现在完成时解析

现在完成进行时的谓语动词构成
(一)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。

The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。

(动作还将继续下去)
(二)表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。

We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了。

(动作不再继续下去)
(三)有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。

（一般指某些持续性动词，记住这两个例句中的动词live和work）
They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。

I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在这里已经工作两年了。

(四)大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。

I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去)
我一直在写一本书。

I have written a book.(动作已经完成)
我已经写了一本书。

They have been building a bridge.
他们一直在造一座桥。

They have built a bridge.
他们造了一座桥。

(五)表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。

I have known him for years.
我认识他已经好几年了。

* I have been knowing...（错误）
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，
hate讨厌，等。

比较过去时与现在完成时
1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

（初中类似的时态题目一般都有标志词，尤其是关于时间的状语）
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
昨天上周…之前在1980年在十月份刚刚；立刻
共同的时间状语（易错，一般考查学生对词义变化的把握；使用意义一致原则）:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
今天早上；今天晚上；今年四月；现在；目前；以前；已经；目前；近来
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now,
持续…自从迄今为止曾经从来不刚才然而；也直到到目前为止
in past years, always,
在过去的几年里总是
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

举例：
I saw this film yesterday.
(强调看的动作发生过了。

)
I have seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。

)
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。

)
过去完成时（目前八年级仅作扩展，记忆下面的例子a即可）
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句（九年级会着重学习）。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时;发生在后，用一般过去时。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
现在完成进行时 :
功用如下：
1) 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意：
现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。

现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以
专项练习
1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.
2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where‘s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher‘s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day.
10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
11. If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you.
12. The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in.
13. Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree.
14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday.
15. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere?
1. have, seen, saw
2. Has, finished
3. has, come
4. has gone
5. have worked, moved
6. have made
7. have, stayed
8. have, finished
9. goes 10. have, found 11. is 12. were reading 13. is climbing 14. is coming 15. Have, seen。

注意：后面的答案要在自己做完后核对。

努力即成功！Efforts to succeed！。