第22章铜锌

The most common gold compounds are auric chloride (AuCl3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4). A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). It is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is found free in nature and associated with quartz, pyrite and other minerals. Two thirds of the world's supply comes from South Africa. Gold is found in sea water, but no effective economic process has been designed (yet) to extract it from this source.
•Standard state: solid at 298 K •Colour: silver •Classification: Metallic
•Availability: silver is available in many forms including crystals, flakes, wire, foil, granule, needles, powder, tube, bars, activated powder, rod, shot, and wool. Silver is somewhat rare and expensive, although not as expensive as gold. Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic lustre. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. Silver iodide, AgI, is used for causing clouds to produce rain.Silver is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulphide, or air containing sulphur. It occurs in ores including argentite, lead, lead-zinc, copper and gold found in Mexico, Peru, and the USA.
•Standard state: solid at 298 K •Colour: gold •Classification: Metallic
Availability: gold is available in many forms including wire, foil, and bars. Small and large samples of gold foil, wire. Gold is usually alloyed in jewellery to give it more strength, and the term carat describes the amount of gold present (24 carats is pure gold). It is estimated that all the gold in the world. It is metallic, with a yellow colour when in a mass, but when finely divided it may be black, ruby, or purple. It is the most malleable and ductile metal; 1 ounce (28 g) of gold can be beaten out to 300 square feet. It is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents.
•Standard state: solid at 298 K •Colour: copper, metallic •Classification: Metallic •Availability: copper is available in many forms including bars, foil, sheet, granules, plates, powder, shot, wire, mesh and rods.
Cu
湿空气、卤素、S+△ 浓盐酸+△ 氧化性酸 + O2 氧化性酸 浓的碱金属氰化物 H2S、卤素、S+△，O3
Cu(Ⅱ) HCuCl3+H2 Cu(Ⅱ) Cu(Ⅱ) Cu(CN)43Ag(Ⅰ)
Ag
氧化性酸 Au： X2+△，王水 → Au(Ⅲ) Cu、Ag、Au 在强碱中均很稳定 2、use ① alloy：青铜bronze(Cu、Sn、Zn)、黄铜brass(Cu、 Zn)、白铜Cupronickel(Cu、Ni、Zn)
三小时不变色，空气中Hg的含量低于充许量。
1-3 main compounds
1-3-1 copper`s
一、compounds of Cu(Ⅰ)(Cu+ 18e构型，极化作用较强, Ⅰ covalence complex) 1 1、oxides preparation：葡萄糖还原Ca(OH)42- →Cu2O property：①随晶粒大小而呈现多种颜色 ②热稳定性较高(1508K以上) ③溶于氨水和浓盐酸，形成无色的配合物 2、硫化亚铜 Cu2S黑
3、physical property 、 ①紫铜白银黄金 紫铜白银黄金——外观 紫铜白银黄金 ②优异的导热导电性能(Ag、Cu、Au前三名) Silver is the best conductor of heat and electrical current. However, copper is a close second,which explains copper’s wide use in the electrical systems of homes and factories. ③良好的延展性 ④重而稍软(辨别纯金) 4、chemical property 、 总的来说都不够活泼，且Cu→Au减弱,俗话说“真金 不 怕火”、“烈火见真金”，这说明了两个问题 ①金的熔点较高1336K ②金的化学性质比较稳定
Chapter 20 copper and zinc family elements preface
IB—copper family elements Cu Ag Au ds区 ⅡB—zinc family elements Zn Cd Hg electronic configuration IA ns1 ⅠB (n-1)d10ns1 ⅡA ns2 ⅡB (n-1)d10ns2 相同：最外层价电子→特征氧化态→某些化合物的性质 相异：次外层电子→大部分性质有显著的不同 学习要求 ①注意与d区元素比较(规律性变化) ②注意与对应的主族元素性质相比较
1-2 The elements
1 abundance Copper1.0×103-% Silver 1.0×105-% Gold 5.0×107-% 2、ore ①游离Cu(小量) ②硫化物 CuFeS2 Cu2S Cu3FeS4 黄铜矿 辉铜矿 班铜矿 ③含氧化物 Cu2O 2CuCl2·Cu(OH)2 赤铜矿 蓝铜矿 (孔雀石) Ag Au 闪银矿 碲金矿 Ag2S Au2Te 天然银 天然金(金沙)
ϕ
3 、 铜 族 的 (M+/M) 是 不 小 的 正 值 (0.522 ， 0.799 ， 1.682)而IA的K、Rb、Cs皆小于-2.19，相差悬殊，所以 IB元素在水中的化学活性远小于IA，且Cu→Au逐渐降低 4、M+(18e构型)强极化力 强极化力,易变形——soft acid,大量的 强极化力 covalence complex
② currency: 金还是国际通用货币，一个国家的黄金储量 可在一定程度衡量一个国家的经济力量——货币金属 currency metal ③ adornment: 尤其是黄金的装饰作用 ④铜在生命体系中有重要的作用(蛋白质protein和酶 ferment中) 5、smelting (1)黄铜矿提炼——高温还原法(干法、火法)) ①选矿choosing ore(富集) ②燃烧 combustion
Copper is one of the most important metals. Copper is reddish with a bright metallic lustre. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity). Its alloys, brass and bronze, are very important. Monel and gun metals also contain copper. Apparently the reason that policemen in the USA are nicknamed "cops" or "coppers" is to do with their uniforms which used to have copper buttons. The most important compounds are the oxide and the sulphate, (blue vitriol).