Mini Project Report One
打开迷你世界的作文英语
In the realm of Mini World,a vast and imaginative landscape unfolds,offering endless opportunities for creativity and exploration.This essay delves into the experience of opening up this mini world,a digital space where players can construct their own environments,interact with others,and engage in a myriad of activities.The Concept of Mini WorldMini World is a sandbox game that allows players to unleash their creativity in a virtual environment.It is inspired by the likes of Minecraft,offering a similar yet distinct experience.The game is characterized by its blocky graphics,where every element of the world is composed of cubes that can be manipulated by the player.Exploration and DiscoveryUpon entering Mini World,one is greeted with an expansive landscape that is ripe for exploration.Players can traverse mountains,forests,and deserts,discovering new biomes and resources.The thrill of exploration is heightened by the games procedural generation, ensuring that each new world is unique and full of surprises.Building and ConstructionThe core of Mini World lies in its building mechanics.Players can gather materials from the environment and use them to construct anything from simple shelters to elaborate castles.The game provides a wide array of building blocks,each with its own properties and uses,allowing for a high degree of customization and creativity.Survival and ChallengesWhile building and exploration are central to the game,Mini World also incorporates elements of survival.Players must manage their health,hunger,and other needs, requiring them to hunt,farm,and craft to stay alive.The game introduces various challenges,such as hostile creatures that roam the world,adding an element of danger and excitement.Community and InteractionOne of the most appealing aspects of Mini World is its multiplayer capabilities.Players can join servers where they can interact with others,collaborate on largescale projects,or engage in friendly competition.The community aspect of the game fosters a sense of camaraderie and shared achievement.Modding and CustomizationFor those who wish to take their experience further,Mini World supports modding.This feature allows players to create and share their own content,from new blocks and items to entirely new game modes.The modding community is a testament to the games flexibility and the creativity of its players.Educational OpportunitiesBeyond entertainment,Mini World offers educational value.It encourages problemsolving,spatial reasoning,and an understanding of basic engineering principles. Many educators have recognized the games potential as a teaching tool,using it to engage students in subjects like math,science,and technology.ConclusionOpening up Mini World is akin to stepping into a boundless canvas where the only limit is ones imagination.It is a space that invites players to explore,build,survive,and interact,all within a framework that is both challenging and rewarding.Whether you are a casual builder or an aspiring architect,Mini World offers a unique and engaging experience that continues to captivate players around the globe.。
Mini-Project
Mini-ProjectThe mini-project is ateam-based (no more than 6 persons) assignment that will give you an opportunity to research and present a networking technology or issue of your choice. It will also give the class an opportunity to be introduced to a diverse set of networking technologies and issues beyond the formal lectures.You can choose either Scenario A or Scenario B for your mini-project.Scenario A: You are working as a resident technology expert at a venture capital firm in Menlo Park, CA. Your supervisor, a managing partner, has recently received a number of funding pitches in the area of Network Technology X. As part of the due diligence process, she would like you to prepare an assessment of the technology.Where appropriate, your assessment might include: the fundamental concept behind this technology (i.e., how does it work); its strengths/weaknesses compared to existing or other competing alternatives; broader contexts (e.g., market trends) that may influence the potential success of this technology; and your recommendation of whether the VC (风险投资) should invest in this area.Deliverables:∙ a 5-minute oral presentation, using a single presentation slide (or none), plus answering any questions that the partners might have about the technology; and ∙ a concise written report that provides an executive summary of your technology assessment. You must cite the references that you used in your research. The report must be 800 words or shorter, excluding references.You are free to propose your own choice of Network Technology X. The possibilities are limitless, but here are some examples: software radio, optical router, MVNO (移动虚拟网络运营), network processors, ad hoc or mesh networking, smart dust, Internet-connected TVs, datacenter energy management, smartphones for developing regions, onion routing systems.Scenario B: You are working as an analyst at the Congressional Research Service (CRS) in Washington D.C. The Chair of the House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet has been receiving calls from various interest groups to sponsor a new bill on Network Technology Issue Y. His congressional staffer has contacted you and asked you to prepare an independent assessment of the key considerations surrounding this issue.Where appropriate, your assessment might include: the motivation for potential legislation; the basics of any relevant technologies; non-legislative alternatives to address this issue; your evaluation of the merits of any legislative action.Deliverables:∙ a 5-minute oral presentation, using a single presentation slide (or none), plus answeri ng any questions that the Representative and his staffers might have about the issue; anda concise written report that provides an executive summary of your assessment. Youmust cite the references that you used in your research. The report must be 800 words or shorter, excluding references.Examples might include: FCC authority on network neutrality, wireless spectrum auction rules, allocation of additional unlicensed spectra, open access rules for mobile communications, consumer protection against spam and phishing, prohibition of use of SSN as authenticator, definitions and rules for declaration of cyber-war.Important Dates:10/24: Mini-project presentations begin (one presentation per class meeting)Instructions for uploading your presentation slide and report:Submit your presentation slidevia email to iteezust@ before the day of your presentation. You will be eligible for 5% early submission bonus if you submit your slide more than 24 hours ahead of your scheduled presentation. Please name your file 'firstname_lastname_slide.pdf', e.g., 'hua_wang_slide.pdf'.。
项目进度进展情况工作汇报PPT
第三部分 面临问题对策
项目进展/解决方案/问题对策/时间节点
其他根据具体情况可采取的措施
单击此处输入你的正文,文字是您思想的提炼, 为了最终演示发布的良好效果,请尽量言简意 赅的阐述观点;可酌情增减文字,以便观者可 以准确理解您的信息。
单击此处输入你的正文,文字是您思想的提炼,为了最终演 示发布的良好效果,请尽量言简意赅的阐述观点;根据需要 可酌情增减文字,以便观者可以准确理解您所传达的信息。
瞄准目标
单击此处输入你的正文,文字是您思 想的提炼,请酌情增减文字。
解决方案
紧盯节点
单击此处输入你的正文,文字是您思 想的提炼,请酌情增减文字。
查找问题
单击此处输入你的正文,文字是您思 想的提炼,请酌情增减文字。
单击此处输入你的正文,文字是您思想的提炼,为了最终演示发布的良好效果,请尽量言简意赅的阐述观点;根据需要可酌 情增减文字,以便观者可以准确理解您所传达的信息,请您尽可能提炼思想的精髓。
当前项目 主要环节进展情况
项目进展/解决方案/问题对策/时间节点
基本情况
单击此处输入你的正文 单击此处输入你的正文 单击此处输入你的正文
项目进度
单击此处输入你的正文 单击此处输入你的正文 单击此处输入你的正文
设计工作
单击此处输入你的正文 单击此处输入你的正文 单击此处输入你的正文
环保工作
单击此处输入你的正文 单击此处输入你的正文 单击此处输入你的正文
PART
02
业务解决方案
Please supplement the title with a further description here. the description should be short and to the point.
mini-lecture
3.口语化的句式特点 .
讲座一般为独白或演讲稿, 讲座一般为独白或演讲稿,具有口语性较强的特 点。
一般在句式上会采用比较简单的结构, 一般在句式上会采用比较简单的结构,不会出现非常 复杂或冗长的句式。 复杂或冗长的句式。 在一句中, 在一句中,尤其是主语或关键点之后会出现一些解释 性或表示态度、感受等的插入语以利于听者的理解。 性或表示态度、感受等的插入语以利于听者的理解。
In reading literary works, we are concerned with the “meaning” of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature. 而听力原文中却是: Good morning. In today’s lecture, we shall discuss what meaning is in literary works. When we read novels, poems etc., we invariably ask ourselves a question, that is what does the writer mean here. In other words, we are interested in finding out the meaning. But meaning is a difficult issue in literature. How do we know what a work of literature is supposed to mean? Or what its real meaning is? I’d like to discuss three ways to explain what meaning is.
minitab说明书
1 / 122©2010M i n i t a b,I n c.保留所有权利。
16.1.02010年5月M i n i t a b®、M i n i t a b l o g o®、Qu a li t y C o m p a n i o n b y M i n i t a b®和 Qu a li t y T r a i n e r b y M i n i t a b®是M i n i t a b,I n c.在美国和/或其他国家/地区的注册商标。
C a p a b ili t y S i x p a ck™、P r o c e ss C a p a b ili t y S i x p a ck™、R e p o rt P a d™和S t a tGu i d e™都是M i n i t a b,I n c.的商标。
S i x S i g m a®是M o t o r o l a,I n c.的注册商标和服务标志。
所涉及的所有其他标志都属于其各自所有者。
2 / 122ii目录1入门.......................................................1-1目标........................................................1-1概述........................................................1-1本书中的印刷约定.............................................1-2示例........................................................1-3启动M i n i t a b.................................................1-3打开工作表...................................................1-4接下来的内容.................................................1-62用图形表示数据..............................................2-1目标........................................................2-1概述........................................................2-1管理数据....................................................2-2检验两个变量间的关系..........................................2-8使用图形布局和打印...........................................2-11保存项目...................................................2-13接下来的内容................................................2-143分析数据...................................................3-1目标........................................................3-1概述........................................................3-1显示描述性统计量.............................................3-2执行方差分析.................................................3-4使用M i n i t a b的P ro j e c t M a n a g e r..................................3-8接下来的内容................................................3-114评估质量...................................................4-1目标........................................................4-1概述........................................................4-1评估过程稳定性...............................................4-2评估过程能力.................................................4-8接下来的内容................................................4-103 / 122iii5设计实验...................................................5-1目标.......................................................5-1概述.......................................................5-1创建试验设计................................................5-2查看设计....................................................5-5输入数据....................................................5-5分析设计....................................................5-6得出结论....................................................5-9接下来的内容...............................................5-126使用会话命令...............................................6-1目标.......................................................6-1概述.......................................................6-1启用并键入命令..............................................6-2重新运行一系列命令...........................................6-5用E x e c s重复进行分析.........................................6-6接下来的内容................................................6-87生成报表...................................................7-1目标.......................................................7-1概述.......................................................7-1使用R e p or t P a d...............................................7-2保存报表....................................................7-6将报表复制到字处理器.........................................7-6使用嵌入式图形编辑工具........................................7-7将输出发送到M i c ro s o f t P o w e r P o i n t...............................7-9接下来的内容...............................................7-118准备工作表.................................................8-1目标.......................................................8-1概述.......................................................8-1从不同的数据源获取数据........................................8-2准备工作表进行分析...........................................8-4接下来的内容...............................................8-114 / 122i v9自定义M i n i t a b..............................................9-1目标........................................................9-1概述........................................................9-1设置选项....................................................9-2创建自定义工具栏.............................................9-3指定快捷键...................................................9-5恢复M i n i t a b的默认设置........................................9-6接下来的内容.................................................9-710获取帮助.................................................10-1目标.......................................................10-1概述.......................................................10-1获取解答和信息..............................................10-2M i n i t a b帮助概述.............................................10-4帮助.......................................................10-6S t a t G u id e...................................................10-8会话命令帮助..............................................10-10接下来的内容...............................................10-1111参考.....................................................11-1目标.......................................................11-1概述.......................................................11-1M i n i t a b环境................................................11-2M i n i t a b数据................................................11-5索引.........................................................I-15 / 122v6 / 122 v i1入门目标在本章中,您将:■了解如何使用M ee t M i n i t ab,第1-1页■启动M i n i t a b,第1-3页■打开并检查工作表,第1-4页概述M ee t M i n i t ab介绍了M i n i t a b中最常用的功能。
MINITAB术语中英文对照表
information, resources
信息,来源
127
inserting
插入
128
inserting a column
插入列
129
interaction plot
交互作用图
130
Internet, Minitab on the
因特网,Minitab在线
131
interpreting
解释
132
效应的正态概率图
159
number
数字
160
numeric
数值型
161
numeric data
数值型数据
162
Numerics
数值
163
one-way ANOVA
单因子方差分析
164
options
选项
165
overview
概述
166
paneled
在同一图象窗口作多个
167
paneled histogram
数学函数
139
matrices
矩阵
140
menu bar
菜单栏
141
Merging
合并
142
merging data from Excel
从Excel中合并数据
143
merging files
合并文件
144
missing values
缺失值
145
Mixture Designs
混料设计
146
Mixture Designs toolbar
84
Excel, merging data into worksheet
统计软件MINITAB基础应用
MINITAB概括MINITAB是什么?MINITAB是由MINITAB公司设计的一套数据处理软件,它强大的数据处理功能不仅能完全满足六西格玛管理各阶段的数据处理要求,也可满足其他数理统计方面的应用需求。
目前,包括MOTOROLA、GE等在内的99%的推行六西格玛管理的公司都在使用MINITAB软件。
MINITAB软件的数据处理功能强大,其两大核心功能为统计分析和图形分析,同时也提供丰富的辅助功能,极大地方便用户使用。
MINITAB核心功能:数据分析。
MINITAB的核心功能之一是进行数据分析处理,其基本数据分析功能涵盖以下方面:1、基本统计包括进行基本描述统计、置信区间分析、相关性分析、正态性检验等。
2、回归分析包括进行一般回归分析、逐步回归分析、后勤回归分析等,并可绘制残差图。
3、方差分析包括进行单因素、多因素方差分析等,并可绘制交叉作用图,主要影响图和进行方差齐性检验。
4、试验设计分析包括进行分部因子、全因子、响应表面、混合、田口试验设计的试验表设计及试验结果分析。
5、控制图包括各类计量值及计数值控制图。
6、质量工具包括柏拉图、因果图、正态数据过程能力分析、非正态数据过程能力分析、计数值及计量值数据测量系统分析等。
7、可靠性工具包括数据分布类别检验、可靠性分析、加速寿命测试、衰减分析等。
8、多变量分析包括主要因素分析、因子分析、判断式分析等。
9、时间序列分析包括时间序列图、分解分析、移动平均、指数平滑分析、自相关等。
10、表格分析包括交叉表、卡方测试、自相关分析等。
11、非参数测试包括单样本标记测试、单样本置信区间标记测试等。
MINITAB核心功能:图形分析。
图示数据是一种常见的数据分析方法,比起冗长的计算和枯燥的数据,图形分析具有简单、直观的优点,因而图形分析结合数据分析,形成了六西格玛方法的鲜明特点,MINITAB提供了丰富的图形分析功能。
主要图形功能包括:直方图; 三维图;散布图; 表面图;时间序列图; 点图;条形图; 饼图;箱图; 概率图;矩形图; 边际图;轮廓图; 茎叶图MINITAB应用界面构成MINITAB软件应用界面主要由主菜单栏、工具栏及视窗构成。
MInitab软件使用指南
质量管理学软件使用软件简介:MINITAB统计软件是为六西格玛和其它质量改善项目采用的理想套装软件。
从统计过程控制(Statistical Process Control)到试验设计(Design of Experiments),MINITAB为你提供实现质量项目各阶段目标的方法;同时“StatGuide™””和“ReportPad™”等工具将帮助你理解和联系你的操作结果。
与普通的软件相比,MINITAB统计软件更为精确、可靠、易于使用。
一帕雷托图制作帕雷托用于确认关键的少数因素。
MINITAB的柏拉图分析可以将所有数据作于一张图上,也可将数据分组作于不同的图上。
对话框内容:(1)Chart defects data in:选择包含原始数据的栏。
缺陷数据可以是文本或数据。
对于文本而言,每个缺陷名可以输入72个字符,但MINITAB只能识别前15个,故输入时前15个字符需相区分。
(2)By variable in:选择包含用以分组的指示变量的栏。
栏的长度需与数据栏相同。
A.Default:显示所有数据在一张图上。
B.One Chart per page,Same Ordering Of bars:分别显示各组数据在一张图上。
C.One chart per page,independent ordering of bars:分别显示各组数据在不同图上。
(3)Chart defects table:如数据输入格式为缺陷名和缺陷频率时选择该项。
操作内容及步骤【例题1】某工程师想分析其公司某种产品不良项目中的主要不良,取得的数据。
Stat-Quality Tools -Pareto Chart图形如下:二散点图制作与分析内容及步骤已经数据,需确定血压(B)与体重(W)之间的关系模型。
Stat-Regression-Regression分析结果:三直方图的绘制与分析内容及步骤某企业机械厂夹片生产中,为检测其生产过程是否稳定,从中随机抽取100件产品进行测试,数据如表所示,通过给出的数据,绘制直方图,步骤和要求如下:步骤:1、进入MINITAB系统,输入以上数据。
发展迅速的初三英语词缀
发展迅速的初三英语词缀
㈡非化,如:denuclearise(非核武器化); decontaminate(非污染化);denationalise(非国有化); derecognition(撤销承认)。
㈢降低、向下,如:de-emphasize(不强调); de-escalation(行动降级);devaluation(贬值); deindustrialisation(工业化降温)。
词缀2、mini-
这个前缀的意思是小型、微型,如:
mini-rocket(小型火箭);mini-budget(小预算案); mini-report(小型报告);mini-parade(小型检阅);mini-break (小假期);mini-skirt(小裙)。
词缀3、super-
Super-这前缀的意思是超级、在上,如:
Superman(超人);super-star(超级明星);superpoarket(超级市场);superhighoneyanpoployer:employee;e_aminer:e_aminee.
此外,没有对应的-ee派生词也渐渐出现了,如:
retiree(退修人士);absentee(缺席者、旷课者);escapee (躲避者);refugee(避难者);devotee(崇拜者)。
③名词性后缀 -nik,指从事某种工作的人。
例如:
computer-nik(靠电脑工作的人);boatnik(酷爱划船的人);allright-nik(应声虫);peacenik(和平主义者);folknik(民歌手);popnik(流行乐歌手)。
Project Report Template 项目报告模板英文版
Project Report Template 项目报告模板英文版Project Title: XXXXXX。
this report XXX。
We extend our XXX。
our supervisor。
for his guidance。
n。
encouragement。
support。
and knowledge XXX project。
We would also like to express our deep gratitude to our financial supporters。
XXX made this project possible。
XXX。
we would like to thank the XXX project.To our families。
we want to express our XXX nal love。
patience。
support。
encouragement。
XXX.Table of ContentsAbstractTable of ContentsAcronymsList of Figures and TablesChapter 1: n1.1 Problem StatementOur families have been a constant source of support and XXX。
They have always been there for us。
no XXX and sacrifices。
which have helped us e the people we are today.In this report。
we will discuss XXX it。
We will also provide an overview of XXX that we have identified to address this problem.AcronymsList of Figures and TablesChapter 1: n1.1 Problem StatementThe problem we are addressing in this report is the lack of access to quality XXX lives of individuals and communities。
mini-research
two types of research paper
Argumentative research paper: It is a series of generalizations or propositions, supported by evidence or reasoning and connected in a logical manner, that lead to a justified conclusion. You must sustain your argument by giving evidence and reasons. In direct contrast to the analytical paper, your approach here is to take a stand on an issue and use evidence to back-up your stance, not to explore or flesh out an unresolved topic.
Mini-research Project
1. Introduction to research 2. Four steps of doing research 3. Sample questionnairs & reports
Class arrangement: two classes of learning + one class of presentation (maybe just two?) Assignment: The whole class is divided into groups of 5 students, making up of 6 groups (One group should have 6 members.). Each group will work as a team on a miniresearch project. Grading: 30% of final grading
【外研社Unipus】新探索(基础级)读写U1课件_AE1
Getting prepared
Discussion point
What are your ideas about the following questions? Discuss them with a partner.
• Do you think your online identity is communicated accurately? I’m not sure. I post a lot of happy photos and good news. So, that shows the cheerful side of me.
• design a poster to introduce China, and present it to the class
CONTENTS
1 Getting prepared
Discussion point
2 Reading 1
Reading & understanding Thinking & exploring
affiliation foster
ascribe multilingual
categorize rivalry
consequence trait
5. I have _c_a_t_e_g_o_ri_z_e_d_/_c_a_t_e_g_o_ri_s_e_d_ my social media contacts into family, close friends, and work colleagues.
H. rivalry between different groups
Academic exploration 1
Reading 1
Bookreport的规范格式
Book report 的规范格式:1. Introductory ParagraphThe first sentence should state for which instructor and class the book-report is being written.The second sentence should state the title of the book and the author's name.The third sentence should tell how many pages the book has and the name of the publisher.The fourth sentence can state basic bibliographic information about the book. Bibliographic information means not only the author and title but also what company published the book, what year it was published in and any other relevant information such as the edition and if the book has been translated, simplified or abridged. (see copyright page and the back of the title page.)The next sentence should state the reason(s) you decided to read this book. Why did you choose this particular book? Typical reasons might be:o You like the author.o You like this type of book (i.e. mystery, western, adventure or romance, etc.).o Someone recommended the book to you.o It was on a required reading list.o You liked the cover.These reasons do not have to be complex. Most people choose the books they read because they like the author or somebody recommended it to them. If you chose the book because you like the author, then state why you like that author.An optional sentence can be used if the cover (back cover) of the book gives you any additional information then add a sentence with that information.o Was the book a best seller?o Are there X million copies in print?o Did it win any major awards?2. Main Character(s) ParagraphThe first sentence of this paragraph should state who the main character or characters of the book are, and why they are important. Refer to this person or these persons as the Main Character or Main Characters.You will need at least a complex sentence for this, and probably more than one sentence.3. Other Characters ParagraphYou should compose at least one sentence for each of the other prominent or important characters in the book. State the name of each of the other important characters, and the key role that each one plays in the bookMost books have five or six prominent characters besides the main character, so simply listing each one and stating their role in the book will give you a good sized paragraph.4. Plot Summary ParagraphThis is perhaps the hardest paragraph to write in five sentences or so. If you have to write a bit more don't worry. Here are the main points to cover:o State the type of book (Mystery, Western, etc.).o What place or country was the book set in?o What time period was the book set in? (19th century, the present, ancient Rome, the 23rd century).o Other physical locations which are important, like: ships, airplanes, houses, or buildings.o Other notable attributes of the book. (Was it violent, scary, fast paced, etc.).o What is the main character trying to do?o What is the outcome of the book?o etc.Make sure you cover all of the major parts of the plot. You might have to go back through the book, chapter by chapter, and make a few notes.5. Personal Impressions and Conclusion ParagraphSimply talk about what you liked or did not like about the book. Use this paragraph as your conclusion. It should summarize your overall impressions of the book and bring the report to a close.o Start with a sentence that states that you are now writing a conclusion. (For example: "My final thoughts on 'A Fine Balance' are that it is a fascinating book but I am not entirely sure if I completely understood the thematic message of the book."o Restate your reasons why you liked and/or disliked the book using different words. o Write two sentences that talk about the books good points and weak points.o Write a sentence or two about what you learned from the book.o Close with a sentence that states whether you would recommend the book to others. Don't be afraid to give your own honest impressions of the book. After all, if you've read the book thoroughly, you are entitled to your own interpretation of it. Typically, your book report should not exceed two double-spaced pages, and it should be somewhere between 600 and 800 words in length.Research AssistanceThis site, which claims to be the best single research source online, maintains an inventory of more than 25,000 research reports on thousands of subjects; many of which are book summaries. Most are available for immediate download. If your subject isn't already in their archives, they will do custom research and writing for you. You can download existing papers and/or order custom research papers 24 Hours a Day!This is the Lakewood Public Library student guide to completing a book report... oris it? There are two closely related terms to be aware of here. Book Reports andBook Reviews. Many people use both terms in the same breath but there areimportant differences. A book report is completely factual. It includes informationon the author, title, place and year of publication as well as a summary of thecontent of the book. A book review, on the other hand, is much more personal. It isreally an expression of the reader's opinion of the work, or of specific aspects of thework. The review will probably include much of the same factual content as thereport, but it is the reader's personal opinions that are most important. For thepurposes of this guide we will be dealing with the book report. A short sectiontoward the end of this guide will give you some ideas for book reviews.The steps to follow for your book report are:Choosing Your BookReading the BookThe Outline of Your ReportThe Draft and the Final ReportChoosing Your BookPerhaps your teacher has assigned a specific book for you to read. If this is the case you can skip this section and move on to READING THE BOOK. If you are able to pick the book of your choice you must first decide whether you want to read fiction or non-fiction. Do you love reading history books, or do you prefer novel reading? This is an important question to ask yourself. If you do a book report on a book which you dislike several problems arise. Firstly, you are not going to enjoy writing a report on such a book. Secondly, your report is going to be almost entirely negative. Whether this is an accurate reflection of the book or not the reader of your report will probably be turned off by your attitude. There is nothing wrong with selective criticis m, but a book report which criticizes the author and his work at every turn is self defeating. So, choose your book carefully. The result will be more pleasureable, both for yourself and for whoever reads your report.Here are some links to book report pages on the Internet. You should find some good ideas about the type of book you want to read on these pages. Many of the reports are very simply constructed. However, they should give you some ideas both about the types of book you might want to read, as well as how you migh t want to construct your report.∙Essay Depot-Book Reports∙Book Adventure∙CLP Teen Reads∙Just for Kids Who Love Books∙Reading the BookIn the hustle and bustle of modern everyday life the simple pleasure of reading a good book is often forgotten. There is nothing easier yet more satisfying than sitting down in a favorite place to read. Find somewhere quiet and private where you are unlikely to be disturbed. Try to pick the place where you can be transported into the world of the book with a minimum of distraction. It is fine to read your book in asingle sitting, or you can read it over a number of days. Know your limitations here. Do not make yourself read a set number of pages or chapters every day. This can make your reading a chore. Read as much as you are comfortable with and then put the book down until you are ready to start again. Mark where you stopped with a bookmark or a slip of paper. Try not to let a long time elapse between readings. A day or two, at most, is probably about right.If you have a cheap personal copy of the book you are reading you might want to mark parts of the text which interest you. Do this in pencil. A word of warning here! Marking books is not a good habit to get into. During the course of your educational career you will meet many professional book lovers who will take a dim view of you marking books which are not your own. Talk to any college librarian if you want to hear a long history of irretrievably damaged books! A better idea than marking your book is to keep a notebook beside you so that you can write brief notes and page numbers you might want to come back to. You could do this during a second reading. This way you can read your book right through uninterrupted.How many times should you read the book? This is a personal choice. Obviously you have to read it cover to cover at least once. Twice is recommended. If you really love the book you may find yourself reading it a third or even a fourth time. Many people have a favorite book which they read over and over again the way that you might watch a favorite movie. If you are lucky enough to find such a book the actual writing of your report will be more of a pleasure than a burden.The Outline of Your ReportYou have read your book. Your next step will be to organize what you are going to say about it in your report. Writing the basic elements down in an outline format will help you to organize your thoughts.What will you include in the outline? Follow whatever instructions your teacher has given you. If you are on your own, however, the following guidelines should help.Let's assume for the moment that you've chosen a work of fiction. We'll start with a description of the book. The description should include such elements as:1.The setting—where does the story take place? Is it a real place or animaginary one? If the author does not tell you exactly where the storyis set, what can you tell about it from the way it is described?2.The time period—is the story set in the present day or in an earlier timeperiod? Perhaps it is even set in the future! Let your reader know.3.The main character(s)—who is the story mostly about? Give a briefdescription. Often, one character can be singled out as the main character,but some books will have more than one.4.The plot—what happens to the main character? WARNING! Be carefulhere. Do not fall into the boring trap of reporting every single thing thathappens in the story. Pick only the most important events. Here are somehints on how to do that. First, explain the situation of the main character asthe story opens. Next, identify the basic plot element of the story--is themain character trying to achieve something or overcome a particularproblem? Thirdly, describe a few of the more important things that happento the main character as he/she works toward that goal or solution. Finally,you might hint at the story's conclusion without completely giving awaythe ending.The four points above deal with the report aspect of your work. For the final section of your outline, give your reader a sense of the impression the book made upon you. Ask yourself what the author was trying to achieve and whether or not he achieved it with you. What larger idea does the story illustrate? How does it do that? How did you feel about the author's style of writing, the setting, or the mood of the novel. You do not have to limit yourself to these areas. Pick something which caught your attention, and let your reader know your personal response to whatever it was.What about non-fiction?If given the option, you might have chosen a non-fiction biography, history, or a factual text on another subject of interest to you. In that case, the descriptive section of your report should include:1.subject—an initial statement on the general subject of the book.2.summary—your summary of what the author had to say about the subject.Again, pick only the most important points to discuss. For a biography,describe some of the key events in the person's life. For a history or othersubject, describe some of the main points made about the subject. If thebook is divided into different chapters, you can often use those divisions asa guide to what the main points are.After you've described your book, express some of your thoughts about what you've read. What seemed to be the author's main reason for writing the book? What was the most interesting thing you learned about the book's subject? Why did you find it interesting? You might also give your opinion on how the subject was presented. Did the author hold your interest?Remember! Whether you are writing about fiction or non-fiction you must be sure to recognize the main idea or ideas in the book. So be sure that you have a good understanding of it before you begin writing. Keep the book beside you while youTitle: From Cover To Cover: Evaluating and Reviewing Children's Books.Publisher: New York: HarperCollins, c1987Location: MAIN JUVENILE: j028.162 HorningAuthor: Teitelbaum, Harry.Title: How To Write Book Reports.Publisher: New York: Monarch Press, 1982, 1975.Location: MAIN A DULT: 808 857Author: James, Elizabeth.Title: How To Write Your Best Book Report.Publisher: New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books, c1986.Location: MAIN JUVENILE: j372.623 514Author: Allen, Eliot D.Title: A Short Guide To Writing a Critical Review.Publisher: Deland, Fla.: Everett/Edwards, c1975, 1978 printing.Location: MAIN A DULT: 808.066028 114读书报告是一种非常有用的实用体裁,它可以帮助我们记录复习学过的知识并提高我们的概括能力、综合能力、分析能力和评判能力。
四年级上册英语mini课堂p26页
四年级上册英语mini课堂p26页全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1My Big Adventure at the FarmWow, I had the most amazing weekend! My family and I went to visit my aunt and uncle's farm in the countryside. It was so much fun! I got to see all kinds of cool animals and learn about life on a real working farm. Let me tell you all about it!We left early Saturday morning and drove for a couple of hours to get to the farm. As soon as we got there, my cousin Billy came running out to greet us. He's a year older than me and has lived on the farm his whole life, so he knows everything about it. "Hey guys, you're just in time to help feed the animals!" he shouted excitedly.First, we went to the barn to feed the cows and horses. The barn smelled kind of funny, but I got used to it pretty quickly. There were so many big cows mooing and horses neighing! Billy showed me how to scoop up some hay and grain to put in their feeding troughs. The cows are so big, but they're actually really gentle giants. I even got to pet one!After the barn, we went to the chicken coop. That's where all the chickens live and lay their eggs. There were probably 50 chickens in there, all clucking and pecking at the ground. Billy reached into the nest boxes and pulled out a bunch of fresh eggs that were still warm. "We have to collect them every day," he explained. I've never had eggs that fresh before - they were delicious when we had them for breakfast the next morning!Next up were the pigs. Boy, were they loud! They made loud oinking sounds and ran around their pen like crazy when we came over with their food buckets. Pigs are kind of stinky but also really funny to watch. Uncle Dave told me pigs are actually really smart animals.In the afternoon, we got to do some fun farm activities. We went on a long hike through the fields and saw lots of different crops growing - corn, wheat, soybeans, and more. Billy taught me how to identify different plants and showed me which ones we can eat. We also went fishing in the little pond and caught a couple bluegills, though we had to throw them back.The best part was the tractor ride though! Uncle Dave let me climb up into his big green tractor and I even got to steer it for a little bit as we rode around the property. Driving a tractor is harder than it looks, but super cool. I felt like a real farmer!When evening came, we had a big cookout with hamburgers, corn on the cob, and fresh salads - all using ingredients grown right there on the farm. We roasted marshmallows over the fire pit and looked at the millions of bright stars you can see out in the country. Aunt Susan said I could help collect eggs again in the morning before we headed home.I had such an awesome time at the farm this weekend! I learned so much about where our food comes from and how hard farmers have to work to grow crops and take care of animals. Farms are awesome places and I already can't wait to go back and visit again soon. Maybe I'll be a farmer when I grow up!篇2My Awesome Monster Book ReportHi everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the totally awesome book I just read for my book report. It's called "My Monster Buddy" by Joyce Prompt. Get ready, because this book is so cool and exciting!The main character is a kid named Billy who is feeling really lonely. Billy's parents are always working late and he doesn't have any brothers or sisters. One night, Billy is lying in bed feeling sad when all of a sudden, a huge monster appears in hisroom! At first Billy is terrified, but then the monster starts talking in a friendly voice. His name is Grop and he says he came from Monster Land to be Billy's friend. How amazing is that?Grop explains that in Monster Land, all kid monsters get assigned a Buddy Kid from the human world. The monster's job is to become best friends with their Buddy Kid and cheer them up whenever they feel gloomy. Grop tells Billy that he picked him especially because Billy seemed so lonely and in need of a good friend. Isn't that just the sweetest thing?Billy is a little nervous around Grop at first since, you know, Grop is a giant, furry monster with horns and fangs. But Grop has such a goofy, jovial personality that Billy quickly feels totally comfortable around him. They stay up all night playing games, watching movies, telling jokes, and pigging out on snacks. It's the most fun Billy has had in forever!From then on, Grop moves into Billy's room and they are inseparable pals. During the day when Billy is at school, Grop hangs out alone in the house eating everything in the fridge. Then when Billy gets home, they pick up right where they left off having all kinds of awesome adventures together. Whether it's skateboarding, pulling pranks, or exploring a nearby cave, Grop makes sure Billy never has a dull moment.But Grop being a monster does cause some problems too. Like when they go to the movies, Grop gets them kicked out for singing along too loud. Or when he keeps Billy up all night with his ear-splitting snores. And then there was that time they got banned from the bowling alley after Grop ate all the finger holes off the bowling balls. Oops!The biggest trouble happens when Billy invites his friend Zack over to meet Grop. At first, Zack is freaked out and calls Grop a "gross, smelly beast." But Billy explains what a great buddy Grop is and eventually Zack sees that Grop is harmless and just wants to have fun. So the three of them start having crazy monster/boy adventures together.Everything is going perfectly until one day, Grop gets called back to Monster Land. It turns out there are strict rules about how long a monster can stay in the human world. Grop has to leave Billy right away with no warning! Both Grop and Billy are heartbroken. They give each other a big goodbye hug, promising they will be best friends forever.After Grop goes back to Monster Land, Billy feels just as lonely as before. But then he gets a great idea. He calls up Zack and together they pull the most epic prank their neighborhood has ever seen. By the time they're done, the whole place iscovered in toilet paper, shaving cream, and lots of other silly stuff. Billy and Zack collapse on the grass, laughing hysterically and feeling like they have their own monster energy now.The book ends with Billy realizing that even though he misses Grop like crazy, he doesn't need a monster buddy to have fun and stay positive. As long as he has his human friends and his own wild imagination, he'll never feel gloomy again.I totally loved this book from start to finish! It had me laughing out loud at all the goofy, outrageous things Grop did. But it also went deeper than just being a silly comedy. The message about friendship and not letting loneliness get you down really touched my heart. I'm sure we can all relate to feeling a little left out or sad sometimes, just like Billy did.After reading "My Monster Buddy," I actually feel more confident about putting myself out there and making new friends. If a regular kid like Billy can become best buds with a rambunctious monster, then I shouldn't be afraid to be brave and extend my own friendship to others. Who knows, maybe I'll meet my very own "monster" buddy soon and we can go on wild adventures too!I highly recommend this book to anyone who loves humor, fantasy, and most of all, a story that shows the powerful impactreal friendship can have. Grop may have gone back to Monster Land, but the inspiring message he brought into Billy's life will stay with me for a very long time. Two篇3My Favorite Day of the WeekHi there! My name is Emily and I'm a 4th grader. Today I want to tell you all about my favorite day of the week - Saturday! Saturday is just the best day ever and I look forward to it all week long.First off, I get to sleep in as late as I want on Saturdays. During the school week, my mom wakes me up at 7am sharp so I have time to get ready for school. But on Saturdays, I can snuggle under my warm covers for as long as I like. Sometimes I sleep until 10 or even 11am! It feels so luxurious.Once I finally get up, I head to the kitchen for a yummy Saturday breakfast. Usually my dad makes pancakes or french toast. He's a whiz with breakfast foods. While the pancakes are cooking, I like to help by setting the table and pouring the orange juice and milk. My favorite part is when the pancakes are finally ready because my dad always puts a smile face on mystack using whipped cream, banana slices for the eyes, and chocolate chips for the mouth. So silly but so tasty!After breakfast, I don't have any set plans. I can just kick back, relax, and do whatever I feel like doing that day. Sometimes I'll read comics or draw pictures. Other times I'll play outside if it's nice out. I have a badminton net set up in my backyard that my friends and I like to use. We'll spend hours running around batting that birdie back and forth, working up a sweat. When we get too hot, we'll take a break and relax under the big oak tree, drinking lemonade and telling jokes.If the weather is rainy or cold though, that's okay too because then it's the perfect excuse to stay inside all cozy. I'll make a fort out of blankets and sofa cushions, grab some snacks, and settle in to binge watch my favorite TV shows. My little sister Lucy and I recently discovered this cool nature documentary series all about wild animals in different habitats around the world. It's so fascinating to learn about how elephants, lions, penguins, and other animals live in the wild. We both agree the baby animal episodes are absolutely the cutest!When lunchtime rolls around, my mom will usually make us all sandwiches and we'll eat together as a family. On Saturdays we'll often head out after lunch to run some errands or gosomewhere fun like the movies, the skating rink, or the museum. One of my favorite places to go is the local bookstore because they have a cool kids section with beanbag chairs where you can curl up and read for as long as you want. Sometimes when my mom is catching up on her magazine reading, I'll sneak off to the travel section to page through big, glossy books filled with photos of far-off, exotic places. I dream of one day visiting places like Paris, Sydney, Cairo, and Rio de Janeiro. Just looking at the images fills me with wanderlust.On nice Saturdays after we get home from our outing, my dad will fire up the grill and we'll have a backyard cookout for dinner. Hot dogs, burgers, chicken skewers, corn on the cob - all those classic summertime foods just taste better when you eat them outside, you know? We'll turn on some music and make it a whole festive occasion. After we're full from dinner, we'll take a family walk around the neighborhood before it gets dark. Weeknights are always such a rush trying to get homework done, have a quick meal, and get to bed in time for school the next day. But Saturday nights we can really take our time and just enjoy hanging out together.Once it's finally time for bed, despite being exhausted from an activity-packed day, I'm always a little sad because I know Ihave to get up early again the next morning for church and then the weekend is basically over. Sundays are nice but they just don't quite have the same free-and-easy vibe as Saturdays. That's why Saturday will always be my favorite! What's your favorite day of the week?篇4The Most Exciting Field Trip Ever!Hi there! My name is Emma and I'm a 4th grader at Oakdale Elementary School. Today I'm going to tell you all about the best, most exciting, and craziest field trip our class has ever been on!It was a sunny Tuesday morning when Mrs. Thompson, our teacher, announced that we would be going on a field trip to the local science museum the following week. We had been learning all about energy, forces, and motion in our science unit, so a trip to the museum's interactive exhibits sounded like the perfect way to really understand those concepts.The day of the field trip finally arrived and we all piled onto the big yellow school bus, buzzing with anticipation. After a20-minute drive, we reached the science museum. I could hardly contain my excitement as we walked up to the big glass entrance!The first exhibit we went to was all about electricity and circuits. There were these really cool demonstrations where you could rub a balloon on your head to make your hair stand up from the static electricity. I gave it a try and ended up looking like I stuck my finger in an electrical socket! We also got to build our own basic circuits using batteries, wires, and light bulbs. Seeing the bulb light up when I completed the circuit was such a satisfying feeling.Next up was the physics playground - a gigantic room filled with wild experiments and contraptions that showed forces like gravity, inertia, and momentum in action. One of the displays was this big circular area with padded walls where you could jump, bounce, and even walk pletely defying gravity! It felt like being an astronaut walking on the moon. Super cool!There was also this air cannon that could launch a beach ball at crazy high speeds. When one of the museum staff fired it, the ball went zooming across the room so fast that you could barely see it! That was a wild demonstration of force and acceleration.But I think the best part was the pulley chair swing. You got strapped into this chair that was attached to a bunch of pulleys and ropes. Then the museum staff would pull on the ropes to fling you up almost to the ceiling before you swung back downagain. Some kids were too chicken to try it, but not me! That giant swing was an adrenaline rush like you wouldn't believe. As I soared up towards the high ceiling and then swooped back down, I felt all the forces of gravity, motion, and momentum that we had learned about. It was equal parts terrifying and thrilling!After the pulley swing, we took a quick break for a picnic lunch in the museum courtyard. I was completely wiped out from all the excitement but still buzzing with energy. After refueling on sandwiches and juice boxes, it was time for more exhibits!The next room was all about the human body and staying fit. There were lots of interactive games and stations that got our hearts pumping. Like this dance video game where you had to mimic all the crazy moves on the screen. I was drenched in sweat after a few minutes of that! Then there was this bike course set up with different terrain challenges like hills and bumpy sections. We had to pedal our way through the whole course, monitoring our heart rates along the way. Who knew exercise could be so fun?Towards the end, we got to explore the space exhibits and learn about the forces involved with getting rockets and satellites into orbit. They had a centrifuge ride that spun you around super fast to simulate the G-forces that real astronautsexperience during liftoff. I felt like a crash test dummy being whipped around that crazy machine! After that spin cycle, I was just about ready to pass out.On the bus ride back to school, you could've heard a pin drop with how exhausted we all were. It had been the most action-packed, thrilling field trip imaginable! Mrs. Thompson said she had never seen our class so engaged and enthusiastic about the science topics.When we got back to the classroom, Mrs. Thompson had us all write essays about our favorite exhibits and what we learned. I knew right away that I would be writing about the pulley swing and the physics playground. Getting to experience those physics concepts firsthand instead of just reading about them in a textbook made it all finally click. Facts and figures are one thing, but actually feeling the forces of gravity, inertia and momentum in action was an unforgettable lesson.That field trip to the science museum will definitely go down as one of the most fun and educational days of my 4th grade year. I can't wait to see what other exciting learning experiences are in store as we move on to the next science unit! But something tells me it will be hard to top that epic day of physics adventures. I'm already looking forward to going back to themuseum someday when I'm older and braver to try some of the crazier exhibits I was too chicken for this time around!篇5Title: My New English Lesson AdventureHi there! My name is Emma, and I'm a fourth-grader at Sunny Hill Elementary School. I love learning new things, and one of my favorite subjects is English. Recently, we started a new lesson in our English textbook, and it has been such an exciting adventure!The lesson we're working on is from the mini lesson section on page 26. It's all about learning how to describe people's appearances and personalities. At first, I thought it might be a little boring, but boy, was I wrong!Our teacher, Miss Johnson, is always finding ways to make our lessons fun and engaging. She started by showing us some pictures of different people, and we had to guess their names and describe what they looked like. It was like a game of charades, but with words instead of actions. We all giggled and shouted out our ideas, trying to be the first to guess correctly.Then, Miss Johnson introduced us to some new vocabulary words that would help us describe people better. Words like "tall," "short," "slim," "chubby," "curly hair," "freckles," and so many more. We practiced saying them out loud and even acted out some of the words using our bodies and facial expressions. It was hilarious watching my classmates try to look "grumpy" or "cheerful" on command!Next, we learned about adjectives that describe someone's personality. Words like "friendly," "shy," "outgoing," "kind," and "bossy." Miss Johnson had us work in pairs and take turns describing each other's personalities. My partner, Sarah, said I was "friendly and creative," which made me feel really happy.But the best part of the lesson was when Miss Johnson brought in some mystery guests! She had invited a few parents and teachers from our school to come in and let us practice describing their appearances and personalities. We took turns asking them questions and trying to figure out who they were based on our descriptions.It was so much fun! We got to meet Mrs. Parker, the school nurse, who has short, curly hair and a warm, friendly personality. And Mr. Thompson, the gym teacher, who is tall and muscularwith a big smile. We even got to describe our principal, Mr. Davis, who has gray hair and a serious but kind personality.By the end of the lesson, we had all learned so many new words and had practiced using them in real-life situations. I feel like I'm becoming a master at describing people, and I can't wait to use my new skills in our next lesson.Learning English has never been more exciting! Miss Johnson always finds ways to make it interactive and engaging. I love how we get to move around, act things out, and even meet new people. It's like we're on a fun adventure every time we open our textbooks.I can't wait to see what other exciting lessons await us in the coming weeks. Maybe we'll learn how to describe animals or different places around the world. Or maybe we'll get to act out scenes from our favorite stories. Whatever it is, I know it's going to be an absolute blast!So, if you ever find yourself feeling a little bored or frustrated with your English lessons, just remember my adventure on page 26. Learning can be so much fun when you have a great teacher and classmates to share the experience with. Embrace the excitement, soak up every new word and phrase, and enjoy the journey!篇6Hi there! Today in English class, we learned about the mini lesson on page 26. It was all about describing people's appearances and personalities. I thought it was a really fun topic!The lesson started by teaching us some new vocabulary words to describe what people look like. We learned words like "tall", "short", "thin", "plump", "fair" for light skin, and "dark" for darker skin tones. We also went over hair colors like "blonde", "brown", "black", and "red". For facial features, we picked up words like "blue eyes", "green eyes", "brown eyes", "long nose", "small nose", and so on.After going through the physical appearance words, we moved on to vocabulary for describing personalities. Some of the new words we covered were "kind", "friendly", "shy", "outgoing", "serious", "funny", "hard-working", and "lazy". I thought words like "talkative" and "quiet" were interesting opposites.Once we had all the key vocabulary down, the teacher put us into pairs to practice using the new words. My partner was Taylor and we took turns describing each other. I said Taylor was a tall girl with long brown hair and hazel eyes. For her personality, Imentioned that she is really friendly, outgoing, and funny but can be a bit talkative at times! When it was Taylor's turn, she told me I'm a boy of average height with short blonde hair and blue eyes. Personality-wise, she said I'm kind, hard-working, and quiet unless I'm with my close friends.After our pair work, we came back together as a class. The teacher called on a few students to describe different celebrities or fictional characters. Johnny described Harry Potter as a skinny boy with round glasses, messy black hair, and bright green eyes. He said Harry was brave, loyal, and a great friend. Sara talked about Ariana Grande, saying she is a petite woman with long brown hair usually tied up. Sara mentioned that Ariana seems like a friendly, hard-working person from what she's seen in interviews.Towards the end, the teacher had us play a fun guessing game. She showed us a photo of a person and we had to raise our hand and use the descriptive words to figure out who it was. The first picture was of our school principal, Mr. Evans. I raised my hand and described him as a middle-aged man of average height who is starting to go bald. I said he has tan skin, brown eyes, and often wears suits and ties to look professional andserious at work. Jessica guessed the right answer after my description!All in all, I really enjoyed this mini lesson. Learning new descriptive words is always useful, especially when you want to introduce people or talk about characters in books and movies. I feel like I have a much better vocabulary now for describing people's appearances and personalities in an interesting way. I can't wait to try out my new skills!。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
Mini Project Report OneChristoph Csallner∗September29,2003This project has been sponsored by Professor Dr.Mary Jean Harrold and Dr.Saurabh Sinha of the Aristotle Research Group at Georgia Tech. 1IntroductionThe Java Architecture for Bytecode Analysis(JABA)of the Aristotle Re-search Group at Georgia Tech provides static analysis of Java programs. Besides others,JABA uses algorithms that determine inter-procedural con-trolflow caused by exceptions[3].This means that JABA determines for each throw statement of the program the methods visited on the way to thefinally statement or catch statement deactivating the thrown exception. Note that for a given pair of throw catch statements there may be multiple controlflow paths through a program.This Mini Project provides a general mechanism to visualize such inter-procedural controlflow information,for example provided by JABA’s static analysis.The mechanism is general in the sense that also other data sources like the result of a dynamic analysis could be used.2MotivationLet’s assume that most Java programmers,testers,and maintainers do not leverage static or dynamic analysis tools to explore inter-procedural control flow caused by exceptions.These people use their integrated development environment to understand this controlflow.First,they might statically analyze their source code by browsing it,searching for corresponding throw and catch constructs.Second,they might also dynamically analyze their source code by watching a debugger execute it.Related to this,one can ∗E-mail:csallner@1always analyze a program’s stack trace in case program execution is termi-nated by an uncaught exception.Static analysis tools like JABA can automatically discover inter-procedural controlflow caused by exceptions.Yet to become useful for a Java pro-grammer,tester,or maintainer,the result of such an analysis should be presented compactly to the user.For example a textual representation of inter-procedural controlflow in the form of“method a of class b throws ex-ceptions of type e to be caught by method y of class z”could produce many pages of text.A visualization system could support a user to understand inter-procedural controlflow.Walker et al.have presented a system to visualize inter-procedural con-trolflow information gathered through dynamic analysis[4].They have also presented an algorithm to abstract from paths between low level code en-tities to higher level architectural entities.In contrast to our visualization mechanism though they do not take advantage of a space-filling visualiza-tion technique like a treemap and therefore waste screen real estate.Screen real estate is a scarce resource when visualizing programs of growing size.Looking at other domains of information visualization,we are not aware of any visualization system that combines a spacefilling visualization tech-nique with graph visualization.While scarce screen real estate motivates a spacefilling technique,we need graph visualization to map controlflow information to screen.The goal of this mini-project is to develop a mechanism for visualiz-ing a program’s inter-procedural controlflow information.This mechanism should be general so that it can later be used in specialized tools to support programmers,testers,and maintainers.3PlanGammatella has been developed by the Aristotle Research Group at Georgia Tech[1].Besides others,it uses a treemap to visualize Java programs. Figure1shows an example treemap.A treemap is a space-filling visualization technique[2].It recursively maps a tree data structure to screen.The root node is mapped to the entire space to befilled.Child nodes are then placed inside their parent node,completelyfilling its space.In Gammatella,the treemap’s root node represents the Java program’s root package.A direct child node is either a direct Java sub-package or a Java class in that package.Each Java class is a leaf node of the treemap tree.2Figure1:Program visualization with Gammatella using a treemap.The visualized program fragment resides in package jaba.It consists of two sub-packages jaba.sym and jaba.main.Package jaba.sym is expanded to show its classes,for example jaba.sym.Method.Our project plan consists of the following steps.First,play with Gam-matella tofind out how it visualizes a Java program.Second,parse the inter-procedural controlflow information produced by JABA.Third,ex-tend Gammatella from the Java class level to the methods of a class.Then each method will be a leaf node of Gammatella’s treemap tree.Fourth,im-plement a prototype mechanism of displaying the exception controlflow as a graph on top of the treemap.4ResultsWe have both extended Gammatella to the method level and implemented a general mechanism for drawing a graph on top of Gammatella’s treemap. Figure2gives an example,in which exception propagation paths between one pair of throw and catch blocks is drawn on top of a program visualiza-tion.5DiscussionDue to the early stage of development it remains unclear how useful the implemented mechanism will be in practice.To answer this question one needs to evaluate alternative interaction techniques based on our mechanism.3Figure2:Extended Gammatella visualizing three example excep-tion paths.All paths originate at a throw statement in method dReferenceType.getAllFields()and end in method jaba.sym.Class.getDirectSubClasses().4One such interaction technique would be to let the user select a method of interest.Then the system draws the paths of all throw and catch statements in this method—using different colors for different throw catch pairs.The user could then select one of them based on the perceived complexity.A second approach would present the user a list of throw catch pairs originating in the user-selected method.Then the system would draw only the paths of the selected throw catch pair.Note that our method of drawing graphs between treemap nodes is not restricted to the domain of software visualization.It generally applies to hierarchical data,which has an additional relation.This additional relation can be mapped to a graph on top of the hierarchical treemap visualization.The following lists example domains that could benefit from our mech-anism.First,one could map an organizational hierarchy to a treemap and draw workflow relations as graphs on top of the treemap.Second,one could visualize web pages with a treemap and draw the hyperlinks as a graph structure on top of the treemap.6Conclusion and Future WorkIn this mini project we havefirst extended the Gammatella program visual-ization treemap to the method level.Then we have implemented a general mechanism for drawing a graph on top of Gammatella’s treemap.This mechanism can be used in a future version of Gammatella to assist software programmers,testers,and maintainers.The mechanism could also benefit other domains that visualize hierarchical data plus another relation between this data.Future work includesfirst,the development of tools in Gammatella to support software programmers,testers,and maintainers using our mech-anism.Second,different user interaction approaches using the mechanism may be compared.Finally,transferring our mechanism to other information visualization domains may be explored.References[1]Orso,A.,J.Jones,and M.J.Harrold.2003.Visualization of Program-Execution Data for Deployed Software.In P roceedings of the ACM Sym-posium on Software Visualization,to appear.5[2]Shneiderman,B.1992.Tree visualization with tree-maps:A2-D space-filling approach.ACM Transactions on Graphics11(1):92–99.[3]Sinha,S.and M.J.Harrold.2000.Analysis and testing of programswith exception-handling constructs.IEEE Transactions on Software En-gineering26(9):849–871.[4]Walker,R.J.,G.C.Murphy,B.Freeman-Benson,D.Wright,D.Swanson,and J.Isaak.1998.Visualizing dynamic software system information through high-level models.ACM SIGPLAN Notices33(10):271–283.6。