LNG接收站讲座

LNG REGASIFICATION TERMINAL LNG再气化接收站ByLNG ConsultantWorleyParsons SingaporeWORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK世界能源展望5.2229-Others 其它0.52532-Coal 煤炭 2.32218-Gas 天然气0.43141-Oil 石油% / year 年%Breakdown by source按能源划分320220MBDOE World Energy Demand世界能源需求Growth 20302005百万桶/天WHY LNG??为何选择LNG•Increasing energy demand不断增加的能源需求•Limited availability of pipeline gas气体管线传输有其局限性•Alternative is to liquefy and transport by ship over long distances可以选择液化并由船舶长距离运输•This is the beginning of LNG从而发展了LNG•or Liquefied Natural Gas即液化天然气WORLD GAS RESOURCESGAS世界来源Country国家Reserves储量(Billion m310亿方)Proven已探明Recoverable可采Russia俄罗斯47,52533,061Iran伊朗26,5918,907Qatar卡塔尔25,7431,164 Indonesia 印尼2,5543,105 Australia 澳大利亚2,5463,066 Malaysia / Brunei 2,122 1,981马来西亚/文莱Oman阿曼828956What is LNG??什么是LNG•Natural gas cooled to -162 o C at near atmospheric pressure forms liquid天然气在接近常压下冷却至-162 o C变成液态•This liquid is called LNG该液体称为LNG•The liquid is colourless and has a characteristic hydrocarbon odour.液体无色、有烃类气味•It is stored at near atmospheric pressure at a temperature of –158 to –160 o C它在接近常压下–158至–160 o C温度范围内储存Composition of LNGLNG组分Typical Composition of Natural Gas and LNG as follows:天然气和LNG一般组分如下：Methane82-85 %92-95%甲烷Ethane5-7 %3-5 %乙烷Propane 2-5 %1-2 %丙烷Condensibles(NGL)6-8 %Nil可冷凝组分（天然气液体）０How LNG is produced??LNG生产工艺•LNG Production Plant is called a Liquefaction “Train”生产LNG的设备称为液化装置•LNG is produced by a process called Cascade Refrigeration or Turbo-expansionLNG的生产工艺称作分级制冷或涡轮膨胀•Major World Producers of LNG are Russia, Indonesia, Australia, Malaysia-Brunei, Qatar, Oman etc.世界上主要的LNG生产国包括：俄罗斯、印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、马来西亚-文莱、卡塔尔、阿曼等•Major Consumers of LNG are USA, Europe, Japan, China, India etc.LNG的主要消费国为：美国、欧洲、日本、中国、印度等LNG PRODUCTION TRENDS LNG生产趋势LNG fueling stations 0.5 to10 LNG燃气站LNG peak-shaving 5 to 20 LNG调峰Small scale base load 50 to 250小规模基本负荷型Base load plants 300 to 1,000基本负荷型装置LNG TransportationLNG运输•Three types of ships三种运输船•Older design insulated spherical tanks without external refriger ation, only continuous flaring of boil-off gas老式设计为保冷球形储罐，无外部制冷，不间断燃烧蒸发气•Newer design rectangular tanks with membrane walls with insulati on between the membranes较新设计为矩形薄膜型液货舱，薄膜之间有可承载的低温隔热层•Prismatic design –a variation of membrane wall design with structural frames supporting the membrane walls棱形舱设计–对加膜罐壁设计的调整，带有支撑加膜罐壁的结构框架•Double-hulling to protect against accidental spillage双壳保护，防止意外泄漏•Most common capacity range 135,000 to 140,000 m3最常见容量在135,000 到140,000 m3之间•Higher capacity ships under construction 200,000 m3较大容量的货船为200,000 m3•Small LNG vessels coming into the market 10,000 m3新面世的小型LNG容器的容量为10,000 m3LNG Moss Type Tanker MOSS型LNG船LNG Membrane Type Tanker 薄膜型LNG船LNG Terminal Overview LNG接收站总览LNG TERMINAL FLOW PLAN LNG接收站流程图LNG UnloadingLNG卸载•Typical ship sizes 135,000 to 145,000 m3通常LNG船容量为135,000 to 145,000 m3•Unloading rates 10,000 to 12,000 m3/hr 卸料速率为10,000 to 12,000 m3/hr •Discharge time 12 to 18 hrs卸料时间为12至18小时•Berth occupancy 24 hrs24小时占用泊位•Size of Unloading arms –3 X 16”卸料臂规格–3 X 16”•Size of Vapour return arm –1 X 16”蒸气回收臂规格–1 X 16”•Keep-cool jetty line recirculation system 码头主管线冷却循环系统•Design code EN 1474设计规范EN 1474LNG Storage TankLNG储罐•Typical size 150,000 to 160,000 m3一般容积为150,000至160,000 m3•Minimum 2 tanks -one receiving and one feeding 至少2个罐–一个接收,另一个外输送•Three types of design from containment point of view 从防泄漏角度出发分成三种设计•Double-walled tank with:双壁罐:•Design code EN 1473 or BS 7777 (EN 14620)设计规范EN 1473或BS 7777 (EN 14620)Storage Tank Model X-Section 储罐模型-断面Storage Tank Details储罐详细内容•Nitrogen purge connections氮吹扫连接•Start-up liquid and gas distributors起动液相和气相分布器•Tank insulation罐保冷•Tank foundation罐基础•Two types of foundation:-两种基础•Function is to prevent cold leakage to the earth which could res ult in freezing of ground water功能在于防止低温泄漏导致地下水结冰。

Tank Insulation Details罐保冷详细内容•Designed to keep tank boil-off rate below 0.1% of net pumpable capacity per day在设计上使罐的蒸发率低于每天净泵送能力的0.1%•Expanded Perlite Powder filled in the space between inner and outer tank called as the “Annulus”.•Sprayed-on Poly-iso-cyanurate insulation provided on the innersurface of the outer tank通过在外罐的内表面喷洒聚胺脂进行保冷Tank Dyke Requirement罐围堰要求•If single integrity design is used, dyke should be enclosed by impervious concrete bund-wall to provide full containment如采用单层结构设计，罐围堰应围有密封混凝土墙以提供全封闭。

•Dyke volume = 110% of largest tank in dyke for single integrity design (NFPA-59A)单层结构设计的围堰容积=围堰内最大罐容积的110% (NFPA-59A)•If double integrity design is used low bund-wall can be provided, need only to contain fire and storm water如采用双层结构设计，应提供低围墙，用于阻火和收集雨水Tank Boil-off Rate罐蒸发率•LNG is boiling liquid stored under its own vapour pressureLNG是一种在自身蒸汽压力下储存的液体•As the liquid picks up heat from the surroundings, some vapour is continuously formed inside the tank由于该液体从周围环境中吸收热量，储罐内不断形成一些蒸汽•This vapour is called Boil-off Gas or BOG这种蒸汽被称为蒸发气（BOG）•To maintain tank pressure BOG should be continuously removed from the tank为保持储罐压力，应不断除去罐内BOGBOG HandlingBOG处理•BOG is continuously sucked-off from the tank by the BOG Compressors通过BOG压缩机将BOG不断地从储罐内吸除•BOG disposal can be as follows:BOG处理如下：Cryogenic BOG Compressor 低温BOG压缩机High Pressure BOG Compressor 高压BOG压缩机LNG LP Intank PumpsLNG罐内立式低压液下泵•Provided inside pipe columns going all the way down into the tank在罐内提供从上到下的管柱•Have specially designed foot valve to prevent reverse flow专门设计的底阀防止倒流•Usually designed with just enough head to meet NPSH requirement of booster pumps压头在设计上通常要满足加压泵的NPSH要求•This minimises power requirement limiting the contribution to tank boil-off这既降低了能耗要求又减少了罐内蒸发LNG HP Booster PumpsLNG高压加压泵•Taking suction from Intank Pumps and feeding into the vapourizers通过罐内立式液下泵抽取介质并输送给气化器•Head determined by vapourizer back pressure 压头由气化器背压决定•Redundancy required for both Intank pumps and HP booster pumps based on turn-down requirements基于可调要求，罐内立式液下泵和高压增压泵的备用要求Recondenser cum Separator再凝与分离器•Used for absorption of high pressure BOG in cold low pressure LNG用于吸收低温低压LNG中的高压BOG•Also used to separate excess gas from liquid and route to flare也用于从液相中分离出额外气相并输至火炬•Designed on the principle of vapour scrubber plus vapour-liquid separator根据气相洗涤器及汽液分离器原理设计再凝器LNG VapourizersLNG气化器•Three types –ORV, IFV and SCV三种类型-ORV、IFV和SCV•气化器•Uses sea water to vapourize the LNG from low temperature to saturated vapour condition corresponding to outlet pressure 采用海水将LNG从低温气化成符合外输压力要求的饱和蒸气•气化器•IFV is used with sea water as primary heating medium and Intermediate fluid as secondary heating mediumIFV采用海水作为初步加热介质，然后采用中间流体作为加热介质ORV –Schematic ORV-示意图ORV –Photo ORV-图片IFV –Schematic IFV-示意图IFV –Photo IFV-图片Natural Gas Superheating天然气过热•This is achieved in SCV通过SCV方式实现••Uses gas to burn and heat a water bath where saturated natural g as from ORV/IFV is superheated to pipeline conditions采用气体燃料加热水套炉，使其中通过ORV/IFV产生的饱和天然气过热，满足管线传输条件•Major portion of the LNG goes through ORV/IFV. Only a small port ion is routed thru SCV for precision control of natural gas temperatureLNG的大部分经过ORV/IFV，只有一小部分通过SCV输送以实现对天然气温度的精确控制•In places where sea water temperature is very low, only SCV’s are used.Likely choice for Dalian and Tang Shan terminals在海水温度很低的地方，仅采用SCV。