BTBU 全英班 计算机文化基础考试资料

Chapter 1 Computer Basics定义，计算机革命/分类/系统，二进制，represent numbers/characters/sounds and pictures，terms 1-1 What is a Computer？a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data and produces output, all according to aseries of stored instructions. 输入，处理数据，存储数据，输出（1）Input includes words and symbols, numbers, pictures, audio signals, instructions, and so on. （2）Data refers to the symbols that represent people, events, things, and ideas.（3）Most computers have more than one location for storing data.①Memory is an area that temporarily holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output.②Storage is the area that permanently holds data that is not immediately needed for processing. （4）Output includes reports, documents, music, graphs, pictures, and so on.（5）The series of instructions is referred to as a computer program.（6）Data and Information 电脑-data 人-information①The primary purpose of computer systems in most businesses today is to transform data intoinformation that can be used by people.②Data is used by computer. Information is used by humans.1-2 The Evolution of Computer①The first electronic computer was the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC).②It became operational in 1946.③It contained 18,000 light-bulb-size electronic vacuum tubes.④It weighed 30 tons and occupied about 1800 square feet of floor space.⑤It was able to multiply four numbers in 9 milliseconds (9/1000 of a second).First Generation (1946---1958) 电子管①Main memory was almost made up of hundreds of vacuum tubes.②Most input and output media were punched cards and magnetic tape.Second Generation(1959---1963) 晶体管①Transistors and some other solid-state devices were being used for the computer circuitry.(A transistor is an electronic switch that alternately allows or does not allow electronic signals to pass.)②Magnetic cores became the most widely used type of main memory.③Removable magnetic disk packs, stacks of disks connected by a common spindle were introduced as storage devices. Third Generation(1964---1970) 集成电路①The integrated circuit (IC) replaced traditional transistorized circuitry.(IC is a complete electronic circuit that packages transistors and other electronic components on a small silicon chip.)②The use of magnetic disks for secondary data became widespread.③Computers began to support multiprogramming (processing several programs at the same time). Fourth Generation(1971---Now) （超）大规模集成电路①Large-scale integrated (LSI) and very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits were developed.(contained hundreds to millions of transistors on a tiny chip)②In 1971 the microprocessor was developed, which packaged an entire CPU, complete withmemory, logic, and control circuits, on a single chip.③Computer’s main memory capacity increas ed, and its cost decreased.1-3 Computer Categories 计算机分类:巨型机，大型机，工作站，服务器，个人电脑①Supercomputers: the fastest and highest-capacity computers, have hundreds to thousands ofprocessors, can perform trillions of calculations per second②Mainframe computers: fast, mid- to large-size, large-capacity, simultaneously processing data forhundreds or thousands of user, main processing circuitry is housed in a closet-sized cabinet and have many processor③Workstations: tackle tasks that require a lot of processing speed, some contain more than onemicroprocessor, most have circuitry specially designed for creating and displaying three-dimensional and animated graphics④Server: serve the computers on a network by supplying them with data, especially suited forstoring and distributing data on a network⑤Microcomputers (Personal Computers, PC): designed to meet the computing needs of anindividual, provides access to a wide variety of computing applications, such as word processing, desktop computer and notebook computer1-4 Computer System 计算机系统：硬件，软件①Hardware is the electronic and electromechanical parts consists of the following: Input(Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner), Memory and Storage, Processing( CPU (Central Processing Unit)), Output( Monitor, Printer)②Software :the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task ; a set of computerprograms. Without software, the hardware is useless.System Software: designed to allow the computer to manage its own resources and run the hardware and basic operationsApplication Software: performs tasks to directly benefit or assist the user1-5 Binary Number System 二进制10101B=1*24+1*22+1*20=16+4+1=21①digital devices. A digital device works with discrete data.②The binary system has only two digits: 0 and 1 ③bit (binary digit) each 0 and 1 is called a bit.④Bits can be grouped in various combinations to represent data, such as numbers, letters, punctuation marks, music, pictures, and videos.1-6Represent numbers 表示数字①In binary, you run out of digits after you count to 1. To get to the next number, you have to use the 0 as a place holder and the 1 indicates one group of 2s.②Octal and Hexadecimal number system③Convert decimal numbers into binary numbers divided by 2 until quotient becomes 0, all remainders are combined from the bottom up④Convert binary numbers into decimal numbers multiply the place value by each binary digit, form the sum of all digits In二进制系统, the place values are powers of 21-7Represent characters (Binary Coding Schemes) 表示字符①ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): uses 7 bits for each character,provides codes for 128 (27) characters, the most widely used code with non-IBM mainframes and virtually all microcomputers, Extended ASCII uses 8 bits②EBCDIC(Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code): 8-bit code, can represent 256 (28)characters, used by IBM mainframe computers③Unicode: uses 16 bits for each character provides codes for 65536(216) characters, can representthe alphabets of multiple languages, such as Chinese1-8Represent sounds and pictures①A computer must digitize colors, notes, and instrument sounds into 1s and 0s.②Computers convert colors and sounds into numbers, which can be represented by bits.1-9 Termsbit (b): the smallest unit : transmission speeds are expressed in bitsbyte (B): 8 bits : storage space is usually expressed in byteskilobyte (KB)=1024 B =210B megabyte (MB)=1024 KB=220Bgigabyte (GB) =1024 MB=230B terabyte (TB) =1024GB=240BChapter 2 Computer Hardware: 系统，微处理器，内存，外存，输入/出设备，2-1 Hardware System1. Computer hardware consists of five parts: Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit, Memory andStorage, Input Device, Output Device算术逻辑单元，控制装置，内/外存，输入/出设备2. System board（系统板）: provides sockets for chips, slots for small circuit boards, and the circuitry that connects all of these components.①Some chips are permanently soldered in place. Other chips are plugged into special sockets and connectors.②When multiple chips are required for a single function, the chips might be gathered together on a separate small circuit board, which can be plugged into a special slot-like connector. 2-2 Microprocessor 微处理器1. Basics①A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions.②The processor circuitry is etched on a thumbnail-size or slightly larger chip of silicon. The chip is mounted on a carrier with metal pins, on the bottom that plug into the computer’s motherboard.③The processor consists of two parts: Arithmetic Logic Unit, Control Unit④ALU: performs arithmetic operations and logical operations. Arithmetic operations are thefundamental math operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.（加减乘除）Logical operations are comparisons. The ALU compares two pieces of data to see whether one is “equal to” (=), “greater than” (>), or “less than” (<) the other.⑤Control unit: tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions.It directs the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the ALU.It also directs these electronic signals between main memory and the input and output devices.⑥Registers寄存器指令/地址/程序寄存器蓄电池Registers hold data that is being processed.The control unit and the ALU contain registers, special high-speed circuitry areas that temporarily store data during processing and provide working areas for computation.There are several types of registers, including an instruction register, which holds the instruction being executed; an address register, which holds the addresses of data to be processed; a program register, which holds status information; an accumulator, which holds the results of the ALU’s logic operations.2.Performance Factors 性能因素①Processing Speed （数据）处理速率(1)Every computer contains a system clock---an internal timing device that sets the pace forexecuting instructions. (2)A machine cycle is the smallest unit of time in a microprocessor’s universe. Every action that a processor performs is measured by these cycles. (3)The speed of a microprocessor commonly measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). 1 MHz means a million machine cycles per second.②Word Size 字长(1)Word size refers to the number of bits that a microprocessor can manipulate at one time.(2)Word size is based on the size of the registers in the ALU, and the capacity of circuits that leadto those registers. (3)Often the more bits in a word, the faster the computer. (4)Today’s personal computers typically contain 32-bit or 64-bit processors.③Cache 高速缓存(1)Cache is special high-speed memory that allows a microprocessor to access data more rapidlythan from memory located elsewhere on the motherboard. (2)A Level 1 cache (L1) is built into the processor chip, whereas a Level 2 cache (L2) is located on a separate chip and takes a little more time to get data to the processor. (3)Cache capacity is usually measured in kilobytes3.Today’s Microprocessors①Intel is the world’s largest chipmaker.②In 1971, Intel introduced the world’s firstmicroprocessor.③AMD is Intel’s chief rival in the PC chip market.④Motorola produces the family of chips for Apple Macintosh computers.⑤Intel introduced the original Pentium in 1993.Intel is continually upgrading its line of Pentium processors.⑥AMD’s processors2-3 Memory1. RAM(Random Access Memory): 随机存取存储器①is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system.It holds: data that is waiting to be processed/ the program instructions for processing the data/ the results of processing/ operating system instructions that control the basic functions of a computer system.②Its contents are temporary.Most RAM is volatile（不稳定的）, which means that it requires electrical power to hold data.If the computer is turned off, or if the power goes out, all data stored in RAM instantly and permanently disappears.（如果停电RAM里的数据立刻永远消失）③The capacity of RAM is usually expressed in MB or GB.The size of RAM determines how much data can be processed at once and how big and complex a program may be used to process the data.④RAM speed is often expressed in nanoseconds (ns). One nanosecond is 1 billionth of a second.⑤RAM speed can be expressed in MHz (millions of cycles per second).⑥Most of today’s personal computers use SDRAM (synchronous dynamic同步动态RAM) orRDRAM (Rambus dynamic RAM).2. ROM (Read-Only Memory):只读存储器①is permanent and non-volatile.It is a memory chip that permanently stores instructions and data that are programmed during the chip’s manufacture and that can not be changed or eras ed by the user.②ROM contains a small set of instructions called the ROM BIOS. These instructions tell the computer how to access the hard disk, find the operating system, and load it into RAM.3.CMOS Memory(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor): ①holds computer configuration settings, such as the date and time, hard disk capacity, and RAM capacity. ②When you change the configuration of your computer system（更改系统配置）, the data in CMOS must be updated.2-4 Storage1. Basics 存储介质；存储设备① A data storage system has two main components: a storage medium and a storage device.A storage medium is the disk, tape, CD, or other substance that contains data.A storage device is the mechanical apparatus that records and retrieves data from a storage medium.②Three types of storage technologies are used for PC: magnetic ,optical and solid state.磁光固态(1)Magnetic storage stores data by magnetizing microscopic particles on the disk or tapesurface. (2)A read-write head mechanism in the disk drive reads and writes the magnetized particles that represent data. (3)Data stored magnetically can be easily changed or deleted.(4)Magnetic media gradually lose their magnetic charge, resulting in lost data.磁极消失丢失数据(1)Optical storage stores data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disk surface.(2) Anoptical storage device uses a low-power laser light to read the data stored on an optical disk.(3)Data recorded on optical media is generally less susceptible to environmental damage.不易破坏(1)Solid state storage stores data in a nonvolatile, erasable, low-power chip. (2)The chip’scircuitry is arranged as a grid and each cell in the grid contains two transistors that act as gates.(3)Solid state storage provides faster access to data than magnetic or optical storage technologybecause it includes no moving parts. (4)The capacity of solid state storage does not currently match that of hard disks, or DVDs. 数据访问速度更快③Floppy Disk 软盘1. A floppy disk is a round piece of flexible mylar plastic covered with a thin layer of magneticoxide and sealed inside a protective casing.2. The floppies most commonly used on today’s PCs are 31/2 inches disks with a capacity of 1.44MB.3. A floppy disk features a write-protect window.4. On a diskette, data is recorded in ring called tracks. They are closed concentric rings. Each trackis divided into sectors. Each sector typically holds 512 bytes of data.5. Formatting means preparing the disk so that the computer’s operating system software can writeinformation on it. This includes defining the tracks and sectors on it.④Hard Disk 硬盘(1)A hard disk is one or more platters and their associated read-write heads.1. A hard disk platter is a flat, rigid disk made of aluminum or glass and coated with magneticiron oxide particles. 2. Hard disk platters are sealed inside the drive case or cartridge to prevent dust and other contaminants from interfering with the read-write heads.3. PC hard disk platters（硬盘盘片）are typically 31/2 inches in diameter直径.(2)A vertical stack of tracks is called a cylinder ----the basic storage bin for a hard disk drive.(3)Hard disk drive speed is sometimes measured in revolutions per minute (rpm).⑤Optical Disk: is a removable disk on which data is written and read through the use of laserbeams. Types: CD-ROM disk, CD-R disk, CD-RW disk, DVD(1)CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory)光盘只读存储器A single CD-ROM disk may hold 680MB-700MB.Read-Only means that the disk’s content is recorded at the time of manufacture and cannotbe written on or erased by the user. 只读CD不能由用户修改The original CD-ROM drives were able to access 150KB of data per second.(2)CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable) 可记录光盘CD-R is a CD format that allows users with CD-R drive to write data onto a special CD-Rdisk that can then be read by a standard CD-ROM drive.The data on a CD-R cannot be erased or modified once you record it. 不能修改Most CD-R drives allow you to record the data in multiple sessions.(3)CD-RW (Compact Disk ReWritable) 可擦写光盘CD-RW technology allows you to write data on a CD, then change that data at a later time.The process requires special CD-RW disks and a CD-RW drive.(4)DVD (Digital Video / Versatile Disk)The computer version of the DVD is called the DVD-ROM disk. It represents a newgeneration of high-density CD-ROM disks.A DVD disk holds about 4.7 GB.A 1×DVD drive is about the same speed as a 9×CD drive.DVD-R can record data once. Read/write formats include DVD-ROM,DVD+R, and DVD+RW.⑥Solid State Storage. Types: USB flash drive, CompactFlash(CF) cards, MultiMedia(MMC)cards, SecureDigital(SD) cards, SmartMedia cards2-5 Input Device 输入设备：键盘，定点设备，源数据输入设备1. Input hardware consists of devices that translate data into a form the computer can process.2.There are three categories of input hardware: Keyboard, Pointing devices, Source-data entry devices①Keyboard: Standard keyboard has 101 keys: Standard typing keys, Cursor-movement keys (arrowkeys), Numeric keys, Function keys. Ergonomic keyboard人体工程学键盘②Pointing Devices定点设备：鼠标触摸板(1)Mouse: usually has a cable that is connected to the microcomputer’s system unit. Some newermouse types are wireless. Mechanical mouse and optical mouse(2)Touchpad: let you control the cursor/pointer with your finger. Touchpad is flat, rectangulardevice that uses a very weak electrical field to sense your touch.(3)Pen-based systems: use a pen-like stylus to enter handwriting and marks into a computer.③Source-data Entry Devices 扫描仪语音识别输入视频和摄影(1)Scanner: use laser beams and reflected light to translate hardcopy images of text, drawings,photos, and the like into digital form.(2)V oice-recognition (3) Video and photographic input2-6 Output Device 输出设备1. Output hardware consists of devices that translate information processed by the computer into aform that humans can understand.2.One of the most common output devices is the monitor; another is the printer.3.Monitor①Monitor runs under the control of a graphics display adapter card plugged into an expansion slot on the system board. ②A graphics card contains circuitry that generates the signals for displaying an image on the screen. ③A graphics card contains special video memory, which controls the resolution of images, the number of colors.④There are three types of monitors: CRT , LCD（液晶）and plasma（等离子）.CRT (Cathode Ray Tube阴极射线管) technology uses electron gun to direct beams of electrons towards the screen and activate individual dots of color that form an image. The dot is the smallest unit on the screen, called pixels（像素）for short.LCD (Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示器) produces an image by manipulating light within a layer of liquid crystal cells. LCD monitors are：优low radiation emission, weigh less, and consume less power. 缺But they are high cost and have a limited viewing angle.Plasma screen technology creates an on-screen image by illuminating miniature coloredfluorescent lights arrayed in a panel-like screen. Plasma screens are compact, lightweight, and more expensive than CRT monitors.⑤Image quality is a factor of screen size, dot pitch, resolution, and color depth.The size of screen is measured diagonally from one corner to the opposite corner in inches.Typical monitor screen sizes range from 13″to 21 ″.Dot pitch (dp) is the distance in millimeters between pixels. A smaller dot pitch means a crisper image.Resolution is the maximum number of horizontal and vertical pixels that are displayed on the screen. Resolution is expressed in terms of the formula columns of pixels ×rows of pixels.Color depth is the number of colors that a monitor and graphics card can display.There are different standards for monitors, and they support different color depths.#VGA (Video Graphics Array) supports 16 to 256 colors. It is called 4-bit color.##SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) supports 256 colors at higher resolution than VGA. It is called 8-bit color. ###XGA (eXtended Graphics Array) supports up to 16.7 million colors at a resolution of 1024 ×768 pixels. It is called 24-bit color, or true color.4. Printer: differ in resolution and speed, which affect the print quality and price.The printer’s resolution is the density of the gridwork of dots that create an image.Resolution is measured by the number of dots it can print per linear inch, abbreviated as dpi.Printer speed is measured either by pages per minute (ppm) or characters per second (cps).Dot matrix printer uses a grid of thin wires to strike a inked ribbon and create an image on paper.It can print multipart carbon forms.Ink jet printer（喷墨）has a nozzle-like print head that sprays small droplets of ink onto paper.Laser printer paints（激光）dots of light on a light-sensitive drum. Electrostatically charged ink is applied to the drum, then transferred to paper.2-7 Expansion Slots, Cards and Ports扩充槽，卡及港口1.Data Bus: ①Within a computer, data travels from one component to another over circuits called adata bus. ②The segment of the data bus that extends between RAM and peripheral devices is called the expansion bus. ③As data moves along the expansion bus, it may travel through expansion slots, cards, ports and cables.2.Expansion Slot: ①An expansion slot is a long, narrow socket on the motherboard into which you can plug an expansion card.②An expansion card is a small circuit board that provides a computer with the ability to control a storage device, an input device, or an output device.③3 Types: #ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) slots are an old technology. ##PCI (PeripheralComponent Interconnect) slots offer a 32-bit or 64-bit data bus. ###AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) slots provide a high-speed data pathway that is primarily used for graphics cards.④Expansion cards are built for only one type of slot.3. Expansion Port: is any connector that passes data in and out of a computer or peripheral device.is often housed on an expansion card so that it is accessible through an opening in the back of the computer’s system unit.Chapter 3 Computer Software3-1 Software Basics1. Software typically consists of many files that contain user-executable programs（用户可执行程序）, support programs（支持程序）, and data that work together to provide a computer with the instructions and data necessary for carrying out a specific type of task.①The user-executable file contain the executable programs designed to be launched or started byusers. These user-executable files typically have .exe file extensions.②The support programs contain instructions for the computer to use with the main user-executablefile. The support programs can be called or activated by the main program as needed. But they are not designed to be run by users.③The data files contain any data that is necessary for a task, but not supplied by the user.2. Computer Language①A computer language provides the tools that a programmer uses to create software.②Most programmers today prefer to use high-level languages, which have some similarities tohuman languages and produce programs that are easy to test and modify（修改）.③A computer’s microprocessor only understands machine language -----the instruction set that ishard wired within the microprocessor’s circuits.④High-level languages help the programmer produce a lengthy list of instructions, called sourcecode（源代码）, which defines the software environment in every detail.⑤Machine language instructions are called object code（结果代码）.⑥The process of translating instructions from a high-level language into machine language can beaccomplished by two special types of programs: compilers and interpreters.(编译器和解释）(1)A compiler translates all of the instructions in a program as a single batch and object code areplaced in a new file. (2)An interpreter converts one instruction at a time while the program is running. (3)An interpreted program runs more slowly than a compiled program.3-2 System Software 操作系统，应用软件，语言翻译1. System software works “behind the scenes”. It “underlies” applications software.2. System software comprises three basic parts: Operating system, Utilities, Language translators3. Operating System (OS): ①interacts with application software, device drivers, and hardware tomanage a computer’s resources.②Manage processor(处理器CPU管理): To manage all of the competing processes, the operatingsystem must ensure that each one receives its share of microprocessor cycles. Ideally, the operating system s hould be able to help the processor switch tasks so that, from the user’s point, everything seems to be happening at the same time.③Manage memory（内存管理）：When multiple programs are running at a time, the operatingsystem allocate specific areas of memory for each program. The OS must ensure that instructions and data from one area of memory don’t leak into an area allocated to another program.④M anage files（文件管理）：Behind the scenes, the OS remembers the names and locations of allfiles, and keeps track of empty spaces where new files can be stored.⑤Manage devices：The OS communicates with device driver software so that data can travelsmoothly between the computer and these peripheral resources.⑥Interface:(1)The user interface is the combination of hardware and software that helps people andcomputers communicate with each other. (2)The old type of interface is command-line interface.It requires user to memorize and type commands. (3)Most computers today feature a graphical user interface. (4)The graphical user interface (GUI) provides a way to point and click a mouseto select menu options and manipulate graphical objects that are displayed on the screen.接口⑦Categories(1)Single-user operating system deals with one set of input devices ----- those that can becontrolled by one user at a time. (2)Multiuser operating system deals with input, output, and processing requests from many users --- all at the same time. (3)Multitasking operating system provides process and memory management services that allow two or more programs to run simultaneously. (4)Network operating system provides communications and routing services that allow computers to share data, program, and peripheral devices. (5)Desktop operating system is one that’s designed for a p ersonal computer.⑧Common operating system: Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, DOS, Linux(is ratherunique because it is distributed under the terms of a General Public License (GPL), which allows everyone to make copies for their own use, to give to others, or to sell .)4.Utility programs: are generally used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in acomputer system.①Backup ②Data recovery: A data recovery utility is used to restore data that has beenphysically damaged or corrupted. ③Virus protection: Antivirus software is a utility program that scans hard disks, diskettes, and memory to detect viruses. ④Data compression 数据压缩⑤Defragmentation磁盘碎片清理: Defragers are available to defragment the disk, thus rearrangingthe data so that the data units of each file are repositioned together in one location on the disk.nguage translators: All system software and applications software must be turnedinto machine language for execution by the computer.3-3 Application Software 应用软件1. Document production software: ①Word processing software②Desktop publishing software (DTP)③Web authoring software 2. Spreadsheet software 3. Number crunching software4. Data management software5. Graphics software: Graphics refers to any picture, drawing, sketch, photograph, image, or icon that appears on the computer screen.6. Music software:①Wav②Mp3(a music compression file format)③MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface)7. Video editing and DVD authoring software 8. Educational and reference software 9. Entertainment software 10. Business software3-4 Installation and Copyright 安装和版权1.Installation basics: ①Distribution media②System requirements③The installation process④The main executable files and data files for the software are placed in the folder that you specify. Some support programs for the software might be stored in other folders.2. Installing: From a distribution media, Downloaded software(A downloadable file typically is set up as a self-installing executable file/// self-executing zip file///non-executing zip file.3. Uninstalling---Delete the software’s files from various directories on the computer’s hard disk, also remove references to the program from the desktop and from operating system files①Uninstall routine on the same menu as the program②Add/Remove program located in the Control Panel控制面板③Copyrights4. License 许可①Software publishers typically use two techniques to validate a software license:Shrink-wrap licenses Installation agreements②Types: Commercial software, Shareware(try before you buy), Freeware, Open sourcesoftware(uncompiled program instructions), Public domain software(not protected by copyright) 3-5 File Management 文件管理1. File basics①A computer file is a named collection of data that exists on a storage medium.。