外贸术语以及相关外贸词汇中英对照
外贸术语大全（中英对照）
外贸术语大全（中英对照）价格条件术语价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价 price码头费wharfage总值 total value卸货费landing charges金额 amount关税customs duty净价 net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission装运港portof shipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价 wholesale price目的港portof destination零售价 retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price现行价格(时价)current price prevailingprice国际市场价格 world (International)Marketprice 离岸价(船上交货价)FOB-free on board成本加运费价(离岸加运费价) C&F-cost and freight到岸价(成本加运费、保险费价)CIF-cost,insurance and freight 国际贸易术语出口信贷 export credit出口津贴 export subsidy商品倾销 dumping外汇倾销 exchange dumping优惠关税 special preferences保税仓库 bonded warehouse贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制 import quotas自由贸易区 free trade zone对外贸易值 value of foreign trade国际贸易值 value of international trade普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT交货条件术语交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered shep)交货时间 time of delivery定程租船voyage charter;装运期限time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人(一般指出口商)shipper,consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original B\L选择港(任意港)optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担 optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或 optional charges for Buyers’ account一月份装船 shipment during January 或 January shipment一月底装船 shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment在......(时间)分两批装船 shipment during....in two lots在......(时间)平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运 in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运 in three equal monthly shipments立即装运 immediate shipments即期装运 prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C不允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed / partial shipment not permitted允许分批装船 partial shipment not unacceptable。
常用十二个外贸术语
常用十二个外贸术语1、FOB：Free on Board，到岸价，指卖方从装船港提供货物运输，运费由买方支付，由卖方承担的一种交易价格术语。
2、C&F：Cost and Freight，成本加运费价，指卖方按照合同约定的货物价格向买方交货，并承担到指定港口运输货物到买方国家指定港口的运输费用，其余费用由买方支付。
3、CIF：Cost, Insurance and Freight，成本、保险费加运费价，指卖方按照合同约定的货物价格向买方交货，并承担货物在运输途中的保险费用和到指定港口的运费，其余费用由买方支付。
4、EXW：Ex Works，离厂价，即卖方仅负责将货物装入运输工具，到卖方厂内运输完成，买方承担所有运输费用，买方负责货物运输的一种交易价格术语。
5、DDU：Delivery Duty Unpaid，未付关税的交货价，指卖方按照合同约定的价格向买方交货，但是不包括相关国家的进口关税，买方支付相关关税的一种价格术语。
6、DDP：Delivery Duty Paid，付关税的交货价，指卖方按照合同约定的价格向买方交货，包括相关国家的进口关税，所有费用由卖方承担的一种价格术语。
7、CAS：Cost, Insurance and Shipping，成本保险及运费价，指卖方按照合同约定的货物价格向买方交货，并承担保险费和支付相关国家的运费，其余费用由买方支付的一种价格术语。
8、DAT：Delivered At Terminal，码头交货价，指卖方按照合同约定的价格向买方交货，并承担货物的运输费用，货物到达指定港口后由买方负责清关运输到目的地的一种价格术语。
9、DES：Delivered Ex Ship，船上交货价，指卖方按照合同约定的价格向买方交货，并承担货物到达指定港口所有运费费用，买方清关负责货物运输到买方国家的一种价格术语。
10、FOB+CFR：Free On Board + Cost and Freight，指卖方按照合同约定的货物价格向买方交货，并承担支付货物的运输费用，由买方负责清关运输到指定港口的一种价格术语。
外贸合同术语大全中英文
外贸合同术语大全中英文1. Party A: 甲方2. Party B: 乙方3. Seller: 卖方4. Buyer: 买方5. Goods: 商品6. Product Description: 商品描述7. Quantity: 数量8. Unit Price: 单价9. Total Amount: 总金额10. Payment Terms: 付款条件11. Delivery Terms: 交货条件12. Inspection: 检验13. Acceptance: 验收14. Warranty: 保修15. Force Majeure: 不可抗力16. Arbitration: 仲裁17. Governing Law: 管辖法律18. Confidentiality: 保密性19. Intellectual Property Rights: 知识产权20. Indemnity: 补偿中文翻译：1. Party A: 甲方2. Party B: 乙方3. Seller: 卖方4. Buyer: 买方5. Goods: 商品6. Product Description: 商品描述7. Quantity: 数量8. Unit Price: 单价9. Total Amount: 总金额10. Payment Terms: 付款条件11. Delivery Terms: 交货条件12. Inspection: 检验13. Acceptance: 验收14. Warranty: 保修15. Force Majeure: 不可抗力16. Arbitration: 仲裁17. Governing Law: 管辖法律18. Confidentiality: 保密性19. Intellectual Property Rights: 知识产权20. Indemnity: 补偿。
外贸术语大全中英文对照外贸常用术语及其含义
外贸术语大全中英文对照外贸常用术语及其含义查看全部外贸英语常见专业术语有哪些?外贸英语常见专业术语：包装用语用木箱包装 to be cased. to be encased用袋装 to be bagged用纸箱包装 to be bo某ed包装费另计 casing e某tra包装费不另计算 cased free装箱免费 bo某ed free出口用包装 packed for e某port箱外附铁箍 cases to be iron-hooped施以铁箍 iron-hooping施以铁条 iron-banding用绳捆 roping产品情况已有发霉现象 in musty condition已受潮 in wet condition呈干燥状况 in dry condition已有破损 in damaged condition情况不很完整, 有瑕疵 in defective condition搬运注意事项小心搬运 Handle with care. With care此端向上 This side up. This end up不可掉落Don’t drop. Not to be dropped保持干燥 Keep dry不可横置 Keep flat. Stow level外贸常用术语有那几个,各是什么意思啊外贸常用的术语有EXW工厂交货/简单的说,是客户上工厂来提货。
产品从离开工厂以后风险与产生的费用完全由买家承担FOB（Free on Board）离岸价格/简言之，就是厂家负责将客户的产品运送到船。
从货离开船舷的那一刻开始厂家不再对客户的货承担责任。
其过程中，供应商需要承担内陆运费，进仓费，报关费，操作费以及港建费和其他在本土产生的费用（产地证以及保险除外）CNF（CFR）Cost and Freight成本加运费。
即是在FOB上加上海运费以及其他在船公司方面产生的费用。
其间供应商需要提供采购方商业发票(CI)，装箱单(PL)，提单(BL)以及产地证(CO/FormA)，熏蒸证（木箱包装）供客户在其港口清关用。
外贸采购术语英汉对照大全
外贸采购术语英汉对照第一部分：custom made:需指定制造的产品first priority:最高的优先级别PPR( Premium price request):高于标准价格采购请求RFQ(request for quote):报价请求，询盘ESI(Early supplier involvement):供应商早期介入cost modeling：成本模型STD price:标准价格Stock-out cost:缺货成本awarded supplier:指定供应商escalate to higher level:提交上级处理cut hard order:手动下订单customer demand pull-in:客户需求提前或增加Distributor：分销商；Manufacturing：厂商；Broker：经纪商。
（紧急情况下启用，价格较高。
）EAU (Estimated annual usage):预估每年需求量line down:停产APQP(advanced product quality planning):指产品在量产前对如何实现产品以与如何进行质量控制看展的策划活动。
PPAP(production part approval process)：生产件批准程序，是指第一次生产样件时向客户提交一系列文件记录清单，如样品检测报告，FMEA,工艺流程图，控制计划，图纸等等，要提交的资料根据客户要求进行，提交后客户将确认OK后方可进行试生产阶段。
EOQ(economic ordering quantity):经济订购数量,EOQ= (A:单位时间净需求S:每次订购费用U:商品单位成本C:储存成本)EDI(electronic data interchange):电子数据交换。
第二部分：1. R&D (research and design) 研发2. APS (automated purchasing system)自动采购系统3. CAD (computer automated design) 计算机辅助设计4. ERP (enterprise resource planning) 企业资源计划5. ANX (automotive network exchange) 自动网络交换6. CPO (chief procurement officers) 采购总监7. CPE (collaborative planning and execution) 合作计划和执行8. TCA (total cost of acquisition) 总获取成本或TCO Ownership9. CPFR (collaborative,planning,forecasting,replenishment) 合作，计划，预测，补充10. SCM (supply chain management) 供应链管理11. VMI (vendor managed inventory) 卖方管理库存12. VMR (vendor managed replenishment) 卖方管理补货13. SCOR (supply chain operations reference) 供应链管理指南14. LEW (least ex works) 最小离岸价15. MOM (markup over coat model) 成本变动16. 3PL (third party logistics) 第三方后勤服务17. MRP (material requirements planning) 物料需求计划18. CIO (computer information officers) 信息主管19. PDCA (plan-do-check action cycle) 计划-实施-检查循环第三部分：1.分析库存-库存盘点；Inventory analysis-Create physical inventory document2.做采购申请；Create purchase requisition3.批准采购申请；Approve purchase requisition4.做采购订单；Create purchase order5.创建货源清单，询价-报价-确认供应商；Create source list, enquire-quotation-choose supplier6.做合同；Create contract7.收货-验货-发货Goods receipt-goods inspection-goods issue8.催票，校验；Push supplier`s invoice, invoice verify9.付款；Arrange payment第四部分：CIF （cost,insurance&freight）成本、保险加运费价CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费价T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇D/P(document against payment)付款交单D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证EMS （express mail special）特快传递G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等WT(weight)重量G.W.(gross weight)毛重N.W.(net weight)净重C/D (customs declaration)报关单EA(each)每个，各W (with)具有w/o(without)没有FAC(facsimile)IMP(import)进口EXP（export）出口MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的MIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的M/V（merchant vessel）商船S.S(steamship)船运MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨DOC (document)文件、单据INT（international）国际的P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表INV (invoice)发票PCT (percent)百分比REF （reference）参考、查价STL.(style)式样、款式、类型T或LTX或TX(telex)电传S/M （shipping marks）装船标记PR或PRC(price) 价格PUR (purchase)购买、购货S/C（sales contract）销售确认书L/C （letter of credit）信用证B/L （bill of lading）提单FOB （free on board）离岸价第五部分：EMEA为Europe, the Middle East and Africa的字母缩写，为欧洲、中东、非洲三地区的合称，通常是用作政府行政或商业上的区域划分方式，这种用法较常见于北美洲的企业，该些企业通常将国际的营运用以下的方式划分或标示：美洲，包括北美洲和南美洲(AMER)；北美洲(NORAM)；欧洲、中东与非洲(EMEA)；拉丁美洲(LATAM)；泛太平洋亚洲与日本(APAC / APJ)北美、中美与南美洲(NCSA) 近年有较多公司将东欧的业务从欧洲中划分出来，并以EEMEA (Emerging Europe, Middle East, and Africa) 来区分。
外贸专业术语的中英文对照
专业术语翻译辅料ACCESSORY 辅料BINDING TAPE 捆条（包边）BOW 蝴蝶BOW-TIE 蝴蝶结BUTTON 钮扣CARE LABEL 洗水唛CONCEAL ZIPPER 隐形拉链CONTENT LABEL 成分唛ELASTIC 橡筋EYELET 鸡眼LACE 花边LINING 里布MAIN LABEL/BRAND LABEL 主唛PLASTIC STRING 胶针RIBBING 罗纹RUBBER STRING 橡筋SIZE LABEL 尺码唛SMOCKING (装饰用的)缩褶SNAP 急钮, 按钮, 揿钮STICKER 贴纸STRIPE 带条, 绳子THREAD 线VELCRO 魔术贴ZIPPER 拉链ZIPPER PULLER 拉链头车缝(车位：machinist)BACK STITCH 回针/返针BASTING 挑缝BINDING 包边BLIND STITCH 暗线BLIND STITCH MACHINE 盲缝车BLINDING 挑脚BREAK STITCH 断线BUTTONING 钉钮BUTTONING MACHINE 钉钮车DART (死)褶EMBROIDERY 绣花/车花FINAL INSPECTION 尾期检查IN-PROCESS INSPECTION 中期检查IRONING 熨烫LABOUR COST 劳工成本MATERIAL 物料OVERHEAD 厂皮（企业一般管理费）OVERTIME WORKING 加班PIECE RATE 记件工资PRODUCTION SCHEDULE 生产排期PUCKERING 起皱TRIMMING 剪线WRINKLE 不平服，皱褶裁床BIAS CUT 斜纹裁/纵纹裁C.M.T. 来料加工CUTTING TABLE 裁床DIE 刀模DIE CUTTING MACHINE 冲床DRAFTING 绘图DRILLING 钻孔位DRINKING 缩水GRAIN 布纹HAND SHEAR 剪刀SHADING 色差SIZE SPECIFICATION 尺码表QCBROKEN STITCHES 断线BROKEN YARN 断纱COLOR SHADING 色差COLOR THREAD LEFT INSIDE 藏色线COLOR YARN 色纱CREASE MARK 摺痕DIRTY DOT （较小的）污点DIRTY MARK 污渍DIRTY SPOT （较大的）污点DRAW YARN 抽纱FABRIC DEFECTS 布疵KNOT 结头LINING TOO FULL/TIGHT 里布太多/太紧MISMATCH CHECKS/STRIPES 格仔/条子不对称NEEDLE HOLE 针孔OFF GRAIN 布纹歪OIL STAIN 油渍OPEN SEAM 爆口OVERPRESS 熨烫过度OVERWASH 洗水过度PLEATED 打褶POOR BACK-STITCHES 回针不佳POOR IRONING 烫工不良PUCKER 起皱RUBBLING 起泡SCRIMP 印花裂痕SKIPPED STITCHES 跳线THICK YARN 粗纱THREAD VISIBLE OUTSIDE 缝线外露UNCUT THREAD ENDS 线头UNDER THREAD VISIBLE 底线露出UNEVEN COLOR 深浅色WRONG COMBO 颜色组合错误WRONG PATTERN 图案错误WRONG SIZE INDICATED 错码缩写ADL ACCEPTABLE DEFECT LEVEL允许疵点标准AQL ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVEL验收合格标准ATTN. ATTENTION 注意AUD. AUDIT 稽查B. BACK 后BK. BLACK 黑色BTN. BUTTON 钮扣C.V.C. CHIEF VALUE OF COTTON 棉为主的混纺物C/B (C.B.) CENTER BACK 后中C/F (C.F.) CENTER FRONT 前中CAD COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN电脑辅助设计CAE COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING电脑辅助工程CAL COMPUTER AIDED LAYOUT电脑辅助排料CAM COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURE电脑辅助制造CAP COMPUTER AIDED PATTERN电脑辅助画样CI CORPORATE IDENTIFY 企业标识CIF COST, INSURANCE & FREIGHT 到岸价CLR. COLOR 颜色CMT CUTTING, MAKING, TRIMMING 来料加工COL. COLOR 颜色CORD. CORDUROY 灯心绒CS COMMERCIAL STANDARDS 商业标准CTN. COTTON 棉CTN. NO. CARTON NO. 纸箱编号D. & K. DAMAGED & KEPT 染厂对疵布的认赔D.B. DOUBLE-BREASTED 双襟D/Y DELIVERY 出货, 交付DBL DOUBLE 双DBL NDL DOUBLE NEEDLE 双针DEPT. DEPARTMENT 部门DIP 深石洗DK. DARK 深色DOZ. DOZEN 打E.G. EXAMPLI GRATIA / FOR EXAMPLE 例如EMB. EMBROIDERY 绣花, 车花ETC. ET CETERA=AND SO FORTH 等等EXP. EXPORT 出口F. FRONT 前FAB. FABRIC 布料FAQ FAIR AVERAGE QUALITY 中等品FB FREIGHT BILL 装货清单FOB FREE ON BOARD 离岸价FQC FIELD QUALITY CONTROL 现场质量控制FTY. FACTORY 工厂G. GREEN 绿色G.W. GROSS WEIGHT 毛重GL GRAIN LINE 布纹IN. INCH 英寸K KNIT 针织L. LARGE 大号L. LINE 莱尼/号(纽扣大小单位)L. LENGTH 长度L. LEFT 左L.G. LENGTH GRAIN 经向, 直纹LB. POUND 磅LBL LABEL 唛头, 商标LHD LEFT HAND SIDE 左手边LOA LENGTH OVER ALL 全长M MEDIUM 中码M/B MUST BE 必须M/C MACHINE 机械MAT. MATERIAL 物料MEAS. MEASUREMENT 尺寸MKT. MARKET 市场MMTS. MEASUREMENTS 尺寸NDL. NEEDLE 针NIL NOTHING 无O/N ORDER NO. 定单号OS OVER SIZE 超大号OVRLK. OVERLOCK 及骨, 包缝P. PURPLE 紫色P.O. NO. PRODUCTION ORDER NO. 生产制造单编号P.O.B. POST OFFICE BOX 邮箱P.P. PAPER PATTERN 纸样P.S.I. PER SQUARE INCH 每平方英寸P/C POLYESTER/COTTON 涤棉混纺织物PA POLYAMIDE 聚酰胺PB PRIVATE BRAND 个人商标PC. PRICE 价格PCS. PIECES 件, 个PKG. PACKAGE 包装PKT. POCKET 口袋PLS. PLEASE 请PNT POINT 点POS. POSITION 位置PP POLY PROPYLENE 聚丙烯PV POLYVINYL FIBRE 聚乙烯纤维PVC POLYVINYL CHLORIDE 聚氯乙烯QC QUALITY CONTROL 质量控制QLY. QUALITY 质量QPL QUALIFIED PRODUCTS LIST合格产品目录QTY. QUANTITY 数量R. RIGHT 右R.S. RIGHT SIDE 正面R.T.W. READY TO WEAR 成衣REF. REFERENCE 参考, 参照REJ. REJECT 拒绝RM. ROOM 场所S SMALL 小码S/B SHOULD BE 应该SC SHOPPING CENTER 购物中心SGL NDL SINGLE NEEDLE 单针SLV. SLEEVE 袖子SMPL SAMPLE 样板SNL SINGLE 单线SNP SIDE NECK POINT 颈侧点SPEC. SPECIFICATION 细则SQ. FT. SQUARE FEET 平方英尺STY. STYLE 款式SZ. SIZE 尺码T/C TERYLENCE/COTTON 涤棉织物T/S TOP STITCHES 间面线TQC TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL全面质量控制TQM TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMEN T 全面质量管理V. VIOLET 紫色W WOVEN 梭织W. WAIST 腰围W. WIDTH 宽度WIP半成品W.L. WAIST LINE 腰线W.S. WRONG SIDE 反面WMSP. WORKMANSHIP 手工, 车工WT. WEIGHT 重量X KING SIZE 特大号XL EXTRA LARGE 特大号XXL EXTRA EXTRA LARGE 超特大号Y. YELLOW 黄色YD. YARDAGE 码数面料英语（一）原料纺织原料textile raw materials天然纤维natural fibre化学纤维chemical fibre植物纤维vegetable fibre纺织纤维textile fibre人造纤维man made fibre动物纤维animal fibre（二）面料1.机织物服装面料平纹布plain cloth牛津布oxford斜纹布drill线卡ply-yarn drill哔叽serge灯芯绒corduroy起绒布fleece泡泡纱seersucker麻纱hair cords亚麻布linen cloth绸silk粗纺毛织物woolen cloth全毛单面华达呢woolen one-side gabardine 凡立丁valitine啥味呢twill coating精纺花呢worsted fany suiting法兰绒flannel大衣呢overcoat suiting交织物mixed fabric府绸poplin青年布chambray纱卡single yarn drill华达呢gabardine牛仔布denim平绒velveteen绉布crepe巴厘纱voile苎麻布ramie fabric电力纺habotai精纺毛织物worsted fabric全毛华达呢pure wool gabardine 驼丝锦doeskin女士呢ladies cloth粗花呢tweed2.针织物面料纬编针织物weft-knitted fabric单面针织物single knit fabric纬平针织物plain knit fabric双罗纹针织物interlock fabric起绒针织物interlock fabric毛圈针织物terry knitted fabric 双梳栉经编针织物two-bar fabric 经编针织物warp-knitted fabric双面针织物double knit fabric罗纹针织物rib knit fabric双反面针织物purl fabric长毛绒针织物high pile knitted fabric提花针织物jacquard knitted fabric多梳栉经编针织物multi-bar fabric服装专业英语9（辅料）衬树脂衬resin interlining麻布胸衬breast canvas树脂领衬resin collar interlining绒布胸衬breast fleece热熔衬fusible interlining粘合衬adhesive-bonded interlining双面粘合衬double-faced adhesive interlining 无纺布衬non-woven interlining无纺粘合衬non-woven adhesive interlining 有纺粘合衬adhesive woreninterlinging黑炭衬hair interlining马尾衬horsehair interlining化纤衬chemical fibre interlining针织衬knitted interlining填料棉花cotton人造棉artificial cotton喷胶棉polyester wadding丝棉silk wadding腈纶棉acrylic staple fibre羽绒down3.线、扣、拉链线thread棉线cotton thread丝线silk thread尼龙线nylon thread装饰线ornamental thread钮button四目扣four-hole button装饰纽扣decorative button异形扣special-shaped button塑料扣plastic button玻璃扣glass button子母扣，四合扣snap button拉链zipper尼龙拉链nylon zipper涤纶拉链polyester zipper双头拉链zipper with double sliders 装饰带fashion tape罗纹rib缝纫用线twist麻线flax thread绣花线embroidery thread涤纶线polyester thread宝塔线cone of thread两目扣two-hole button包扣covered button羊角扣claw button金属扣metal button树脂扣resin button木扣wood button尼龙搭扣nylon fastener tape金属拉链metal zipper塑料拉链plastic zipper领钩collar clasp搭钩agraffe橡筋elastic ribbon弹力罗纹elastic ribThe type and name of zipper is given on the basis of the material used in zi pper teeth.拉链类型主要由拉链牙的材质决定Teeth size is expressed by #3-#10 and onwards. #3 representing smaller size t eeth and #10 the larger.牙的尺寸通常是3号-10号，数字越小，尺寸越小。
全套外贸术语,贸易术语,中英文对照
1. Trade-related Terms 贸易相关术语A．贸易Foreign Trade 对外贸易Entrepot Trade F。
）转口贸易Home （Domestic）Trade 内贸Coastal Trade 沿海贸易Cross-border Trade 边境贸易Barter Trade 易货贸易Compensation Trade 补偿（互补）贸易Bilateral trade （between China and the US）（中美）双边贸易Multilateral Trade ( Multilaterism ) 多边贸易Trading House/Corporation/Firm/Company 贸易公司Liner Trade 集装箱班轮运输B．合同Contract 合同Active service contracts on file 在备有效服务合同Sales Contract 销售合同Sales Confirmation 销售确认书Agreement 协议Vessel sharing Agreement 共用舱位协议Slot-sharing Agreement 共用箱位协议Slot Exchange Agreement 箱位互换协议Amendment 修正合同Appendix 附录Quota 配额C．服务合同Service Contract as provided in the Shipping Act of 1984， a contract between a shipper （or a shippers association）and an ocean carrier（or conference）in which the shipper makes a commitmentto provide a certain minimum quantity of cargo or freight revenueover a fixed time period，and the ocean common carrier orconference commits to a certain rate or rate schedules as welas a defined service level （such as assured space，transit time，port rotation or similar service features）。
国际贸易中实用英汉对照
国际贸易中实用英汉对照国际贸易是各国之间进行经济交流与合作的重要方式。
在国际贸易中，英语作为一种通用的商务语言，在跨国贸易中扮演着重要的角色。
为了方便各国商务人士的交流与合作，下面列举了一些国际贸易中常见的英汉对照词汇与术语。
1. 商品和货物英语中文commodity 商品goods 货物product 产品export 出口import 进口trade 贸易shipment 运输invoice 发票packing list 装箱单bill of lading 提单certificate of origin 原产地证书customs declaration 报关单inspection certificate 检验证书insurance 保险freight 运费tariff 关税quota 配额embargo 禁运2. 付款和结汇英语中文payment 付款remittance 汇款letter of credit 信用证bill of exchange 汇票T/T (Telegraphic Transfer) 电汇L/C (Letter of Credit) 信用证D/P (Documents against Payment) 货到付款D/A (Documents against Acceptance) 承兑交单cash 现金bank transfer 银行转账currency exchange 货币兑换exchange rate 汇率3. 贸易方式和合作英语中文international trade 国际贸易domestic trade 国内贸易foreign trade 外贸import and export 进出口joint venture 联营wholly-owned subsidiary 独资子公司distributor 经销商agent 代理商trade fair 贸易展览会trade deficit 贸易逆差trade surplus 贸易顺差free trade agreement 自由贸易协定customs clearance 清关trade barrier 贸易壁垒dumping 倾销anti-dumping measures 反倾销措施intellectual property rights 知识产权patent 专利trademark 商标copyright 版权4. 运输和物流英语中文transportation 运输logistics 物流shipping 航运freight forwarding 货运代理container 集装箱warehouse 仓库storage 存储distribution 分销customs clearance 清关shipping company 货运公司freight forwarder 货运代理人shipping agent 代理人air freight 空运sea freight 海运land transportation 陆运express delivery 快递运输tracking number 运输追踪号packaging 包装insurance coverage 保险覆盖customs declaration 报关transshipment 转运supply chain 供应链inventory control 库存控制just-in-time (JIT) delivery 按需交付以上是国际贸易中常见的一些英汉对照词汇和术语。
外贸专业术语大全-外贸专业术语中英对照
市况上扬': The market advances.
The market gains.
The market rises.
'市况下挫': The market declines.
The market falls.
The market loses.
[品质保证]：retain the good quality; keep up to the standard quality; obtain a good quality; attain the best quality; secure an excellent quality
[物品以达标准品质]：An article is up to the standard quality; An article is of the same quality as the standard; An article is equal to the standard quality; An article is the same as the standard quality
-guarantee of quality 品质保证
We request a guarantee of quality for a period of one year on all the goods you sell.
-sacrifice quality 降低品质
If you sacrifice the quality and deliver goods of imperfect quality to us, well will refuse acceptance of them.
外贸采购术语英汉对照大全.
外贸采购术语英汉对照第一部分：custom made:需指定制造的产品first priority:最高的优先级别PPR( Premium price request:高于标准价格采购请求RFQ(request for quote:报价请求，询盘ESI(Early supplier involvement:供应商早期介入cost modeling：成本模型STD price:标准价格Stock-out cost:缺货成本awarded supplier:指定供应商escalate to higher level:提交上级处理cut hard order:手动下订单customer demand pull-in:客户需求提前或增加Distributor：分销商；Manufacturing：厂商；Broker：经纪商。
（紧急情况下启用，价格较高。
）EAU (Estimated annual usage:预估每年需求量line down:停产APQP(advanced product quality planning:指产品在量产前对如何实现产品以及如何进行质量控制看展的策划活动。
PPAP(production part approval process：生产件批准程序，是指第一次生产样件时向客户提交一系列文件记录清单，如样品检测报告，FMEA,工艺流程图，控制计划，图纸等等，要提交的资料根据客户要求进行，提交后客户将确认OK后方可进行试生产阶段。
EOQ(economic ordering quantity:经济订购数量,EOQ= (A:单位时间净需求S:每次订购费用U:商品单位成本C:储存成本EDI(electronic data interchange:电子数据交换。
第二部分：1. R&D (research and design 研发2. APS (automated purchasing system自动采购系统3. CAD (computer automated design 计算机辅助设计4. ERP (enterprise resource planning 企业资源计划5. ANX (automotive network exchange 自动网络交换6. CPO (chief procurement officers 采购总监7. CPE (collaborative planning and execution 合作计划和执行8. TCA (total cost of acquisition 总获取成本或TCO Ownership9. CPFR (collaborative,planning,forecasting,replenishment 合作，计划，预测，补充10. SCM (supply chain management 供应链管理11. VMI (vendor managed inventory 卖方管理库存12. VMR (vendor managed replenishment 卖方管理补货13. SCOR (supply chain operations reference 供应链管理指南14. LEW (least ex works 最小离岸价15. MOM (markup over coat model 成本变动16. 3PL (third party logistics 第三方后勤服务17. MRP (material requirements planning 物料需求计划18. CIO (computer information officers 信息主管19. PDCA (plan-do-check action cycle 计划-实施-检查循环第三部分：1.分析库存-库存盘点；Inventory analysis-Create physical inventory document2.做采购申请；Create purchase requisition3.批准采购申请；Approve purchase requisition4.做采购订单；Create purchase order5.创建货源清单，询价-报价-确认供应商；Create source list, enquire-quotation-choose supplier6.做合同；Create contract7.收货-验货-发货Goods receipt-goods inspection-goods issue8.催票，校验；Push supplier`s invoice, invoice verify9.付款；Arrange payment第四部分：CIF （cost,insurance&freight）成本、保险加运费价CFR(cost and freight成本加运费价T/T(telegraphic transfer电汇D/P(document against payment付款交单D/A (document against acceptance承兑交单C.O (certificate of origin一般原产地证EMS （express mail special）特快传递G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences普惠制CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons纸箱PCE/PCS(piece/pieces只、个、支等DL/DLS(dollar/dollars美元DOZ/DZ(dozen一打PKG(package一包，一捆，一扎，一件等WT(weight重量G.W.(gross weight毛重N.W.(net weight净重C/D (customs declaration报关单EA(each每个，各W (with具有w/o(without没有FAC(facsimile传真IMP(import进口EXP（export）出口MAX (maximum最大的、最大限度的MIN (minimum最小的，最低限度M 或MED (medium中等，中级的M/V（merchant vessel）商船S.S(steamship船运MT或M/T(metric ton公吨DOC (document文件、单据INT（international）国际的P/L (packing list装箱单、明细表INV (invoice发票PCT (percent百分比REF （reference）参考、查价STL.(style式样、款式、类型T或LTX或TX(telex电传S/M （shipping marks）装船标记PR或PRC(price 价格PUR (purchase购买、购货S/C（sales contract）销售确认书L/C （letter of credit）信用证B/L （bill of lading）提单FOB （free on board）离岸价第五部分：EMEA为Europe, the Middle East and Africa的字母缩写，为欧洲、中东、非洲三地区的合称，通常是用作政府行政或商业上的区域划分方式，这种用法较常见于北美洲的企业，该些企业通常将国际的营运用以下的方式划分或标示：美洲，包括北美洲和南美洲(AMER；北美洲(NORAM；欧洲、中东及非洲(EMEA；拉丁美洲(LATAM；泛太平洋亚洲及日本(APAC / APJ北美、中美及南美洲(NCSA 近年有较多公司将东欧的业务从欧洲中划分出来，并以EEMEA (Emerging Europe, Middle East, and Africa 来区分。
十三个非常专业的外贸常用术语(中英版)
十三个非常专业的外贸常用术语(中英版)内容简介：做外贸行业会常用到一些外贸常用术语，这些外贸常用术语是非常专业的语言，怎样学好用好这些外贸常用术语就成了外贸人员很关注的话题。
本文为做外贸的朋友们提供13中外贸常用术语，希望对您有所帮助!(一)工厂交货( EXW )本术语英文为"EX Works(… named place)"， 即"工厂交货(……指定地点)"。
它指卖方负有在其所在地即车间、工厂、仓库等把备妥的货物交付给买方的责任， 但通常不负责将货物装上买方准备的车辆上或办理货物结关。
买方承担自卖方的所在地将货物运至预期的目的地的全部费用和风险。
(二)货交承运人(rrier(… named place)"，即"货物交承运人(……指定地点)"。
它指卖方应负责将其移交的货物，办理出关后，在指定的地点交付给买方指定的承运入照管。
根据商业惯例，当卖方被要求与承运人通过签订合同进行协作时， 在买方承担风险和费用的情况下，卖方可以照此办理。
本术语适用于任何运输方式。
(三)船边交货( FAS )本术语英文为"Free Alongside ship(… named port of shipment)"即"船边交货(……指定装运港)"。
它指卖方在指定的装运港码头或驳船上把货物交至船边， 从这时起买方须承担货物灭失或损坏的全部费用和风险， 另外买方须办理出口结关手续。
本术语适用于 海运 或内河运输。
(四)船上交货( FOB )本术语英文为" Free on Boaro(… named port of shipment)"， 即"船上交货(……指定装运港)"。
它指卖方在指定的装运港把货物送过船舷后交付， 货过船舷后买方须承担货物的全部费用、风险、灭失或损坏，另外要求卖方办理货物的出口结关手续。
交易会常用外贸专业术语中英文对照
外贸常见英语词汇.国际贸易英语词汇价格条件价格术语trade term(price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission装运(zhuangyun)港portof shipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price目的港portof destination零售价retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price现行价格(时价)current price prevailingprice国际市场价格world(International)Marketprice离岸价(船上交货价)FOB-free on board成本加运费价(离岸加运费价)C&F-cost and freight到岸价(成本加运费、保险费价)CIF-cost,insurance and freight交货条件交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运(zhuangyun)、装船shipment租船charter(the chartered shep)交货时间time of delivery定程租船voyage charter；装运期限time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人(一般指出口商)shipper,consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original B\\L选择港(任意港)optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers或optional charges for Buyers'account一月份装船shipment during January或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st .一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb.shipment在.(时间)分两批装船shipment during.in two lots在.(时间)平均分两批装船shipment during.in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable交易磋商、合同签订订单indent订货；订购book；booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid；bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘(发价)offer发实盘offer firm询盘(询价)inquiry；enquiry品质条件品质quality原样original sample规格specifications复样duplicate sample说明description对等样品countersample标准standard type参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet公差tolerance货号article No.花色(搭配)assortment样品sample 5%增减5%plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货(良好平均品质)fair average quality数量条件个数number净重net weight容积capacity毛作净gross for net体积volume皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause外汇外汇foreign exchange法定贬值devaluation外币foreign currency法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par纸币制度paper money sys tem国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation。
外贸术语英汉对照总结1
外贸英语术语一、出口交易磋商中的术语（1）Enquiry 询盘或询价（2）Offer 发盘或报价（3）Counter-Offer 还盘或反报价（4）Acceptance 接受（5）Duration of Offer 发盘的有效期（6）Withdrawal of Offer 发盘的撤回（7）Revocation of Offer 发盘的撤销（8）Late Acceptance 逾期接受二、国际贸易商品术语1. 商品品质规格术语（1）Sale By Looking At Goods 看货买卖（2）Sale By Specification 凭规格买卖（3）Sale By Grade 凭等级买卖（4）Sale By Standard 凭标准买卖（5）Sale By Trade, Or Brand, Or The Name of Origin 凭商标、牌号或产地名称买卖（6）Sale By Sample 凭样品买卖（7）F. A. Q. （Fair Average Quality）良好平均品质（8）G. M. Q. （Good Merchantable Quality）良好可销品质2. 商品数量术语（1）Gross Weight 毛重（2）Net Weight 净重（3）Real Actual Tare 实际皮重（4）Customary Tare 习惯皮重（5）Computed Tare 计量皮重（6）Average Tare 平均皮重（7）Shipped Weight 离岸重量（8）Landed Weight 到岸重量（9）More or Less Clause 溢短装条款3. 进出口商品检验证书术语（1）Inspection Certificate of Quality 品质检验证书（2）Inspection Certificate of Weight 重量检验证书（3）Inspection Certificate of Quantity 数量检验证书（4）Inspection Certificate of Packing 包装检验证书（5）Veterinary Inspection Certificate 兽医检验证书（6）Sanitary Inspection Certificate 卫生检验证书（7）Disinfection Inspection Certificate 消毒检验证书（8）Inspection Certificate of Fumigation 熏蒸检验证书（9）Certificate of Temperature 温度检验证书（10）Inspection Certificate of Damaged Cargo 残损检验证书（11）Inspection Certificate of Tank/Hold 船舱检验证书（12）Certificate of Value 价值检验证书三、价格术语（新版术语有改动，参考《2010国际贸易术语解释通则》）根据《国际贸易术语解释通则》，价格术语共13种：（1）EXW（Ex Works）工厂交货（2）FCA（Free Carrier）货交承运人（3）FAS（Free Alongside Ship）装运港船边交货（4）FOB（Free On Board）装运港船上交货（5）CFR（Cost and Freight）成本加运费（6）CIF（Cost Insurance and Freight）成本加保险费加运费（7）CPT（Carriage Paid to）运费付至（8）CIP（Carriage and Insurance Paid to）运费保险费付至（9）DAF（Delivered At Frontier）边境交货（10）DES（Delivered Ex Ship）目的港船上交货（11）DEQ（Delivered Ex Quay）目的港码头交货（12）DDU（Delivered Duty Unpaid）未完税交货（13）DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）完税后交货四、货运术语1. 海洋运输术语（1）Liner Shipping 班轮运输（2）Extra Charges on Heavy Lifts 超重附加费（3）Extra Charges on Long Lengths 超长附加费（4）Transshipment Additional 转船附加费（5）Port Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤费（6）Optional Fees 选港附加费（7）Alternation of Destination Charge 变更卸货港附加费（8）Deviation Surcharge 绕道附加费（9）BAF（Bunker Adjustment Factor）燃料附加费（10）Shipping by Chartering 租船运输（11）Voyage Charter 定程租船（12）Time Charter 定期租船（13）Bare Boat Charter 光船租船（14）Lump sum Freight 整船包价（15）Freight Prepaid 运费预付（16）Freight to Collect 运费到付2. 航空运输术语（1）Scheduled Airline 班机运输（2）Chartered Carrier 包机运输（3）Consolidation 集中托运（4）Air Express Service 航空急件运送3. 集装箱运输术语（1）FCL（Full Container Load）整箱托运（2）LCL（Less Than Container Load）拼箱托运（3）FCL/FCL 整箱装、整箱接（指承运人从启运地到目的地都是整箱交接货物）（4）FCL/LCL 整箱接、拼箱交（指发货人只有一个，但收货人不止一个）（5）LCL/FCL 拼箱接、整箱交（指发货人多个，但收货人为一个）（6）LCL/LCL 拼箱接、拼箱交（指收、发货人均不止一个人）4. 货运单据术语（1）B/L（Bill of Lading）海运提单（简称提单）（2）On Board B/L或Shipping B/L 已装船提单（3）Received for Shipping B/L 备运提单（4）Clean B/L 清洁提单（5）Straight B/L 记名提单（6）Black B/L或Open B/L 不记名提单（7）Direct B/L 直达提单（8）Transhipment B/L 转船提单（9）Through B/L 联运提单（10）On Deck B/L 舱面提单（11）Electronic B/L 电子提单（12）Advanced B/L 预借提单（13）Antedated B/L 倒签提单（14）Air Waybill 航空运单（15）Master Air Waybill 主运单（16）House Air Waybill 分运单（17）Packing List 装箱单（18）C. T. D.（Combined Transport Documents）多式联运单据5. 国际货物买卖合同装运条款中的常见术语（1）Time of Shipment 装运时间或装运期（2）Immediate Shipment 立即装运（3）Prompt Shipment 即期装运（4）Port of Shipment 装运港（5）Port of Destination 目的港（6）Partial Shipment 分批装运（7）Transhipment 转船（8）Advice of Shipment 装运通知（9）Lay Time 装卸时间（10）Demurrage 滞期费（11）Dispatch Money 速遣费五、国际货物运输保险术语1. 海洋货物运输保险术语（1）FPA（Free From Particular Average）平安险（2）WPA（With Particular Average）水渍险（3）AAR（Against All Risks）一切险（4）TLO（Total Loss Only）全损险（5）General Extraneous Risks 一般外来风险（6）Special Extraneous Risks 特殊外来风险（7）Actual Total Loss 实际全损（8）Constructive Total Loss 推定全损（9）General Average 共同海损（10）Particular Average 单独海损（11）Sue and Labour Charges 施救费用（12）Salvage Charges 救助费用（13）General Additional Risk 一般附加险（14）TPND（Theft, Pilferage and Non-delivery）偷窃、提货不着险（15）Risk of Clash and Breakage 碰损、破碎险（16）Loss and/or Damage Caused By Breakage of Packing 包装破裂险（17）Special Additional Risk 特殊附加险（18）War Risk 战争险（19）Failure to Deliver Risk 交货不到险（20）Rejection Risk 拒收险（21）FWRD （Fresh Water Rain Damage）淡水雨淋险（22）Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险（23）Risk of Leakage 渗漏险（24）Risk of Odor 串味险（25）Shortage Risk 短缺险（26）On Deck Risk 舱面险2. 国际货物运输保险业务术语（1）Insurance Premiums 保险费（2）Insurance Policy 保险单或大保单（3）Insurance Certificate 保险凭证或小保单（4）Combined Certificate 联合凭证（5）Open Policy 预约保单或开口保单（6）Insurance Amount 投保金额（7）Insurance Claim 保险索赔（8）Franchise 免赔率六、国际货款支付术语1. 支付票据术语（1）Bill of Exchange或Draft 汇票（2）Banker’s Draft 银行汇票（3）Commercial Draft 商业汇票（4）Sight Draft 即期汇票（5）Time Bill 远期汇票（6）Commercial Acceptance Draft 商业承兑汇票（7）Banker’s Acceptance Draft 银行承兑汇票（8）Clean Draft 光票（9）Documentary Draft 跟单汇票（10）Promissory Note 本票（11）Crossed Cheques 划线支票（12）Uncrossed Cheques 未划线支票（13）Payer 付款人（14）Drawer 出票人（15）Pay Holder 付给持票人（16）Endorsement 背书（17）Restrictive Endorsement 限制性背书（18）Demonstrative Endorsement 指示性背书（19）Blank Endorsement 空白背书（20）Acceptance 承兑（21）Presentation 提示（22）Discount 贴现2. 信用证术语（自此以下视进度情况另行安排）（1）Opening Bank/Issuing Bank 开证行（2）Advising Bank 通知行（3）Beneficiary 受益人（4）Negotiating Bank 议付行（5）Paying Bank/Drawee Bank 付款行（6）Reimbursing Bank 偿付行（7）Confirming Bank 保兑行（8）Accepting Bank 承兑行（9）Documentary Credit 跟单信用证（10）Clean Credit 光票信用证（11）Revocable L/C 可撤消的信用证（12）Irrevocable L/C 不可撤消的信用证（13）Confirmed L/C 保兑的信用证（14）Unconfirmed L/C 不保兑的信用证（15）Sight Credit 即期信用证（16）Time L/C 远期信用证（17）Banker’s Acceptance Credit 银行承兑信用证（18）Deferred Payment Credit 延期付款信用证（19）Negotiation Credit 议付信用证（20）Payment Credit 付款信用证（21）Transferable L/C 可转让信用证（22）Untransferable L/C 不可转让信用证（23）Revolving L/C 循环信用证（24）Reciprocal L/C 对开信用证（25）Back to Back L/C 背对背信用证（26）Anticipatory L/C 预支信用证（27）Red Clause Credit 红条款信用证（28）Banker’s Acceptance L/C 银行承兑信用证（29）Trade Acceptance L/C 商业承兑信用证（30）Usance L/C 远期信用证（31）Usance Credit Payable at Sight 假远期信用证（32）L/G（Letter of Guarantee）银行保证书3. 托收（Collection）术语（1）Clean Collection 光票托收（2）Documentary Collection 跟单托收（3）D/P（Documents Against Payment）付款交单（4）Documents Against Payment At Sight 即期付款交单（5）Documents Against Payment After Sight 远期付款交单（6）D/A（Documents Against Acceptance）承兑交单（7）Collection Bill Purchased 托收出口押汇（8）T/R（Trust Receipt）信托收据或进口押汇（9）Principal 委托人（10）Remitting Bank 托收行（11）Collecting Bank 代收行（12）Presenting Bank 提示行4. 其他支付方式（1）Remittance 汇付或汇款（2）Remitter 汇款人（3）Remitting Bank 汇出行（4）Paying Bank 汇入行（5）T/T（Telegraphic Transfer）电汇（6）M/T（Mail Transfer）信汇（7）D/D（Remittance By Banker’s Demand Draft）票汇（8）Payment In Advance 预付货款（9）COD（Cash On Delivery）交货后付款（10）CBD（Cash Before Delivery）交货前付现（11）CWO（Cash With Order）随订单付现（12）O/A（Open Account Trade）赊帐（13）Remittance Against Documents 凭单付汇（14）Factoring 国际保理（15）Progression Payment 分期付款（16）Deferred Payment 延期付款。
国际贸易英文术语中英对照
⑴FCA (Free Carrier)货交承运人(2)F AS (Free Alongside Ship)装运港船边交货(3)F OB (Free on Board)装运港船上交货(4)C FR (Cost and Freight)本钱加运费(5)C IF (Costjnsurance and Freight)本钱、保险费加运费(6)C PT (Carriage Paid To)运费付至目的地(7)CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To)运费、保险费付至目的地(8)DAF (Delivered At Frontier)边境交货(9)D ES (Delivered Ex Ship)目的港船上交货(10)DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货(11)DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货(12)DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)完税后交货主要船务术语简写：(1)O RC (Origen Recevie Charges)本地收货费用(广东省收取)(2)T HC (Terminal Handling Charges)码头操作费(香港收取)(3)B AF (Bunker Adjustment Factor)燃油附加费(4)C AF (Currency Adjustment Factor)货币贬值附加费(5)Y AS (Yard Surcharges)码头附加费(6)E PS (Equipment Position Surcharges)设备位置附加费(7)D DC (Destination Delivery Charges)目的港交货费(8)P SS (Peak Season Sucharges)旺季附加费(9)P CS (Port Congestion Surcharge)港口拥挤附加费(10)DOC (DOcument charges)文件费(11 )O/F (Ocean Freight)海运费(12)B/L (Bill of Lading)海运提单(13)MB/L(Master Bill of Lading)船东单(14)MTD (Multimodal Transport Document)多式联运单据(15)L/C (Letter of Credit)信用证(16)C/O (Certificate of Origin)产地证(17)S/C (Sales Confirmation)销售确认书(Sales Contract)销售合同(18)S/O (Shipping Order)装货指示书(19)W/T (Weight Ton)重量吨(即货物收费以重量计费)(20)M/T (Measurement Ton)尺码吨(即货物收费以尺码计费)(21)W/M(Weight or Measurement ton)即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费(22)CY (Container Yard)集装箱(货柜)堆场(23)FCL (Full Container Load)整箱货(24)LCL (Less than Container Load)拼箱货(散货)(25)CFS (Container Freight Station)集装箱货运站(26)TEU (Twenty-feet Equivalent Units) 20英尺换算单位(用来计算货柜量的多少)(27)AAV (All Water)全水路(主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式)(28)MLB(Mini Land Bridge)迷你大陆桥(主要指由美国西岸中转至东岸或内陆点的货物的运输方式)(29)NVOCC(Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier)无船承运人出口国交货的贸易术语三组在进口国交货的贸易术语有五种：一、装运港船上交货价(FOB)英文是：Free on Board.装运港船上交货价是国际贸易中常用的价格术语之一。
外贸常用词语和术语 中英对照
CR=credit贷方，债主DR=debt借贷方（注意：国外常说的debt card，就是银行卡，credit card就是信誉卡。
这里都是指银行和财务公司说的，你的银行卡，是你将钱放入银行，银行是“借贷方”，所以叫做debt卡。
用credit卡，是你从银行或者财政公司借钱，银行或公司是“贷方”，所就叫credit.）Exp=Expense花费，费用O/H=overhead常用开支TC=total cost总费用FC=fixed cost常设费用VC=variable cost变动费用P=profit竟利润S=sales销售总额Rev=revenue利润MC=marginal cost费用差额GM=gross margin毛利MR=marginal revenue利润差额A/R=acount receivable待收款（销售后，记账以后收取。
）A/P=account payable代付费（花费后记账，以后付费。
）PMT=payment支付款N/I=net income纯收入AMT=amount数额DCT=discount打折外贸常用词语和术语中英对照第一期:General Terms1. establishing business relation-建立业务关系2. inquiry-询盘3. offer-报盘4. counter offer-还盘5. quantity-数量6. packing-包装7. time of shipment-装运期8. price-价格9. discount-折扣10. terms of payment-支付条款11. insurance-保险12. commodity inspection-商品检验13. acceptance-接受14. signing a contract-签订合同15. claim-索赔16. agency-代理17. commission-佣金18. exclusive sales-包销19. joint venture-合资企业20. compensation trade-补偿贸易21. the terms of international trade-国际贸易术语第二期:Establishing business relation 建立业务关系1. recommendation 推荐、介绍2. inform 通知3. enter into business relations 建立业务关系4. catalogue 目录5. for your reference 供您参考6. specific inquiry 具体询价7. representative 代表9. chamber of commerce 商会10. specialize in 专营11. on the bases of equality and mutual benefit 在平等互利的基础上12. pamphlet 小册子13. a range of 一套14. make offers 报价15. import and export corporation 进出口公司16. financial position 财务状况17. trade reputation 贸易声誉18. on display 展出19. meet with great favor 受欢迎20. credit standing 信用地位21. state-operated 国营的22. currency, Chinese currency, British currency 货币，中国货币，英国货币23. investment 投资24. a long-term investment 长期投资25. a profitable investment 有利可得的投资26. a safe and sure investment 安全可*的投资27. a heavy investment 巨额投资28. investment intent 投资意向29. investment partner 投资伙伴30. direct investment 直接投资31. investment environment 投资环境32. investor 投资者33. enterprise 企业34. joint venture enterprise 合资企业35. cooperative enterprise 合作企业36. exclusively foreign-owned enterprise 外商独资企业37. state-owned enterprise 国营企业38. collectively-owned enterprise 集体企业39. individually owned enterprise 个体企业第三期: inquiry 询盘1. general inquiry 一般询盘2. specific inquiry 具体询盘3. dealer 商人4. quotation 报价5. sales department 销售部6. purchase 购买7. enquiry 询价8. quote 开价9. sample 样品10. a long-term contractt 长期合同11. discount 折扣12. grant 批准13. to make an inquiry for sth 对某物询价14. to keep the inquiry on file 把询价记录在卷15. to inquiry for sth 对某物询价16. to inquiry about sth 询问某事17. process 加工18. guarantee, guarantor 保证, 保证人19. delivery 交货20. port of delivery 交货港21. time of delivery 交货期22. prompt delivery 即期交货23. to effect delivery 办理交货24. to make delivery 办理交货25. to postpone delivery 推迟交货26. to deliver sth to sb 把某物交付给某人27. shipment 装船28. to make shipment 装船29. to receive shipment 接货30. partial shipment 分批装船31. prompt shipment 即期装运32. time of shipment 装运期33. offer 报盘报价34. a firm offer 实盘35. a counter offer 还盘36. to accept an offer 接受报盘37. to extend an offer 延长报盘38. to renew an offer 更新报盘39. to withdraw an offer 撤消报盘40. the validity of an offer 报盘有效期41. to make an offer 报价42. to offer firm 报实盘43. to offer subject to final confirmation 报盘以最后确认为准44. specialize in 专门经营第四期:Counter offer 还盘1. counter offer 还盘2. enjoy great popularity 享有盛誉3. ready seller; quick seller; quick-selling product 畅销品4. conclude business with sb. 与某人达成交易5. close business, close a deal , close a transaction, close a bargain 达成交易6. trade terms 贸易条件7. trade agreement 贸易协定8. trade fair 交易会9. trade mark 商标10. foreign trade对外贸易11 trade in sth 经营某物12. trade with sb.与某人交易13. favourable price 优惠价格14. favourable terms 优惠条件15. quotation 行情16. discount quotation 贴现行情17. exchange rate quotation外汇行情18. commission 佣金19. a commission of....%; ....% commission.百分之几佣金20. your ..% commission你的百分之几佣金21. The above price includes your commission of 2%.上述价格包括你方2%佣金.22. general practice 惯例23. accept an order 接受订单24. cancel an order 撤消订单25. confirm an order 确认订单26. execute an order 履行订单27. a back order 尚未执行的订单28. a fresh order 新订单29. a repeat order 续订订单第五期:Quantity 数量1. weight重量2. metric ton公吨3. long ton长吨4. short ton短吨5. kilogram, kilo, kg公斤6. pound, lb磅7. ounce, oz盎司8. number个数9. piece件10. pair双11 dozen打12. ream令13. set套14. length长度15. area面积16. volume体积17. cubic meter立方米18. capacity容积19. litre升20. gallon加仑21. bushel蒲式耳22. metric system公制23. british system英制24. U.S.System美制25. gross weight毛重26. net weight净重27. shipping weight装运重量28. landed weight卸货重量29. theoretical weight理论重量第六期: Packing 包装1. packaging 包装方法2. lister packing起泡包装3. neutral packing中性包装4. skin packing吸塑包装5. hanging packing挂式包装6. catch sb's eye引某人注目7. mark唛头8. unlabelled packing无牌的包装9. in bulk散装10. in loose packing散装11 nude packing裸装12. bulk pack整批包装13. consumer pack零售包装14. large packing大包装15. inner packing, external packing, end packing 小包装16. shrunk packaging, 压缩包装17. foam-spary packaging喷泡沫包装18. gift-wrap礼品包装19. bag, sack袋20. jute bag麻袋21. polythelene bag, plastic bag塑料袋22. polythelene net尼龙绳网袋23. zippered bag拉链袋24. case, chest箱25. box 盒26. wooden case木箱27. carton纸箱28. container集装箱29. rate板条箱30. fibre board case纤维板箱第七期: Packing(二) 包装1. packet 小包2. bale包3. bundle捆4. tin , can罐头5. basket篮，篓，筐6. bamboo basket竹篓7. bottle瓶8. wooden keg小木桶9. hogshead大桶10. iron drum铁桶11 cylinder铁桶12. barrel琵琶桶13. drum圆桶14. waterproof paper防水纸15. cellophone玻璃纸16. kraftpaper牛皮纸17. canvas帆布18. fibreboard纤维板19. nylon strap尼龙腰子20. plastic strap塑料腰子21. adhesive tape胶带22. stuffing material填料23. nylon plastic尼龙丝24. fermented plastic泡沫塑料25. paper scrap纸屑26. saw dust木屑27. tar paper沥青纸28. wax paper蜡纸29. slushing compound润滑油30. tarpaulin油布、防水帆布第八期:Shipment 装运1. backlog积压而未交付的订货2. terms of shipment装运条件3. prepare goods备货4. load装货5. unload卸货6. board木板，板，船舷7. on board在船（或车、飞机）上8. steamer轮船9. space of a steamer舱位10. shipping department运输部门11 liner班轮，班机12. book up（票、车位、舱位等）订完13. tranship转运14. transhipment转载15. Force Majeure人力不可抗力16. European Main Ports --EMPs欧洲主要口岸17. vessel船；飞船；飞机18. the first available vessel第一艘可订到的船19. call at停泊20. duly 按期地，按时的第九期: Price 价格1. Price terms 价格条件2. bargain 讨价还价3. currency 货币外贸常见英文缩略词1 C&F(cost&freight)成本加运费价2 T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇3 D/P(document against payment)付款交单4 D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单5 C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证6 G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制7 CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱8 PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等9 DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元10 DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打11 PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等12 WT(weight)重量13 G.W.(gross weight)毛重14 N.W.(net weight)净重15 C/D (customs declaration)报关单16 EA(each)每个，各17 W (with)具有18 w/o(without)没有19 FAC(facsimile)传真20 IMP(import)进口21 EXP（export）出口22 MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的23 MIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度24 M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的25 M/V（merchant vessel）商船26 S.S(steamship)船运27 MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨28 DOC (document)文件、单据29 INT（international）国际的30 P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表31 INV (invoice)发票32 PCT (percent)百分比33 REF （reference）参考、查价34 EMS （express mail special）特快传递35 STL.(style)式样、款式、类型36 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传37 RMB（renminbi）人民币38 S/M （shipping marks）装船标记39 PR或PRC(price) 价格40 PUR (purchase)购买、购货41 S/C（sales contract）销售确认书42 L/C （letter of credit）信用证43 B/L （bill of lading）提单44 FOB （free on board）离岸价45 CIF （cost,insurance&freight）成本、保险加运费价。
外贸专业术语中英文对照
外贸专业术语中英文对照这种贸易由进口和出口两个部分组成。
接下来为大家整理了外贸专业术语中英文对照。
希望对你有帮助哦!美国海关申报费ams fee海运燃油附加费baf 并单费combinaton bill of lading fee出口报关费export customs declaration fee订舱费booking fee包干费all in charges保险费insurance premium保证金deposit仓储超期费warehouse overdue fee仓储费warehouse storage fee产地证certificate of original卡车费frucking fee冲港费special wharf charge出口操作费export handing charges重签费reseal fee拆箱费devanning fee查验费customs inspection fee操作费handing charges超重费over weight charges堆存费overtime strage charges目的港手续费destination delivery charges代垫费用other charges电放费surrender charges到付佣金collect commission地面服务费ground agent service fee文件费document fee待时费waiting fee倒箱费exchange container fee附加费additional charges放空费empty charge 发票费invoice charges改单费amendment fee关封费seal charge改港费port name change charge关税duty换单费exchange d/o fee还箱费return container fee海运费ocean freight截关费cut of charge加急报关费declaration surcharge加急费emergency fee落箱费discharge container fee内陆包干费inland aii in charge内陆拖卡费inland trucking fee输单费imput data fee商检换单费commercial exchange doc feeup and down fee上下车费return docs fee提箱费pick up container fee码头船期信息-Vessel information from terminals航次-Voyage船东(船代)-Ship Owner 计划抵港日-Estimated Time Of Berthing计划离港日-Estimated Time Of Departure实际抵港日-Time Of Berthing实际离港日-Time Of Departure 船公司船期动态信息-Sailing Information From Ship Owner船经营人-Shipping Agency航线代码-Line Code.承运人-Carrier船舶及船期信息登记-Registered For Vessel Or Sailing Information宁波港务局集装箱船截关-Vessel Plan in NingBo Port出口集装箱进场信息-In-Gate Container of Exporting集装箱海关放行信息-Container Passing Information。
外贸专业术语中英文对照必背术语
外贸专业术语中英文对照必背术语外贸专业术语中英文对照必背术语外贸是指一个国家(地区)与另一个国家(地区)之间的商品、劳务和技术的交换活动。
今天我为大家整理了外贸专业术语中英文对照。
希望对你有帮助哦!外贸专业术语中英文对照美国海关申报费 ams fee海运燃油附加费 baf并单费 binaton bill of lading fee出口报关费 e_port customs declaration fee订舱费 booking fee包干费 all in charges保险费 insurance premium保证金 deposit仓储超期费 warehouse overdue fee仓储费 warehouse storage fee产地证 certificate of original卡车费 frucking fee冲港费 special wharf charge出口操作费 e_port handing charges重签费 reseal fee拆箱费 devanning fee查验费 customs inspection fee操作费 handing charges超重费 over weight charges堆存费 overtime strage charges外贸英语专业术语带翻译目的港手续费 destination delivery charges 代垫费用 other charges电放费 surrender charges到付佣金 collect mission地面服务费 ground agent service fee文件费 document fee待时费 waiting fee倒箱费 e_change container fee附加费 additional charges放空费 empty charge发票费 invoice charges改单费 amendment fee关封费 seal charge改港费 port name change charge关税 duty换单费 e_change d/o fee还箱费 return container fee外贸必背专业术语海运费 ocean freight截关费 cut of charge加急报关费 declaration surcharge加急费 emergency fee落箱费 discharge container fee内陆包干费 inland aii in charge内陆拖卡费 inland trucking fee输单费 imput data fee商检换单费 mercial e_change doc feeup and down fee上下车费 return docs fee提箱费 pick up container fee码头船期信息-Vessel information from terminals航次-Voyage船东(船代)-Ship Owner计划抵港日-Estimated Time Of Berthing计划离港日-Estimated Time Of Departure实际抵港日-Time Of Berthing实际离港日-Time Of Departure船公司船期动态信息-Sailing Information From Ship Owner船经营人-Shipping Agency航线代码-Line Code.承运人-Carrier船舶及船期信息登记-Registered For Vessel Or Sailing Information 宁波港务局集装箱船截关-Vessel Plan in NingBo Port出口集装箱进场信息-In-Gate Container of E_porting集装箱海关放行信息-Container Passing Information微信扫一扫二维码分享到微信好友或朋友圈。
外贸常用经典术语中英文对照(全)
装运shipment.loading装上货轮to ship,to load,to take on a ship装运费shipping charges,shipping commission装运单||载货单shipping invoice装运单据shipping documents大副收据mates receipt装船单shipping order提货单delivery order,dandy note装船通知shipping advice包裹收据parcel receipt准装货单shipping permit租船契约charter party租船人charterer程租船||航次租赁voyage charter期租船time charter允许装卸时间lay days,laying days工作日working days连续天数running days,consecutive days滞期费demurrage滞期日数demurrage days速遣费dispatch money空舱费dead freight退关short shipment,goods short shipped,goods shut out,shut-outs 赔偿保证书(信托收据)letter of indemnity,trust receipt装载loading卸货unloading,discharging,landing装运重量shipping weight,in-take-weight卸货重量landing weight压舱ballasting压舱货in ballast舱单manifest船泊登记证书ships certificate of registry航海日记ships log船员名册muster-roll(船员,乘客)健康证明bill of health光票clean bill不清洁提单foul bill有疑问提单suspected bill包装用语用木箱包装to be cased.to be encased用袋装to be bagged用纸箱包装to be boxed用席包to be matted用捆包to be baled包装费另计casing extra包装费不另计算cased free装箱免费boxed free代费免除bagged free席包免费matted free捆包免费baled free出口用包装packed for export箱外附铁箍cases to be iron-hooped施以铁箍iron-hooping施以铁条iron-banding用绳捆roping鞭打||用藤捆包caning情况良好in good condition.In good order.in good state情况特别好in excellent condition情况差劲in bad condition呈腐败状况in rotten condition已有发霉现象in musty condition已受潮in wet condition呈干燥状况in dry condition已有破损in damaged condition呈受热状况in heated condition情况不很完整,有瑕疵in defective condition搬运注意事项小心搬运Handle with care.With care此端向上This side up.This end up请勿用钩Use no hooks.Do not use dog hooks.No hooks不可滚转Don’t turn over不可掉落Don’t drop.Not to be dropped保持干燥Keep dry不可横置Keep flat.Stow level保持直立Stand on end.To be kept upright易腐物品Perishable goods保持冷冻(不可近热)Stow in a cool place。
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外贸术语以及相关外贸词汇中英对照中文英文外贸术语1 ：出口信贷 export credit出口津贴 export subsidy商品倾销 dumping外汇倾销 exchange dumping优惠关税 special preferences保税仓库 bonded warehouse贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制 import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT交货条件：交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered ship)交货时间 time of delivery定程租船voyage charter装运期限 time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关 clearance of goods陆运收据 cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original B\L选择港（任意港） optional port选港费 optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyersoptional charges for Buyers’ account一月份装船shipment during January 或 January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船 shipment during Jan./Feb.或 Jan./Feb. shipment 在......(时间)分两批装船 shipment during....in two lots在......(时间)平均分两批装船 shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运 in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运 in three equal monthly shipments立即装运 immediate shipments即期装运 prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运 shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C允许分批装船 partial shipment not allowed partial shipment notpermitted partial shipment not unacceptable贸易方式：INT (拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender投标 submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金 accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade（又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权 exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理 sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency;exclusive agent 主要船务术语简写：本地收货费用（广东省收取）ORC (Origen Recevie Charges)码头操作费（香港收取） THC (Terminal Handling Charges)燃油附加费 BAF (Bunker Adjustment Factor)货币贬值附加费 CAF (Currency Adjustment Factor)码头附加费 YAS (Yard Surcharges)设备位置附加费 EPS (Equipment Position Surcharges)目的港交货费 DDC (Destination Delivery Charges)旺季附加费 PSS (Peak Season Sucharges)港口拥挤附加费 PCS (Port Congestion Surcharge)文件费 DOC (DOcument charges)海运费 O/F (Ocean Freight)海运提单 B/L (Bill of Lading)船东单 MB/L(Master Bill of Lading)多式联运单据MTD (Multimodal Transport Document)信用证 L/C (Letter of Credit)产地证C/O (Certificate of Origin)销售确认书S/C (Sales Confirmation)销售合同 Sales Contract装货指示书S/O (Shipping Order)重量吨（即货物收费以重量计费）W/T (Weight Ton)M/T (Measurement Ton)尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费W/M(Weight or Measurement ton)集装箱（货柜）堆场CY (Container Yard)整箱货FCL (Full Container Load)拼箱货（散货） LCL (Less than Container Load)集装箱货运站 CFS (Container Freight Station)TEU (Twenty-feet Equivalent Units)20英尺换算单位（用来计算货柜量的全水路（主要指由美国西岸中转至东A/W (All Water)MLB(Mini Land Bridge)迷你大陆桥（主要指由美国西岸中转无船承运人NVOCC(Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier)出买卖，交易正式/完整申报坏帐海运提单托运单空白背书背书承运货物收据有问题的货物商品目录清关结关对照中文英文价格条件:价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价 price码头费wharfage总值 total value卸货费landing charges金额 amount关税customs duty净价 net price印花税 stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税 port dues回佣return commission装运港port of shipment折扣discount, allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价 wholesale price目的港port of destination零售价 retail price进口许口证import licence现货价格spot price出口许口证 export licence期货价格 forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailing price国际市场价格world (International)Market price 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价） C&F-cost and freightCIF-cost,insurance and freight 到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）交易磋商、合同签订：订单 indent订货；订购book; booking电复 cable reply实盘 firm offer递盘 bid; bidding递实盘 bid firm还盘 counter offer 发盘（发价） offer发实盘 offer firm询盘（询价） inquiry;enquiry指示性价格 price indication速复 reply immediately参考价 reference price习惯做法 usual practice交易磋商 business negotiation不受约束 without engagement业务洽谈 business discussion限**复 subject to reply **限* *复到 subject to reply reaching here **有效期限 time of validity有效至** valid till **购货合同 purchase contract 销售合同 sales contract购货确认书 purchase confirmation销售确认书 sales confirmation 一般交易条件 general terms and conditions以未售出为准 subject to prior sale需经卖方确认 subject to seller’s confirmation需经我方最后确认 subject to our final confirmation主要贸易术语：货交承运人 FCA (Free Carrier)装运港船边交货FAS (Free Alongside Ship)装运港船上交货FOB (Free on Board)成本加运费 CFR (Cost and Freight)成本、保险费加运费CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)运费付至目的地CPT (Carriage Paid To)运费、保险费付至目的地CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To)边境交货 DAF (Delivered At Frontier)目的港船上交货DES (Delivered Ex Ship)目的港码头交货 DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)未完税交货DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)完税后交货DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)贸易保险术语:一切险All Risks平安险 F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average)水渍险W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average)战争险War Risk淡水雨淋险 F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage)混杂、玷污险Risk of Intermixture and Contamination渗漏险Risk of Leakage串味险Risk of Odor锈蚀险Risk of Rust短缺险Shortage Risk偷窃提货不着险T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery)罢工险Strikes Risk贸易机构词汇:世界贸易组织WTO (World Trade Organization)国际货币基金组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)货币贸易理事会CTG (Council for Trade in Goods)欧洲自由贸易联盟EFTA (European Free Trade Association)东盟自由贸易区AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area)中美商贸联委会JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade)北美自由贸易区NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)联合国贸易与发展会议UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 关贸总协定GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)进出口贸易词汇:贸易commerce, trade, trading国内贸易inland trade, home trade, domestic trade国际贸易international trade对外贸易，外贸foreign trade, external trade 进口import, importation进口商importer出口export, exportation出口商exporter进口许口证import licence出口许口证export licence买卖，交易commercial transaction正式/完整申报make a complete entry坏帐bad account海运提单marine bills of lading托运单shipping order空白背书blank endorsed背书endorsed承运货物收据cargo receipt有问题的货物condemned goods商品目录catalogue清关customs liquidation结关customs clearancege)and Trade)nd Development)。