调管twystron急流jetstream 飞行学员tyro喷气式战斗机JF 双机two-shipper喷气式客机jetliner 飞行术wingmanship燃气升降副翼jetevon 机翼下沉的wing-low机用精铰刀Jobber's reamer 实验型货运飞机Experimenttal Cargo Plane 游览飞行joyride 偏航yaw振动jutter 无载试验zero-load气缸jug 区域匀化的zone-leveled马蹄袖 horse-shoe cuff 马克隆尼值Micronaire value不完全穿径partial threading不完全提花组织flat jacquard with birdseye back不溶性偶氮染料azoic dyes 木桨粕wood pulp木薯茧 cassava cocoon 木模印花block printing比甲sleeveless over-dress 比表面积specific area切茧机 cocoon cutter 切片干燥chip drying切变粘度shear viscosity 切向阻力tangential resistance天然转曲cotton convolution 天鹅绒针织物knitted velour无纬织物weftless fabric 无纺织布non-woven fabric开口shedding 开松度degree of opening开棉球 lap of cocoon opener 开口线圈open loop片金线 gold flat yarn 片状服装plain piece apparel风道筘 tunnel reed 匀净作用evening and cleaning action毛巾布 terry cloth 毛巾被t owel blanket毛辫毛 tipped wool 毛圈个数the terry number通道结构channel architecture 共同沉淀 coprecipitation通道带宽channel bandwidth 联产品co-product河岸滑塌作用channel-bank shumping 共聚酯化copolyesterification波道开关channel switch 辅塑剂coplasticizer钻头跳动bit bounce 埋头孔countersunk井场用钻头盒bit box 埋头螺栓countersunk bolt双稳触发电路bistable trigger circuit 反捻 countertwist纯透辉石bistagite 耦合矩阵coupled matrix二硫化物bisulfide 偶联氧化coupled oxidation双降藿烷bisnorhopane 连接装置 coupling arrangement双频谱 bispectrum 井眼方向course bearing双酚 A 型聚碳酸脂bisphenol A polycarbonate 潜伏构造covered structure 两次稳定的聚酯丝bistablilized polyester 套帽cover nut钻头外形bit contour 套管压力casing pressure位片处理bit-slice processing 支承cradling沥青灰岩bitumen limestone 抗裂度crack resistance黑页岩 black cat 裂纹角砾岩crackle breccia黑色褐煤black lignite 裂纹形貌crack morphology重质油储油层black oil reservoir 管子的基墩cradle bedding黑油模型black-oil-type simulation model顶部注气crestal gas injection聚集效应buildup effect 端部间隙crest clearance压力恢复试井buildup test 卷曲力crimp force油库泵 bulk plant pump 临界频critical band套管打捞矛bull dog casting spear井底破裂压力critical bottom-hole pressure插塞凸缘连接bullet-and-flange joint 反多路转换开关demultiplexer链化合物chain compound 倍减器demultiplier锰方硼石chambersite 致密地层dense formation倒棱角 chamfer angle 密相提升dense-phase lifting配位催化剂coordination catalyst 密度分离法density separation双层取心筒core barrel of double tuberigid type 黑度曲线densograph取心作业coring operation 沉积环depositional environment内能消耗式油藏depletion drive pool 采竭阶段depletion stage沉积轴 depoaxis 离差法departure method堆积阶地depositional terrace 深度剖面depth profile探测深度depth of invertigation 净化器depurator深度控制测井depth-control log 重力导数derivative of gravity井架高度derrick height 钻台横梁derrick floor sill井架落物derrick apples 衍生脂类 derived lipid减饱和 desaturation 衰变产物descendant除油泥设备desludger 发送筒despatching barrel测试柱 detective pole 相消干扰destructive interference可拆卸推进器叶片detachable blade确定系数determination of coefficient斜井deviated well 金刚石钻具diamond drill硬水earthy water 平缓坡度easy grade偏心轴 eccentric axis 边水侵入edge water incursion有效衰减effective attenuation 喷射试验ejection test射流泵 ejector 弹性流体elastic fluid弯管elbow bend 扯断伸长率elongation at failure隐蔽油藏elusive reservoir 残积砂 eluvial sand预埋条状物embedded strap 外压容器external pressure分布不匀maldistribution 管汇拖车manifold trailer边际油田marginal oil field 海上钻井marine drilling 海蚀marine erosion 油轮载量marine tankage测油罐高空outage gauging 外保护套管outside protective case 露天储罐outside storage tank 超平衡钻井o verbalance drilling高架管道overhead pipe 超越离合器overrunning clutch。

大气行星边界层第七章

d
Cp dt
T
Q
1
h
0
由湍流运动引起净位焓输出，
从而导致平均位焓下降。
5、水汽方程：
q
V
q
s
水汽的源
t
同理得：
q
V
q
V
q
s
t
q
V
q
s
1
(
V q)
t
s
1
[
(V q)
q
V ]
q
V
q
s
1
(V q)
t
定义：
qx uq
q V q qy vq
qz wq
u 单位体积内空气在 x方向上的脉动动量，
uw由于垂直向的脉动运动引起的，由下向上，
通过以Z为法向的单位水平截面输送的x方向脉动动量的平均值 (质量通量) 输送气块的特性（物理量）
因此，uw 也被定义为湍流通量密度，这里是脉动动量通量的意义
Qzx uw
通过法向为z轴的截面输送的x向脉动动量通量密度，等于湍流粘性应力的负值。
1）V V V ; ; P P P;
这里f与湍流无关
u
u
V
u
V
u
V
u
V u
t t
1 P 1 P fv fv
x x
2）"eq"：
u
V
u
V u
1
P
fv
2
t
x
对比<1>和<2>：
右左边边多瞬了时一值项：平－均V值'；u 脉动项的二次乘积项。
方程的左边X向的加速度，右边是单位质量流团受到的合力在X向的分量。

力学专业英语

字号：大中小力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopicmechanics,macromechanics细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopicmechanics,micromechanics一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics 理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics 实验力学experimental mechanics 计算力学computational mechanics 理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule 力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of-phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system 相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method,Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system 优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method,Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundationsystem静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession 半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section 通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-oceaninteraction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect 简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressuretechnique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium 热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion 电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference 第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics 血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamicstability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold。

边界层吸入技术

边界层吸入技术边界层吸入技术( Boundary Layer Ingestion, BLI) 是一种将飞机发动机的进气口放置在机身表面上，利用机身表面的边界层气流来提高发动机效率的技术。

该技术可以降低燃油消耗、减少排放、提高飞行性能和舒适性。

传统的飞机发动机进气口位于机翼和机身之间，需要将空气从远离机身的区域吸入，然后再通过管道输送至发动机。

但是在这个过程中，会因为空气的摩擦和湍流而损失很多能量。

BLI技术可以在机身表面吸入边界层气流，因为这些气流在机身表面的摩擦作用之下速度较低，运动稳定，所以不会带来过多的能量损失，从而提高了发动机的效率。

BLI技术可以通过两种方式实现。

一种是将进气口放置在机身表面上，如瑞士航空的C-series飞机就采用了这种设计，其中两个PW1500G发动机的进气口位于机翼基部，通过特殊的进气口设计可以吸入边界层气流。

另一种是通过吸入机身表面的气流来提升发动机的效率，如波音公司正在研发的“量子特征技术”(QueSST)飞机，该技术通过将机身面前的流场压缩起来，从而引导空气从侧面进入发动机的进气口。

BLI技术的出现可以带来多方面的好处。

首先，由于能够吸入边界层气流，发动机的效率可以得到提升，这意味着可以减少燃油消耗和排放量。

其次，BLI技术可以减少噪音和振动，提高飞行的舒适性。

最后，BLI技术的应用还可以增加飞机的起降性能，减少机场的使用限制。

但是，BLI技术也存在一些挑战和风险。

首先，BLI技术需要特殊的进气口设计和复杂的流场控制技术，这会导致飞机的制造成本和技术难度增加。

其次，BLI技术的应用会带来飞机表面形态的变化，从而会影响飞机的气动特性和机身结构的设计。

最后，BLI技术可能在某些情况下会导致发动机失速或停车，这需要精细的系统设计和安全措施。

总之，BLI技术是一项前沿的技术，可以在多方面提高飞机的性能。

但是，BLI技术的应用需要深入的研究和完善的技术支持，才能全面实现其潜力和价值。

景观规划术语

Acid rain 酸雨由于空气中氮硫等元素的氧化物与水汽的结合所产生的PH值大大低于平均值的降雨。

Active layer 活性层永久冻土带的表面层，会随季节的变化冻结或融解。

Aggradation 沉积作用河流的水道被沉积物所填塞，通常表现出旧沉积物很少排出，和/或者新沉积物不断增加的现象。

Albedo 反射率入射幅射被物体反射的百分比，通常在地球科学上用于研究短波辐射和景观物质。

Alluvial fan 冲积扇由河流带来的沉积物所形成的扇形沉积区，通常位于坡底。

是干燥区的一种常见地理现象，在伴随河流减少流量的同时，不断沉降其所携带的沉积物。

Alluvium 冲积层因流水作用而沉积下来的任何物质；亦指河漫滩或积冲扇的土壤物质。

Angiosperm 被子植物一类能够开花，结子的植物的总称。

是目前地球上主要的导管植物。

Angle of repose 静止角物体能够倾斜并不产生坍塌的最大角。

在土木工程学中，常用于描述那些粘性的材料。

Aquifer 蓄水层蓄水层包括地表下任何能够容纳大量水体的物质，并且地下水在这些物质中能够自由流动。

Atterberg limits test 阿特贝而格限度试验一种用于观测土壤对水分反应的试验，主要基于其物质状态的改变，比如从有形性物质状态转变为液体性物质状态。

Backscattering 反向散射由于大气中颗粒的漫射作用，部分太阳辐射又被反射回太空中。

Backshore 后海岸地带海岸后面的部分区域——位于海滩阶地和后滨斜坡之间。

Backshore slope 后滨斜坡海滨区靠近陆地的堤岸或悬崖，由原地物质组成。

Backswamps 漫滩沼泽位于漫滩之中的低洼、潮湿区域，通常在冲积堤后。

Bankfull discharge 齐岸水流河流中水面与堤岸等高时的水流。

Barrier dune 栅栏沙丘大量的堆积成沙垄的海岸沙丘，在一些地区，沙丘沿着与海岸线平行的方向延伸。

列举遥感中常用的大气窗口

列举遥感中常用的大气窗口遥感是指利用各种传感器获取地面目标信息的技术，通过对遥感数据进行处理和分析，可以获取大量的地理空间数据。

在遥感数据处理过程中，由于大气对电磁波的吸收和散射作用，会对遥感数据的质量和准确性产生一定的影响。

为了减小大气效应对遥感数据的影响，遥感科学家常常利用大气窗口进行数据处理和分析。

大气窗口是指在遥感数据处理中，选择的一些特定波段，这些波段在大气中的吸收较小，可以通过大气窗口获取到地物的真实信息。

下面将列举一些常用的大气窗口。

1. 短波红外窗口短波红外窗口是指在短波红外波段范围内，大气对电磁波的吸收较小的窗口。

在这个窗口内，地物的辐射能够穿过大气层，被遥感传感器接收到。

短波红外窗口常用于云检测、地表温度计算等应用。

2. 中波红外窗口中波红外窗口是指在中波红外波段范围内，大气对电磁波的吸收较小的窗口。

这个窗口内的电磁波可以透过大气层，获取到地物的辐射信息。

中波红外窗口常用于火情监测、热岛效应研究等应用。

3. 长波红外窗口长波红外窗口是指在长波红外波段范围内，大气对电磁波的吸收较小的窗口。

这个窗口内的辐射能够穿透大气层，获取到地物的红外辐射信息。

长波红外窗口常用于地表温度反演、地下水资源调查等应用。

4. 窄带窗口窄带窗口是指在某些特定波段范围内，大气对电磁波的吸收较小的窗口。

这些窄带窗口的选择通常基于地物特征和遥感传感器的波段配置。

窄带窗口常用于植被监测、水体测量等应用。

除了上述列举的大气窗口，还有一些其他的常用大气窗口，如水汽窗口、臭氧窗口等。

这些窗口在遥感数据处理和分析中起到了重要的作用，可以减小大气效应的干扰，提高遥感数据的质量和准确性。

大气窗口是遥感数据处理中的重要工具，通过选择大气吸收较小的波段，可以获取到地物的真实信息。

不同的大气窗口适用于不同的应用领域，遥感科学家在处理遥感数据时需要根据具体问题选择合适的大气窗口进行分析和处理，以提高数据的可靠性和准确性。