牛津高中英语 M4U1 Grammar

M4U1 Grammardirect speech and indirect speech直接引语和间接引语引述别人的原话叫直接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。

这两种引语都是宾语从句，但直接引语在引号内，不用连词联接；间接引语不用引号，通常用连接词联接主句。

A.陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导(that在口语中常省略)，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化。

(1)人称的变化(2)时态的变化如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。

如主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句的时态则无需变化。

直接引语转换成间接引语时时态的变化：一般现在时→一般过去时现在进行时→过去进行时一般过去时→过去完成时现在完成时→过去完成时一般将来时→过去将来时过去完成时→过去完成时补充：间接引语中的不变时态如下。

在把直接引语变成间接引语时，谓语动词的时态一般要作相应的变化，但在下列几种情况下时态不变。

①如果间接引语主句中的动词是一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时或将来时态时。

如：He says,“This work is too difficult.”→____________________________.②当直接引语是表示不因说话时间变化而变化的科学真理或客观事实时。

如：He said，“There are over 50,000 different characters in Chinese.”→He said____________________________.③当直接引语动词表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时。

如：“I’m fifteen,”the boy said.→The boy____________________________.④当直接引语中的谓语动词含有无过去时形式的情态动词时。

如：I said,“You’d better ask him for help.”→I said____________________________.⑤当直接引语陈述的是一种反复出现或习惯性的动作时。

如：“I get up at six o’clock every morning.”said he.→He said____________________________.⑥时间状语从句中的一般过去时或过去进行时，变成间接引语后可以不变。

如：“When I lived in America, I often saw Tom,”said he.→He said ____________________________.⑦如果直接引语中有明确的过去时间状语时。

如：“I was born in 1982，”said my friend.→My friend said____________________________.⑧当直接引语中的谓语动词为过去完成时的时候。

如：“I had lived in a small village before I came here，”said she.→She said ____________________________.(3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化。

直接引语转换成间接引语时的变化this→that 这个→那个these→those 这些→那些now→then 现在→那时today→that day 今天→那在yesterday→the day before 昨天→前一天tomorrow→the next(following)day 明天→第二天ago →beforehere →there 这里→那里come→go来→去补充：如果在当地转述，here不必改为there，动词come不必改为go。

如果在当天转述，yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。

B.疑问句疑问句改为间接引语后，不再是独立的疑问句，而是陈述句的宾语从句。

所以原有疑问句的倒装语序必须改为陈述句的正常语序，句尾不用问号而用句号。

(1)一般疑问句改为间接引语时，从句用if或whether引导。

例如：“Are you ready?”he asked. →He asked me____________________.(2)特殊疑问句改为间接引语时，从句仍用原句中的疑问词引导。

例如：“What did you say?”he asked. →He asked me________________.(3)选择疑问句改为间接引语时，从句通常用whether引导。

例如：He said，“Are they teachers or students?”→He asked me ____________________________.(4)陈述疑问句改为间接引语时也用if或whether引导。

例如：He said, “You are a student?”→He asked me whether/if I was a student.(5)祈使疑问句和祈使句一样，改为asked加宾语再加不定式短语(宾语补足语)。

例如：He said to me，“Will you do me a favor?”→He asked me to do him a favor.C.祈使句(1)转述祈使句时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上advise, ask, beg, invite, order, remind, tell, warn等。

例如：He said to me.“Speak louder.”→He asked / told me to speak louder.(2)引述动词的间接宾语或直接引语中的呼语是祈使的对象，通常改为引述动词的宾语。

如原句没有间接宾语或呼语，通常也要加上宾语me, him, us等。

Practice：一、将所给直接引语变为间接引语，每空一词：1. “I am having supper,” he said.He said that _______ _______ having supper.2. “I’ve seen the film,” Gina said to me.Gina _______ me that she _______ _______ the film.3. “I went home with my sister,” she said.She said that _______ _______ _______ home with her sister.4. The teacher said, “The sun is bigger than the moon.”The teacher said that the sun _______ bigger than the moon.5. “I met her yesterday,” he said to me.He told me that he _______ met her the day _______.6. “You must come here before five,” he said.He said that I _______ to go _______ before five.第 2 页共4 页7. “I bought the computer two weeks ago,” she said.She said that she _______ bought the computer two weeks _______.8. “Did you read the book last week?” he said.He _______ _______ I had read the book the week _______.9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”He _______ Jim that he _______ sit there10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”He asked her mother _______ _______ _______ found it.11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked.He asked me _______ _______ _______ been _______ days.12 “Do you know where she lives?” he asked.He asked _______ _______ knew where she _______.13. “Keep quiet, children.” he said.He _______ the children _______ _______ quiet.14. “Don’t look out of the window,” she said.She told me _______ _______ _______ out of the window.15. “Are you interested in this?” he said.16.He _______ _______ I was interested in _______.二．选择题1、He always thinks of _____ he can do more for the people.A. whatB. howC. ifD. whatever2、The problem is _________he has enough time.A. ifB. whetherC.×D. that3、We don’ t doubt _______ he can do a good job.A. whetherB. thatC. howD. why4、He asked me _______to build this plant.A. how long it was takenB. how long it had takenC. how much time did it takeD. how much time it was taken5、She had demanded to know _____ the child was.A. thatB. whichC. whoseD. whom6、Can you make sure _____ the gold ring?A. where Alice had putB. where had Alice putC. where Alice has putD. where has Alice put7、Please explain_____ this is impossible.A. howB. whatC. whyD. that8、No one can tell _____ will happen next.A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which9、—Do you remember _____ he came? —Yes, I do. He came by car.A. howB. whenC. thatD. if10、Living things are dying out quickly. First, we should ask _____destroying them in the past years.A. what part people have been playingB. what part have people played inC. what part people have played inD. people have been played what part11、Some college students are seen doing _____ work they can find to support themselves.A. thatB. whichC. whateverD. no matter what12、_____ it has been raining heavily those days will of course do harm to our crops.A. ThatB. WhetherC. HowD. If13、—What did she want to know, Tom?—She wondered _____ we could complete the experiment.A. when was itB. it was when thatC. it was whenD. when it was that14、The shopkeeper did not want to sell for_______ he thought was not enough.A. whereB. howC. whatD. which三、把下面的直接引语变为间接引语。