【SAT 阅读技巧系列之六--排除法】--安心

北京启德教育SAT培训中心
安心老师
SAT阅读技巧系列之六
排除法 （POE）
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
排除法，英文简称POE,全称是Process of elimination。

判定选项的两个方法，一是直接选出正确选项（同义改写，上一章的内容），二是排除错误选项。

那么什么样的选项是错误选项？我们这一章节的重点就是SAT常见的六种错误选项类型，以及两个题型的错误选项类型。

常见六种错误选项类型
① 原文单词重组
② 与原文相反
③ 无中生有
④ 概念混淆
⑤ 无端比较
⑥ 过分绝对
两个题型的错误选项类型
① 主旨题
② 态度语气评价题
下面我们主要讲解六种错项选项中的四种和两个题型的错误选项类型。

一、原文单词重组
定义：这种错误选项是把原文中的个别单词摘出来，用一种看似很有逻辑的结构组织起来，实际上与原文毫无关系的错误类型。

例题：【OG Test 9 P911】
But no matter what anyone may say to the contrary,
Black women are different. They’re different from
Black men and they’re different from White women.
It is true that much of what they have experienced
derives from racism and much from sexism. At the
same time, however, much of what Black women
have experienced and still experience today‐‐bad
and good‐‐involves the blending of their separate
identities in a way that chemists would call a
combination, not just a mixture. Both race and gender
are transformed when they are present together, and
class is often present as a catalyst.
12. The chemistry metaphor in lines 15‐21 ("At.. catalyst") is used to
(A) characterize the challenges faced by some groups of people
(B) illustrate the connection between scientific and historical studies of race, class and gender
(C) identify the agents for change in a particular social transition
(D) suggest the way certain influences interact to produce a unique perspective
(E) show the similarities between racism and sexism
讲解:正确选项是D，但是同学们往往被选项B所迷惑。

尽管原文提到了race，class和gender，作者提到化学这一比喻的目的却不是阐明科学和历史学科在这三方面的联系。

二、无中生有
定义：选项表述内容与原文无关。

例题：【OG Test 8 P828】
Bitterly criticized
by Black people, Du Bois barely modified his statement
when, two months later, he set the priorities for his readers:
15 “first your Country, then your Rights!” Perhaps the editor
had written more than he intended in using the word
“forget,”for Crisis before and after the editorial showed
no diminution in its criticism of racism. But he distinguished
between Allied and German ambitions, and declared that
20 defeat of the former would be disastrous for that “United
States of the World” to which he was most loyal.
18. As indicated in lines 15‐21 (“Perhaps... loyal”), Du Bois advised Black Americans that
(A) they would be treated more equally in wartime than in peace
(B) racial harmony in the United States would improve after the war
(C) despite German military superiority, the Allies would win the war
(D) wartime provided economic opportunities for both Black and White Americans
(E) despite American racism, the effects of an Allied defeat would be even worse
讲解：正确选项是E. 选项B/C/D 都是原文没有提到的内容。

原文中DB告知美国黑人: “尽管存在民族歧视，美联军的失败可能会带来更坏的影响。

”
三、概念混淆
定义：混淆了原文的Subject 或Concept。

这种错误选项有两种，一是利用of，on，about或者that，which 等引导的定语从句造成错误的修饰成分；二是对概念进行随意的扩大或替换。

补充一点：SAT的选项中会设置大量的抽象名词，同学们一定要按照类别区分开，分清何为概念，理论，事实和依据。

例题：【OG Test 3 P538】
The Second World War was a watershed event for all
Americans. It brought the Great Depression to an end and
marked the beginning of significant socioeconomic and
Line political changes for women and racial minorities. Chinese
5 American women played an important role in these long‐
term changes.
Galvanized by motives ranging from Chinese
nationalism to American patriotism and feminism,
Chinese American women initiated an outpouring of
10 highly organized activities in such areas as fund‐raising,
propaganda, civil defense, and Red Cross work. While
some women in San Francisco's Chinatown enlisted in the
armed services, many others went to work in businesses
outside their neighborhood and in defense industries for
15 the first time.
8. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) highlight the contributions of San Francisco's Chinatown to the war effort
(B) describe the different jobs held by women during the Second World War
(C) explain how the Second World War helped to end the Great Depression
(D) discuss the impact of the Second World War on Chinese American women
(E) highlight the influence of feminism on Chinese American women
讲解：正确选项是D. 但是同学们往往被选项B所迷惑。

尽管作者在第二自然段列举了非常多的工作，选项B中却是“different jobs by women”。

有同学问如果改成了“different jobs by Chinese American women”选不选呢？这就涉及到主旨题选项的判定了，下文会详细讲解。

四、无端比较
定义：对文中提到的两个事物，或者一个事物的不同方面，进行了无端的比较或者错误的比较。

例题：【OG TEST 4 P579】
85 Ironically, Mary Kingsley and other women travelers were
opposed to or simply uninterested in the late Victorian
campaigns to extend women's political rights. Thus, when
Mary Kingsley returned from West Africa in 1895, she was
chagrined to discover that she was being hailed as a "new
90 woman" because of her travels. Despite her often out‐ spoken
distaste for the "new women" agitating for greater freedom,
the travel books that she and others had written still suggested,
as Paul Fussell has argued, "an implicit celebration of freedom."
19. In Passage 2, Mary Kingsley's attitude toward women's rights campaigns (lines 85‐90) suggests
(A) a single‐minded dedication to equality between the sexes
(B) a way in which dedication to one cause can lead to antagonism toward another
(C) a striking inconsistency between her identity as a British citizen and her identity as a woman
(D) an understanding of the link between women's struggle for freedom and the struggles of other groups
(E) a contradiction between her personal motives and the way her actions are interpreted
讲解：正确选项是E. 选项C/D 都是无端比较。

原文没有对英国公民和女性性别进行比较，也没有对女性争取自由和其他群体争取自由进行比较。

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 一、主旨题的错误选项类型
定义：主旨题的正确选项应该必须含有主题词和作者的主要观点，因此含有错误的主题词或者文中细节内容的选项都是错误选项。

例题: 【OG Test 4 P591】
This passage is from a book of nature writing published in 1991.
In North America, bats fall into mainly predictable categories: they are nocturnal, eat insects, and are rather small...Having studied them intimately, I now know that bats are sweet‐tempered, useful, and fascinating creatures. The long‐standing fear that many people have about bats tells us less about bats than about human fear.
Things that live by night live outside the realm of "normal" time. Chauvinistic about our human need to wake by day and sleep by night, we come to associate night dwellers with people up to no good, people who have the jump on the rest of us and are defying nature, defying their circadian rhythms...Though we are at the top of our food chain, if we had to live alone in the rain forest, say, and protect ourselves against roaming predators, we would live partly in terror, as our ancestors did. Our sense of safety depends on predictability, so anything living outside the usual rules we suspect to be an outlaw, a ghoul.
Bats have always figured as frightening or supernatural creatures in the mythology, religion, and superstition of peoples everywhere…
16. The author's main point in the passage is that
(A) there are only a few kinds of bats
(B) humans are especially vulnerable to nocturnal predators
(C) bat saliva may have medicinal uses
(D) only myth and literature have depicted the true nature of the bat
(E) our perception of bats has its basis in human psychology
讲解：这篇是OG Test 4 第591页的一篇关于Bats的文章。

以上节选的是斜体字和文章各个自然段的首尾句。

作者在第一自然段的首句告诉我们这篇文章的主题词是Bats，然后一步一步深入分析，在其后每段的首尾句表达了他的观点，即在神话宗教迷信中，蝙蝠常常被描述为令人恐惧和超自然的生物，这来源于人们内心的害怕。

接下来我们来看看5个选项，选项A 是过分绝对，选项B 是主题词错误，选项C是无中生有，选项D是过分绝对，只有选项E既符合主题词，又表达了作者的主要观点，故而是正确选项。

回到上文“概念混淆”的例题，问如果改成了“different jobs by Chinese American women”选不选呢？结果还是不选，因为主题词错误。

文章的主题词应该是二战。

二、态度语气评价题的错误选项类型
定义：这种题型指的是题干里含有“attitude”，“tone”，“feeling”，“mood”，“view…as”等，主要考查学生对作者感情、情绪和态度的感受能力。

SAT文章中，排除说明文客观的描述说明，议论文偶尔出现的冷静中立的分析，作者一定会明确表达出或褒或贬的态度。

因此“ambivalent”，“indifferent”和“unshakably confident”等矛盾态度、无所谓态度或极端态度都是错误的选项。

补充一点：SAT 文章中，各个人物对彼此的评价态度一般没有“resentful”，“underhanded”这种憎恨，辱骂其卑劣类的态度，大多是“ironic”，“Satirical”，“Disdainful”等讽刺蔑视类的态度。

例题：【OG Test 6 P725】
Recently excavated artifacts from Pakistan have inspired
a reevaluation of one of the great early urban cultures—the
enigmatic Indus Valley civilization, one of the four great
early Old World state—cultures, along with Mesopotamia,
5 Egypt, and China’s Yellow River civilization. Much less
is known about the Indus civilization than these other states
because linguists have yet to decipher the Harappan script
found on recovered objects. Attempting to understand these
vanished people and their social structures, my colleagues
10 and I have drawn clues from the miscellaneous objects we
uncover and sites we excavate．In this effort, the Harappan
writings have not been totally useless; we have gleaned
insights by examining the context of the writing’s use.
12.The author’s tone in the final sentence is best described as
(A) frustrated
(B) resigned
(C) ambivalent
(D) somewhat encouraged
(E) unshakably confident
讲解：选项中可以直接排除选项C/E。

文中作者说“the writings have not been totally useless”，表达一定程度上令人欢欣鼓舞的语气。

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐排除法的意义‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 排除法的意义在于帮助同学们清楚认识错误选项，在无法直接选出正确选项的情况下，按照规律快速排除，而不会被个别迷惑性选项牵绊住。

安心 启德教育
2012年6月20日星期三版本。