collision case from L.R

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常见外贸英文缩写

外贸开发信海外退信防垃圾防盗号首选常见外贸英文缩写A 组A.R-------------All Risks 一切险ANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定 Asia NorthAmerica EastboundRate AWB: airway bill 空运提单 ATTN------------attention a/c----------------account no. AWB-------------airway bill B 组B.D.I-------------------Both Days Inclusive 包括头尾两天 BAF 燃油附加费 Bunker AdjustmentFactor BAF 燃油附加费，大多数航线都有，但标准不一。

B/L 海运提单 Bill of LadingB/ldg.--------------------B/L Bill of Lading 提单 Bs/L----------------------Bills of Lading 提单 (复数) B/R 买价 Buying RateBal.----------------------Balance 差额 bar . or brl.--------------barrel 桶; 琵琶桶B.B. clause---------------Both to blame collision clause 船舶互撞条款 B/C-----------------------Bills for collection 托收单据 B.C.----------------------before Christ 公元前 b.d.----------------------brought down 转下纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 B.D.----------------------Bank draft 银行汇票Bill Discounted--------- 贴现票据b.d.i.--------------------both dates inclusive 包括首尾两日bdle. ; bdl.--------------bundle 把; 捆b.e. ; B/E ; B. EX.-------Bill of Exchange 汇票B.f.----------------------Brought forward 接下页B/G-----------------------Bonded goods 保税货物bg. ; b/s-----------------bag(s) 袋bkg.----------------------backing 银行业务bkt.----------------------basket 篮; 筐bl.; bls.-----------------bale(s) 包Blading-------------------Bill of Lading 提单bldg.---------------------building 大厦bls.----------------------Bales 包, barrels 桶bot. ; bott. ; btl--------bottle 瓶br.-----------------------brand 商标; 牌Brkge.--------------------breakage 破碎brls.---------------------barrels 桶; 琵琶桶b/s-----------------------bags; bales 袋; 包btl.----------------------bottle 瓶bu.-----------------------bushel 蒲式耳bx.-----------------------box 箱bxs.----------------------boxes 箱(复数), 盒(复数)Bal.-----------------------Ballance 余额C组纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 CFR 成本加运费（……指定目的港）CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费价C&F（成本加运费）：COST AND FREIGHTC&F 成本加海运费COST AND FREIGHTCIF 成本、保险费加运费付至（……指定目的港）CIF 成本，保险加海运费COST，INSURANCE，FRIGHTCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHTCPT 运费付至（……指定目的港）CPT 运费付至目的地Carriage Paid ToCIP 运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地）CIP 运费、保险费付至目的地Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCOD: cash on delivery/collect on delivery 货到付款CCA: current cost accounting 现实成本会计Contract change authorization 合同更改批准Changed carriage advice 变更货运通知CY/CY 整柜交货（起点/终点）C.Y. 货柜场Container YardCY（码头）：CONTAINER YARDCFS（场）：CARGO FREIGHT STATIONC/D (customs declaration)报关单C．C．（运费到付）：COLLECTC.C 运费到付CollectC.C.O.V 价值,产地联合证明书CCPIT 中国国际贸易促进委员会CNTR NO. （柜号）：CONTAINER NUMBERC.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 C.S.C 货柜服务费Container Service ChargeC/(CNEE) 收货人ConsigneeC/O 产地证Certificate of OriginCAF 货币汇率附加费Currency Adjustment FactorCFS 散货仓库Container Freight StationCFS/CFS 散装交货（起点/终点）CHB 报关行Customs House BrokerCOMM 商品CommodityCTNR 柜子Containerc/- (or c/s)---------------cases 箱ca.; c/s; cs.--------------case or cases 箱C.A.D.; C/D----------------cash against documents 付款交单C.A.F.---------------------Cost，Assurance, Freight---------------------------(=C.I.F.) 成本加保费. 运费价canc.----------------------cancel, cancelled，cancellation取消; 注销canclg.--------------------cancelling 取消; 注销cat.-----------------------catalogue 商品目录C/B------------------------clean bill 光票C.B.D.---------------------cash before delivery 先付款后交单c.c.-----------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米；立方公分c.c.-----------------------carbon copy 复写纸；副本（指复写纸复印的）C.C.-----------------------Chamber of Commerce 商会C.C.I.B.-------------------China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中国商品检验局C/d------------------------carried down 转下cent-----------------------centum(L.) 一百Cert. ; Certif.------------certificate ; certified 证明书; 证明c.f.-----------------------Cubic feet 立方英尺纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 C/f------------------------Carried forward 接后; 结转(下页)cf.------------------------confer 商议; Compare 比较CFS; C.F.S.----------------Container Freight Station 集装箱中转站; 货运站Cg.------------------------Centigramme 公毫C.G.A.---------------------Cargo's proportion of General Average 共同海损分摊额cgo.-----------------------cargo 货物chges.---------------------charges 费用Chq.-----------------------Cheque支票C.I.-----------------------Certificate of Insurance 保险凭证;---------------------------Consular Invoice 领事发票; 领事签证C.I.F. & C.----------------Cost lnsurance Freight & Commission 成本. 保险费加运费. 佣金价格C.I.F. & E.----------------Cost Insurance Freight & Exchange 成本. 保险费 . 运费加汇费的价格C.I.F. & I-----------------Cost Insurance Freight & Interest 成本. 保险费. 运费加利息的价格C.I.O.---------------------Cash in Order; Cash with order 订货时付款cks.-----------------------casks 桶cl.------------------------class; clause 级; 条款; 项CLP------------------------Container Load Plan 集装箱装箱单cm-------------------------centimetre 厘米; 公分cm2------------------------square centimetre 平方厘米; 平方公分cm3------------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分CMB------------------------国际公路货物运输条约CMI------------------------Comit'e Maritime International 国际海事委员会c/n------------------------cover note 暂保单; 预保单CNC------------------------新集装箱运输Co.------------------------Company 公司c/o------------------------care of 转交C/O ; c.o.-----------------Certificate of origin 产地证明书纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 c.o.d. ,C.O.D.-------------Cash on delivery or Collection delivery 货到付款COFC-----------------------Container on Flat Car 平板车装运集装箱Com.-----------------------Commission 佣金Con.inv.-------------------Consular invoice 领事签证发票Cont. ; Contr.-------------Contract 合同; 合约Contd.---------------------Cotinued 继续; 续(上页)Contg.---------------------containing 内容Corp. ; Corpn. ; cor.------corporation 公司; 法人C/P ; c. py.---------------charter party 租船契约C.Q.D.---------------------Customary Quick Despatch 按习惯速度装卸Cr.------------------------Credit 贷方; 信用证; Creditor 债权人Crt.-----------------------crate 板条箱Ct.------------------------Cent 人; Current 当前; 目前Credit---------------------贷方; 信用证C.T.D.---------------------Combined transport document 联合运输单据CT B/L---------------------Combined transport bill of Iading 联合运输提单C.T.O.---------------------Combined transport operator 联合运输经营人cu. cm. ; cb. cm-----------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分cu. in. ; cb. in.----------cubic inch 立方寸cu.m. ; cb. m.-------------cubic metre 立方米; 立方公尺cu.ft. ; cb.ft.------------cubic foot 立方英尺cur. ;---------------------Curt current (this month) 本月cur.-----------------------currency 币制cu.yd. ; cb. yd.-----------cubic yard 立方码C.W.O.---------------------cash with order 订货时付款c.w.t. ; cwt.--------------hundredweight 英担(122磅)CY-------------------------Container Yard 集装箱堆场纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 D组DDU: delivery duty unpaid 未完税交货DDP: delivery duty prepaid 完税交货DAF 边境交货（……指定地点）DAF 边境交货Delivered At FrontierDES 目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DES 目的港船上交货Delivered Ex ShipDEQ 目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DEQ 目的港码头交货Delivered Ex QuayDDU 未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty UnpaidDDC、IAC 直航附加费，美加航线使用DDC 目的港码头费Destination Delivery ChargeDL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元D/P(document against payment)付款交单D/P 付款交单Document Against PaymentDOC (document)文件、单据DOC（文件费）：DOCUMENT CHARGEDoc# 文件号码Document NumberD/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单D/A 承兑交单Document Against AcceptanceDOZ/DZ(dozen)一打D/O 到港通知Delivery OrderDDC: destination distribution charge 目的分送费DOC: Direct Operating Cost 直接操作费纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 E组EXW 工厂交货（……指定地点）Ex 工厂交货Work/ExFactoryETA（到港日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVALETD（开船日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF DELIVERYETC（截关日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF CLOSINGEBS、EBA 部分航线燃油附加费的表示方式，EBS一般是澳洲航线使用，EBA一般是非洲航线、中南美航线使用EXP（export)出口EA(each)每个，各EPS 设备位置附加费Equipment Position SurchargesF组FCA 货交承运人（……指定地点）FCA 货交承运人Free CarrierFAS 船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货Free On BoardFOB （离岸价）：FREE ON BOARDCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHTFCL（整箱货）：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADFCL 整柜Full Container LoadFAF 燃油价调整附加费（日本航线专用）FAF 燃料附加费Fuel AdjustmentFactorFAC(facsimile)传真纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 Form A ---产地证（贸易公司）F/F 货运代理Freight ForwarderFAK 各种货品Freight All KindFAS 装运港船边交货Free Alongside ShipFeeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40…柜型Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40‟FMC 联邦海事委员会Federal Maritime CommissionFIO是FREE IN AND OUT的意思，指船公司不付装船和卸船费用FIOST条款,指船公司不负责装,卸,平舱,理舱FI是FREE IN的意思，指船公司不付装FO是FREE OUT的意思，同理指船公司不付卸FAS: free alongside ship 启运港船边交货F/P: fire policy 火灾保险FOC: free of charges 免费FOD: free of damage 损坏不赔FOI: free of interest 无息FOP: free on plane 飞机上交货FOQ: free on quay 码头交货F/D: free docks 码头交货FAA: free of all average 全损赔偿FOR: free on rail 铁路交货（价）FOT: free on truck 货车上交货（价）F.O.: free out 船方不负责卸货费用F/L: freight list 运费单，运价表G组纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 GRI 综合费率上涨附加费，一般是南美航线、美国航线使用GRI 全面涨价General RateIncreaseG.W.(gross weight)毛重G.W.(gross weight)毛重G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制H组HB/L（货代提单）：HOUSE BILL OF LADINGHBL 子提单House B/LH/C 代理费Handling ChargeIRR: internal rate of return 内部收益率(IRR—irregular report 异常报告)LCL（拼箱货）：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOADMAWB: master airway bill 主提单HAWB: house airway bill 分提单I 组IFA 临时燃油附加费，某些航线临时使用INT（international)国际的INV (invoice)发票IMP(import)进口I/S 内销售Inside SalesIA 各别调价Independent ActionIATA: International Air Transport Association 国际航空输运协会J 组JP---代表“日元”L组FCL（整箱货）：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL（拼箱货）：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL 拼柜Less Than Container LoadL/C （letter of credit)信用证L/C 信用证Letter of CreditLand Bridge 陆桥M 组纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181MB/L 主提单Master Bill Of LoadingMIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度M/V（merchant vessel)商船MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨M/T 尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）Measurement TonMAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的MLB 小陆桥，自一港到另一港口Minni Land BridgeMother Vessel 主线船MTD 多式联运单据Multimodal Transport DocumentN组NOVCC（无船承运人）：NON VESSEL OPRERATING COMMON CARRIERNVOCC 无船承运人Non Vessel OperatingCommon CarrierN.W.(net weight)净重N/F 通知人NotifyO组O/F 海运费Ocean FreightO/F（海运费）：OCEAN FREIGHTORC（广东地区原产地收货费）：ORIGINAL RECEIVING CHARGEOB/L（海运提单）：OCEAN BILL OF LADINGOBL 海运提单Ocean (or original )B/LORC 本地出口附加费，和SPS类似，一般在华南地区使用ORC 本地收货费用（广东省收取）Origen Recevie ChargesOCP 货主自行安排运到内陆点Overland Continental PointOP 操作OperationP组POD 目地港Port Of DestinationPOL 装运港Port Of LoadingPSS 旺季附加费Peak Season SuchargesPSS（旺季附加费）：PEAK CEASON SURCHARGEPSS 旺季附加费，大多数航线在运输旺季时可能临时使用REF （reference)参考、查价RMB（renminbi)人民币PR或PRC(price) 价格P/P（运费预付）：FREIGHT PREPAID纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181PCS 港口拥挤附加费，一般是以色列、印度某些港口及中南美航线使用PCS 港口拥挤附加费Port Congestion SurchargePTF 巴拿马运河附加费，美国航线、中南美航线使用PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表PCT (percent)百分比PUR (purchase)购买、购货S组S/O（订舱单）：SHIPPING ORDERS/O 装货指示书Shipping OrderSEAL NO. （铅封号）S/C（sales contract)销售确认书S/C 售货合同Sales ContractSC 服务合同Service ContractSTL.(style)式样、款式、类型SPS 上海港口附加费（船挂上港九区、十区）S.S(steamship)船运S/M （shipping marks)装船标记S/(Shpr) 发货人ShipperS/R 卖价Selling RateS/S Spread Sheet Spread SheetSSL 船公司Steam Ship LineSDR special drawing rights 特别提款权SIL: shipper‟s instruction letter 委托书SOP: standard operating procedure 标准操作程序/标准运作规程T组THC（码头费）：TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGETHC 码头操作费（香港收取) Terminal Handling ChargesT/T（电汇）：TELEGRAM TRANSITT/T 航程Transit TimeT/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇T.O.C 码头操作费Terminal Operations OptionT.R.C 码头收柜费Terminal Receiving ChargeT/S 转船，转运Trans-ShipTVC/ TVR 定期定量合同Time Volume Contract/ RateTEU 20…柜型Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit 20‟TTL 总共Total纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181 TACT: the Air Cargo Tariff 航空货物运价手册V组VESSEL/VOYAGE（船名/航次）VOCC 船公司Vessel Operating Common Carrier32 PCT (percent)百分比W组W (with)具有WT(weight)重量W/T 重量吨(即货物收费以重量计费) Weight Tonw/o(without)没有W/M 即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费Weight or Measurement ton33 REF （reference)参考、查价Y组YAS 日元升值附加费（日本航线专用）YAS 码头附加费Yard SurchargesHS-Code 海关编码即HS编码，为编码协调制度的简称The Harmonization Code补充：-------------------进出口贸易----------------------出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission装运港portof shipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price目的港portof destination零售价retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice国际市场价格world (International)Marketprice离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insurance and freighte--------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered shep)交货时间time of delivery定程租船voyage charter;纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper,consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original BL选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment在......(时间）分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent订货；订购book; booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid; bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价) offer发实盘offer firm询盘（询价）inquiry;enquiry---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------指示性价格price indication纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply** 限* *复到subject to reply reaching here** 有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till** 购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to sellers confirmation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------(拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade（又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency; exclusive agent-------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality原样original sample规格specifications纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181说明description对等样品countersample标准standard type参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet公差tolerance货号article No.花色（搭配）assortment样品sample增减plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty仲裁arbitration不可抗力force Majeure仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quanlity重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)**商品检验局**commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number净重net weight容积capacity毛作净gross for net体积volume皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreign exchange纵横随心邮------外贸企业邮箱第一品牌 4006-99-1181外币foreign currency法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par纸币制度paper money system国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation。

外贸缩写词

A组A.R-------------All Risks 一切险ANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定Asia NorthAmerica EastboundRate AWB: airway bill 空运提单ATTN------------attentiona/c----------------account no.AWB-------------airway billB组B.D.I-------------------Both Days Inclusive 包括头尾两天BAF 燃油附加费Bunker Adjustment FactorBAF 燃油附加费，大多数航线都有，但标准不一。

B/L 海运提单Bill of LadingB/ldg.--------------------B/L Bill of Lading 提单Bs/L----------------------Bills of Lading 提单(复数)B/R 买价Buying RateBal.----------------------Balance 差额bar. or brl.--------------barrel 桶; 琵琶桶B.B. clause---------------Both to blame collision clause 船舶互撞条款B/C-----------------------Bills for collection 托收单据B.C.----------------------before Christ 公元前b.d.----------------------brought down 转下B.D.----------------------Bank draft 银行汇票Bill Discounted--------- 贴现票据b.d.i.--------------------both dates inclusive 包括首尾两日bdle. ; bdl.--------------bundle 把; 捆b.e. ; B/E ; B. EX.-------Bill of Exchange 汇票B.f.----------------------Brought forward 接下页B/G-----------------------Bonded goods 保税货物bg. ; b/s-----------------bag(s) 袋bkg.----------------------backing 银行业务bkt.----------------------basket 篮; 筐bl.; bls.-----------------bale(s) 包Blading-------------------Bill of Lading 提单bldg.---------------------building 大厦bls.----------------------Bales 包, barrels 桶bot. ; bott. ; btl--------bottle 瓶br.-----------------------brand 商标; 牌Brkge.--------------------breakage 破碎brls.---------------------barrels 桶; 琵琶桶b/s-----------------------bags; bales 袋; 包btl.----------------------bottle 瓶bu.-----------------------bushel 蒲式耳bx.-----------------------box 箱bxs.----------------------boxes 箱(复数), 盒(复数)Bal.-----------------------Ballance 余额C组CFR 成本加运费（……指定目的港）CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费价C&F（成本加运费）：COST AND FREIGHTC&F 成本加海运费COST AND FREIGHTCIF 成本、保险费加运费付至（……指定目的港）CIF 成本，保险加海运费COST，INSURANCE，FRIGHTCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT CPT 运费付至（……指定目的港）CPT 运费付至目的地Carriage Paid ToCIP 运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地）CIP 运费、保险费付至目的地Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCOD: cash on delivery/collect on delivery 货到付款CCA: current cost accounting 现实成本会计Contract change authorization 合同更改批准Changed carriage advice 变更货运通知CY/CY 整柜交货（起点/终点）C.Y. 货柜场Container YardCY（码头）：CONTAINER YARDCFS（场）：CARGO FREIGHT STATIONC/D (customs declaration)报关单C．C．（运费到付）：COLLECTC.C 运费到付CollectC.C.O.V 价值,产地联合证明书CCPIT 中国国际贸易促进委员会CNTR NO. （柜号）：CONTAINER NUMBERC.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱C.S.C 货柜服务费Container Service ChargeC/(CNEE) 收货人ConsigneeC/O 产地证Certificate of OriginCAF 货币汇率附加费Currency Adjustment FactorCFS 散货仓库Container Freight StationCFS/CFS 散装交货（起点/终点）CHB 报关行Customs House BrokerCOMM 商品CommodityCTNR 柜子Containerc/- (or c/s)---------------cases 箱ca.; c/s; cs.--------------case or cases 箱C.A.D.; C/D----------------cash against documents 付款交单C.A.F.---------------------Cost，Assurance, Freight---------------------------(=C.I.F.) 成本加保费. 运费价canc.----------------------cancel, cancelled，cancellation取消; 注销canclg.--------------------cancelling 取消; 注销cat.-----------------------catalogue 商品目录C/B------------------------clean bill 光票C.B.D.---------------------cash before delivery 先付款后交单c.c.-----------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米；立方公分c.c.-----------------------carbon copy 复写纸；副本（指复写纸复印的）C.C.-----------------------Chamber of Commerce 商会C.C.I.B.-------------------China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中国商品检验局C/d------------------------carried down 转下cent-----------------------centum(L.) 一百Cert. ; Certif.------------certificate ; certified 证明书; 证明c.f.-----------------------Cubic feet 立方英尺C/f------------------------Carried forward 接后; 结转(下页)cf.------------------------confer 商议; Compare 比较CFS; C.F.S.----------------Container Freight Station 集装箱中转站; 货运站Cg.------------------------Centigramme 公毫C.G.A.---------------------Cargo's proportion of General Average 共同海损分摊额cgo.-----------------------cargo 货物chges.---------------------charges 费用Chq.-----------------------Cheque支票C.I.-----------------------Certificate of Insurance 保险凭证;---------------------------Consular Invoice 领事发票; 领事签证C.I.F. & C.----------------Cost lnsurance Freight & Commission 成本. 保险费加运费. 佣金价格C.I.F. & E.----------------Cost Insurance Freight & Exchange 成本. 保险费 . 运费加汇费的价格C.I.F. & I-----------------Cost Insurance Freight & Interest 成本. 保险费. 运费加利息的价格C.I.O.---------------------Cash in Order; Cash with order 订货时付款cks.-----------------------casks 桶cl.------------------------class; clause 级; 条款; 项CLP------------------------Container Load Plan 集装箱装箱单cm-------------------------centimetre 厘米; 公分cm2------------------------square centimetre 平方厘米; 平方公分cm3------------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分CMB------------------------国际公路货物运输条约CMI------------------------Comit'e Maritime International 国际海事委员会c/n------------------------cover note 暂保单; 预保单CNC------------------------新集装箱运输Co.------------------------Company 公司c/o------------------------care of 转交C/O ; c.o.-----------------Certificate of origin 产地证明书c.o.d. ,C.O.D.-------------Cash on delivery or Collection delivery 货到付款COFC-----------------------Container on Flat Car 平板车装运集装箱Com.-----------------------Commission 佣金Con.inv.-------------------Consular invoice 领事签证发票Cont. ; Contr.-------------Contract 合同; 合约Contd.---------------------Cotinued 继续; 续(上页)Contg.---------------------containing 内容Corp. ; Corpn. ; cor.------corporation 公司; 法人C/P ; c. py.---------------charter party 租船契约C.Q.D.---------------------Customary Quick Despatch 按习惯速度装卸Cr.------------------------Credit 贷方; 信用证; Creditor 债权人Crt.-----------------------crate 板条箱Ct.------------------------Cent 人; Current 当前; 目前Credit---------------------贷方; 信用证C.T.D.---------------------Combined transport document 联合运输单据CT B/L---------------------Combined transport bill of Iading 联合运输提单C.T.O.---------------------Combined transport operator 联合运输经营人cu. cm. ; cb. cm-----------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分cu. in. ; cb. in.----------cubic inch 立方寸cu.m. ; cb. m.-------------cubic metre 立方米; 立方公尺cu.ft. ; cb.ft.------------cubic foot 立方英尺cur. ;---------------------Curt current (this month) 本月cur.-----------------------currency 币制cu.yd. ; cb. yd.-----------cubic yard 立方码C.W.O.---------------------cash with order 订货时付款c.w.t. ; cwt.--------------hundredweight 英担(122磅)CY-------------------------Container Yard 集装箱堆场D组DDU: delivery duty unpaid 未完税交货DDP: delivery duty prepaid 完税交货DAF 边境交货（……指定地点）DAF 边境交货Delivered At FrontierDES 目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DES 目的港船上交货Delivered Ex ShipDEQ 目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DEQ 目的港码头交货Delivered Ex QuayDDU 未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty UnpaidDDC、IAC 直航附加费，美加航线使用DDC 目的港码头费Destination Delivery ChargeDL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元D/P(document against payment)付款交单D/P 付款交单Document Against PaymentDOC (document)文件、单据DOC（文件费）：DOCUMENT CHARGEDoc# 文件号码Document NumberD/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单D/A 承兑交单Document Against AcceptanceDOZ/DZ(dozen)一打D/O 到港通知Delivery OrderDDC: destination distribution charge 目的分送费DOC: Direct Operating Cost 直接操作费E组EXW 工厂交货（……指定地点）Ex 工厂交货Work/ExFactoryETA（到港日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVALETD（开船日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF DELIVERYETC（截关日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF CLOSINGEBS、EBA 部分航线燃油附加费的表示方式，EBS一般是澳洲航线使用，EBA一般是非洲航线、中南美航线使用EXP（export)出口EA(each)每个，各EPS 设备位置附加费Equipment Position SurchargesF组FCA 货交承运人（……指定地点）FCA 货交承运人Free CarrierFAS 船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货Free On BoardFOB （离岸价）：FREE ON BOARDCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHTFCL（整箱货）：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADFCL 整柜Full Container LoadFAF 燃油价调整附加费（日本航线专用）FAF 燃料附加费Fuel AdjustmentFactorFAC(facsimile)传真Form A ---产地证（贸易公司）F/F 货运代理Freight ForwarderFAK 各种货品Freight All KindFAS 装运港船边交货Free Alongside ShipFeeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40…柜型Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40‟FMC 联邦海事委员会Federal Maritime CommissionFIO是FREE IN AND OUT的意思，指船公司不付装船和卸船费用FIOST条款,指船公司不负责装,卸,平舱,理舱FI是FREE IN的意思，指船公司不付装FO是FREE OUT的意思，同理指船公司不付卸FAS: free alongside ship 启运港船边交货F/P: fire policy 火灾保险FOC: free of charges 免费FOD: free of damage 损坏不赔FOI: free of interest 无息FOP: free on plane 飞机上交货FOQ: free on quay 码头交货F/D: free docks 码头交货FAA: free of all average 全损赔偿FOR: free on rail 铁路交货（价）FOT: free on truck 货车上交货（价）F.O.: free out 船方不负责卸货费用F/L: freight list 运费单，运价表G组GRI 综合费率上涨附加费，一般是南美航线、美国航线使用GRI 全面涨价General RateIncreaseG.W.(gross weight)毛重G.W.(gross weight)毛重G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制H组HB/L（货代提单）：HOUSE BILL OF LADINGHBL 子提单House B/LH/C 代理费Handling ChargeIRR: internal rate of return 内部收益率(IRR—irregular report 异常报告) LCL（拼箱货）：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOADMAWB: master airway bill 主提单HAWB: house airway bill 分提单I 组IFA 临时燃油附加费，某些航线临时使用INT（international)国际的INV (invoice)发票IMP(import)进口I/S 内销售Inside SalesIA 各别调价Independent ActionIATA: International Air Transport Association 国际航空输运协会J 组JP---代表“日元”L组FCL（整箱货）：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL（拼箱货）：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL 拼柜Less Than Container LoadL/C （letter of credit)信用证L/C 信用证Letter of CreditLand Bridge 陆桥M 组MB/L 主提单Master Bill Of LoadingMIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度M/V（merchant vessel)商船MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨M/T 尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）Measurement TonMAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的MLB 小陆桥，自一港到另一港口Minni Land BridgeMother Vessel 主线船MTD 多式联运单据Multimodal Transport DocumentN组NOVCC（无船承运人）：NON VESSEL OPRERATING COMMON CARRIER NVOCC 无船承运人Non Vessel OperatingCommon CarrierN.W.(net weight)净重N/F 通知人NotifyO组O/F 海运费Ocean FreightO/F（海运费）：OCEAN FREIGHTORC（广东地区原产地收货费）：ORIGINAL RECEIVING CHARGEOB/L（海运提单）：OCEAN BILL OF LADINGOBL 海运提单Ocean (or original )B/LORC 本地出口附加费，和SPS类似，一般在华南地区使用ORC 本地收货费用（广东省收取）Origen Recevie ChargesOCP 货主自行安排运到内陆点Overland Continental PointOP 操作OperationP组POD 目地港Port Of DestinationPOL 装运港Port Of LoadingPSS 旺季附加费Peak Season SuchargesPSS（旺季附加费）：PEAK CEASON SURCHARGEPSS 旺季附加费，大多数航线在运输旺季时可能临时使用REF （reference)参考、查价RMB（renminbi)人民币PR或PRC(price) 价格P/P（运费预付）：FREIGHT PREPAIDP.P 预付PrepaidPCS 港口拥挤附加费，一般是以色列、印度某些港口及中南美航线使用PCS 港口拥挤附加费Port Congestion SurchargePTF 巴拿马运河附加费，美国航线、中南美航线使用PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表PCT (percent)百分比PUR (purchase)购买、购货S组S/O（订舱单）：SHIPPING ORDERS/O 装货指示书Shipping OrderSEAL NO. （铅封号）S/C（sales contract)销售确认书S/C 售货合同Sales ContractSC 服务合同Service ContractSTL.(style)式样、款式、类型SPS 上海港口附加费（船挂上港九区、十区）S.S(steamship)船运S/M （shipping marks)装船标记S/(Shpr) 发货人ShipperS/R 卖价Selling RateS/S Spread Sheet Spread SheetSSL 船公司Steam Ship LineSDR special drawing rights 特别提款权SIL: shipper‟s instruction letter 委托书SOP: standard operating procedure 标准操作程序/标准运作规程T组THC（码头费）：TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGETHC 码头操作费（香港收取) Terminal Handling ChargesT/T（电汇）：TELEGRAM TRANSITT/T 航程Transit TimeT/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇T.O.C 码头操作费Terminal Operations OptionT.R.C 码头收柜费Terminal Receiving ChargeT/S 转船，转运Trans-ShipTVC/ TVR 定期定量合同Time Volume Contract/ RateTEU 20…柜型Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit 20‟TTL 总共TotalT或LTX或TX(telex)电传TACT: the Air Cargo Tariff 航空货物运价手册V组VESSEL/VOYAGE（船名/航次）VOCC 船公司Vessel Operating Common Carrier32 PCT (percent)百分比W组W (with)具有WT(weight)重量W/T 重量吨(即货物收费以重量计费) Weight Tonw/o(without)没有W/M 即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费Weight or Measurement ton33 REF （reference)参考、查价Y组YAS 日元升值附加费（日本航线专用）YAS 码头附加费Yard SurchargesHS-Code 海关编码即HS编码，为编码协调制度的简称The Harmonization Code 附加：出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission装运港portof shipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price目的港portof destination零售价retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice国际市场价格world (International)Marketprice离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insurance and freighte --------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered shep)交货时间time of delivery定程租船voyage charter;装运期限time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper,consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original BL选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment在......(时间）分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent订货；订购book; booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid; bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价) offer发实盘offer firm询盘（询价）inquiry;enquiry---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------指示性价格price indication速复reply immediately参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply** 限* *复到subject to reply reaching here** 有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till** 购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to sellers confirmation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation ------------------贸易方式------------------------(拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade （又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency; exclusive agent -------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality原样original sample规格specifications复样duplicate sample说明description对等样品countersample标准standard type参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet公差tolerance货号article No.花色（搭配）assortment样品sample增减plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty仲裁arbitration不可抗力force Majeure仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quanlity重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)**商品检验局**commodity inspection bureau (*.C.I.B)品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number净重net weight容积capacity毛作净gross for net体积volume皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreign exchange法定贬值devaluation外币foreign currency法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par纸币制度paper money system国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation。

ug加工中英文对照

ug 加工中英文对照表Aactivation range 自动进刀范围add transition points增加转换点addarcs 加圆弧additional passes 附加轨迹allow oversize tool 允许偏大刀具append 追加approach 趋近刀轨approach maker 趋近标记approach maker 趋近标记arc center probe 探头弧心area milling 区域铣削at angle to ds 与驱动面成角度at angle to ps 与零件面成角度auxfun 辅助功能avoid 避让avoidance geometry 避让几何体away from line 远离参考线away from point 远离参考点Bbandwidth 带宽barrel cutter 鼓形刀blank boundary 毛坯边界blank distance 毛坯距离blank geometry 毛坯几何体blank stock 主坯余量blank 毛坯block 块（程序块）blind hole 盲孔boundary face center 边界面的中心bottom regions 底面区域boundaries 边界boundary approximation 边界近似(增加沿边界优削刀轨) boundary face 边界面boundary 边界break chip 断削钻Ccavity型腔cavity layout型腔模布局cam customization cam 用户化cam object cam 对象case 情形cavity mill 型腔铣cclw 逆时针check boundary 检查边界check geometry 检查几何体circular feed rate compensatiori 圆弧进给速度补偿circular-perp to ta 在垂直于刀具的平面输出圆弧插补circular-par to ta 在平行于刀具的平面输出圆弧插补clamp 夹紧cleanup geometry 清理几何体cleanup corners 清理拐角clearance plane 安全平面climb cut 顺锐closed 封闭clsf actions 刀具位置源文件作用clsf manager 刀具位置源文件管理器clsf (cutter location source file)刀具位置源文件clw 顺时针cnc 计算机数字控制cone椎体cool 冷却core 型芯combine bodies构造实体collision check 碰撞检查concave comer 凹拐角configuration 配置constant 常量corner rough 轮廓粗加工contact (tool position)接触(刀具位置〉continuous path motion 连续刀轨运动control points 进刀控制点conventional cut 逆镜convex comer 凸拐角coolant off 冷却液关coolant on 冷却液开comer and feed rate control 拐角及其进给速度控制comer angle 拐角curve，directrix 曲线，准线curvel point drive 曲线和点驱动customizing 客户化custom command 自定义后处理命令cut angle 切削角cut area 切削区域cut depth 切削深度cut level 切削层cut method 切削方法cut order 切削顺序cut region 切削区域cut region start point 切削区域起始点cut step 切削步距cut 切削cutter compensation 刀具补偿cutter diameter compensation 刀具直径补偿cutter length compensation 刀具长度补偿cutting 切削参数cutting move 切削运动cycle definition events 固定循环定义事件cycle events 固定循环事件cycle move events 固定循环运动事件cycle parameter 固定循环参数cycle parameter set 固定循环参数组cycle 固定循环Ddatum axis创建基准轴datum plane创建基准面default 默认值definition file elements 定义文件要素definition file 定义文件depth first 深度优先depth offset 深度偏置display maching tool 显示机床directional steep 指向陡峭面drill 钻孔drilling tool 钻头drive curve lathe 驱动曲线车削drive method 驱动方法dual4axis on drive 双四轴于驱动面上dual 4axis on part 双四轴于零件面上dumb objects 关联对象dwell 暂停时间Eedge patch 边界修补edge blend边倒圆edit transition objects编辑转换对象ejector pin顶出杆eject pin post process剪堆杆encrypt output 加密输出end-of-path commands 刀轨结束命令engage l retract 进刀/退刀方法engage motion 进刀运动engage 进刀environment 环境ejector pin顶出杆eject pin post process剪堆杆event 事件event generator 事件生成器event handler 事件处理器exclude face 排除的面ext. tan 相切延伸Fface split分割体face milling 面铣削face milling area 表面区域铣face milling manual 表面手动铣fan 扇形f 缸 side 远侧feed per tooth 每齿进给量feed rate 进给速度fill填充fixhalf定模部分fit distance配合长度filter methods 过滤方法final retract 最终返刀finish path 精加工刀轨finish walls 精铣侧壁finish floor 精铣底面finish stock 最终余量first cut 切削的第一刀(进给量)fixed contour 固定轴曲面轮廓锐fixed depth 固定深度fl stck/min clr 零件底面余量/最小安全距离flip material 材料侧反向floor 底平面floor & island tops 底平面和各岛屿的顶面floor only 只切削底平面flow cut 清根切削format 定义坐标值、准备功能代码、进给速度、主轴转速等参数的数据格式follow boundary 遵循边界方向follow check geometry 遵循检查几何体形状follow periphery 遵循外轮廓形状follow pre-drill points 沿着预钻孔点follow start points 沿着起始点from marker 从标记点finish stock 最终余量free form 建曲面first cut 切削的第一刀(进给量)fixed contour 固定轴曲面轮廓铣fixed depth 固定深度fl stck/min clr 零件底面余量/最小安全距离flip material 材料侧反向floor 底平面floor & island tops 底平面和各岛屿的顶面floor only 只切削底平面flow cut 清根切削follow boundary 遵循边界方向follow check geometry 遵循检查几何体形状follow periphery 遵循外轮廓形状follow pre-drill points 沿着预钻孔点follow start points 沿着起始点from marker 从标记点Ggate desige浇口设计g codes g代码get design建立浇口generate 生成geometry 几何体geometry groups 几何体组geometry objects 几何体对象geometry view 几何体视图generate 生成geometry 几何体geometry groups 几何体组geometry objects 几何体对象geometry view 几何体视图general parameters 一般参数goto 转移到gouge check area 过切检查区域gouge check 过切检查graphical post processing module (gpm)图形后处理模块grooving tool 车槽刀group 组Hhelical 按螺旋线(斜坡进刀)hookup distance 连接间隙距离home position 机床的原点位置hole making 孔加工Iignore chamfers 忽略倒角ignore holes 忽略孔ignore islands 忽略岛屿insert desige内嵌件incremental side stock 侧余量增量inheritance 继承initial engage 初始进刀insert 插入internal engage 内部进刀internal retract 内部混刀interpolate 插补inward 向里ipw 处理中的工件island 岛屿Llathe cross-section 横切面(用于车削〉lathe finish 精车layer settings图层设置layout多腔模体布局lathe groove 车槽lathe rough 粗车lathe thread 车螺纹layer/layout 视图/布局lead and lag 前导角和后导角level first 水平优先levels at island tops 切削各岛屿的顶面libraries 库linear axis travel limits 各坐标轴的最大行程linear motion resolution 机床直线移动的最小步距linear only 只输出直线插补list 显示列表loop 循环load produc加载产品locating ring定位环Mmachine control 机床控制machine tool 机床参数（ug）machine control events 机床控制事件machine data file generator (mdfg)机床数据文件生成machine tool 机床machine tool kinematics 机床运动学machine tool motion control 机床运动控制machine tool type options 机床类型选项machine tool view 刀具视图machining method view 加工方法视图manufacturing 制造(加工〉manufacturing output manager 加工输出管理器material side 材料侧max concavity 最大凹度m codes m代码mcs (machine coordinate system)加工坐标系mdf (machine data file)机床数据文件method groups 方法组method 0 均 ects 方法对象mill area 铣削区域mill control 机床控制mill planar 平面铣mill contour 轮廓铣mill multi-axis 多轴铣mill user 自定义方式mill boundary 铣削边界mill geometry 铣削几何体milling tool 铣刀min clearance 最低安全平面min cut length 最小切削段长度minimum clearance 最小安全距离mlod csys 模具坐标系mord insert 模型嵌件mold base模架movehalf动模部分mold base 模架mirror throngh a plane通过平面镜像motion output 运动输出格式move events 运动事件move status 运动状态movement 运动形式multi-depth 多层切削Nnc (numerical control)数控n/c data definition nc数据格式near side 近侧no cycle 无固定循环non-cutting move 非切削运动non-steep 避让陡峭面non-steep face 非陡峭面normal to drive 与驱动法向一致normal to ds 与驱动面法向一致normal to part 与零件法向一致normal to ps 与零件面法向一致nurbs(non uniform rational b-spline) 才 i 三均匀有b Ooffset/gouge 刀具偏置过切检查omit 省略on (tool position)在刀具中心位置上on lines 按直线(斜坡进刀)on shape 按外形(斜坡进刀)on surface 在曲面上ont (operation navigation tool)操作导航工具open 开口other data elements 定义程序序号的起始值、增量以及跳过程序段的首字符operation objects 操作对象operation 操作operator message 操作者提示optimize 优化optional stop 选择性停止optional skip off 程序跳段结束optional skip on 程序跳段开始origin 原点output file validation 输出文件有效output circular record 输出圆孤output plane 输出插补平面output setting 输出参数（ug）outward 向外overlap distance 搭接距离Ppart material材料成份parting manager分型管理product body center 产品中心parallel to ps 平行于零件面parallel to ds 平行于驱动面parameter groups 参数组parent 父节点part boundary 零件边界part containment 零件包容part floor stock 零件底部余量part geometry 零件几何体part side stock 零件侧面余量part stock 零件余量pattern center 同 jl.'圆模式中 jl.' pattern 切削模式peck drill 啄式钻permanent boundary 永久边界planar mill 平面铣planar text 文本铣削planar profile 平面轮廓铣plunge milling 插铣pocket 内腔point to point motion 点到点运动point to point 点位加工post process 后置处理post files preview 后处理文件预览post prosessor 后置处理生成器power 功率pre-drill engage points 预钻孔进刀点pre-drill 预钻孔program & tool path 程序和刀轨参数（ug）preferences 预设置prefun 准备功能epare geometry 预加工几何体'eprocess 预处理profile 轮廓program groups 程序组program object 程序对象program order view 程序顺序视图program 程序叶 ds normal 沿驱动面法向投射叶 ps normal 沿零件面法向投射叶 ection vector 投射矢量dial cut 径向切削p angle 斜坡角度p down angle 向下斜坡角度p type 斜坡进刀类型Rramp up angle 向上斜坡角度range 切削范围range depth 切削范围深度rapid 快速进给速度rapto offset 快进偏置rcs (reference coordinate system)参考坐标系runner design 建立流道revolve旋转region connection 区域连接region sequencing 切削区域的顺序register number(刀具补偿)寄存器号reject 拒绝relative to drive 相对于驱动面relative to part 相对于零件面relative to vector 相对于矢量方向replay 重新显示reset from table 从表中重新设置rest milling 残料铣削restore 恢复值retract clearance 返刀安全高度retract motion 退刀运动retract 返刀return 刀具返回reverse boundary 反向边界方向rotate 旋转rough follow 跟随零件粗铣rough zigzag 往复式粗铣rough zig 单向粗铣rtrcto 退刀(到 c 距离)Ssafe clearance 安全距离same as drive path 与驱动轨迹刀具轴相同s crews螺钉scallop 残留高度seed face 种子面select head 选择主轴头sequence number 序列号sequential milling 顺序铣set modes 设置模式setup events 事件设置setup 设置shrinkage收缩率shop documentation 车间工艺文档sketch草图slowdowns 降速smart objects 相关联对象sprue bushing浇口套spindle off 主轴停止spindle on 主轴启动spindle speed 主轴转速spiral 螺旋驱动standard part标准件standard part manager标准件管理standard bore 标准镗standard bore，back 标准背镗standard bore，drag 标准镗快退standard bore，manual 标准镗锺手退刀standard bore，no drag 标准镗横向偏置后快退standard drill 标准钻削standard drill，break chip 标准钻削，断屑standard drill，csink 标准钻削，沉孔standard drill，deep 标准钻削，深孔standard drive 标准驱动铣standard tap 标准攻螺纹standard text 标准文本(输出〉start marker 起始点标记startup commands 启动命令steep angle 陡峭壁角度steep area 陡峭壁区域steep faces 陡峭壁面steep 陡峭壁step 步距(进给速度)step over 步距类型/方向step over 行距stock 余量stopping position 刀具停止位置sub operations 子操作sur face area 曲面区域(驱动)surface region 曲面区域(特征)surface speed 曲面表面切削速度swarf drive 直纹面驱动Ttangent to ds 相切于驱动面tangent to ps 相切于零件面tangential edge angle 相切边角tan to (tool position)相切(刀具位置)t-cutter t 形刀templates 模板templates posts data file 后处理模板数据菜单temporary boundary 临时边界temporary plane 临时平面the event generator 事件生成器the event generator 事件处理器thread milling 螺纹铣threading tool 螺纹车刀three point plane 三点(圆心)探测thru fixed pt 通过固定点thru hole 通孔tilt 倾角tolerances-intoljouttol 内公差/外公差tolerant machining 容错加工tool axis 刀具轴(刀轴)tool change 换刀tool change marker 换刀标记tool checker 刀具检测器tool diameter 刀具直径tool groups 刀具组tool holder 刀柄tool length compensation 刀具长度补偿tool objects 刀具对象tool path actions 刀轨动作tool path 刀位轨迹(刀轨)tool position 刀具位置tool preselect 刀具预选tool 刀具toward line 指向线toward point 指向点transfer method 转移方法traver 叫转移traverse interior edge 穿过内边缘traverse pattern 转移模式traversal feed rate 机床的最大进给速度triangle tolerance 三角形公差trim boundary 修剪边界trim geometry 修剪几何体turning tool 车刀turning 车削UUtilities 公用工程ugpost ug 后置处理器uncut regions 未切削区域undercut handing 底部切削处理user defined 用户定义user defined event (ude)用户定义事件Vvariable contour 可变轴曲面轮廓铣vericut 模拟切削veri points 验证点visualize 切削仿真Wwire edm 线切割work piece 成型镶件word 各代码及其格式word summary 各代码的数据类型word sequencing 各代码的顺序Zzlever profile 深度加工轮廓zlever corner 深度加工拐角。

R、L、C串并联电路的分析

导读
RFID关键技术之一——RFID防碰撞技术
问题：如何不让boggers与其他地下车辆相撞呢？
在读写器的数米之外放置一个MasterRangeProgrammingTag(MRPT)并按下自动调节按钮，读写器会一次跳出1米的距离去搜寻MRBT标签。一旦发现RFID标签，读写器将自动调整读距。标签的金属周围还有些低电量指示器，尽管电子标签里的电池能使用5年，但是在电池用完之前电池指示器会帮助管理者更换电池。
案例7-1 采矿又添新助手，RFID碰撞预警系统问世
在澳大利亚采矿业中，那些地下车辆、拖拉机或运输车辆都被称为boggers。可以想象这些车辆行驶在并非总是亮堂的隧道内，并且因为没有后视镜和侧视镜而限制了视力范围，十字路口处又不能提供能见度，无法知道有什么车辆会冲撞出来。漆黑的矿井里到处都可能有boggers横冲直撞。
图电阻元件的串联电路
一、单一元件串并联电路分析
则串联等效电阻为
RU I
R1 R2
R3
即多个电阻串联时的等效电阻等于串联的各电阻之和。若端口电压已知，则各电阻的电压分别为
U1
IR1
U R
R1
R1 R
U
U2
IR2
U R
R2
R2 R
U
U3IR3U R NhomakorabeaR3
R3 R
U
导读
RFID关键技术之一——RFID防碰撞技术
这些地下的车辆在配备了RFID公司的新型碰撞预警系统之后，可以安全地运行，即在通过矿井隧道的时候不用担心在这样混乱的周围环境里碰撞到其他的移动设备。
所有这些车辆都是重要的投资资本，如果boggers碰撞后，资金上损失的不仅是车辆，而且还有闲置资产，更不用说人身安全方面了。TELFER金矿在前两年有三辆巡视车辆被boggers压碎，每辆车损失了8万美元。

商务英语保险类

Insurance保险Insurance is a key issue in international trade. The transportation of goods from the seller to the buyer is generally over a long distance and it has to go through the procedure of transit, loading and unloading, storage, etc. These goods, both being imported and exported, are subject to damage or loss. So it is customary to insure the goods against risks of collision,leakage, pilferage, fire and storm, etc.The purpose of insurance is to provide compensation for those who suffer from loss or danger that may be icurred. Cargo insurance is now an indispensable part to the import and export practice. So it will make plain in a contract as to who will cover the insurance and bear the expenses.’买卖双方签订合同后，出口商备货装运。

在货物到达买方之前，可能牵涉到的环节是：买房将包装、装运要求发给卖方；买方催促装运，要求卖方提前或准时装运；卖方发出装船通知；卖方通知买方投保等。

不管是哪一种情况，一般在开头部分都会提及交易中的商品，再就具体情况提出自己的要求。

液滴碰撞水平壁面的最大铺展系数

2. 假设模型
2.1. 无纲量参数
将液滴碰撞水平壁面的过程分解成 3 个过程。并引入以下无纲量参数：铺展系数： β = r r0 比速度： U β = U R U 0 比能： Eβ = E ED 0 雷诺数： Re = 2r0 ρU 0 µ
2 γL 韦伯数： We = 2r0 ρU 0 2 2 gr0 付鲁德数： Fr = U 0
γL
即：
β1 =
1 2 因 r0 ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) ，可得 β1 ∈ , 。 2 3
1+
8 5 2 ( Bd + 1) − 3 3 4 + 2 Bd
(5)
2.3. 碰撞过程
过程 2 为液滴的碰撞过程。以圆柱状液滴底面圆心为零点，建立 r-h-θ 的柱坐标系，并假设： a) 在碰撞过程中液滴形状不发生变化； b) 碰撞过程中动能守恒，液滴的垂直速度 Uh 转化为水平速度 Ur； c) UH2 等于零时碰撞结束。根据圆柱体在不同方向上的体积微分可知：
Re
i
≈
1 Re0.25 3
2 = β max Re 2 5
( 7.6 + We1 2 )
We
∗ *
We
2
+ βV2 →0
3 ∗
2018
黄海梦[12]
3 4 3 4
We Re We Re
+ +
Re We
∗ *
β
4 max
+ 3 (1 − cos θα ) β max − (We + 12 ) β max + 8 = 0, V0 < V
2mγ L 1 mγ L 1 1 + mgH1 = + mgr0 ρ R1 2 ρ r0

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

L.A.R.A.和P.D.A.降落伞用户手册说明书

USER M ANUALL.A.R.A. A ND P.D.A. P ARACHUTESP.O. B ox 1548Lake E lsinore, C A 92595(951) 245-‐1734TABLE O F C ONTENTSContentsINTRODUCTION (2)WARRANTY I NFORMATION (3)PRODUCT W ARNING (4)PRODUCTS (5)L.A.R.A. S PECIFICATIONS (6)P.D.A. S PECIFICATIONS (7)REPAIRS (8)PACKING I NSTRUCTIONS (9)INTRODUCTIONFree F light E nterprises w as t he f irst t o d evelop e mergency r eserve p arachutes f or h ang g liding a nd paragliding. I n t he e vent o f a s tructural f ailure, m id-‐air c ollision, i rrecoverable c ollapse, o r a m edical emergency, y our e mergency r eserve i s y our l ast a nd b est c hance t o a void s erious i njury. F ree F light h as been m aking e mergency r eserve p arachutes s ince 1976, m anufacturing t he b est p roducts i n t he industry.WARRANTY I NFORMATIONNO W ARRANTY – D ISCLAIMER -‐ W AIVERDue t o t he u navoidable r isks a ssociated w ith t he u se o f t his p arachute e quipment, F ree F light Enterprises, I nc. m akes n o w arranty, e ither e xpressed o r i mplied. P arachute e quipment s old w ith a ll faults a nd w ithout a ny w arranty, m erchantability, o r f itness f or a ny p urpose.Free F light E nterprises, I nc. d isclaims a ny l iability i n t ort f or d amages, d irect o r c onsequential, i ncluding personal i njuries r esulting f rom a m alfunction o r f rom a d efect i n d esign, m anufacturing, m aterials, o r workmanship, w hether c aused b y n egligence o n t he p art o f F ree F light E nterprises, I nc. o r o therwise. Use o f a ny p arachute e quipment m anufactured o r s old b y F ree F light E nterprises, I nc., o r a llowing i ts use b y o thers, b uyers a nd/or u sers w aive a ny l iability o n t he p art o f F ree F light E nterprises, I nc. f or personal i njuries o r o ther d amages a rising f rom u se.The l iability o f F ree F light E nterprises, I nc. i s l imited t o r eplacement o f d efective p arts f ound u pon examination b y F ree F light E nterprises, I nc., a nd l imited t o d efective m aterials o r w orkmanship n ot caused b y a ccident, s triking, i mproper u se, a lteration, t ampering, e xcessive u se, m isuse, o r a buse. Product m ust b e r eturned w ithin 60 d ays o f p urchase.PRODUCT W ARNING!!WARNING!!1. P arachuting i s a h igh-‐risk a ctivity, w hich m ay c ause o r r esult i n s erious i njury o r d eath.2. P arachutes s ometimes m alfunction, e ven w ith p roper d esign, m anufacturing, a ssembly, p acking, maintenance, a nd u se. T he r esults o f s uch m alfunctions m ay r esult i n s erious i njury o r d eath.3. D o n ot p urchase o r u se a ny p arachute e quipment m anufactured o r s old b y F ree F light E nterprises, Inc. u nless y ou u nderstand a nd v oluntarily a ccept t hese r isks.4. D o n ot p urchase o r u se a ny p arachute e quipment m anufactured o r s old b y F ree F light E nterprises, Inc. u nless y ou h ave r ead, u nderstand, a nd a ccept t his W arning a nd t he N o W arranty-‐Disclaimer-‐Waiver.PRODUCTSOur p arachutes a re a vailable i n t wo d ifferent d esigns – t he P.D.A. (pulled d own a pex) a nd L.A.R.A. (Low Aspect R atio A nnular). T he P.D.A. d esign w as t he f irst i mprovement i n h ang g lider r eserves o ver t he older c onical p arachutes. T he P.D.A. h as a l ine c onnected t o t he p arachute a pex t hat p ulls d own t he apex, f lattens t he p arachute, a nd i ncreases i nflated d iameter. T his i ncreases d rag a nd r educes t he s ink rate, w hich g ives p erformance w ith a l ighter, l ess e xpensive c hute a nd a s maller p ack v olume.The L.A.R.A. t echnology t akes t he c oncept o ne-‐step f urther, u sing s pecially s haped g ores (the t riangular segments i n t he p arachute c anopy) t o b etter c ontrol t he i nflated s hape a nd f urther e nhances t he aerodynamic p erformance o f t he p arachute. A p roperly d esigned a nnular p arachute g ives t he l ightest parachute w eight a nd s mallest p ack v olume f or a g iven r ate o f d escent.There a re n o s tructural d ifferences b etween t he h ang g liding “HG” a nd p aragliding “PG” c anopies. Y ou may c onvert t he P G c anopy f or h ang g liding b y a dding a b ridle e xtension; h owever, w e s trongly recommend a p araswivel, w hich i s i ntegral o n t he H G c onfiguration. W ithout a p araswivel, a s pinning broken h ang g lider c an c lose t he c anopy b y t wisting t he b ridle a nd s hroud l ines.All h ang g liding p arachutes a re f itted w ith a 25-‐foot b ridle a nd a p araswivel c onnection b etween t he bridle a nd p arachute l ines. T he 25-‐foot b ridle e xtends b eyond t he g lider w ings s o t hat t he d eployment bag w ill r each c lear a ir b eyond t he g lider b efore t he l ines a re p ulled f rom t he d eployment b ag. T his reduces t he c hance o f e ntanglement w ith t he g lider. T he p araswivel p revents a s pinning o r r otating glider f rom t wisting u p t he p arachute l ines a nd c losing t he c anopy d uring d escent.All p aragliding p arachutes a re f itted w ith a 4-‐foot b ridle s o t hat t he p arachute c anopy w ill d eploy b elow the m ain p araglide c anopy. A p araswivel a ttachment i s o ptional.MODEL GORESITEMWEIGHT(LBS)DIAMETER(FT) SQ F TPILOTWEIGHTMAX (LBS)LINES, S USP,VENT,CENTER (LBS)BRIDLE /RISERBREAKINGSTRENGTH(LBS)L.A.R.A. 175, H G* 20 5.3 15.0 294.0 175NYLON400, 360,2000NYLON6,000L.A.R.A. 175 G OLD, H G* 20 4.7 15.0 294.0 175 SEPCTRA500, 500,2000KEVLAR6,000L.A.R.A. 175, P G 20 5.1 15.0 294.0 175NYLON400, 360,2000NYLON6,000L.A.R.A. 175 G OLD, P G 20 3.8 15.0 294.0 175 SEPCTRA500, 500,2000KEVLAR6,000L.A.R.A. 250, H G* 22 5.8 16.0 328.0 250NYLON400, 360,2000NYLON6,000L.A.R.A. 250 G OLD, H G* 22 4.7 16.0 328.0 250 SEPCTRA500, 500,2000KEVLAR6,000L.A.R.A. 250, P G 22 5.6 16.0 328.0 250NYLON400, 360,2000NYLON6,000L.A.R.A. 250 G OLD, P G 22 4.1 16.0 328.0 250 SEPCTRA500, 500,2000KEVLAR6,000L.A.R.A. 400, H G* 24 10.0 20.0 503.0 450NYLON400, 360,2000KEVLAR13,500L.A.R.A. 400 G OLD, H G* 24 7.8 20.0 503.0 450 SEPCTRA500, 500,2000KEVLAR13,500L.A.R.A. 400, P G 24 9.5 20.0 503.0 450NYLON400, 360,2000KEVLAR13,500L.A.R.A. 400 G OLD, P G 24 6.8 20.0 503.0 450 SEPCTRA500, 500,2000KEVLAR13,500*ADD 1 L B I N I TEM W EIGHT F OR T HE P ARASWIVEL O N T HE L.A.R.A. A ND P.D.A.MODEL GORESITEMWEIGHT(LBS)DIAMETER(FT) SQ F TPILOTWEIGHTMAX (LBS)LINES, S USP,VENT,CENTER (LBS)BRIDLE /RISERBREAKINGSTRENGTH(LBS)P.D.A. 20, H G* 20 5.0 18.4 238.0 250 250 L BS NYLON 6,000P.D.A. 20, P G 20 4.5 18.4 238.0 175 400 L BS NYLON 6,000P.D.A. 22, H G* 22 6.0 20.0 302.0 260 400 L BS NYLON 6,000P.D.A. 22, P G 22 5.5 20.0 302.0 230 400 L BS NYLON 6,000P.D.A. 24, H G* 24 8.5 21.9 336.0 350 360 L BS NYLON 9,800P.D.A. 24, P G 24 8.0 21.9 336.0 300 360 L BS NYLON 9,800*ADD 1 L B I N I TEM W EIGHT F OR T HE P ARASWIVEL O N T HE L.A.R.A. A ND P.D.A.REPAIRS•No m ajor r epairs o r a ny a lterations a re a uthorized. A ny r epairs d one i n t he f ield m ust b e o f a nature t hat n o d isassembly o f a ny p ortion o f t he c anopy i s r equired. A ny s uch m aintenancemust b e r eturned t o t he f actory.•A c ertificated s enior o r m aster p arachute r igger m ay d o r epairs s uch a s a s mall p atch (less t han 9” d imension o f t he l argest d amaged a rea). T he r epairs m ust b e d one i n a ccordance w ith t heprocedures i n t he P oynters P arachute M anual.•Repair d amage w ith a m aximum d imension o f 1/2" o r l ess u sing a s ingle i nside-‐patch m ade f rom MIL-‐C-‐44378 c loth, o r a n e quivalent. T he p atch s hall b e a m inimum o f 2" a nd f olded u nder a tedges 1/2” o n e ach s ide. S ew w ith a s ingle n eedle s ewing m achine 1/16” f rom e dge. U se a s ingle row, 301 s titch, 7-‐11 s.p.i., w ith V-‐T-‐295 T ype I I, C lass A, S ize E T hread, o verstitched a m inimum of 1/2". D o n ot r emove d amaged m aterial.•Repairs s hall b e l imited t o o ne p er g ore a nd t hree p er c anopy.PACKING I NSTRUCTIONS1. Thread a p iece o f s uspension l ine t hrough t he t abs a tthe c rown o f t he c anopy. S ee V iew 1.2. Tie t he e nds t ogether a nd f asten t o a t ensiondevice. S ee V iew 2.View 1View 23. Attach t he o ther e nd o f t he p arachute (at t he b ridle) t o t he o ther t ension d evice. S eparate t he l ine g roups (oneto e ach s ide o f t he c enterline a t t he b ridle). R un a f our-‐line c heck. S ee V iews 3 – 4.View 3View 44. Flake t he c anopy i n t he c onventional m anner. P lace h alf o f t he g ores o n e ach s ide. S traighten t he s kirt a nd f oldeach s ide 45 d egrees. S ee V iew 5.View 55.Dress e ach g ore a t t he c rown o f t he c anopy w ith y our h and. S ee V iew 6 – 7.View 6 View 76.Fold t he c anopy i n t hirds. T hen, f old a gain i nto f ifths, p lacing s hot b ags a s n eeded. S ee V iew 8 – 9.View 8 View 97.Pull t he c ontrol l ine f rom t he t abs a t t he c rown o f t he c anopy. S ee V iew 10. M ake s ure t o r emove c ontrol l ine p rior t opacking c anopy i nto t he d eployment b ag!View 108. Place t he c rown (or t op) o f t he c anopy i n t he d eploymentbag. S ee V iew 11.9. S-‐fold t he r emainder o f t he c anopy i nto t hedeployment b ag. S ee V iew 12.View 11View 1210. Close t he f irst f lap o f t he b ag a nd s tow t he s uspensionlines u sing r ubber b ands. M ake e ach s tow n o l onger t han 1”. S ee V iew 13.11. Using y our h and o r a f id w ith a n otch e nd, S -‐fold t hesuspension l ines i nto t he s ide p ouch. S ee V iew 14.View 13View 1412. Along w ith t he s uspension l ines, f old 2 f eet o f t he b ridleinto t he s ide p ouch. N ote t hat m ost o f t he b ridle s tays o n the o utside o f t he b ag. S ee V iew 15.13. Close t he o utside f lap, S -‐folding t he r est o f t he b ridleusing 1” s tows. S ee V iew 16.View 15 View 1614. Using t he m ethod a ppropriate f or t he h arness, p lace t he p acked p arachute i nto t he c ontainer.Safe a nd h appy g liding!。

轿车侧面柱碰撞和可变形壁障碰撞试验研究

64doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-2550.2023.06.013 收稿日期：2023-10-09轿车侧面柱碰撞和可变形壁障碰撞试验研究黄志刚，王立民，张山，闫肃军（中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司，天津300300）摘要：为研究侧面柱碰及侧面可变形壁障碰撞试验特点，选取某B级轿车分别进行了Euro-NCAP中侧面柱碰试验和C-NCAP侧面可变形壁障（AE-MDB）试验。

分析了车身加速度以及假人伤害特点，结果表明：侧面柱碰撞相比可变形壁障碰撞对乘员有更大的损伤风险，车身加速度更大，车身侵入量更大、局部变形更严重。

为减少侧面碰撞伤害，需要增加碰撞侧车身局部强度，避免小区域重叠刚性碰撞。

关键字：侧面柱碰；侧面可变形壁障碰撞；假人伤害；车身变形中图分类号：F407.471 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1005-2550（2023）06-0064-07Experimental Study on Side Pole Collision and DeformableBarrier Collision of CarHUANG Zhi-gang, WANG Li-min, ZHANG Shan, YAN Su-jun(China Automotive T echnology and Research Center Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China) Abstract: In order to study the characteristics of side pole impact and side deformable barrier impact test, a B-class car is selected to carry out the side pole impact test in Euro-NCAP and side deformable barrier (AE-MDB) test in C-NCAP . The characteristics of body acceleration and dummy injury are analyzed. The results show that compared with the deformable barrier collision, the side pole collision has a greater risk of injury to passengers for vehicle body acceleration, at the same time, the intrusion is greater and local deformation is more serious. In order to reduce the side impact damage, it is necessary to increase the local strength of the body at the side of collision to avoid small area overlapping rigid collision.Key Words: Side Pole Impact; AE-MDB; Dummy Injury; Vehicle Body Deformation引言汽车保有量的增加导致了汽车碰撞事故的增加，在各类碰撞事故中，侧面碰撞占到了事故总数的36%[1]。

Innovation with Integrity UHR-TOF MS 产品介绍说明书

Innovation with IntegrityUHR-TOF MSGet the full picture the first timeimpact IISensational Capabilities of impact IIOptimize your LC-MS methods withoutcompromising performance: impact II delivers thefull range of specified performance parameterssimultaneously to solve your analytical challenges.The Ultra-High Resolution (UHR) QTOF technologypioneered by Bruker once again defines thestandards of what can be achieved using accuratemass LC-MS/MS.New innovations in time-of-flight instrumentationare now available in a robust and market-leadingbenchtop system.Market LeadingSensitivityDual ion funnelIonBooster SourceCaptiveSpray nanoBoosterNew collision cell with broadmass transferRobust & QuantitativeOutstanding Hardware PerformanceEnhanced dynamic range50 Gbit/sec data sampling technology10 bit ADC technologyNew TOF with improved resolving powerDeepest insight into your sample Instant Expertise™ SoftwareIDAS™Intensity Dependent Acquisition SpeedRT2™RealTime Re-Think SmartFormula 3D™Easy-to-useYour Success with impact IIInstant Expertise™Intelligent self-optimizing MS/MS routines deliver expert-caliber results first time from your complex biomarker discovery or small molecule unknown screening experiments where spectral fidelity is key. This also includes de novo molecular formula deter-mination.Let the impact II achieve your goals in:Biomarker discovery and validation in proteomics and metabolomicsDrug metabolite, degradant and impurity identification and quantitation Synthetic chemistry supportIntact protein analysis and characterization of biopharmaceuticalsForensic and doping control Food and water testingAnd all in an economical and benchtop design.Dynamic range – five orders of magnitude50 GBit/sec sampling technology enables high Dynamic range acquisition on an LC timescale Greatly increased robustness to sample variation allowing reduced samplepretreatment especially desirable in high throughput quantitative applications. Definitive trace analysis from complex, high-background matrices makes your analytical work more productive. Increased dynamic range, excellentrobustness, and full sensitivity gives you the deepest insight into your sample and what might be hiding underneath.SensitivityOne shot plug & play acquisition with market leading standard sensitivity Ensuring qualitative and quantitative results in one LC run delivers fastest possible time-to-success. Whether running with standard ESI, ionBooster or even nano-flow separation coupled with the patented CaptiveSpray nano-Booster the impact II with its dual ion funnel delivers extreme sensitivity for best qualitative and quantitative results in one run.Full sensitivity resolutionHaving to choose between resolution and sensitivity on other instruments restricts the depth to which you can understand your sample. Instead of beam shaping, the impact II features a new time-of-flight tube with improved resolving power for optimized detection.Robustness And Simplicity – All Day, Every DayVersatilitySensitive mass transfer from smallest fragment ions to monoclonal antibodiesPatented dual Ion-Funnel:Ruggedness and sensitivityChoice of rugged and sensitive ion sources39.022941.03795001000150020002500Intens.3840424446m/z22002400260028003000320034003600Low mass fragment ion of vanillic acid precursor at 0.1mDa Mass accuracy Mass Spectrum obtained from intact Adalimumab which has a molecule weight of 148k Da“The robustness, sensitivity and spectral accuracy of the impact QTOF-MS has accelerated the process to identify unknowncompounds. This is an integral part of long-term goal to ‘sequence’ the Medicago truncatula metabolome”Professor Lloyd W. Sumner, Analytical Biochemistry Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Ardmore, OK, USASensitivityDeconvoluted mass: 148 kDaIn-spectrum dynamic range @ real LC speed –don’t miss low abundant peaks.195.087608219.106753+MS, 1.0min #550.00.26080100120140160180200220m/zCa ﬀeine 0.6ppm I = 9,230,400 countsUrea 0.8 ppm I = 52 counts1.7 x 105Much higher dynamic range in concentration reachableMarket-leading high-dynamic range 10 bit detection systemProductivity and….Robust proﬁ ling of large batches of complex biological samplesSimplicity: Fast and accurate acquisition of fragment spectraPeak shapes in urine sample remain constant:Instrument robustness enables comprehensive metabolic profiling studies of large sample sets.Looking at a selected compound: Phenylalanine. SmartFormula provides the correct molecular formula based on accurate mass and isotopic pattern fit: C 9H 12N 1O 2. Fully reproducible isotopic fidelity for phenylalanine across 100 samples injected – unambiguous molecular formula generation also for higher m/z values all day, every day.0,015,030,045,020406080100m S i g m aInjec ti on No.m S i g m a 897168169m/zppm mass accuracyisotopic patternigma = 4.4)0,015,030,045,020406080100m S i g m aInjec ti on No.m S i g m a 166.0863167.0897166167168169m/z-0.2 ppm mass accuracy True isotopic pattern (mSigma = 4.4)0,015,030,045,020406080100m S i g m aInjec ti on No.m S i g m a mSigma Value for phenylalanine in 100 urine samples measuredmSigma < 15= unambiguous molecular formula generation even for higher m/z values100 injections of human Urine sampleimpact II enables up to 50 Hz instrument scan speed combined with Instant Expertise TM software: All precursor ions fragmented in “one shot” acquisition of human urine sample spiked with vanillic acid.200400600800m/z246810Time [min]MS/MS Spectrum acquiredSeveral thousand high quality MS/MS spectra ready for spectral library searchThe low abundant target mass 169.0495 m/z of the vanillic acid precursor was fragmented successfully. Query in custom human metabolite MS/MS Library, provides correct identification. The library was generated in a different laboratory on a different impact QTOF instrument.…Versatility for OMICS researchIntact Protein Proﬁ lingThe combination of Isotopic fidelityand mass accuracy that makes theimpact II capable of delivering molecularformulae for metabolites is preservedover the mass range. Consequently,even proteins out of a complex mixture(here : overlapping compounds resolvedwith the Dissect™ algorithm in anE. coliextract) can be extracted and measuredwith an unrivalled mass accuracy and anexact isotopic pattern.Accurate Bottom-up proteomicsquantitationThe robustness of the impact II withits impressive dynamic range enablesaccurate quantitation. As an example theCV’s obtained for a selected subset of 10proteins out of 55 consecutive injectionsof an Hela Cell digest, separated with a90 min gradient and acquired with theInstant Expertise™ ID/Quant method:that illustrates the capabilities of theinstrument for label-free discoveryapproaches.Read more in Application NotesLCMS-81: “Introducing New ProteomicsAcquisiton Strategies with the compact™ –Towards the Universal Proteomics AcquisitionMethod“LCMS-89: “High quantification efficiency inplasma targeted proteomics with afull-capability discovery Q-TOF platform“Glycomics and GlycoproteomicsAn illustration of versatility. The impact IIaccurate mass and data for glycans andglycopeptide can be fully exploited inProtein Scape for screening, identificationand characterization operations.2934878910583477810150971943921099626741203711331116115591001713146106788692453638440576662281433867780519185723881614515671197611212521079060717921824475931610449231115512110983511820103429439687027541104102366532731811711448222995825951131085641306985642468101214Time [min]∆ppm/Theory (injec ti on 3)∆% abundancy/Theory (injec ti on3)0,30,60,2-0,60,2-2,2-0,06-0,50,011,9-0,020,0-0,02-1,2-0,0-0,8-0,2-0,5-0,10,1-0,20,50,3--0,10,3-0,10,10,0∆ppm/Theory (injec ti on 3)∆% abundancy/Theory (injec ti on3)∆Mr of monoisotopicpeak in 4 consecutiveinjections:1 : 0.08 ppm2 : -0.16 ppm3 : 0.04 ppm4 : 0.32 ppm510Peakareax1Peak area% CVIntact protein profiling: > 1000 proteoforms detected in 15 minQualitative and Quantitative Drug Metabolism CharacterizationMetabolite DetectionMetabolite Detect software compares the data file for the drug (in this case t 60) with the corresponding control sample.A base peak chromatogram of thedifference is created allowing metabolites m/z 354, 212 and even 392 to be easily observed.Drug and Metabolite Proﬁ lesIntegration is carried out on the EIC for the measured m/z of each metabolite +/- 0.005 Da. Plotting the ratio of metabolite to internal standard (MIS) vs. time produces the metaboliteprofiles. Half-life and clearance values are determined from the natural log (ln) of the drug profile vs time plot.Metabolite IDAuto MS/MS SpectrumSmartFormula3DFormula and Structure C 21H 18NOFCl212354376392 354FON+CY our Partner in Biopharmaceutical Analysiscomprehensive capabilities forRapidly and routinely acquiremonoisotopic antibody subunit data,in sequence confirmation and easydetection of heterogeneities.sequence variants with increasedMS/MS acquisition speed and widerdynamic range.Effective screening and quantitation ofSubunit analysis Comparison with reference material234202343023440m/z(mono) = 25442.5176Theore ti cal isotopes for Fd2410024110241202234002545025460Mr(mono) = 25442.5176 DaTheorem/z23400234102342023430254502547025480Mr(mono) =Theore ti cal isotopes for FdOne-Shot Full Picture of the Sample ...Full Sensitivity Resolution and highdynamic range are prerequisites to reach extreme low level of detection. High-resolution Extracted ionChromatogram identifying pesticides with full scan MS and bbCID acquisitionExcellent Isotopic fidelity at very low concentration levelDirect injection of 100 μl water: All analytes from 70 to 900 m/z are detected at 10 ng/l1st Isotope2nd Isotope3rd Isotope+MS 50 ppt Dimethoate C 5H 12N 1O 3P 1S 2 m/z 228.9996 err 0.55 mDa10 pptin single LC-TOF run. All analytes across the mass range from 70 to 900 m/z are detected. The new HDC collision cell with un-compromised mass-transfer and sensitivity allows for trace level residue screening, confirmation and quantitation.Example of Positive Amphetamine Finding at Trace Level AmphetamineAmphetamine (^13C)Amphetamine Fragm 119Amphetamine Fragm 913.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6Time [min]... for Rapid Profiling and Screening of UnknownsHigh resolution, accurate mass MS and bbCID MS/MS data acquisition enables rapid reaction to emerging challenges in food safety and doping even before reference standards are availableFacilitates retrospective in-silicoanalysis for post-hoc identification of true unknown contaminantsAccurate mass screening databases for Food Testing and Forensic ToxicologyFood /Water/Forensic sampleUHPLC impact IIOne shot qual /quant analysis with no method development MS, Total Ion CID, MSMSIdentification, confirmation, quantitation, ID of new compounds and reportingProcessing with highquality database In silico retrospective analysis of new targets“We use the Bruker impact QTOF with bbCID to attain enhanced sensitivity for drugs-of-abuse and designer drug screening in a forensic setting, covering critical low concentration compounds like THC acid, buprenorphine, LSD, and synthetic cannabinoids. The bbCID workflow has been carefully validated against spectral library comparison, and it has proven to deliver equal confidence, but with a much higher efficiency, significantly increasing our productivity. Our forensic screening method has now been accredited by the Finnish Accreditation Service” Dr. Anna Pelander, Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology at the University of HelsinkiExaAmphetamine Fragm 119Amphetamine Fragm 913.84.0 4.2 4.4 4.6Time [min]Comprehensive forensic drug scree-ning with maximum confidence in the results with impact II. Accurate mass measurement of ‘diagnostic ions’, including the pseudo-molecular ion,adducts, isotopes as well as broad band CID (bbCID) fragment ions reduces or eliminates false positive findings, even incomplex matrices such as serum. At trace levels, ‘buried in the grass’ at RT=4.3 minutes, diagnostic fragmentions m/z 119 and m/z 91 and the 13Cisotope for amphetamine are observed. Amphetamine is truly detected as posi-tive finding from the screening result.To facilitate comprehensive screening for hundreds of target compounds, theBruker ToxScreener™ and Pesticide Screener™ solutions are supported by high quality accurate mass databases, enabling users to readily process the data and obtain accurate, reliable scree-ning results.B r u k e r D a l t o n i c s i s c o n t i n u a l l y i m p r o v i n g i t s p r o d u c t s a n d r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h tt o c h a n g e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s w i t h o u t n o t i c e . © B D A L 06-2014, 1829433Bruker Daltonik GmbHBremen · GermanyPhone +49 (0)421-2205-0Fax +49 (0)421-2205-103*************Bruker Daltonics Inc.Billerica, MA · USA Fremont, CA · USAPhone +1 (978) 663-3660 Phone +1 (510) 683-4300Fax +1 (978) 667-5993 Fax +1 (510) 687-1217**************************@For research use only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.Dynamic Source ConfigurationIn addition to ESI sources, Bruker life science MS systems support a wide range of source options from Bruker and third-party vendors, all switchable within seconds.APCI with DIPAPPICaptiveSpray nanoBoosterCaptiveSpray™ nanoBoosterCaptiveSpray nanoBooster is the proteomics ion source that brings your MS to the nextperformance level – The operation is as easy as electrospray can be. The nanoBooster enables Glycoanalysis, supercharging and pushes up ID rates.ionBoosterThe ionBooster offers a 5–100x gain in sensitiv-ity for many compounds of interest in the fields of environmental analysis, food testing and therapeutic drug monitoring.APCIAtmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization is used in metabolomics as well as for drug or pes-ticide screening for less polar molecules where ESI fails to deliver reasonable quantities of ions.APPIAtmospheric Pressure Photo Ionization is used for less polar or non-polar molecules that can not be ionized in either ESI or APCI.DIPThe DirectProbe add-on for the Bruker APCI II and APPI II ion sources allows direct analysis of liquid and solid samples without tedious sample preparation.GC-APCI IIThe GC-APCI II source with unique flexible, heated transfer line and calibrant delivery enables GC coupling to any Bruker TOF orQTOF, trap or FTMS system originally designed for LC coupling.“We have been using the impact since almost a year for routine shotgun bottom up pro-teomics. In association with the CaptiveSpray nanoBooster, the instrument has provided an excellent level of sustainable performances, being capable of delivering untouchedperformances for over 6-8 weeks of 24/7 use. This is of tremendous importance for the success of our label-free measurement campaigns”Prof. Alain Van Dorsselaer, LSMBO, StrasbourgGC-APCI II。

微电子专业英语词汇

Abrupt junction 突变结[ə'brʌpt] 突然的；Accelerated testing 加速实验[ək'seləreitid] Acceptor 受主Acceptor atom 受主原子['ætəm] n. 原子Accumulation [ə,kju:mju'leiʃən]积累,堆积Accumulating contact(n. 接触，联系)积累接触Accumulation region['ri:dʒən]地区积累区Accumulation layer['leiə] 层积累层Active region 有源区['æktiv]积极的,有源的Active component [kəm'pəunənt]元件有源元Active device 有源器件Activation 激活Activation energy 激活能Active region 有源（放大）区Admittance [əd'mitəns]导纳Allowed band [bænd]带允带Alloy-junction device ['ælɒɪ]合金结器件Aluminum(Aluminium) [ə'lju:minəm]铝Aluminum – oxide ['ɔksaid]铝氧化物Aluminum passivation [pæsi'veiʃən]钝化铝钝化Ambipolar [,æmbi'pəulə]双极的Ambient temperature ['æmbiənt]环境温度Amorphous [ə'mɔ:fəs]无定形的，非晶体的Amplifier ['æmplifaiə]功放扩音器放大器Analogue(Analog) ['ænəlɔɡ] comparator ['kəmpəreitə]模拟比较器Angstrom['æŋstrəm]埃Anneal [ə'ni:l]退火Anisotropic [æn,aisəu'trɔpik]各向异性的Anode ['ænəud]阳极Arsenic ['ɑ:sənik (AS) 砷Auger ['ɔ:ɡə]俄歇Auger process 俄歇过程Avalanche ['ævəlɑ:ntʃ]雪崩Avalanche breakdown(击穿) 雪崩击穿Avalanche excitation [,eksi'teiʃən](激发)雪崩激发Background(背景,本底,基底) carrier 本底载流子Background doping 本底掺杂Backward ['bækwəd]反向Backward bias ['baiəs](偏置,)偏爱反向偏置Ballasting ['bæləst] resistor 整流电阻Ball bond [bɔnd](结合)球形键合Band 能带Band gap [ɡæp](间隙)能带间隙Barrier 势垒Barrier layer 势垒层Barrier ['bæriə] width 势垒宽度Base 基极Base contact 基区接触Base stretching 基区扩展效应Base transit(运输)time基区渡越时间Base transport efficiency [i'fiʃənsi](效率)基区输运系数Base-width modulation [,mɔdju'leiʃən(调制)基区宽度调制Basis vector ['vektə]矢量基矢Bias 偏置Bilateral [,bai'lætərəl] switch 双向开关Binary ['bainəri]code(代码)二进制代码Binary compound semiconductor二元化合物半导体Bipolar [bai'pəulə]双极性的Bipolar Junction Transistor (晶体管)(BJT)双极晶体管Bloch [blɔk]布洛赫Blocking ['blɔkiŋ]（截止，阻塞）band 阻挡能带Blocking contact 阻挡接触Body（身体，主题）- centered（居中的）体心立方Body-centred cubic ['kju:bik]立方体structure ['strʌktʃə]结构体立心结构Boltzmann 波尔兹曼Bond 键、键合Bonding electron 价电子Bonding pad 键合点Bootstrap circuit ['sə:kit]电路自举电路Bootstrapped emitter [i'mitə]发射器follower（追随者）自举射极跟随器Boron ['bɔ:rɔn]硼Borosilicate [,bɔ:rəu'silikit]硼硅酸盐glass 硼硅玻璃Boundary condition条件，状况边界条件Bound electron 束缚电子Breadboard 模拟板、实验板Break down 击穿Break over 转折Brillouin 布里渊Brillouin zone 布里渊区Built-in 内建的Build-in electric field 内建电场Bulk [bʌlk]体/体内Bulk absorption 体吸收Bulk generation 体产生Bulk recombination [,ri:kɔmbi'neiʃən]体复合Burn - in 老化Burn out 烧毁Buried ['berid]埋葬的channel通道；频道；海峡埋沟Buried diffusion扩散region 隐埋扩散区Can 外壳Capacitance[kə'pæsɪt(ə)ns]电容Capture俘获cross section 俘获截面Capture carrier 俘获载流子Carrier 载流子、载波Carry bit 进位位Carry-in bit 进位输入Carry-out bit 进位输出Cascade [kæs'keid]级联，串联级联Case 管壳Cathode['kæθəud]阴极Center 中心Ceramic [si'ræmik]陶瓷（的）Channel['tʃænəl] (频道)沟道Channel breakdown 沟道击穿Channel current 沟道电流Channel doping 沟道掺杂Channel shortening 沟道缩短Channel width 沟道宽度Characteristic impedance[im'pi:dəns]特征阻抗Charge (控告)电荷,充电Charge-compensation[,kɔmpen'seiʃən](补偿) effects 电荷补偿效应Charge conservation(保存,保持) 电荷守恒Charge neutrality[njuː'trælɪtɪ](中性) condition电中性条件Charge drive/exchange/sharing/transfer/storage 电荷驱动/交换/共享/转移/存储Chemmical etching[njuː'trælɪtɪ]化学腐蚀法Chemically-Polish['pɒlɪʃ]（磨光）化学抛光Chemmically-Mechanically [mɪ'kænɪkəlɪ]（机械地）Polish (CMP) 化学机械抛光Chip 芯片Chip yield（产量）芯片成品率Clamped 箝位Clamping diode 箝位二极管Cleavage['kliːvɪdʒ] plane（平面）解理面Clock rate（比率）时钟频率Clock generator 时钟发生器Clock flip-flop（触发器）时钟触发器Close-packed structure（构造）密堆积结构Close-loop（环）gain（获利，增加）闭环增益Collector 集电极Collision[kə'lɪʒ(ə)n]（冲突）碰撞Compensated（补偿）OP-AMP 补偿运放Common-base/collector/emitter connection 共基极/集电极/发射极连接Common-gate/drain/source connection 共栅/漏/源连接Common-mode gain 共模增益Common-mode input 共模输入Common-mode rejection（抑制，拒绝）ratio (CMRR) 共模抑制比Compatibility[kəm,pætɪ'bɪlɪtɪ]兼容性Compensation 补偿Compensated impurities（杂质）补偿杂质Compensated semiconductor 补偿半导体Complementary（补足的）Darlington circuit（电路，回路）互补达林顿电路Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistor（晶体管）(CMOS) 互补金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Complementary error function（功能，函数）余误差函数Computer-aided【辅助的】design (CAD)/test(CAT)/manufacture(CAM) 计算机辅助设计/ 测试/制造Compound['kɒmpaʊnd] Semiconductor 化合物半导体Conductance[kən'dʌkt(ə)ns]电导Conduction（传导band (edge) 导带(底) Conduction level/state 导带态Conductor 导体Conductivity 电导率Configuration（配置）组态Conlomb['kuːlɒm]库仑Conpled Configuration Devices 结构组态Constants（常量，常数）物理常数Constant energy surface 等能面Constant-source diffusion（扩散，传播）恒定源扩散Contact（联系，接触）接触Contamination[kən,tæmɪ'neɪʃən]玷污Continuity[,kɒntɪ'njuːɪtɪ]（连续性）equation（方程式，等式）连续性方程Contact hole孔接触孔Contact potential（潜能，潜在的）接触电势Continuity condition 连续性条件Contra['kɒntrə]相反doping 反掺杂Controlled 受控的Converter[kən'vɜːtə]（converter转变，转换）转换器Conveyer[kən'veɚ]传输器Copper（铜）interconnection[,ɪntɚkə'nɛkʃən]（互联）system 铜互连系统Couping 耦合Covalent[kəʊ'veɪl(ə)nt]（共价的）共阶的Crossover 跨交Critical （批评的）临界的Crossunder 穿交Crucible['kruːsɪb(ə)l]坩埚Crystal defect缺陷/face/orientation/lattice 晶体缺陷/晶面/晶向/晶格Current density（密度）电流密度Curvature'kɜːvətʃə曲率Cut off 截止Current drift（漂移）/dirve/sharing电流漂移/驱动/共享Current Sense（感觉，检测）电流取样Curvature 弯曲Custom（风俗，习惯，定制的integrated circuit 定制集成电路Cylindrical 柱面的Czochralshicrystal 直立单晶crystal（晶体，单晶）Czochralski technique 切克劳斯基技术（Cz 法直拉晶体J）Dangling ['dæŋg(ə)lɪŋ;bonds 悬挂键Dark current 暗电流Dead time 空载时间Debye length 德拜长度De.broglie 德布洛意Decderate 减速Decibel ['desɪbel] (dB) 分贝Decode 译码Deep acceptor level 深受主能级Deep donor['dəʊnə（捐赠者level 深施主能级Deep impurity（杂质，不存，不洁）level 深度杂质能级Deep trap 深陷阱Defeat 缺陷Degenerate semiconductor 简并半导体Degeneracy 简并度Degradation[,degrə'deɪʃ(ə)n]退化Degree Celsius(centigrade) /Kelvin 摄氏/开氏温度Delay 延迟Density 密度Density of states 态密度Depletion 耗尽Depletion approximation 耗尽近似Depletion contact 耗尽接触Depletion depth 耗尽深度Depletion effect 耗尽效应Depletion layer 耗尽层Depletion MOS 耗尽MOSDepletion region 耗尽区Deposited film(电影，薄膜) 淀积薄膜Deposition process 淀积工艺Design rules 设计规则Die 芯片（复数dice）Diode 二极管Dielectric 介电的Dielectric isolation（隔离。

常见外贸英文缩写

A组A.R-------------All Risks 一切险ANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定 Asia NorthAmerica EastboundRateAWB: airway bill 空运提单ATTN------------attentiona/c----------------account no.AWB-------------airway billB组BAF 燃油附加费 Bunker AdjustmentFactorBAF 燃油附加费,大多数航线都有,但标准不一;B/L 海运提单 Bill of LadingB/ldg.--------------------B/L Bill of Lading 提单Bs/L----------------------Bills of Lading 提单复数B/R 买价 Buying RateBal.----------------------Balance 差额 bar. or brl.--------------barrel 桶; 琵琶桶B.B. clause---------------Both to blame collision clause 船舶互撞条款 B/C-----------------------Bills for collection 托收单据 B.C.----------------------before Christ 公元前 b.d.----------------------brought down 转下 B.D.----------------------Bank draft 银行汇票 Bill Discounted--------- 贴现票据 bdle. ;b d l.--------------b u n d l e把;捆 b.e.;B/E; B.E X.-------B i l l o f E xc h a n g e汇票B.f.----------------------Brought forward 接下页 B/G-----------------------Bonded goods 保税货物 bg. ; b/s-----------------bags 袋 bkg.----------------------backing 银行业务 bkt.----------------------basket 篮; 筐 bl.; bls.-----------------bales 包 Blading-------------------Bill of Lading 提单bldg.---------------------building 大厦 bls.----------------------Bales 包 , barrels 桶 bot. ; bott. ; btl--------bottle 瓶 br.-----------------------brand 商标; 牌 Brkge.--------------------breakage 破碎brls.---------------------barrels 桶 ; 琵琶桶 b/s-----------------------bags; bales 袋 ; 包b t l.----------------------b o t t l e瓶b u.-----------------------b u s h e l蒲式耳b x.-----------------------b o x箱b x s.----------------------b o x e s箱复数,盒复数Bal.-----------------------Ballance 余额C组CFR 成本加运费……指定目的港CFRcost and freight成本加运费价C&F成本加运费：COST AND FREIGHTC&F 成本加海运费 COST AND FREIGHTCIF 成本、保险费加运费付至……指定目的港CIF 成本,保险加海运费 COST,INSURANCE,FRIGHTCIF成本运费加保险,俗称“到岸价”：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHTCPT 运费付至……指定目的港CPT 运费付至目的地 Carriage Paid ToCIP 运费、保险费付至……指定目的地CIP 运费、保险费付至目的地 Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCOD: cash on delivery/collect on delivery 货到付款CCA: current cost accounting 现实成本会计Contract change authorization 合同更改批准Changed carriage advice 变更货运通知CY/CY 整柜交货起点/终点C.Y. 货柜场 Container YardCY码头：CONTAINER YARDCFS场：CARGO FREIGHT STATIONC/D customs declaration报关单C．C．运费到付：COLLECTC.C 运费到付 CollectCCPIT 中国国际贸易促进委员会CNTR NO. 柜号：CONTAINER NUMBERC.O certificate of origin一般原产地证CTN/CTNScarton/cartons纸箱C.S.C 货柜服务费Container Service ChargeC/CNEE 收货人 ConsigneeC/O 产地证 Certificate of OriginCAF 货币汇率附加费Currency Adjustment FactorCFS 散货仓库 Container Freight StationCFS/CFS 散装交货起点/终点CHB 报关行Customs House BrokerCOMM 商品 CommodityCTNR 柜子 Containerc/- or c/s---------------cases 箱 ca.; c/s; cs.--------------case or cases 箱 canc.----------------------cancel, cancelled,cancellation取消 ; 注销canclg.--------------------cancelling 取消 ; 注销 cat.-----------------------catalogue 商品目录C/B------------------------clean bill 光票 c.c.-----------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米；立方公分 c.c.-----------------------carbon copy 复写纸；副本指复写纸复印的 C.C.-----------------------Chamber of Commerce 商会 C/d------------------------carried down 转下 cent-----------------------centumL. 一百Cert. ; Certif.------------certificate ; certified 证明书; 证明 c.f.-----------------------Cubic feet 立方英尺 C/f------------------------Carried forward 接后; 结转下页 cf.------------------------confer 商议; Compare 比较 Cg.------------------------Centigramme 公毫 cgo.-----------------------cargo 货物c h g e s.---------------------c h a r g e s费用C h q.-----------------------C h e q u e支票C.I.-----------------------Certificate of Insurance 保险凭证; ---------------------------Consular Invoice 领事发票; 领事签证 cks.-----------------------casks 桶 cl.------------------------class; clause 级; 条款; 项 CLP------------------------Container Load Plan 集装箱装箱单 cm-------------------------centimetre 厘米;公分c m2------------------------s q u a r e c e n t i m e t r e平方厘米;平方公分cm3------------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分 CMB------------------------国际公路货物运输条约C M I------------------------C o m i t'e M a r i t i m e I n t e r n a t i o n a l国际海事委员会c/n------------------------cover note 暂保单; 预保单 CNC------------------------新集装箱运输Co.------------------------Compa ny 公司 c/o------------------------c are of 转交 C/O ;c.o.-----------------Certificate of origin 产地证明书 COFC-----------------------Container on Flat Car 平板车装运集装箱 Com.-----------------------Commission 佣金 Con.inv.-------------------Consular invoice 领事签证发票 Cont. ; Contr.-------------Contract 合同; 合约 Contd.---------------------Cotinued 继续; 续上页 Contg.---------------------containing 内容 Corp. ; Corpn. ; cor.------corporation 公司 ; 法人 C/P ;c. py.---------------charter party 租船契约 Cr.------------------------Credit 贷方; 信用证; Creditor 债权人 Crt.-----------------------crate 板条箱 Ct.------------------------Cent 人 ; Current 当前; 目前Credit---------------------贷方; 信用证 CT B/L---------------------Combined transport bill of Iading 联合运输提单cu. cm. ; cb. cm-----------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分 cu. in. ; cb. in.----------cubic inch 立方寸 cu.m. ; cb. m.-------------cubic metre 立方米; 立方公尺 cu.ft. ; cb.ft.------------cubic foot 立方英尺 cur. ;---------------------Curt current this month 本月 cur.-----------------------currency 币制 cu.yd. ; cb. yd.-----------cubic yard 立方码 CY-------------------------Container Yard 集装箱堆场D组DDU: delivery duty unpaid 未完税交货DDP: delivery duty prepaid 完税交货DAF 边境交货……指定地点DAF 边境交货 Delivered At FrontierDES 目的港船上交货……指定目的港DES 目的港船上交货 Delivered Ex ShipDEQ 目的港码头交货……指定目的港DEQ 目的港码头交货 Delivered Ex QuayDDU 未完税交货……指定目的地DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty UnpaidDDC、IAC 直航附加费,美加航线使用DDC 目的港码头费 Destination Delivery ChargeDL/DLSdollar/dollars美元D/Pdocument against payment付款交单D/P 付款交单 Document Against PaymentDOC document文件、单据DOC文件费：DOCUMENT CHARGEDoc 文件号码 Document NumberD/A document against acceptance承兑交单D/A 承兑交单 Document Against AcceptanceDOZ/DZdozen一打D/O 到港通知 Delivery OrderDDC: destination distribution charge 目的分送费DOC: Direct Operating Cost 直接操作费E组EXW 工厂交货……指定地点Ex 工厂交货 Work/ExFactoryETA到港日：ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVALETD开船日：ESTIMATED TIME OF DELIVERYETC 截关日：ESTIMATED TIME OF CLOSINGEBS、EBA 部分航线燃油附加费的表示方式,EBS一般是澳洲航线使用, EBA一般是非洲航线、中南美航线使用EXPexport出口EAeach每个,各EPS 设备位置附加费 Equipment Position SurchargesF组FCA 货交承运人……指定地点FCA 货交承运人 Free CarrierFAS 船边交货……指定装运港FOB 船上交货……指定装运港FOB 船上交货 Free On BoardFOB 离岸价：FREE ON BOARDCIF成本运费加保险,俗称“到岸价”：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHTFCL整箱货：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADFCL 整柜 Full Container LoadFAF 燃油价调整附加费日本航线专用FAF 燃料附加费 Fuel AdjustmentFactorFACfacsimile传真Form A ---产地证贸易公司F/F 货运代理 Freight ForwarderFAK 各种货品 Freight All KindFAS 装运港船边交货 Free Alongside ShipFeeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40‘柜型 Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40’FM C 联邦海事委员会 Federal Maritime CommissionFIO是FREE IN AND OUT的意思,指船公司不付装船和卸船费用FIOST条款,指船公司不负责装,卸,平舱,理舱FI是FREE IN的意思,指船公司不付装FO是FREE OUT的意思,同理指船公司不付卸FAS: free alongside ship 启运港船边交货F/P: fire policy 火灾保险FOC: free of charges 免费FOD: free of damage 损坏不赔FOI: free of interest 无息FOP: free on plane 飞机上交货FOQ: free on quay 码头交货F/D: free docks 码头交货FAA: free of all average 全损赔偿FOR: free on rail 铁路交货价FOT: free on truck 货车上交货价F.O.: free out 船方不负责卸货费用F/L: freight list 运费单,运价表G组G R I综合费率上涨附加费,一般是南美航线、美国航线使用G R I全面涨价G e n e r a l R a t e I n c r e a s e G.W.g r o s s w e i g h t毛重G.W.g r o s s w e i g h t毛重ANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定 Asia NorthAmerica EastboundRateB组BAF 燃油附加费 Bunker AdjustmentFactorBAF 燃油附加费,大多数航线都有,但标准不一;B/L 海运提单 Bill of LadingB/R 买价 Buying RateC组主要运费已付CFR 成本加运费……指定目的港CFRcost and freight成本加运费价C&F成本加运费：COST AND FREIGHTC&F 成本加海运费 COST AND FREIGHTCIF 成本、保险费加运费付至……指定目的港CIF 成本,保险加海运费 COST,INSURANCE,FRIGHTCIF成本运费加保险,俗称“到岸价”：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHTFOB 离岸价：FREE ON BOARDCPT 运费付至……指定目的港CPT 运费付至目的地 Carriage Paid ToCIP 运费、保险费付至……指定目的地CIP 运费、保险费付至目的地 Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCY/CY 整柜交货起点/终点C.Y. 货柜场 Container YardCY码头：CONTAINER YARDCFS场：CARGO FREIGHT STATIONC/D customs declaration报关单C．C．运费到付：COLLECTC.C 运费到付 CollectCNTR NO. 柜号：CONTAINER NUMBERC.O certificate of origin一般原产地证CTN/CTNScarton/cartons纸箱C.S.C 货柜服务费Container Service ChargeC/CNEE 收货人 ConsigneeC/O 产地证 Certificate of OriginCAF 货币汇率附加费Currency Adjustment FactorCFS 散货仓库 Container Freight StationCFS/CFS 散装交货起点/终点CHB 报关行Customs House BrokerCOMM 商品 CommodityCTNR 柜子 ContainerD组到达DAF 边境交货……指定地点DAF 边境交货Delivered At FrontierDES 目的港船上交货……指定目的港DES 目的港船上交货 Delivered Ex ShipDEQ 目的港码头交货……指定目的港DEQ 目的港码头交货 Delivered Ex QuayDDU 未完税交货……指定目的地DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty UnpaidDDP 完税后交货……指定目的地DDP 完税后交货 Delivered Duty PaidDDC、IAC 直航附加费,美加航线使用DDC 目的港码头费 Destination Delivery ChargeDL/DLSdollar/dollars美元D/Pdocument against payment付款交单D/P 付款交单 Document Against PaymentDOC document文件、单据DOC文件费：DOCUMENT CHARGEDoc 文件号码 Document NumberD/A document against acceptance承兑交单D/A 承兑交单 Document Against AcceptanceDOZ/DZdozen一打D/O 到港通知 Delivery OrderE组发货EXW 工厂交货……指定地点Ex 工厂交货Work/ExFactoryETA到港日：ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVALETD开船日：ESTIMATED TIME OF DELIVERYETC截关日：ESTIMATED TIME OF CLOSINGEBS、EBA 部分航线燃油附加费的表示方式,EBS一般是澳洲航线使用, EBA一般是非洲航线、中南美航线使用EXPexport出口EAeach每个,各EPS 设备位置附加费 Equipment Position SurchargesF组主要运费未付FCA 货交承运人……指定地点FCA 货交承运人 Free CarrierFAS 船边交货……指定装运港FOB 船上交货……指定装运港FOB 船上交货 Free On BoardFOB 离岸价：FREE ON BOARDCIF成本运费加保险,俗称“到岸价”：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHTFCL整箱货：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADFCL 整柜 Full Container LoadLCL拼箱货：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOADFAF 燃油价调整附加费日本航线专用FAF 燃料附加费 Fuel AdjustmentFactorFACfacsimile传真Form A ---产地证贸易公司F/F 货运代理 Freight ForwarderFAK 各种货品 Freight All KindFAS 装运港船边交货 Free Alongside ShipFeeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40‘柜型 Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40’FMC 联邦海事委员会 Federal Maritime CommissionFIO是FREE IN AND OUT的意思,指船公司不付装船和卸船费用FIOST条款,指船公司不负责装,卸,平舱,理舱FI是FREE IN的意思,指船公司不付装FO是FREE OUT的意思,同理指船公司不付卸G组GRI 综合费率上涨附加费,一般是南美航线、美国航线使用GRI 全面涨价 General RateIncreaseG.W.gross weight毛重G.W.gross weight毛重N.W weight净重H组HB/L货代提单：HOUSE BILL OF LADINGHBL 子提单 House B/LH/C 代理费Handling ChargeI 组IFA 临时燃油附加费,某些航线临时使用INTinternational国际的INV invoice发票IMPimport 进口I/S 内销售 Inside SalesIA 各别调价 Independent ActionJ 组JP---代表“日元”L组FCL整箱货：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL拼箱货：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL 拼柜 Less Than Container LoadL/C letter of credit信用证L/C 信用证 Letter of CreditLand Bridge 陆桥M 组MB/L 主提单 Master Bill Of LoadingMIN minimum最小的,最低限度M/Vmerchant vessel商船MT或M/Tmetric ton公吨M/T 尺码吨即货物收费以尺码计费Measurement TonMAX maximum最大的、最大限度的M 或MED medium中等,中级的MLB 小陆桥,自一港到另一港口 Minni Land BridgeMother Vessel 主线船MTD 多式联运单据 Multimodal Transport DocumentN组NOVCC无船承运人：NON VESSEL OPRERATING COMMON CARRIERNVOCC 无船承运人 Non Vessel OperatingCommon CarrierN.W weight净重N/F 通知人 NotifyO组O/F 海运费 Ocean FreightO/F海运费：OCEAN FREIGHTORC广东地区原产地收货费：ORIGINAL RECEIVING CHARGEOB/L海运提单：OCEAN BILL OF LADINGOBL 海运提单 Ocean or original B/LORC 本地出口附加费,和SPS类似,一般在华南地区使用ORC 本地收货费用广东省收取 Origen Recevie ChargesOCP 货主自行安排运到内陆点 Overland Continental PointOP 操作 OperationP组POD 目地港 Port Of DestinationPOL 装运港 Port Of LoadingPSS 旺季附加费 Peak Season SuchargesPSS旺季附加费：PEAK CEASON SURCHARGEPSS 旺季附加费,大多数航线在运输旺季时可能临时使用REF reference参考、查价RMBrenminbi人民币PR或PRCprice 价格P/P运费预付：FREIGHT PREPAIDP.P 预付 PrepaidPCS 港口拥挤附加费,一般是以色列、印度某些港口及中南美航线使用PCS 港口拥挤附加费 Port Congestion SurchargePTF 巴拿马运河附加费,美国航线、中南美航线使用PKGpackage一包,一捆,一扎,一件等PCE/PCSpiece/pieces 只、个、支等P/L packing list装箱单、明细表PCT percent百分比PUR purchase购买、购货S组S/O订舱单：SHIPPING ORDERS/O 装货指示书 Shipping OrderSEAL NO. 铅封号S/Csales contract销售确认书S/C 售货合同 Sales ContractSC 服务合同 Service ContractSTL.style式样、款式、类型SPS 上海港口附加费船挂上港九区、十区S.Ssteamship船运S/M shipping marks装船标记S/Shpr 发货人 ShipperS/R 卖价 Selling RateS/S Spread Sheet Spread SheetSSL 船公司 Steam Ship LineSDR special drawing rights 特别提款权T组THC码头费：TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGETHC 码头操作费香港收取 Terminal Handling ChargesT/T电汇：TELEGRAM TRANSITT/T 航程 Transit TimeT/Ttelegraphic transfer电汇T.O.C 码头操作费 Terminal Operations OptionT.R.C 码头收柜费 Terminal Receiving ChargeT/S 转船,转运 Trans-ShipTVC/ TVR 定期定量合同Time Volume Contract/ RateTEU 20‘柜型 Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit 20’TTL 总共 TotalT或LTX或TXtelex电传V组VESSEL/VOYAGE船名/航次VOCC 船公司 Vessel Operating Common CarrierW组W with具有WTweight重量W/T 重量吨即货物收费以重量计费 Weight Tonw/owithout没有W/M 即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费 Weight or Measurement tonY组YAS 日元升值附加费日本航线专用YAS 码头附加费 Yard SurchargesHS-Code 海关编码即HS编码,为编码协调制度的简称The Harmonization Code出口信贷 export credit出口津贴 export subsidy 商品倾销 dumping 外汇倾销 exchange dumping 优惠关税 special preferences 保税仓库bonded warehouse 贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade 进口配额制import quotas 自由贸易区 free trade zone 对外贸易值 value of foreign trade 国际贸易值 value of international trade 普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件---------------------- 价格术语trade term price term 运费freight 单价price 码头费wharfage 总值 total value 卸货费landing charges 金额 amount关税customs duty 净价 net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价 wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价 retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格时价current price prevailingprice 国际市场价格 world InternationalMarketprice 离岸价船上交货价FOB-free on board 成本加运费价离岸加运费价 C&F-cost and freight 到岸价成本加运费、保险费价CIF-cost,insurance andfreighte--------------------交货条件---------------------- 交货delivery 轮船steamship缩写S.S 装运、装船shipment 租船charter the chartered shep 交货时间 time of delivery 定程租船voyage charter; 装运期限time of shipment 定期租船time charter 托运人一般指出口商shipper,consignor 收货人consignee 班轮regular shipping liner 驳船lighter 舱位shipping space 油轮tanker 报关clearance of goods 陆运收据cargo receipt 提货to take delivery of goods 空运提单airway bill 正本提单original BL 选择港任意港optional port 选港费optional charges 选港费由买方负担 optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或 optional charges for Buyers account 一月份装船 shipment during January 或 January shipment 一月底装船 shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st. 一/二月份装船 shipment during Jan./Feb.或 Jan./Feb. shipment 在......时间分两批装船 shipment during....in two lots 在......时间平均分两批装船 shipment during....in two equal lots 分三个月装运 in three monthly shipments 分三个月,每月平均装运 in three equal monthly shipments 立即装运 immediate shipments 即期装运 prompt shipments 收到信用证后30天内装运 shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C 允许分批装船 partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订----------------- 订单 indent 订货；订购 book; booking 电复 cable reply 实盘 firm offer 递盘 bid; bidding 递实盘 bid firm 还盘 counter offer 发盘发价 offer 发实盘 offer firm 询盘询价 inquiry;enquiry---------------交易磋商、合同签订----------------- 指示性价格 price indication 速复 reply immediately 参考价 reference price 习惯做法 usual practice 交易磋商 business negotiation 不受约束 without engagement 业务洽谈 business discussion 限复 subject to reply 限复到 subject to reply reaching here 有效期限 time of validity 有效至: valid till 购货合同 purchase contract 销售合同 sales contract 购货确认书 purchase confirmation 销售确认书 sales confirmation 一般交易条件 general terms and conditions 以未售出为准 subject to prior sale 需经卖方确认 subject to sellers confirmation 需经我方最后确认 subject to our final confirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------ 拍卖auction寄售consignment 招标invitation of tender 投标submission of tender 一般代理人agent 总代理人general agent 代理协议agency agreement 累计佣金accumulative commission 补偿贸易compensation trade或抵偿贸易compensating/compensatory trade 又叫：往返贸易 counter trade 来料加工processing on giving materials 来料装配assembling on provided parts 独家经营/专营权exclusive right 独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement 独家代理 sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency; exclusiveagent-------------------品质条件-----------------------品质 quality 原样 original sample 规格specifications 复样 duplicate sample 说明 description 对等样品 countersample 标准 standard type 参考样品 reference sample 商品目录 catalogue 封样 sealed sample 宣传小册 pamphlet 公差tolerance 货号 article No. 花色搭配 assortment 样品 sample 增减 plus or minus 代表性样品representative sample 大路货良好平均品质fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔 claim 争议disputes 罚金条款 penalty 仲裁arbitration 不可抗力 force Majeure 仲裁庭arbitral tribunal 产地证明书certificate of origin 品质检验证书 inspection certificate of quanlity 重量检验证书 inspection certificate of weight quantity 品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate---------------------数量条件----------------------- 个数 number净重 net weight 容积 capacity 毛作净 gross for net 体积 volume 皮重 tare 毛重 gross weight 溢短装条款 more or less clause -----------------------外汇------------------------- 外汇 foreign exchange 法定贬值 devaluation 外币 foreign currency 法定升值 revaluation 汇率 rate of exchange 浮动汇率floating rate 国际收支 balance of payments 硬通货hard currency 直接标价 direct quotation 软通货 soft currency 间接标价 indirect quotation 金平价gold standard 买入汇率 buying rate 通货膨胀 inflation 卖出汇率 selling rate 固定汇率 fixed rate 金本位制度 gold standard 黄金输送点 gold points 铸币平价 mint par 纸币制度paper money system 国际货币基金 international monetary fund 黄金外汇储备 gold and foreign exchange reserve 汇率波动的官定上下限 official upper and lower limits of fluctuation。

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Physics Letters B 688(2010)21–42Contents lists available at ScienceDirectPhysics Letters B/locate/physletbCharged-particle multiplicities in pp interactions at √s =900GeV measuredwith the ATLAS detector at the LHC ✩,✩✩ATLAS Collaborationa r t i c l e i n f o ab s t r ac t Article history:Received 16March 2010Received in revised form 22March 2010Accepted 22March 2010Available online 28March 2010Editor:W.-D.SchlatterKeywords:Charged-particleMultiplicities900GeVATLASLHCMinimum bias The ﬁrst measurements from proton–proton collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC are presented.Data were collected in December 2009using a minimum-bias trigger during collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 900GeV.The charged-particle multiplicity,its dependence on transverse momentum and pseudorapidity,and the relationship between mean transverse momentum and charged-particle multiplicity are measured for events with at least one charged particle in the kinematic range |η|<2.5and p T >500MeV.The measurements are compared to Monte Carlo models of proton–proton collisions and to results from other experiments at the same centre-of-mass energy.The charged-particle multiplicity per event and unit of pseudorapidity at η=0is measured to be 1.333±0.003(stat.)±0.040(syst.),which is 5–15%higher than the Monte Carlo models predict.2010Published by Elsevier B.V.1.IntroductionInclusive charged-particle distributions have been measured in pp and p ¯pcollisions at a range of different centre-of-mass energies [1–13].Many of these measurements have been used to constrain phenomenological models of soft-hadronic interactions and to predict properties at higher centre-of-mass energies.Most of the previous charged-particle multiplicity measurements were obtained by selecting data with a double-arm coincidence trigger,thus removing large fractions of diffractive events.The data were then further corrected to remove the remaining single-diffractive component.This selection is referred to as non-single-diffractive (NSD).In some cases,designated as inelastic non-diffractive,the residual double-diffractive component was also subtracted.The selection of NSD or inelastic non-diffractive charged-particle spectra involves model-dependent corrections for the diffractive components and for effects of the trigger selection on events with no charged particles within the acceptance of the detector.The measurement presented in this Letter implements a different strategy,which uses a single-arm trigger overlapping with the acceptance of the tracking volume.Results are presented as inclusive-inelastic distributions,with minimal model-dependence,by requiring one charged particle within the acceptance of the measurement.This Letter reports on a measurement of primary charged particles with a momentum component transverse to the beam direction 1p T >500MeV and in the pseudorapidity range |η|<2.5.Primary charged particles are deﬁned as charged particles with a mean lifetime τ>0.3×10−10s directly produced in pp interactions or from subsequent decays of particles with a shorter lifetime.The distributions of tracks reconstructed in the ATLAS inner detector were corrected to obtain the particle-level distributions:1N ev ·d N ch d η,1N ev ·12πp T ·d 2N ch d ηd p T ,1N ev ·d N ev d n ch and p T vs.n ch ,where N ev is the number of events with at least one charged particle inside the selected kinematic range,N ch is the total number of charged particles,n ch is the number of charged particles in an event and p T is the average p T for a given number of charged particles.✩©CERN,for the beneﬁt of the ATLAS Collaboration.✩✩Date submitted:2010-03-16T16:00:52Z.E-mail address:atlas.secretariat@cern.ch.1The ATLAS reference system is a Cartesian right-handed co-ordinate system,with the nominal collision point at the origin.The anti-clockwise beam direction deﬁnes the positive z -axis,while the positive x -axis is deﬁned as pointing from the collision point to the centre of the LHC ring and the positive y -axis points upwards.The azimuthal angle φis measured around the beam axis,and the polar angle θis measured with respect to the z -axis.The pseudorapidity is deﬁned as η=−ln tan (θ/2).0370-2693/$–see front matter 2010Published by Elsevier B.V.doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.03.06422ATLAS Collaboration/Physics Letters B688(2010)21–42Comparisons are made to previous measurements of charged-particle multiplicities in pp and p¯p collisions at √s=900GeV centre-of-mass energies[1,5]and to Monte Carlo(MC)models.2.The ATLAS detectorThe ATLAS detector[14]at the Large Hadron Collider(LHC)[15]covers almost the whole solid angle around the collision point with layers of tracking detectors,calorimeters and muon chambers.It has been designed to study a wide range of physics topics at LHC energies. For the measurements presented in this Letter,the tracking devices and the trigger system were of particular importance.The ATLAS inner detector has full coverage inφand covers the pseudorapidity range|η|<2.5.It consists of a silicon pixel detector (Pixel),a silicon microstrip detector(SCT)and a transition radiation tracker(TRT).These detectors cover a sensitive radial distance from the interaction point of50.5–150mm,299–560mm and563–1066mm,respectively,and are immersed in a2T axial magneticﬁeld. The inner-detector barrel(end-cap)parts consist of3(2×3)Pixel layers,4(2×9)double-layers of single-sided silicon microstrips with a40mrad stereo angle,and73(2×160)layers of TRT straws.These detectors have position resolutions of typically10,17and130μm for the R–φco-ordinate and,in case of the Pixel and SCT,115and580μm for the second measured co-ordinate.A track from a particle traversing the barrel detector would typically have11silicon hits(3pixel clusters and8strip clusters),and more than30straw hits.The ATLAS detector has a three-level trigger system:Level1(L1),Level2(L2)and Event Filter(EF).For this measurement,the trigger relies on the L1signals from the Beam Pickup Timing devices(BPTX)and the Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillators(MBTS).The BPTX are composed of beam pick-ups attached to the beam pipe±175m from the centre of the ATLAS detector.The MBTS are mounted at each end of the detector in front of the liquid-argon end-cap calorimeter cryostats at z=±3.56m and are segmented into eight sectors in azimuth and two rings in pseudorapidity(2.09<|η|<2.82and2.82<|η|<3.84).Data were collected for this analysis using the MBTS trigger,formed from BPTX and MBTS trigger signals.The MBTS trigger was conﬁgured to require one hit above threshold from either side of the detector.The eﬃciency of this trigger was studied with a separate prescaled L1BPTX trigger,ﬁltered to obtain inelastic interactions by inner detector requirements at L2and EF.3.Monte Carlo simulationLow-p T scattering processes may be described by lowest-order perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics(QCD)two-to-two parton scat-ters,where the divergence of the cross section at p T=0is regulated by phenomenological models.These models include multiple-parton scattering,partonic-matter distributions,scattering between the unresolved protons and colour reconnection[16].The PYTHIA[17]MC event generator implements several of these models.The parameters of these models have been tuned to describe charged-hadron pro-duction and the underlying event in pp and p¯p data at centre-of-mass energies between200GeV and1.96TeV.Samples of ten million MC events were produced for single-diffractive,double-diffractive and non-diffractive processes using the PYTHIA6.4.21generator.A speciﬁc set of optimised parameters,the ATLAS MC09PYTHIA tune[18],which employs the MRST LO*parton density functions[19]and the p T-ordered parton shower,is the reference tune throughout this Letter.These parameters were derived by tuning to underlying event and minimum-bias data from Tevatron at630GeV and1.8TeV.The MC samples generated with this tune were used to determine detector acceptances and eﬃciencies and to correct the data.For the purpose of comparing the present measurement to different phenomenological models describing minimum-bias events,the following additional MC samples were generated:the ATLAS MC09c[18]PYTHIA tune,which is an extension of the ATLAS MC09tune optimising the strength of the colour reconnection to describe the p T distributions as a function of n ch,as measured by CDF in p¯p collisions[3];the Perugia0[20]PYTHIA tune,in which the soft-QCD part is tuned using only minimum-bias data from the Tevatron and CERN p¯p colliders;the DW[21]PYTHIA tune,which uses the virtuality-ordered showers and was derived to describe the CDF Run II underlying event and Drell–Yan data.Finally,the PHOJET generator[22]was used as an alternative model.It describes low-p T physics using the two-component Dual Parton Model[23,24],which includes soft hadronic processes described by Pomeron exchange and semi-hard processes described by perturbative parton scattering.PHOJET relies on PYTHIA for the fragmentation of partons.The versions2used for this study were shown to agree with previous measurements[3,5,6,9].The non-diffractive,single-diffractive and double-diffractive contributions in the generated samples were mixed according to the gen-erator cross sections to fully describe the inelastic scattering.All the events were processed through the ATLAS detector simulation program[25],which is based on Geant4[26].They were then reconstructed and analysed by the same program chain used for the data.Particular attention was devoted to the description in the simulation of the size and position of the collision beam spot and of the detailed detector conditions during data taking.4.Event selectionAll data recorded during the stable LHC running periods between December6and15,2009,in which the inner detector was fully operational and the solenoid magnet was on,were used for this analysis.During this period the beams were colliding head-on in ATLAS.A total of455,593events were collected from colliding proton bunches in which the MBTS trigger recorded one or more counters above threshold on either side.In order to perform an inclusive-inelastic measurement,no further requirements beyond the MBTS trigger and inner detector information were applied in this event selection.The integrated luminosity for theﬁnal event sample,which is given here for reference only,was estimated using a sample of events with energy deposits in both sides of the forward and end-cap calorimeters. The MC-based eﬃciency and the PYTHIA default cross section of52.5mb were then used to determine the luminosity of the data sample to be approximately9μb−1,while the maximum instantaneous luminosity was approximately5×1026cm−2s−1.The probability of additional interactions in the same bunch crossing was estimated to be less than0.1%.2PHOJET1.12with PYTHIA6.4.21.ATLAS Collaboration/Physics Letters B688(2010)21–4223parison between data(dots)and minimum-bias ATLAS MC09simulation(histograms)for the average number of Pixel hits(a)and SCT hits(b)per track as a function ofη,and the transverse(c)and longitudinal(d)impact parameter distributions of the reconstructed tracks.The MC distributions in(c)and(d)are normalised to the number of tracks in the data.The inserts in the lower panels show the distributions in logarithmic scale.During this data-taking period,more than96%of the Pixel detector,99%of the SCT and98%of the TRT were operational.Tracks were reconstructed oﬄine within the full acceptance range|η|<2.5of the inner detector[27,28].Track candidates were reconstructed by requiring seven or more silicon hits in total in the Pixel and SCT,and then extrapolated to include measurements in the TRT.Typically, 88%of tracks inside the TRT acceptance(|η|<2)include a TRT extension,which signiﬁcantly improves the momentum resolution.This Letter reports results for charged particles with p T>500MeV,which are less prone than lower-p T particles to large ineﬃciencies and their associated systematic uncertainties resulting from interactions with material inside the tracking volume.To reduce the contri-bution from background events and non-primary tracks,as well as to minimise the systematic uncertainties,the following criteria were required:•the presence of a primary vertex[29]reconstructed using at least three tracks,each with:—p T>150MeV,—a transverse distance of closest approach with respect to the beam-spot position|d BS0|<4mm;•at least one track with:—p T>500MeV,—a minimum of one Pixel and six SCT hits,—transverse and longitudinal impact parameters calculated with respect to the event primary vertex|d0|<1.5mm and|z0|·sinθ<1.5mm,respectively.These latter tracks were used to produce the corrected distributions and will be referred to as selected tracks.The multiplicity of selected tracks within an event is denoted by n Sel.In total326,201events were kept after this oﬄine selection,which contained1,863,622 selected tracks.The inner detector performance is illustrated in Fig.1using selected tracks and their MC simulation.The shapes from overlapping Pixel and SCT modules in the forward region and the ineﬃciency from a small number of disabled Pixel modules in the central region are well modelled by the simulation.The simulated impact-parameter distributions describe the data to better than10%, including their tails as shown in the inserts of Fig.1(c)and(d).The difference between data and MC observed in the central region of the d0distribution is due to small residual misalignments not simulated in the MC,which are found to be unimportant for this analysis.Trigger and vertex-reconstruction eﬃciencies were parameterized as a function of the number of tracks passing all of the track selection requirements except for the constraints with respect to the primary vertex.Instead,the transverse impact parameter with respect to the beam spot was required to be less than4mm,which is the same requirement as that used in the primary vertex reconstruction preselection.The multiplicity of these tracks in an event is denoted by n BS.Sel24ATLAS Collaboration /Physics Letters B 688(2010)21–425.Background contributionThere are two possible sources of background events that can contaminate the selected sample:cosmic rays and beam-induced back-ground.A limit on the fraction of cosmic-ray events recorded by the L1MBTS trigger during data taking was determined from cosmic-ray studies,the maximum number of proton bunches,and the central trigger processor clock width of 25ns,and was found to be smaller than 10−6.Beam-induced background events can be produced by proton collisions with upstream collimators or with residual particles inside the beam pipe.The L1MBTS trigger was used to select beam-induced background events from un-paired proton bunch-crossings.By ap-plying the analysis selection criteria to these events,an upper limit of 10−4was determined for the fraction of beam-induced background events within the selected sample.The requirement of a reconstructed primary vertex is particularly useful to suppress the beam-induced background.Primary charged-particle multiplicities are measured from selected-track distributions after correcting for the fraction of secondary particles in the sample.The potential background from fake tracks is found to be less than 0.1%from simulation studies.Non-primary tracks are mostly due to hadronic interactions,photon conversions and decays of long-lived particles.Their contribution was estimated using the MC prediction of the shape of the d 0distribution,after normalising to data for tracks within 2mm <|d 0|<10mm,i.e.outside the range used for selecting tracks.The simulation was found to reproduce the tails of the d 0distribution of the data,as shown in Fig.1(c),and the normalisation factor between data and MC was measured to be 1.00±0.02(stat.)±0.05(syst.).The MC was then used to estimate the fraction of secondaries in the selected-track sample to be (2.20±0.05(stat.)±0.11(syst.))%.This fraction is independent of n Sel ,but shows a dependence on p T and a small dependence on η.While the correction for secondaries was applied in bins of p T ,the dependence on ηwas incorporated into the systematic uncertainty.6.Selection eﬃciencyThe data were corrected to obtain inclusive spectra for charged primary particles satisfying the event-level requirement of at least one primary charged particle within p T >500MeV and |η|<2.5.These corrections include ineﬃciencies due to trigger selection,vertex and track reconstruction.They also account for effects due to the momentum scale and resolution,and for the residual background from secondary tracks.Trigger eﬃciency The trigger eﬃciency was measured from an independent data sample selected using the control trigger introduced in Section 2.This control trigger required more than 6Pixel clusters and 6SCT hits at L2,and one or more reconstructed tracks with p T >200MeV at the EF.The vertex requirement for selected tracks was removed for this study,to avoid correlations between the trigger and vertex-reconstruction eﬃciencies for L1MBTS triggered events.The trigger eﬃciency was determined by taking the ratio of events from the control trigger in which the L1MBTS also accepted the event,over the total number of events in the control sample.The result is shown in Fig.2(a)as a function of n BS Sel .The trigger eﬃciency is nearly 100%everywhere and the requirement of this trigger does not affect the p T and ηtrack distributions of the selected events.Vertex-reconstruction eﬃciency The vertex-reconstruction eﬃciency was determined from the data,by taking the ratio of triggered eventswith a reconstructed vertex to the total number of triggered events.It is shown in Fig.2(b)as a function of n BSSel .The eﬃciency amounts to approximately 67%for the lowest bin and rapidly rises to 100%with higher multiplicities.The dependence of the vertex-reconstructioneﬃciency on the ηand p T of the selected tracks was studied.The ηdependence was found to be approximately ﬂat for n BS Sel>1and to decrease at larger ηfor events with n BS Sel=1.This dependence was corrected for.No dependence on p T was observed.Track-reconstruction eﬃciency The track-reconstruction eﬃciency in each bin of the p T –ηacceptance was determined from MC.The com-parison of the MC and data distributions shown in Fig.1highlights their agreement.The track-reconstruction eﬃciency was deﬁned as:bin (p T ,η)=N matched rec (p T ,η)N gen (p T ,η),where p T and ηare generated quantities,and N matched rec (p T ,η)and N gen (p T ,η)are the number of reconstructed tracks in a given binmatched to a generated charged particle and the number of generated charged particles in that bin,respectively.The matching between a generated particle and a reconstructed track was done using a cone-matching algorithm in the η–φplane,associating the particle to the track with the smallest R = ( φ)2+( η)2within a cone of radius 0.05.The resulting reconstruction eﬃciency as a function of p T integrated over ηis shown in Fig.2(c).The drop to ≈70%for p T <600MeV is an artefact of the p T cut at the pattern-recognition level and is discussed in Section 8.The reduced track-reconstruction eﬃciency in the region |η|>1(Fig.2(d))is mainly due to the presence of more material in this region.These ineﬃciencies include a 5%loss due to the track selection used in this analysis,approximately half of which is due to the silicon-hit requirements and half to the impact-parameter requirements.7.Correction procedureThe effect of events lost due to the trigger and vertex requirements can be corrected for using an event-by-event weight:w ev n BSSel =1 trig (n BS Sel )·1 vtx (n BS Sel ),where trig (n BS Sel )and vtx (n BS Sel )are the trigger and vertex reconstruction eﬃciencies discussed in Section 6.The vertex-reconstruction eﬃciency for events with n BSSel=1includes an η-dependent correction which was derived from the data.ATLAS Collaboration/Physics Letters B688(2010)21–4225Fig.2.Trigger(a)and vertex-reconstruction(b)eﬃciencies as a function of the variable n BSSel deﬁned in Section4;track-reconstruction eﬃciency as a function of p T(c)andofη(d).The vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainty,while the shaded areas represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature.The two bottom panels were derived from the PYTHIA ATLAS MC09sample.The p T andηdistributions of selected tracks were corrected on a track-by-track basis using the weight:w trk(p T,η)=1bin(p T,η)·1−f sec(p T)·1−f okr(p T,η),where bin is the track-reconstruction eﬃciency described in Section6and f sec(p T)is the fraction of secondaries determined as described in Section5.The fraction of selected tracks for which the corresponding primary particles are outside the kinematic range,f okr(p T,η), originates from resolution effects and has been estimated from MC.Bin migrations were found to be due solely to reconstructed track momentum resolution and were corrected by using the resolution function taken from MC.In the case of the distributions versus n ch,a track-level correction was applied by using Bayesian unfolding[30]to correct back to the number of charged particles.A matrix M ch,Sel,which expresses the probability that a multiplicity of selected tracks n Sel is due to n ch particles,was populated using MC and applied to obtain the n ch distribution from the data.The resulting distribution was then used to re-populate the matrix and the correction was re-applied.This procedure was repeated without a regularisation term and converged after four iterations,when the change in the distribution between iterations was found to be less than1%.It should be noted that the matrix cannot correct for events which are lost due to track-reconstruction ineﬃciency.To correct for these missing events,a correction factor 1/(1−(1− (n ch))n ch)was applied,where (n ch)is the average track-reconstruction eﬃciency.In the case of the p T versus n ch distribution,each event was weighted by w ev(n BS Sel).For each n Sel a MC-based correction was applied to convert the reconstructed average p T to the average p T of primary charged particles.Then the matrix M ch,Sel was applied as described above.8.Systematic uncertaintiesNumerous detailed studies have been performed to understand possible sources of systematic uncertainties.The main contributions are discussed below.26ATLAS Collaboration/Physics Letters B688(2010)21–42Trigger The trigger selection dependence on the p T andηdistributions of reconstructed tracks was found to beﬂat within the statistical uncertainties of the data recorded with the control trigger.The statistical uncertainty on this result was taken as a systematic uncertainty of0.1%on the overall trigger eﬃciency.Since there is no vertex requirement in the data sample used to measure the trigger eﬃciency,it is not possible to make the same impact-parameter cuts as are made on theﬁnal selected tracks.Therefore the trigger eﬃciency was measured using impact-parameter constraints with respect to the primary vertex or the beam spot and compared to that obtained without such a requirement.The differencewas taken as a systematic uncertainty of0.1%for n BSSel 3.The correlation of the MBTS trigger with the control trigger used to select the data sample for the trigger-eﬃciency determination was studied using the simulation.The resulting systematic uncertainty was found to affect only the case n BSSel=1and amounts to0.2%.Vertex reconstruction The run-to-run variation of the vertex-reconstruction eﬃciency was found to be within the statistical uncertainty. The contribution of beam-related backgrounds to the sample selected without a vertex requirement was estimated by using non-collidingbunches.It was found to be0.3%for n BSSel =1and smaller than0.1%for higher multiplicities,and was assigned as a systematic uncertainty.This background contribution is larger than that given in Section5,since a reconstructed primary vertex was not required for these events.Track reconstruction and selection Since the track-reconstruction eﬃciency is determined from MC,the main systematic uncertainty results from the level of disagreement between data and MC.Three different techniques to associate generated particles to reconstructed tracks were studied:a cone-matching algorithm,an eval-uation of the fraction of simulated hits associated to a reconstructed track and an inclusive technique using a correction for secondary particles.A systematic uncertainty of0.5%was assigned from the difference between the cone-matching and the hit-association methods.A detailed comparison of track properties in data and simulation was performed by varying the track-selection criteria.The largest deviations between data and MC were observed by varying the z0·sinθselection requirement,and by varying the constraint on the number of SCT hits.These deviations are generally smaller than1%and rise to3%at the edges of theηrange.The systematic effects of misalignment were studied by smearing simulation samples by the expected residual misalignment and by comparing the performance of two alignment algorithms on tracks reconstructed from the data.Under these conditions the number of reconstructed tracks was measured and the systematic uncertainty on the track reconstruction eﬃciency due to the residual misalignment was estimated to be less than1%.To test the inﬂuence of an imperfect description of the detector material in the simulation,two additional MC samples with approx-imately10%and20%increase in radiation lengths of the material in the Pixel and SCT active volume were used.The impact of excess material in the tracking detectors was studied using the tails of the impact-parameter distribution,the length of tracks,and the change inthe reconstructed K0S mass as a function of the decay radius,the direction and the momentum of the K0S.The MC with nominal materialwas found to describe the data best.The data were found to be consistent with a10%material increase in some regions,whereas the 20%increase was excluded in all cases.The eﬃciency of matching full tracks to track segments reconstructed in the Pixel detector was also studied.The comparison between data and simulation was found to have good agreement across most of the kinematic range.Some discrepancies found for|η|>1.6were included in the systematic uncertainties.From all these studies a systematic uncertainty on the track reconstruction eﬃciency of3.7%,5.5%and8%was assigned to the pseudorapidity regions|η|<1.6,1.6<|η|<2.3and|η|>2.3, respectively.The track-reconstruction eﬃciency shown in Fig.2(c)rises sharply in the region500<p T<600MeV.The observed turn-on curve is produced by the initial pattern recognition step of track reconstruction and its associated p T resolution,which is considerably worse than theﬁnal p T resolution.The consequence is that some particles which are simulated with p T>500MeV are reconstructed with momenta below the selection requirement.This effect reduces the number of selected tracks.The shape of the threshold was studied in data and simulation and a systematic uncertainty of5%was assigned to theﬁrst p T bin.In conclusion,an overall relative systematic uncertainty of4.0%was assigned to the track reconstruction eﬃciency for most of the kinematic range of this measurement,while8.5%and6.9%were assigned to the highest|η|and to the lowest p T bins,respectively.Momentum scale and resolution To obtain corrected distributions of charged particles,the scale and resolution uncertainties in the recon-structed p T andηof the selected tracks have to be taken into account.Whereas the uncertainties for theηmeasurement were found to be negligible,those for the p T measurement are in general more important.The inner detector momentum resolution was taken from MC as a function of p T andη.It was found to vary between1.5%and5%in the range relevant to this analysis.The uncertainty was estimated by comparing with MC samples with a uniform scaling of10%additional material at low p T and with large misalignments at higher p T. Studies of the width of the mass peak for reconstructed K0Scandidates in the data show that these assumptions are conservative.Thereconstructed momentum scale was checked by comparing the measured value of the K0S mass to the MC.The systematic uncertaintiesfrom both the momentum resolution and scale were found to have no signiﬁcant effect on theﬁnal results.Fraction of secondaries The fraction of secondaries was determined as discussed in Section5.The associated systematic uncertainty was estimated by varying the range of the impact parameter distribution that was used to normalise the MC,and byﬁtting separate distribu-tions for weak decays and material interactions.The systematic uncertainty includes a small contribution due to theηdependence of this correction.The total uncertainty is0.1%.Correction procedure Several independent tests were made to assess the model dependence of the correction matrix M ch,Sel and the resulting systematic uncertainty.In order to determine the sensitivity to the p T andηdistributions,the matrix was re-populated using the other MC parameterizations described in Section3and by varying the track-reconstruction eﬃciency by±5%.The correction factor for events lost due to the track-reconstruction ineﬃciency was varied by the same amount and treated as fully correlated.For the overall normalisation,this leads to an uncertainty of0.4%due to the model dependence and of1.1%due to the track-reconstruction eﬃciency. The size of the systematic uncertainties on n ch increases with the multiplicity.。

外贸术语缩写

Bal.----------------------Balance 差额c/- (or c/s)---------------cases 箱bar. or brl.--------------barrel 桶; 琵琶桶ca.; c/s; cs.--------------case or cases 箱B.B. clause---------------Both to blame collision clause 船舶互撞条款C.A.D.;C/D----------------cash against documents 付款交单B/C------------------Bills for collection 托收单据canc.-----------------cancelled 取消; 注销B.C.-----------------before Christ 公元前C.A.F.---------------------Cost，Assurance, Freight b.d.------------------brought down 转下------------------------(=C.I.F.) 成本加保费. 运费价B.D.---------Bank draft 银行汇票canc.----------cancel, cancelled，cancellation取消; 注销Bill--------------------Discounted 贴现票据canclg.-------------------cancelling 取消; 注销b.d.i.--------------both dates inclusive 包括首尾两日cat.-----------------catalogue 商品目录bdle. ; bdl.--------------bundle 把; 捆C/B------------------------clean bill 光票b.e. ; B/E ; B. EX.------Bill of Exchange 汇票C.B.D.-----cash before delivery 先付款后交单B.f.------------Brought forward 接下页c.c.-----------cubic centimetre 立方厘米；立方公分B/G---------Bonded goods 保税货物c.c.-----carbon copy 复写纸；副本（指复写纸复印的）bg. ; b/s-----------------bag(s) 袋C.C.-----------------------Chamber of Commerce 商会bkg.----backing 银行业务C.C.I.B.--China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中国商品检验局bkt.----------------------basket 篮; 筐C/d------------------------carried down 转下bl.; bls.-----------------bale(s) 包cent-----------------------centum(L.) 一百Blading-----------Bill of Lading 提单Cert. ; Certif.--------certificate ; certified 证明书; 证明bldg.---------------------building 大厦c.f.-----------------------Cubic feet 立方英尺B/ldg.-----------B/L Bill of Lading 提单C/f----------------Carried forward 接后; 结转(下页) bls.------------------Bales 包, barrels 桶cf.---------------------confer 商议; Compare 比较bot. ; bott. ; btl--------bottle 瓶C.& F.---------------------Cost and Freight 成本加运费价格br.-------brand 商标; 牌CFS; C.F.S.------Container Freight Station 集装箱中转站; 货运站Brkge.--------------------breakage 破碎Cg.------------------------Centigramme 公毫brls.- -barrels 桶; 琵琶桶C.G.A.--Cargo's proportion of General Average共同海损分摊额b/s-----------------------bags; bales 袋; 包cgo.-----------------------cargo 货物Bs/L----------------------Bills of Lading 提单(复数) chges.---------------------charges 费用btl.----------------------bottle 瓶Chq.-----------------------Cheque支票bu.-----------------------bushel 蒲式耳C.I.------------------Certificate of Insurance 保险凭证;bx.---------------------box 箱---------------------------Consular Invoice 领事发票; 领事签证bxs.----boxes 箱(复数), 盒(复数) C.I.F--Cost lnsurance Freight 成本.保险费加运费价格C.I.F. & C.-------------Cost lnsurance Freight & Commission 成本. 保险费加运费. 佣金价格d.---------------------denarii (L) , panny or pence 便士C.I.F. & E.----------------Cost Insurance Freight & Exchange 成本. 保险费 . 运费加汇费的价格D/A---------------------Document against Acceptance 承兑交单C.I.F. & I-----------------Cost Insurance Freight & Interest 成本. 保险费. 运费加利息的价格d/a---------------------days. after acceptance 承兑后若干天(交款)C.I.O.---------------------Cash in Order; Cash with order 订货时付款D.D. ，D/D--------Demand draft 即期汇票;Delivered at docks 码头交货cks.-----------------------casks 桶D/d---------------documentary draft 跟单汇单cl.------------------class; clause 级; 条款; 项Dec.--------------------December 十二月CLP------------------------Container Load Plan 集装Hund.-------------------Hundred 百F.P.A.------------free from particular average 平安险h.w.d.------------------heavy weather damage 恶劣气候损坏F. ; Fr-----------franc 法郎frt.；frit.；fgt.-freight 运费I.C.C.------------------International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会frt.ppd-----------freight prepaid 运费已预付Id.---------------------Idem ( the same ) 同样ft.---------------foot 英尺i.e.-------------------Id est ( that is ) 即；就是ft.-lb.-----------foot-pound 英尺磅（功的单位）Imp.--------------------import 进口f.w.d.------------fresh water damage 淡水损失in.---------------------Inch 英尺; interest 利息fwd.--------------forward 前面；接下页In trans.---------Intransit ( on the way ) 在运输途中F.x.----------foreight excharge 外汇Infra-------------------Below 以下Insp.---inspection 检验J. and/or I.o.------Jettison and/or loss overboard 抛弃或落水损失Insur. ; Ins.-----------Insurance保险Jan.-----------------January 一月inst.-------------------instant 本月Jul.-----------------July 七月Inst. cls.--------------Institute clauses 伦敦协会保险条款Jun.-----------------June六月Int.--------------------Interest利息inv.--------------------invoice 发票kilo；kg.-----------Kilogramme 公斤；千克I.O.P.------------------irrespective of percentane 不计免赔率（保险用语）Kl.------------------Kilolitre 千公升；公秉I/P---------------------insurance policy 保单险Km.------------------kilometre 千米；千公尺I.Q.---------Idem quod ( the same as ) 同样Km square--Kilometre 千平方米；千平方公尺ISO---------------------International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织Km cubic-------------Kilometre 千立方米；千立方公尺it.---------------------item 项目；条款ITV---------------------Internal Transfer Vehicle 码头内运输车m.--------------------metre 公尺; mile 英里L/A------------------letter of authority 授权书m2--------------------square metre 平方米；平方公尺l. ; lit.------------litre 公升m3--------------------cubic metre 立方米；立方公尺Lb.------------------pound 磅max.------------------maximum 最高L/C------------------letter of credit 信用证Mar.--------March 三月LCL-----Less than a full Container Load Cargo 非整装箱货；拼箱货M.B.D. or Mchy. dge---Machinery Breakdown Damage 机器损坏ldg.--loading 装货；装载mdse.----------------merchandise 货物；商品L/G------------------letter of guarantee 保证书Memo------------------memorandum 备忘录Ikge-----------------leakage 渗漏Messrs.--------Messieurs 先生（复数）Ikge & bkge---leakager and breakage 渗漏及破碎M.Ex.C.------------Marine Extension clause 海区扩展条款L.T ; L/T------------long ton 长吨mfd.------------------manufactured 制造的Ltd.-----------------Limited 有限mfr.------------------manufacturer 厂商；制造商mg.-------------------milligram 毫克N/A-----------------Non Acceptance 不承兑mi.-------------------mile 英里Nav-----------------Navigating or navigation 航行MI.-------------------marine insurance 海险N.B.----------------Nota bene（take notice）注意M.I.C.C.--------------Marine Insurance Carge Clause 海上运输货物保险条款N.C.V.--------------No commercial value 无商业价值mil. ; ml.------------millilitre 毫升N.D.----------------not dated 不记载日期min.------------------minimum 最低；最小；起码N.d.----------------Non delivery 提货不着M.I.P.----------------Marine Insurance Policy 海险保险单nil-----------------nothing 无mk.-------------------mark 唛头；商标N.M.----------------No Mark 无标志mm--------------------millimetre 毫米；公厘Nom.----------------Nominal 名称mm3-------------cubic millimetre 立方毫米；立方公厘Nov.----------------November 十一月M/R------------Mate's Receipt 收货单；大副收据N/P-----------------No payment 拒绝付款Mr.-------------------mister 先生N.W. ; Nt.Wt.-------Net weight 净重m.s. ; m/s------------motorship 轮船N.Y.----------------New York 纽约M/S==-----------------months after sight见票后。

【ug加工模块中英文对照】

AActivation Range 自动进刀范围AddArcs 加圆弧Additional Passes 附加轨迹Allow Oversize Tool 允许偏大刀具Append 追加Approach 趋近刀轨Approach Maker 趋近标记Arc Center Probe 探头弧心Area Milling 区域铣削At A ngle T o DS 与驱动面成角度At A ngle T o PS 与零件面成角度Auxfun 辅助功能Avoid 避让Avoidance Geometry 避让几何体Away From Line 远离参考线Away From Point 远离参考点BBandwidth 带宽Barrel Cutter 鼓形刀Blank Boundary 毛坯边界Blank Distance 毛坯距离Blank Geometry 毛坯几何体Blank Stock 主坯余量Blank 毛坯Blind Hole 盲孔Bottom Regions 底面区域Boundaries 边界Boundary Approximation 边界近似(增加沿边界优削刀轨) Boundary Face 边界面Boundary 边界Break Chip 断削钻CCAM Customization CAM 用户化CAM Object CAM 对象Case 情形Cavity Mill 型腔镜CCL W 逆时针Check Boundary 检查边界Check Geometry 检查几何体Circular Feedrate Compensati ori 圆弧进给速度补偿CircularPerpTo T A 在垂直于刀具的平面输出圆弧插补CircularParTo T A 在平行于刀具的平面输出圆弧插补Clamp 夹紧Cleanup Geometry 清理几何体Clearance Plane 安全平面Climb Cut 顺锐Closed 封闭CLSF Actions 刀具位置源文件作用CLSF Manager 刀具位置源文件管理器CLSF (Cutter Location Source File)刀具位置源文件CL W 顺时针CNC 计算机数字控制Collision Check 碰撞检查Concave Comer 凹拐角Configuration 配置Constant 常量Contact (Tool Position)接触(刀具位置〉Continuous Path Motion 连续刀轨运动Control Points 进刀控制点Conventional Cut 逆镜Convex Comer 凸拐角Coolant Off 冷却液关Coolant On 冷却液开Comer And Feed Rate Control 拐角及其进给速度控制Comer Angle 拐角Curve，Directrix 曲线，准线CurvelPoint Drive 曲线和点驱动Customizing 客户化CutAngle 切削角CutArea 切削区域Cut Depth 切削深度Cut Level 切削层Cut Method 切削方法Cut Order 切削顺序Cut Region 切削区域Cut Region Start Poi nt 切削区域起始点Cut Step 切削步距Cut 切削Cutter Compensation 刀具补偿Cutter Diameter Compensation 刀具直径补偿Cutter Length Compensation 刀具长度补偿Cutting 切削参数Cutting Move 切削运动Cycle Definition Events 固定循环定义事件Cycle Events 固定循环事件Cycle Move Events 固定循环运动事件Cycle Parameter 固定循环参数Cycle Parameter Set 固定循环参数组Cycle 固定循环DDefinition File Elements 定义文件要素Definition File 定义文件Depth First 深度优先Depth Offset 深度偏置Directional Steep 指向陡峭面Drilling Tool 钻头Drive Curve Lathe 驱动曲线车削Drive Method 驱动方法Dual4AxisOn Drive 双四轴于驱动面上Dual 4AxisOn Part 双囚轴于零件面上Dumb Objects 关联对象Dwell 暂停时间EEndOfPathCommands 刀轨结束命令EngagelRetract 进刀/退刀方法Engage Motion 进刀运动Engage 进刀Environment 环境Event 事件Event Generator 事件生成器Event Handler 事件处理器Exclude Face 排除的面Ext. Tan 相切延伸FFacing 面锐Fan 扇形F 缸Side 远侧Feed Per Tooth 每齿进给量Feed Rate 进给速度Filter Methods 过滤方法Final Retract 最终返刀Finish Path 精加工刀轨Finish Stock 最终余量First Cut 切削的第一刀(进给量)Fixed Contour 固定轴曲面轮廓锐Fixed Depth 固定深度Fl Stck/Min Clr 零件底面余量/最小安全距离Flip Material 材料侧反向Floor 底平面Floor & Island Tops 底平面和各岛屿的顶面Floor Only 只切削底平面Flow Cut 清根切削Follow Boundary 遵循边界方向Follow Check Geometry 遵循检查几何体形状Follow Periphery 遵循外轮廓形状Follow Predrill Points 沿着预钻孔点Follow Start Points 沿着起始点From Marker 从标记点GGenerate 生成Geometry 几何体Geometry Groups 几何体组Geometry Objects 几何体对象Geometry View 几何体视图Goto 转移到Gouge CheckArea 过切检查区域Gouge Check 过切检查Graphical Postprocessing Module (GPM)图形后处理模块Grooving Tool 车槽刀Group 组HHelical 按螺旋线(斜坡进刀)Hookup Distance 连接间隙距离Ignore Chamfers 忽略倒角Ignore Holes 忽略孔Ignore Islands 忽略岛屿Incremental Side Stock 侧余量增量Inheritance 继承Initial Engage 初始进刀Insert 插入Internal Engage 内部进刀Internal Retract 内部混刀Interpolate 插补Inward 向里Island 岛屿LLathe CrossSection横切面(用于车削〉Lathe Fini sh 精车Lathe Groove 车槽Lathe Rough 粗车Lathe Thread 车螺纹Layer/Layout 视图/布局Lead And Lag 前导角和后导角Level First 水平优先Levels A t Island T ops 切削各岛屿的顶面Libraries 库Linear Only 只输出直线插补List 显示列表Loop 循环MMachine Control 机床控制Machine Control Events 机床控制事件Machine Data File Generator (MDFG)机床数据文件生成Machine T ool 机床Machine T oolKinematics 机床运动学Machine T ool Moti on Control 机床运动控制Machine T ool T ype Opti ons 机床类型选项Machine T ool V iew 刀具视图Machining Environment 加工环境Machining Method V iew 加工方法视图Manufacturing 制造(加工〉Manufacturing Output Manager 加工输出管理器Material Side 材料侧Max Concavity 最大凹度MCS (Machine Coordinate System)加工坐标系MDF (Machine Data File)机床数据文件Method Groups 方法组Method 0 均ects 方法对象Mill Area 锐削区域Mill Boundary 锐削边界Mill Geometry 镜削几何体Milling Tool 锐刀Min Clearance 最低安全平面Min Cut Length 最小切削段长度Minimum Clearance 最小安全距离Motion Output 运动输出格式Move Events 运动事件Move Status 运动状态Movement 运动形式MultiDepth多层切削NNC (Numerical Control)数控Near Side 近侧No Cycle 无固定循环NonCuttingMove 非切削运动NonSteep避让陡峭面NonSteepFace 非陡峭面Normal To Drive 与驱动法向一致Normal To DS 与驱动面法向一致Normal To Part 与零件法向一致Normal To PS 与零件面法向一致NURBS(Non Uniform Rational BSpline) 才i 三均匀有理BOOffset/Gouge 刀具偏置过切检查Omit 省略On (Tool Position)在刀具中心位置上On Lines 按直线(斜坡进刀)On Shape 按外形(斜坡进刀)On Surface 在曲面上ONT (Operation Navigation T ool)操作导航工具Open 开口Operation Objects 操作对象Operation 操作Operator Message 操作者提示Optimize 优化Optional Skip Off 程序跳段结束Optional Skip On 程序跳段开始Origin 原点Output File V alidation 输出文件有效Output Plane 输出插补平面Outward 向外Overlap Distance 搭接距离PParallel To Ps 平行于零件面Parallel To Ds 平行于驱动面Parameter Groups 参数组Parent 父节点Part Boundary 零件边界Part Containment 零件包容Part Floor Stock 零件底部余量Part Geometry 零件几何体Part Side Stock 零件侧面余量Part Stock 零件余量Pattern Center 同JL.'圆模式中JL.' Pattern 切削模式Peck Drill 啄式钻Permanent Boundary 永久边界Planar Mill 平面锐Pocket 内腔Point T o Point Motion 点到点运动Point T o Point 点位加工Postprocess 后置处理Post Prosessor 后置处理生成器Power 功率PreDrillEngage Poi nts 预钻孔进刀点PreDrill预钻孔Preferences 预设置Prefun 准备功能prepare Geometry 预加工几何体preprocess 预处理pofile 轮廓pogram Groups 程序组pogram Object 程序对象pogram Order V iew 程序顺序视图pogram 程序叶Ds Normal 沿驱动面法向投射叶Ps Normal 沿零件面法向投射叶ection V ector 投射矢量Rdial Cut 径向切削Angle 斜坡角度DownAngle 向下斜坡角度Type 斜坡进刀类型Ramp Up Angle 向上斜坡角度Range 切削范围Range Depth 切削范围深度Rapid 快速进给速度Rap to Offset 快进偏置RCS (Reference Coordi nate System)参考坐标系Region Connection 区域连接Region Sequencing 切削区域的顺序Register Number(刀具补偿)寄存器号Reject 拒绝Relative T o Drive 相对于驱动面Relative T o Part 相对于零件面Relative T o V ector 相对于矢量方向Replay 重新显示Reset From Table 从表中重新设置Retract Clearance 返刀安全高度Retract Motion 退刀运动Retract 返刀Return 刀具返回Reverse Boundary 反向边界方向Rotate 旋转SR TRCTO 退刀(到C 距离)Safe Clearance 安全距离Same As Drive Path 与驱动轨迹刀具轴相同Scallop 残留高度Seed Face 种子面Select Head 选择主轴头Sequence Number 序列号Sequential Milling 顺序锐Set Modes 设置模式Setup Events 事件设置Setup 设置Shop Documentation 车间工艺文档Slowdowns 降速Smart Objects 相关联对象Spindle Off 主轴停止Spindle On 主轴启动Spindle Speed 主轴转速Spiral 螺旋驱动Standard Bore 标准锺Standard Bore，Back 标准背锺Standard Bore，Drag 标准锺快退Standard Bore，Manual 标准锺手退刀Standard Bore，No Drag 标准锺横向偏置后快退Standard Drill 标准钻削Standard Drill，Break Chip 标准钻削，断屑Standard Drill，Csink 标准钻削，沉孔Standard Drill，Deep 标准钻削，深孔Standard Drive 标准驱动锐Standard T ap 标准攻螺纹Standard T ext 标准文本(输出〉Start Marker 起始点标记Startup Commands 启动命令Steep Angle 陡峭壁角度SteepArea 陡峭壁区域Steep Faces 陡峭壁面Steep 陡峭壁Step 步距(进给速度)Step Over 步距类型/方向Stepover 行距Stock 余量Stopping Position 刀具停止位置SubOperations子操作SurfaceArea 曲面区域(驱动)Surface Region 曲面区域(特征)Surface Speed 曲面表面切削速度SwarfDrive 直纹面驱动TTangent To DS 相切于驱动面Tangent To PS 相切于零件面Tangential Edge A ngle 相切边角Tanto (T ool Positi on)相切(刀具位置)TCutterT 形刀Templates 模板Temporary Boundary 临时边界Temporary Plane 临时平面The Event Generator 事件生成器The Event Generator 事件处理器Thread Milling 螺纹锐Threading T ool 螺纹车刀Three Point Plane 三点(圆心)探测Thru FixedPt 通过固定点Thru Hole 通孔Tilt 倾角TolerancesIntolJOuttol内公差/外公差Tolerant Machining 容错加工Tool Axis 刀具轴(刀轴)Tool Change 换刀Tool Checker 刀具检测器Tool Diameter 刀具直径Tool Groups 刀具组Tool Holder 刀柄Tool Objects 刀具对象Tool path A cti ons 刀轨动作Tool path 刀位轨迹(刀轨)Tool Positi on 刀具位置Tool Preselect 刀具预选Tool 刀具Toward Line 指向线Toward Point 指向点Transfer Method 转移方法Traver 叫转移Traverse Interior Edge 穿过内边缘Traverse Pattern 转移模式Triangle Tolerance 三角形公差Trim Boundary 修剪边界Trim Geometry 修剪几何体Turning Tool 车刀Turning 车削UUgpost Ug 后置处理器Uncut regions 未切削区域Undercut Handing 底部切削处理User Defined 用户定义User Defined Event (UDE)用户定义事件VV ariable Contour 可变轴曲面轮廓锐V ericut 模拟切削V eri Points 验证点Visualize 切削仿真以下是附加文档，不需要的朋友下载后删除，谢谢班主任工作总结专题8篇第一篇:班主任工作总结小学班主任特别是一年级的班主任，是一个复合性角色。

国际私法英文专业词汇对照表

索引词表中文索引英文索引AADR解决方法Alternative Dispute ResolutionB巴托鲁斯Bartolus 本地法说Local Law Theory 本国法lex partriae 比较损害方法comparative-impairment approach 并入或采纳adoption 跛脚婚姻limping marriage BOT投资方式Build-Operate-Transfer 部分裁决partial award 布鲁歇Brocher 不歧视待遇non-discriminate treatmentC常设仲裁机构permanent arbitration agency 场所支配行为locus regit actum 承认与执行外国法院判决recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments 程序规范procedure rules 重叠适用的冲突规范double conflict rules 冲突法the conflict of laws 冲突规范conflict rules 船舶抵押权ship mortgage 船舶留置权possessors lien on vessel 船舶碰撞collision船舶所有权ownership of ship 船舶优先权maritime lien 垂直的法律冲突vertical conflict of lawsD达让特莱D’Argentre 代理agency 戴赛Dicey 单边冲突规范unilateral conflict rules 单式运输分合同sub-contracts 单一反致single renvoi 单一破产制unitary bankruptcy 当事人合意选择的法律lex voluntatis 当事人意思自治autonomy of w ill 德帕涅Despagnet 地理标准geographic criterion 地域效力te rr it or ia lit y 定期租船合同time c harter 定性qualific ation 东道国法律law of host country 动态连结点variable point of contact 杜摩兰Dumoulin 独任仲裁员sole arbitrator 对人诉讼管辖权in personam jurisdiction 对物诉讼管辖权in rem jurisdiction 多式运输经营人combined transport operatorE二级识别secondary characterization法定继承int estat e suc c ession 法定住所s t a tu t or y d o m ic ile 法定管辖st a t ut or y jur is d ic t io n 法官知法jur a n ov it c ur ia 法律关系本座说Doctrine of the Seat of Particular Legal Relationships 法律规避e v a s i o n o f l a w 法律适用规范rules of applic ation of law 法律选择规范c hoic e-of-law rules 法人le g a l p ers o n 法人的国籍nationality of legal person 法人的住所domicile of legal person 法域law distr ic t 法院地法lex fori 法则区别说Statutist Theory 反致r e n v o i 非当地化de-loc alization 非国内化d e-n a t io n a lis e 非内国裁决标准non-domestic award test 非政府组织nongovernmental organization 非自执行条约non-self-executing treaty 废除豁免论The Doctrine of Abolishing Immunity 分割方法choosing and picking, depecage 分类classification 分析法学与比较法说the Theory of Analytic al Jurisprudenc e and Comparative Law 附带问题incidental question 复合破产制pluralism bankruptc y 夫妻关系matrimonial relationship 伏特V oet个案识别说qualification case by case 公共秩序保留reservation of public order 公共政策public policy 共同海损general average 管辖权选择方法jurisdic tion-selecting rules 光船租船合同bareboat charter 国籍的积极冲突positive c onflic t of nationality 国籍的消极冲突negative conflict of nationality 国际保理international factoring 国际贷款协议international loan agreement 国际法律冲突international c onflic t of laws 国际股票international shares 国际惯例International Usages 国际交往互利Mutual Benefit in International Communication 国际礼让说Co m i t y T h e o r y 国际贸易术语解释通则Incoterms 国际民商法International Civil and commercial Law 国际民商事关系International Civil and commercial legal relations 国际民事案件管辖权internatio na l c ivil jurisd ic tion 国际民事诉讼程序internat iona l c iv il lit ig at ion 国际民事诉讼法International Civil Procedure Law 国际破产international bankruptcy 国际商会仲裁院Court of Arbitration，ICC 国际商事仲裁international commercial arbitration 国际私法Private International Law 国际私法规范rules of private international law 国际司法协助international judic ial assistance 国际条约International Conventions 国际统一程序法条约conventions on international procedure law国际统一冲突法条约conventions on conflict of laws 国际统一实体法条约conventions on international uniform substantive law 国际债券international debentures 国际证券international securities 国际仲裁international arbitration 国际组织international organization 国家豁免state immunity 国家及其财产豁免immunities of states and their property 国民待遇National Treatment 国有化nationalizationH海难救助salvage at sea 海事赔偿责任限制limitation of liability for maritime claims 《海牙规则》Hague Rules 《海牙—维斯比规则》Hague-Visby Rules 《汉堡规则》Hamburg Rules 航次租船合同voyage charter 合理的方法rational solution 合同contract 合同缔结地法lex loci contractus 合同自体法理论the proper law of the Contract 横向冲突horizonta l c onflic t 胡伯Huber 互惠说rec iproc al 汇票bill of exchange 混合法则statuta mixta 婚姻举行地法lex loci celebrationisJ既得权说the Theory of V ested or Acquired Rights 监护custody 间接代理indirect agency 间接反致indirect remission 间接管辖权indirect international jurisdiction 间接送达indirect service abroad 简易陪审团审判Summary Jury Trial 交互式ODR模式Interac tive ODR V enu es 结果选择方法result-selec ting rules 结婚Marr ia ge 解决投资争端国际中心International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, ICSID “借用”法规”borrowing” statute 禁治产制度interdiction 静态连结点constant point of contact 居所residence 绝对豁免论The Doctrine of Absolute ImmunityK卡弗斯Cavers 康恩Kahn 客观标志原则the Objective Contacts Doctrine 客观连结点the objective point of c ontac t 柯里Currie 肯塔基方法Kentucky Method 空间法律冲突inter-spatial conflict of laws 库克Co o k 库恩Ku h nL离婚Divorce 离线仲裁调解机构National Arbitration and Mediation 里斯Reese 立遗嘱能力c apac ity 连结点point of contact 连结对象object of c onnec tion 连结因素c onnec ting factor 临时仲裁、特别仲裁ad hoc arbitration agency 领事裁判权c onsular jurisdiction 领事代理consular agency 领事途径consular mechanism 领域标准territorial testM美国仲裁协会AAA American Arbitration Association 孟西尼Mancini 民法施行法EGBGBN内国裁决domestic awardOODR Online Dispute ResolutionP票据negotiable instruments 聘请法官Rent-a-Judge 平等豁免论The Doctrine of Equal Immunity 平面的法律冲突horizontal conflict of laws破产bankruptc y 普遍的效力universality 普遍优惠待遇Treatment of Generalized System of PreferenceQ旗国法law of the flag 起作用的事实operative facts 戚希尔Ch es h ir e 侵权行为t o r t 侵权行为地法law of the place of wrong 侵权行为地法lex loci delicti 亲子关系parent-children relationship 区别制separate system 区际私法private inter-regional law 区际法律冲突inter-regional conflict of lawsR人的法则statuta personalia 人际法律冲突Inter-personal conflict of laws 任意性惯例non-exc lusive usages 任意管辖权non-exc lusive jurisdiction 瑞典斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院The Arbitration Institute of Stockholm Chamber of CommerceS萨维尼Savigny 商标trade mark 涉外私法Foreign Private Law 涉外因素foreign elements 识别charac terization时际法律冲突Inter-temporal conflict of laws 实际国籍nationa litéeffec tive 实体规范s u b s t a n t iv e r u l e s 世界知识产权组织仲裁中心WIPO Arbitration Center 时效问题Limitation of actions, statute of limitation 实质性连结因素标准material c onnec ting fac tors c riterion 首席仲裁员c hief arbitrator 收养a d o p t io n 属地管辖权territorial jur isdic tion 属人法lex personalis 属人管辖权personal jurisdic tion 属人理由的豁免immunity ratione personae 属物理由的豁免immunity ratione matrriae 双边冲突规范bilateral conflict rules 双重反致double renvoi 双重可诉原则rule of double actionability 司法标准ju r id ic a l c r it er io n 司法管辖豁免immunity from jurisdiction 斯托雷S t o r y 诉讼代理litigation agency 诉讼费用担保security for costT特殊管辖权specific jurisdiction 特征性履行方法Characteristic Performance 提单Bill of Lading, L/B 调解mediation or conciliation 挑选法院f or um s h op p in g 同一制u n it ar y s yst e m 推定存活presumption of lifeW瓦赫特尔Waec hter 外国裁决foreign award 外国法的适用application of Foreign Laws 外国法内容的查明ascertainment of foreign law 外国法院说foreign court theory 外交途径diplomatic mec hanism 魏斯Weiss 问题的分类classification of issues 物的法则statuta realia 物权Real Rights 物之所在地法lex rei sitae; lex situsX系属公式formu la 狭义的反致r e m is s io n 先决问题pre lim in ar y qu est ion 限制豁免论The Doctrine of Relative or Restrictive Immunity 香港仲裁中心Hong Kong International Arbitration Center, HKIAC 协议管辖jurisdiction by agreement 小型审判Min i Tria l 协商negotiation 信托trusts 行为地法lex loci actus 虚假冲突false conflicts 宣告死亡declaration of absence 选择适用的冲突规范alternative conflict rules 选择住所domic ile of c hoic eY一般管辖权general jurisdic tion 一般趋势gener a l tr en ds 依功能分析方法functional analysis approach 依规则选择方法Rule-selection Techniques 一级识别primary characterization 意思自治原则Party Autonomy 遗嘱w il ls 遗嘱方式有效性formal validity 遗嘱撤销revocation 隐存的法律冲突potential conflict of laws 英国伦敦国际仲裁院London Court of International Arbitration 友好仲裁amiable c omposition 优惠待遇Preferential Treatment 有利益关系的州interested state 有效控制effective control 域外送达servic e abroad 域外调查取证extraterritorial discovery and taking evidence abroad 原始住所domicile of originZ真实冲突true Conflic ts 争议的国际性质标准the international nature of dispute test 政府利益分析说Government a l Interests Ana lys is 政府间组织inter-gov ernment a l organ iz at ion 直接管辖权direct international jurisdiction 直接送达direct servic e 直接调整方法direc t approac h 殖民地间的法律冲突intercolonial conflict of laws 支票c h e q u e11知识产权intellectual property 治外法权说exterritoriality 执行豁免immunity from execution 仲裁a r b it r a t io n 仲裁裁决arbitra l aw ard 仲裁程序arbitration procedure 仲裁地的主张lex loc i sever 仲裁地plac e of arbitration 仲裁条款arbitration clause 仲裁员异议challenge to arbitrator 仲裁协议arbitration agreement 仲裁协议书submission to arbitration agreement 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会China International Economic and Trade ArbitrationC o m m i s s i o n,C I E T A C 中国海事仲裁委员会China Maritim e Arbitrat ion Commission, CMAC 中间裁决in t e r loc ut or y aw ar d 中央机关途径c entral authority mec hanism 重力中心说the Center of Gravity Test 重力中心地Center of Gravity 纵向冲突v e rt ic a l c o nf lic t 主观连结点subjective point of contact 住所d o m ic ile 住所地法lex domic ile 著作权c op y r ig h t 专利权p a t e n t 专属管辖权excusive jurisdiction 转化tr a nsf or ma t io n 转致transmission 准据法applic able law, lex c ausae 准据法说lex causae12准正legitimation 自动执行条约self-executing treaty 自然人权利能力Legal capacity 自然人的行为能力Disposing capacity 自体法说the Proper Law Doctrine 自助式ODR模式Automated ODR V enues 最惠国待遇the Most Favored-nation Treatment, MFN 最密切联系说Doctrine of the Most Significant Relationship 最密切联系地法law of the place of the most significant relationship 最密切联系原则the Most Closest Connect Doctrine 最真实联系说the Most Real Contact Doctrine 最终裁决final award13。

常见外贸英文缩写

常见外贸英文缩写通过查找,将一些常用的外贸英文缩写整理如下,仅供各位参考.A组A.R-------------AllRisks??一切险ANER亚洲北美东行运费协定AsiaNorthAmericaEastboundRate AWB:airwaybill空运提单B组BAF燃油附加费BunkerAdjustmentFactorBAF燃油附加费，大多数航线都有，但标准不一。

B/L海运提单BillofLadingB/ldg.--------------------B/LBillofLading提单Bs/L----------------------BillsofLading提单(复数)B/R买价BuyingRateBal.----------------------Balance差额bar.orbrl.--------------barrel桶;琵琶桶B.B.clause---------------Bothtoblamecollisionclause船舶互撞条款B/C-----------------------Billsforcollection托收单据B.C.----------------------beforeChrist公元前b.d.----------------------broughtdown转下B.D.----------------------Bankdraft银行汇票Bill----------------------Discounted贴现票据bdle.;bdl.--------------bundle把;捆b.e.;B/E;B.EX.-------BillofExchange汇票B.f.----------------------Broughtforward接下页B/G-----------------------Bondedgoods保税货物bg.;b/s-----------------bag(s)袋bkg.----------------------banking银行业务bkt.----------------------basket篮;筐bl.;bls.-----------------bale(s)包Blading-------------------BillofLading提单bldg.---------------------building大厦bls.----------------------Bales包,barrels桶bot.;bott.;btl--------bottle瓶br.-----------------------brand商标;牌Brkge.--------------------breakage破碎brls.---------------------barrels桶;琵琶桶b/s-----------------------bags;bales袋;包btl.----------------------bottle瓶bu.-----------------------bushel蒲式耳bx.-----------------------box箱bxs.----------------------boxes箱(复数),盒(复数)Bal.-----------------------Ballance余额C组CFR成本加运费（……指定目的港）CFR(costandfreight)成本加运费价C&F（成本加运费）：COSTANDFREIGHTC&F成本加海运费COSTANDFREIGHTCIF成本、保险费加运费付至（……指定目的港）CIF成本，保险加海运费COST，INSURANCE，FRIGHTCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COSTINSURANCEANDFREIGHT CPT运费付至（……指定目的港）CPT运费付至目的地CarriagePaidToCIP运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地）CIP运费、保险费付至目的地CarriageandInsurancePaidToCOD:cashondelivery/collectondelivery货到付款CCA:currentcostaccounting现实成本会计Contractchangeauthorization合同更改批准Changedcarriageadvice变更货运通知CY/CY整柜交货（起点/终点）C.Y.货柜场ContainerYardCY（码头）：CONTAINERYARDCFS（场）：CARGOFREIGHTSTATIONC/D(customsdeclaration)报关单C．C．（运费到付）：COLLECTC.C运费到付CollectCCPIT??中国国际贸易促进委员会CNTRNO.（柜号）：CONTAINERNUMBERC.O(certificateoforigin)一般原产地证CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱C.S.C货柜服务费ContainerServiceChargeC/(CNEE)收货人ConsigneeC/O产地证CertificateofOriginCAF货币汇率附加费CurrencyAdjustmentFactorCFS散货仓库ContainerFreightStationCFS/CFS散装交货（起点/终点）CHB报关行CustomsHouseBrokerCOMM商品CommodityCTNR柜子Containerc/-(orc/s)---------------cases箱ca.;c/s;cs.--------------caseorcases箱canc.----------------------cancel,cancelled，cancellation取消;注销canclg.--------------------cancelling取消;注销cat.-----------------------catalogue商品目录C/B------------------------cleanbill光票c.c.-----------------------cubiccentimetre立方厘米；立方公分c.c.-----------------------carboncopy复写纸；副本（指复写纸复印的）C.C.-----------------------ChamberofCommerce商会C/d------------------------carrieddown转下cent-----------------------centum(L.)一百Cert.;Certif.------------certificate;certified证明书;证明c.f.-----------------------Cubicfeet立方英尺C/f------------------------Carriedforward接后;结转(下页)cf.------------------------confer商议;Compare比较Cg.------------------------Centigramme公毫cgo.-----------------------cargo货物chges.---------------------charges费用Chq.-----------------------Cheque支票C.I.-----------------------CertificateofInsurance保险凭证;---------------------------ConsularInvoice领事发票;领事签证cks.-----------------------casks桶cl.------------------------class;clause级;条款;项CLP------------------------ContainerLoadPlan集装箱装箱单cm-------------------------centimetre厘米;公分cm2------------------------squarecentimetre平方厘米;平方公分cm3------------------------cubiccentimetre立方厘米;立方公分CMB------------------------国际公路货物运输条约CMI------------------------Comit'eMaritimeInternational国际海事委员会c/n------------------------covernote暂保单;预保单CNC------------------------新集装箱运输Co.------------------------Company公司c/o------------------------careof转交C/O;c.o.-----------------Certificateoforigin产地证明书COFC-----------------------ContaineronFlatCar平板车装运集装箱Com.-----------------------Commission佣金Con.inv.-------------------Consularinvoice领事签证发票Cont.;Contr.-------------Contract合同;合约Contd.---------------------Cotinued继续;续(上页)Contg.---------------------containing内容Corp.;Corpn.;cor.------corporation公司;法人C/P;c.py.---------------charterparty租船契约Cr.------------------------Credit贷方;信用证;Creditor债权人Crt.-----------------------crate板条箱Ct.------------------------Cent人;Current当前;目前Credit---------------------贷方;信用证CTB/L---------------------CombinedtransportbillofIading联合运输提单cu.cm.;cb.cm-----------cubiccentimetre立方厘米;立方公分cu.in.;cb.in.----------cubicinch立方寸cu.m.;cb.m.-------------cubicmetre立方米;立方公尺cu.ft.;cb.ft.------------cubicfoot立方英尺cur.;---------------------Curtcurrent(thismonth)本月cur.-----------------------currency币制cu.yd.;cb.yd.-----------cubicyard立方码122磅)CY-------------------------ContainerYard集装箱堆场D组DDU:deliverydutyunpaid未完税交货DDP:deliverydutyprepaid完税交货DAF边境交货（……指定地点）DAF边境交货DeliveredAtFrontierDES目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DES目的港船上交货DeliveredExShipDEQ目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DEQ目的港码头交货DeliveredExQuayDDU未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDU未完税交货DeliveredDutyUnpaidDDC、IAC直航附加费，美加航线使用DDC目的港码头费DestinationDeliveryChargeDL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元D/P(documentagainstpayment)付款交单D/P付款交单DocumentAgainstPaymentDOC(document)文件、单据DOC（文件费）：DOCUMENTCHARGEDoc#文件号码DocumentNumberD/A(documentagainstacceptance)承兑交单D/A承兑交单DocumentAgainstAcceptanceDOZ/DZ(dozen)一打D/O到港通知DeliveryOrderDDC:destinationdistributioncharge目的分送费DOC:DirectOperatingCost直接操作费E组EXW工厂交货（……指定地点）Ex工厂交货Work/ExFactoryETA（到港日）：ESTIMATEDTIMEOFARRIVALETD（开船日）：ESTIMATEDTIMEOFDELIVERYETC（截关日）：ESTIMATEDTIMEOFCLOSINGEBS、EBA部分航线燃油附加费的表示方式，EBS一般是澳洲航线使用，EBA 一般是非洲航线、中南美航线使用EXP（export)出口EA(each)每个，各EPS设备位置附加费EquipmentPositionSurchargesF组FCA货交承运人（……指定地点）FCA货交承运人FreeCarrierFAS船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB船上交货（……指定装运港）FOB船上交货FreeOnBoardFOB（离岸价）：FREEONBOARD??CIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COSTINSURANCEANDFREIGHT FCL（整箱货）：FULLCONTAINERCARGOLOADFCL整柜FullContainerLoadFAF燃油价调整附加费（日本航线专用）FAF燃料附加费FuelAdjustmentFactorFAC(facsimile)传真FormA---产地证（贸易公司）F/F货运代理FreightForwarderFAK各种货品FreightAllKindFAS装运港船边交货FreeAlongsideShipFeederVessel/Lighter驳船航次FEU40‘柜型Forty-FootEquivalentUnit40’FMC联邦海事委员会FederalMaritimeCommissionFIO是FREEINANDOUT的意思，指船公司不付装船和卸船费用FIOST条款,指船公司不负责装,卸,平舱,理舱FI是FREEIN的意思，指船公司不付装FO是FREEOUT的意思，同理指船公司不付卸FAS:freealongsideship启运港船边交货F/P:firepolicy火灾保险FOC:freeofcharges免费FOD:freeofdamage损坏不赔FOI:freeofinterest无息FOP:freeonplane飞机上交货FOQ:freeonquay码头交货F/D:freedocks码头交货FAA:freeofallaverage全损赔偿FOR:freeonrail铁路交货（价）FOT:freeontruck货车上交货（价）F.O.:freeout船方不负责卸货费用F/L:freightlist运费单，运价表G组GRI综合费率上涨附加费，一般是南美航线、美国航线使用GRI全面涨价GeneralRateIncreaseG.W.(grossweight)毛重G.W.(grossweight)毛重ANER亚洲北美东行运费协定AsiaNorthAmericaEastboundRate FOB（离岸价）：FREEONBOARDD组（到达）DAF边境交货（……指定地点）DAF边境交货DeliveredAtFrontierDES目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DES目的港船上交货DeliveredExShipDEQ目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DEQ目的港码头交货DeliveredExQuayDDU未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDU未完税交货DeliveredDutyUnpaidDDP完税后交货（……指定目的地）DDP完税后交货DeliveredDutyPaidDDC、IAC直航附加费，美加航线使用DDC目的港码头费DestinationDeliveryChargeDL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元D/P(documentagainstpayment)付款交单D/P付款交单DocumentAgainstPaymentDOC(document)文件、单据DOC（文件费）：DOCUMENTCHARGEDoc#文件号码DocumentNumberD/A(documentagainstacceptance)承兑交单D/A承兑交单DocumentAgainstAcceptanceDOZ/DZ(dozen)一打D/O到港通知DeliveryOrderG组GRI综合费率上涨附加费，一般是南美航线、美国航线使用GRI全面涨价GeneralRateIncreaseG.W.(grossweight)毛重G.W.(grossweight)毛重N.W.(netweight)净重H组HB/L（货代提单）：HOUSEBILLOFLADINGHBL子提单HouseB/LH/C代理费HandlingChargeI组IFA临时燃油附加费，某些航线临时使用INT（international)国际的INV(invoice)发票IMP(import)进口I/S内销售InsideSalesIA各别调价IndependentActionJ组JP---代表“日元”L组FCL（整箱货）：FULLCONTAINERCARGOLOADLCL（拼箱货）：LESSTHANONECONTAINERCARGOLOAD LCL拼柜LessThanContainerLoadL/C（letterofcredit)信用证L/C信用证LetterofCreditLandBridge陆桥M组MB/L主提单MasterBillOfLoadingMIN(minimum)最小的，最低限度M/V（merchantvessel)商船MT或M/T(metricton)公吨M/T尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）MeasurementTonMAX(maximum)最大的、最大限度的M或MED(medium)中等，中级的MLB小陆桥，自一港到另一港口MinniLandBridgeMotherVessel主线船MTD多式联运单据MultimodalTransportDocumentN组NOVCC（无船承运人）：NONVESSELOPRERATINGCOMMONCARRIER NVOCC无船承运人NonVesselOperatingCommonCarrierN.W.(netweight)净重N/F通知人NotifyO组O/F海运费OceanFreightO/F（海运费）：OCEANFREIGHTORC（广东地区原产地收货费）：ORIGINALRECEIVINGCHARGEOB/L（海运提单）：OCEANBILLOFLADINGOBL海运提单Ocean(ororiginal)B/LORC本地出口附加费，和SPS类似，一般在华南地区使用ORC本地收货费用（广东省收取）OrigenRecevieChargesOCP货主自行安排运到内陆点OverlandContinentalPointOP操作OperationP组POD目地港PortOfDestinationPOL装运港PortOfLoadingPSS旺季附加费PeakSeasonSuchargesPSS（旺季附加费）：PEAKCEASONSURCHARGEPSS旺季附加费，大多数航线在运输旺季时可能临时使用REF（reference)参考、查价RMB（renminbi)人民币PR或PRC(price)价格P/P（运费预付）：FREIGHTPREPAIDP.P预付PrepaidPCS港口拥挤附加费，一般是以色列、印度某些港口及中南美航线使用PCS港口拥挤附加费PortCongestionSurchargePTF巴拿马运河附加费，美国航线、中南美航线使用PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等P/L(packinglist)装箱单、明细表PCT(percent)百分比PUR(purchase)购买、购货S组S/O（订舱单）：SHIPPINGORDERS/O装货指示书ShippingOrderSEALNO.（铅封号）S/C（salescontract)销售确认书S/C售货合同SalesContractSC服务合同ServiceContractSTL.(style)式样、款式、类型SPS上海港口附加费（船挂上港九区、十区）S.S(steamship)船运S/M（shippingmarks)装船标记S/(Shpr)发货人ShipperS/R卖价SellingRateS/SSpreadSheetSpreadSheetSSL船公司SteamShipLineSDRspecialdrawingrights特别提款权T组THC（码头费）：TERMINALHANDLINGCHARGETHC码头操作费（香港收取)TerminalHandlingChargesT/T（电汇）：TELEGRAMTRANSITT/T航程TransitTimeT/T(telegraphictransfer)电汇T.O.C码头操作费TerminalOperationsOptionT.R.C码头收柜费TerminalReceivingChargeT/S转船，转运Trans-ShipTVC/TVR定期定量合同TimeVolumeContract/RateTEU20‘柜型Twenty-FootEquivalentUnit20’TTL总共TotalT或LTX或TX(telex)电传V组VESSEL/VOYAGE（船名/航次）VOCC船公司VesselOperatingCommonCarrierW组W(with)具有WT(weight)重量W/T重量吨(即货物收费以重量计费)WeightTonw/o(without)没有W/M即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费WeightorMeasurementton Y组YAS日元升值附加费（日本航线专用）YAS码头附加费YardSurchargesHS-Code海关编码即HS编码，为编码协调制度的简称TheHarmonizationCode出口信贷exportcredit出口津贴exportsubsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchangedumping优惠关税specialpreferences保税仓库bondedwarehouse贸易顺差favorablebalanceoftrade贸易逆差unfavorablebalanceoftrade进口配额制importquotas自由贸易区freetradezone对外贸易值valueofforeigntrade国际贸易值valueofinternationaltrade普遍优惠制generalizedsystemofpreferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favorednationtreatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语tradeterm(priceterm)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值totalvalue卸货费landingcharges金额amount关税customsduty净价netprice印花税stampduty含佣价priceincludingcommission港口税portdues回佣returncommission装运港portofshipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港portofdischarge批发价wholesaleprice目的港portofdestination零售价retailprice进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spotprice出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forwardprice现行价格（时价）currentpriceprevailingprice国际市场价格world(International)Marketprice离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-freeonboard成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-costandfreight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insuranceandfreighte --------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter(thecharteredshep)交货时间timeofdelivery定程租船voyagecharter;装运期限timeofshipment定期租船timecharter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper,consignor收货人consignee班轮regularshippingliner驳船lighter舱位shippingspace油轮tanker报关clearanceofgoods陆运收据cargoreceipt提货totakedeliveryofgoods空运提单airwaybill正本提单originalBL选择港（任意港）optionalport选港费optionalcharges选港费由买方负担optionalchargestobebornebytheBuyers或optionalchargesforBuyersaccount一月份装船shipmentduringJanuary或Januaryshipment一月底装船shipmentnotlaterthanJan.31st.或shipmentonorbeforeJan.31st.一/二月份装船shipmentduringJan./Feb.或Jan./Feb.shipment在......(时间）分两批装船shipmentduring....intwolots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipmentduring....intwoequallots分三个月装运inthreemonthlyshipments分三个月，每月平均装运inthreeequalmonthlyshipments立即装运immediateshipments即期装运promptshipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipmentswithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C允许分批装船partialshipmentnotallowedpartialshipmentnotpermittedpartialshipm entnotunacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent订货；订购book;booking电复cablereply实盘firmoffer递盘bid;bidding递实盘bidfirm还盘counteroffer发盘（发价)offer发实盘offerfirm询盘（询价）inquiry;enquiry---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------指示性价格priceindication速复replyimmediately参考价referenceprice习惯做法usualpractice交易磋商businessnegotiation不受约束withoutengagement业务洽谈businessdiscussion限**复subjecttoreply**限**复到subjecttoreplyreachinghere**有效期限timeofvalidity有效至**:validtill**购货合同purchasecontract销售合同salescontract购货确认书purchaseconfirmation销售确认书salesconfirmation一般交易条件generaltermsandconditions以未售出为准subjecttopriorsale需经卖方确认subjecttosellersconfirmation需经我方最后确认subjecttoourfinalconfirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------(拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitationoftender投标submissionoftender一般代理人agent总代理人generalagent代理协议agencyagreement累计佣金accumulativecommission补偿贸易compensationtrade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatorytrade（又叫：往返贸易）countertrade来料加工processingongivingmaterials来料装配assemblingonprovidedparts独家经营/专营权exclusiveright独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivityagreement独家代理soleagency;soleagent;exclusiveagency;exclusiveagent -------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality原样originalsample规格specifications复样duplicatesample说明description对等样品countersample标准standardtype参考样品referencesample商品目录catalogue封样sealedsample宣传小册pamphlet公差tolerance货号articleNo.花色（搭配）assortment样品sample增减plusorminus代表性样品representativesample大路货（良好平均品质）fairaveragequality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty仲裁arbitration不可抗力forceMajeure仲裁庭arbitraltribunal产地证明书certificateoforigin品质检验证书inspectioncertificateofquanlity重量检验证书inspectioncertificateofweight(quantity)品质、重量检验证书inspectioncertificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number净重netweight容积capacity毛作净grossfornet体积volume皮重tare毛重grossweight溢短装条款moreorlessclause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreignexchange法定贬值devaluation外币foreigncurrency法定升值revaluation汇率rateofexchange浮动汇率floatingrate国际收支balanceofpayments硬通货hardcurrency直接标价directquotation软通货softcurrency间接标价indirectquotation金平价goldstandard买入汇率buyingrate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率sellingrate固定汇率fixedrate金本位制度goldstandard黄金输送点goldpoints铸币平价mintpar纸币制度papermoneysystem国际货币基金internationalmonetaryfund黄金外汇储备goldandforeignexchangereserve汇率波动的官定上下限officialupperandlowerlimitsoffluctuation IRR:internalrateofreturn内部收益率(IRR—irregularreport异常报告) LCL（拼箱货）：LESSTHANONECONTAINERCARGOLOAD MAWB:masterairwaybill主提单HAWB:houseairwaybill分提单IATA:InternationalAirTransportAssociation国际航空输运协会HS-Code海关编码即HS编码，为编码协调制度的简称TheHarmonizationCode附加：出口信贷exportcredit出口津贴exportsubsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchangedumping优惠关税specialpreferences保税仓库bondedwarehouse贸易顺差favorablebalanceoftrade贸易逆差unfavorablebalanceoftrade进口配额制importquotas自由贸易区freetradezone对外贸易值valueofforeigntrade国际贸易值valueofinternationaltrade普遍优惠制generalizedsystemofpreferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favorednationtreatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语tradeterm(priceterm)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值totalvalue卸货费landingcharges金额amount关税customsduty净价netprice印花税stampduty含佣价priceincludingcommission港口税portdues回佣returncommission装运港portofshipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港portofdischarge批发价wholesaleprice目的港portofdestination零售价retailprice进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spotprice出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forwardprice现行价格（时价）currentpriceprevailingprice国际市场价格world(International)Marketprice离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-freeonboard成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-costandfreight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insuranceandfreighte --------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter(thecharteredshep)交货时间timeofdelivery定程租船voyagecharter;装运期限timeofshipment定期租船timecharter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper,consignor收货人consignee班轮regularshippingliner驳船lighter舱位shippingspace油轮tanker报关clearanceofgoods陆运收据cargoreceipt提货totakedeliveryofgoods空运提单airwaybill正本提单originalBL选择港（任意港）optionalport选港费optionalcharges选港费由买方负担optionalchargestobebornebytheBuyers或optionalchargesforBuyersaccount一月份装船shipmentduringJanuary或Januaryshipment一月底装船shipmentnotlaterthanJan.31st.或shipmentonorbeforeJan.31st.一/二月份装船shipmentduringJan./Feb.或Jan./Feb.shipment 在......(时间）分两批装船shipmentduring....intwolots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipmentduring....intwoequallots分三个月装运inthreemonthlyshipments分三个月，每月平均装运inthreeequalmonthlyshipments立即装运immediateshipments即期装运promptshipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipmentswithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C允许分批装船partialshipmentnotallowedpartialshipmentnotpermittedpartialshipm entnotunacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent订货；订购book;booking电复cablereply实盘firmoffer递盘bid;bidding递实盘bidfirm还盘counteroffer发盘（发价)offer发实盘offerfirm询盘（询价）inquiry;enquiry---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------指示性价格priceindication速复replyimmediately参考价referenceprice习惯做法usualpractice交易磋商businessnegotiation不受约束withoutengagement业务洽谈businessdiscussion限**复subjecttoreply**限**复到subjecttoreplyreachinghere**有效期限timeofvalidity有效至**:validtill**购货合同purchasecontract销售合同salescontract购货确认书purchaseconfirmation销售确认书salesconfirmation一般交易条件generaltermsandconditions以未售出为准subjecttopriorsale需经卖方确认subjecttosellersconfirmation需经我方最后确认subjecttoourfinalconfirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------(拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitationoftender投标submissionoftender一般代理人agent总代理人generalagent代理协议agencyagreement累计佣金accumulativecommission补偿贸易compensationtrade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatorytrade（又叫：往返贸易）countertrade来料加工processingongivingmaterials来料装配assemblingonprovidedparts独家经营/专营权exclusiveright独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivityagreement独家代理soleagency;soleagent;exclusiveagency;exclusiveagent -------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality原样originalsample规格specifications复样duplicatesample说明description对等样品countersample标准standardtype参考样品referencesample商品目录catalogue封样sealedsample宣传小册pamphlet公差tolerance货号articleNo.花色（搭配）assortment样品sample增减plusorminus代表性样品representativesample大路货（良好平均品质）fairaveragequality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty仲裁arbitration不可抗力forceMajeure仲裁庭arbitraltribunal产地证明书certificateoforigin品质检验证书inspectioncertificateofquanlity重量检验证书inspectioncertificateofweight(quantity) 品质、重量检验证书inspectioncertificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number净重netweight容积capacity毛作净grossfornet体积volume皮重tare毛重grossweight溢短装条款moreorlessclause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreignexchange法定贬值devaluation外币foreigncurrency法定升值revaluation汇率rateofexchange浮动汇率floatingrate国际收支balanceofpayments硬通货hardcurrency直接标价directquotation软通货softcurrency间接标价indirectquotation金平价goldstandard买入汇率buyingrate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率sellingrate固定汇率fixedrate金本位制度goldstandard黄金输送点goldpoints铸币平价mintpar纸币制度papermoneysystem国际货币基金internationalmonetaryfund黄金外汇储备goldandforeignexchangereserve汇率波动的官定上下限officialupperandlowerlimitsoffluctuation。

专八英语阅读

英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。

常见外贸英文缩写

常见外贸英文缩写通过查找, 将一些常用的外贸英文缩写整理如下, 仅供各位参考.A组A.R-------------All Risks? ?一切险ANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定Asia NorthAmerica EastboundRate AWB: airway bill 空运提单B组BAF 燃油附加费Bunker AdjustmentFactorBAF 燃油附加费，大多数航线都有，但标准不一。

B/L 海运提单Bill of LadingB/ldg.--------------------B/L Bill of Lading 提单Bs/L----------------------Bills of Lading 提单(复数)B/R 买价Buying RateBal.----------------------Balance 差额bar. or brl.--------------barrel 桶; 琵琶桶B.B. clause---------------Both to blame collision clause 船舶互撞条款B/C-----------------------Bills for collection 托收单据B.C.----------------------before Christ 公元前b.d.----------------------brought down 转下B.D.----------------------Bank draft 银行汇票Bill----------------------Discounted 贴现票据bdle. ; bdl.--------------bundle 把; 捆b.e. ; B/E ; B. EX.-------Bill of Exchange 汇票B.f.----------------------Brought forward 接下页B/G-----------------------Bonded goods 保税货物bg. ; b/s-----------------bag(s) 袋bkg.----------------------banking 银行业务bkt.----------------------basket 篮; 筐bl.; bls.-----------------bale(s) 包Blading-------------------Bill of Lading 提单bldg.---------------------building 大厦bls.----------------------Bales 包, barrels 桶bot. ; bott. ; btl--------bottle 瓶br.-----------------------brand 商标; 牌Brkge.--------------------breakage 破碎brls.---------------------barrels 桶; 琵琶桶b/s-----------------------bags; bales 袋; 包btl.----------------------bottle 瓶bu.-----------------------bushel 蒲式耳bx.-----------------------box 箱bxs.----------------------boxes 箱(复数), 盒(复数)Bal.-----------------------Ballance 余额C组CFR 成本加运费（……指定目的港）CFR(cost and freight)成本加运费价C&F（成本加运费）：COST AND FREIGHTC&F 成本加海运费COST AND FREIGHTCIF 成本、保险费加运费付至（……指定目的港）CIF 成本，保险加海运费COST，INSURANCE，FRIGHTCIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT CPT 运费付至（……指定目的港）CPT 运费付至目的地Carriage Paid ToCIP 运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地）CIP 运费、保险费付至目的地Carriage and Insurance Paid ToCOD: cash on delivery/collect on delivery 货到付款CCA: current cost accounting 现实成本会计Contract change authorization 合同更改批准Changed carriage advice 变更货运通知CY/CY 整柜交货（起点/终点）C.Y. 货柜场Container YardCY（码头）：CONTAINER YARDCFS（场）：CARGO FREIGHT STATIONC/D (customs declaration)报关单C．C．（运费到付）：COLLECTC.C 运费到付CollectCCPIT? ?中国国际贸易促进委员会CNTR NO. （柜号）：CONTAINER NUMBERC.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱C.S.C 货柜服务费Container Service ChargeC/(CNEE) 收货人ConsigneeC/O 产地证Certificate of OriginCAF 货币汇率附加费Currency Adjustment FactorCFS 散货仓库Container Freight StationCFS/CFS 散装交货（起点/终点）CHB 报关行Customs House BrokerCOMM 商品CommodityCTNR 柜子Containerc/- (or c/s)---------------cases 箱ca.; c/s; cs.--------------case or cases 箱canc.----------------------cancel, cancelled，cancellation取消; 注销canclg.--------------------cancelling 取消; 注销cat.-----------------------catalogue 商品目录C/B------------------------clean bill 光票c.c.-----------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米；立方公分c.c.-----------------------carbon copy 复写纸；副本（指复写纸复印的）C.C.-----------------------Chamber of Commerce 商会C/d------------------------carried down 转下cent-----------------------centum(L.) 一百Cert. ; Certif.------------certificate ; certified 证明书; 证明c.f.-----------------------Cubic feet 立方英尺C/f------------------------Carried forward 接后; 结转(下页)cf.------------------------confer 商议; Compare 比较Cg.------------------------Centigramme 公毫cgo.-----------------------cargo 货物chges.---------------------charges 费用Chq.-----------------------Cheque支票C.I.-----------------------Certificate of Insurance 保险凭证;---------------------------Consular Invoice 领事发票; 领事签证cks.-----------------------casks 桶cl.------------------------class; clause 级; 条款; 项CLP------------------------Container Load Plan 集装箱装箱单cm-------------------------centimetre 厘米; 公分cm2------------------------square centimetre 平方厘米; 平方公分cm3------------------------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分CMB------------------------国际公路货物运输条约CMI------------------------Comit'e Maritime International 国际海事委员会c/n------------------------cover note 暂保单; 预保单CNC------------------------新集装箱运输Co.------------------------Company 公司c/o------------------------care of 转交C/O ; c.o.-----------------Certificate of origin 产地证明书COFC-----------------------Container on Flat Car 平板车装运集装箱Com.-----------------------Commission 佣金Con.inv.-------------------Consular invoice 领事签证发票Cont. ; Contr.-------------Contract 合同; 合约Contd.---------------------Cotinued 继续; 续(上页)Contg.---------------------containing 内容Corp. ; Corpn. ; cor.------corporation 公司; 法人C/P ; c. py.---------------charter party 租船契约Cr.------------------------Credit 贷方; 信用证; Creditor 债权人Crt.-----------------------crate 板条箱Ct.------------------------Cent 人; Current 当前; 目前Credit---------------------贷方; 信用证CT B/L---------------------Combined transport bill of Iading 联合运输提单cu. cm. ; cb. cm-----------cubic centimetre 立方厘米; 立方公分cu. in. ; cb. in.----------cubic inch 立方寸cu.m. ; cb. m.-------------cubic metre 立方米; 立方公尺cu.ft. ; cb.ft.------------cubic foot 立方英尺cur. ;---------------------Curt current (this month) 本月cur.-----------------------currency 币制cu.yd. ; cb. yd.-----------cubic yard 立方码122磅)CY-------------------------Container Yard 集装箱堆场D组DDU: delivery duty unpaid 未完税交货DDP: delivery duty prepaid 完税交货DAF 边境交货（……指定地点）DAF 边境交货Delivered At FrontierDES 目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DES 目的港船上交货Delivered Ex ShipDEQ 目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DEQ 目的港码头交货Delivered Ex QuayDDU 未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty UnpaidDDC、IAC 直航附加费，美加航线使用DDC 目的港码头费Destination Delivery ChargeDL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元D/P(document against payment)付款交单D/P 付款交单Document Against PaymentDOC (document)文件、单据DOC（文件费）：DOCUMENT CHARGEDoc# 文件号码Document NumberD/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单D/A 承兑交单Document Against AcceptanceDOZ/DZ(dozen)一打D/O 到港通知Delivery OrderDDC: destination distribution charge 目的分送费DOC: Direct Operating Cost 直接操作费E组EXW 工厂交货（……指定地点）Ex 工厂交货Work/ExFactoryETA（到港日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVALETD（开船日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF DELIVERYETC（截关日）：ESTIMATED TIME OF CLOSINGEBS、EBA 部分航线燃油附加费的表示方式，EBS一般是澳洲航线使用，EBA 一般是非洲航线、中南美航线使用EXP（export)出口EA(each)每个，各EPS 设备位置附加费Equipment Position SurchargesF组FCA 货交承运人（……指定地点）FCA 货交承运人Free CarrierFAS 船边交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货（……指定装运港）FOB 船上交货Free On BoardFOB （离岸价）：FREE ON BOARD??CIF（成本运费加保险，俗称“到岸价”）：COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT FCL（整箱货）：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADFCL 整柜Full Container LoadFAF 燃油价调整附加费（日本航线专用）FAF 燃料附加费Fuel AdjustmentFactorFAC(facsimile)传真Form A ---产地证（贸易公司）F/F 货运代理Freight ForwarderFAK 各种货品Freight All KindFAS 装运港船边交货Free Alongside ShipFeeder Vessel/Lighter 驳船航次FEU 40‘柜型Forty-Foot Equivalent Unit 40’FMC 联邦海事委员会Federal Maritime CommissionFIO是FREE IN AND OUT的意思，指船公司不付装船和卸船费用FIOST条款,指船公司不负责装,卸,平舱,理舱FI是FREE IN的意思，指船公司不付装FO是FREE OUT的意思，同理指船公司不付卸FAS: free alongside ship 启运港船边交货F/P: fire policy 火灾保险FOC: free of charges 免费FOD: free of damage 损坏不赔FOI: free of interest 无息FOP: free on plane 飞机上交货FOQ: free on quay 码头交货F/D: free docks 码头交货FAA: free of all average 全损赔偿FOR: free on rail 铁路交货（价）FOT: free on truck 货车上交货（价）F.O.: free out 船方不负责卸货费用F/L: freight list 运费单，运价表G组GRI 综合费率上涨附加费，一般是南美航线、美国航线使用GRI 全面涨价General RateIncreaseG.W.(gross weight)毛重G.W.(gross weight)毛重ANER 亚洲北美东行运费协定Asia NorthAmerica EastboundRate FOB （离岸价）：FREE ON BOARDD组（到达）DAF 边境交货（……指定地点）DAF 边境交货Delivered At FrontierDES 目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）DES 目的港船上交货Delivered Ex ShipDEQ 目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）DEQ 目的港码头交货Delivered Ex QuayDDU 未完税交货（……指定目的地）DDU 未完税交货Delivered Duty UnpaidDDP 完税后交货（……指定目的地）DDP 完税后交货Delivered Duty PaidDDC、IAC 直航附加费，美加航线使用DDC 目的港码头费Destination Delivery ChargeDL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元D/P(document against payment)付款交单D/P 付款交单Document Against PaymentDOC (document)文件、单据DOC（文件费）：DOCUMENT CHARGEDoc# 文件号码Document NumberD/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单D/A 承兑交单Document Against AcceptanceDOZ/DZ(dozen)一打D/O 到港通知Delivery OrderG组GRI 综合费率上涨附加费，一般是南美航线、美国航线使用GRI 全面涨价General RateIncreaseG.W.(gross weight)毛重G.W.(gross weight)毛重N.W.(net weight)净重H组HB/L（货代提单）：HOUSE BILL OF LADINGHBL 子提单House B/LH/C 代理费Handling ChargeI 组IFA 临时燃油附加费，某些航线临时使用INT（international)国际的INV (invoice)发票IMP(import)进口I/S 内销售Inside SalesIA 各别调价Independent ActionJ 组JP---代表“日元”L组FCL（整箱货）：FULL CONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL（拼箱货）：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOADLCL 拼柜Less Than Container LoadL/C （letter of credit)信用证L/C 信用证Letter of CreditLand Bridge 陆桥M 组MB/L 主提单Master Bill Of LoadingMIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度M/V（merchant vessel)商船MT或M/T(metric ton)公吨M/T 尺码吨（即货物收费以尺码计费）Measurement TonMAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的MLB 小陆桥，自一港到另一港口Minni Land BridgeMother Vessel 主线船MTD 多式联运单据Multimodal Transport DocumentN组NOVCC（无船承运人）：NON VESSEL OPRERATING COMMON CARRIER NVOCC 无船承运人Non Vessel OperatingCommon CarrierN.W.(net weight)净重N/F 通知人NotifyO组O/F 海运费Ocean FreightO/F（海运费）：OCEAN FREIGHTORC（广东地区原产地收货费）：ORIGINAL RECEIVING CHARGEOB/L（海运提单）：OCEAN BILL OF LADINGOBL 海运提单Ocean (or original )B/LORC 本地出口附加费，和SPS类似，一般在华南地区使用ORC 本地收货费用（广东省收取）Origen Recevie ChargesOCP 货主自行安排运到内陆点Overland Continental PointOP 操作OperationP组POD 目地港Port Of DestinationPOL 装运港Port Of LoadingPSS 旺季附加费Peak Season SuchargesPSS（旺季附加费）：PEAK CEASON SURCHARGEPSS 旺季附加费，大多数航线在运输旺季时可能临时使用REF （reference)参考、查价RMB（renminbi)人民币PR或PRC(price) 价格P/P（运费预付）：FREIGHT PREPAIDP.P 预付PrepaidPCS 港口拥挤附加费，一般是以色列、印度某些港口及中南美航线使用PCS 港口拥挤附加费Port Congestion SurchargePTF 巴拿马运河附加费，美国航线、中南美航线使用PKG(package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表PCT (percent)百分比PUR (purchase)购买、购货S组S/O（订舱单）：SHIPPING ORDERS/O 装货指示书Shipping OrderSEAL NO. （铅封号）S/C（sales contract)销售确认书S/C 售货合同Sales ContractSC 服务合同Service ContractSTL.(style)式样、款式、类型SPS 上海港口附加费（船挂上港九区、十区）S.S(steamship)船运S/M （shipping marks)装船标记S/(Shpr) 发货人ShipperS/R 卖价Selling RateS/S Spread Sheet Spread SheetSSL 船公司Steam Ship LineSDR special drawing rights 特别提款权T组THC（码头费）：TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGETHC 码头操作费（香港收取) Terminal Handling ChargesT/T（电汇）：TELEGRAM TRANSITT/T 航程Transit TimeT/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇T.O.C 码头操作费Terminal Operations OptionT.R.C 码头收柜费Terminal Receiving ChargeT/S 转船，转运Trans-ShipTVC/ TVR 定期定量合同Time Volume Contract/ RateTEU 20‘柜型Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit 20’TTL 总共TotalT或LTX或TX(telex)电传V组VESSEL/VOYAGE（船名/航次）VOCC 船公司Vessel Operating Common CarrierW组W (with)具有WT(weight)重量W/T 重量吨(即货物收费以重量计费) Weight Tonw/o(without)没有W/M 即以重量吨或者尺码吨中从高收费Weight or Measurement tonY组YAS 日元升值附加费（日本航线专用）YAS 码头附加费Yard SurchargesHS-Code 海关编码即HS编码，为编码协调制度的简称The Harmonization Code出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission装运港portof shipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price目的港portof destination零售价retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice国际市场价格world (International)Marketprice离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insurance and freighte--------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered shep)交货时间time of delivery定程租船voyage charter;装运期限time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper,consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original BL选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or beforeJan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment 在......(时间）分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C 允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent订货；订购book; booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid; bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价) offer发实盘offer firm询盘（询价）inquiry;enquiry---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------指示性价格price indication速复reply immediately参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply** 限* *复到subject to reply reaching here** 有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till** 购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to sellers confirmation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------(拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade（又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency; exclusive agent-------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality原样original sample规格specifications复样duplicate sample说明description对等样品countersample标准standard type参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet公差tolerance货号article No.花色（搭配）assortment样品sample增减plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty仲裁arbitration不可抗力force Majeure仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quanlity重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number净重net weight容积capacity毛作净gross for net体积volume皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreign exchange法定贬值devaluation外币foreign currency法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par纸币制度paper money system国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation IRR: internal rate of return 内部收益率(IRR—irregular report 异常报告)LCL（拼箱货）：LESS THAN ONECONTAINER CARGO LOAD MAWB: master airway bill 主提单HAWB: house airway bill 分提单IATA: International Air Transport Association 国际航空输运协会HS-Code 海关编码即HS编码，为编码协调制度的简称The Harmonization Code附加：出口信贷export credit出口津贴export subsidy商品倾销dumping外汇倾销exchange dumping优惠关税special preferences保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade进口配额制import quotas自由贸易区free trade zone对外贸易值value of foreign trade国际贸易值value of international trade普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences-GSP最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment-MFNT-------------------价格条件----------------------价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission装运港portof shipment折扣discount,allowance卸货港port of discharge批发价wholesale price目的港portof destination零售价retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice国际市场价格world (International)Marketprice离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insurance and freighte--------------------交货条件----------------------交货delivery轮船steamship(缩写S.S)装运、装船shipment租船charter (the chartered shep)交货时间time of delivery定程租船voyage charter;装运期限time of shipment定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper,consignor收货人consignee班轮regular shipping liner驳船lighter舱位shipping space油轮tanker报关clearance of goods陆运收据cargo receipt提货to take delivery of goods空运提单airway bill正本提单original BL选择港（任意港）optional port选港费optional charges选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一月底装船shipment not later than Jan.31st.或shipment on or before Jan.31st.一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb.或Jan./Feb. shipment 在......(时间）分两批装船shipment during....in two lots在......(时间）平均分两批装船shipment during....in two equal lots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in three equal monthly shipments立即装运immediate shipments即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C 允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed partial shipment not permitted partial shipment not unacceptable---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------订单indent订货；订购book; booking电复cable reply实盘firm offer递盘bid; bidding递实盘bid firm还盘counter offer发盘（发价) offer发实盘offer firm询盘（询价）inquiry;enquiry---------------交易磋商、合同签订-----------------指示性价格price indication速复reply immediately参考价reference price习惯做法usual practice交易磋商business negotiation不受约束without engagement业务洽谈business discussion限**复subject to reply** 限* *复到subject to reply reaching here** 有效期限time of validity有效至**: valid till** 购货合同purchase contract销售合同sales contract购货确认书purchase confirmation销售确认书sales confirmation一般交易条件general terms and conditions以未售出为准subject to prior sale需经卖方确认subject to sellers confirmation需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation------------------贸易方式------------------------(拍卖auction)寄售consignment招标invitation of tender投标submission of tender一般代理人agent总代理人general agent代理协议agency agreement累计佣金accumulative commission补偿贸易compensation trade（或抵偿贸易）compensating/compensatory trade（又叫：往返贸易）counter trade来料加工processing on giving materials来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/专营权exclusive right独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivity agreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency; exclusive agent-------------------品质条件-----------------------品质quality原样original sample规格specifications复样duplicate sample说明description对等样品countersample标准standard type参考样品reference sample商品目录catalogue封样sealed sample宣传小册pamphlet公差tolerance货号article No.花色（搭配）assortment样品sample增减plus or minus代表性样品representative sample大路货（良好平均品质）fair average quality--------------------商检仲裁-----------------------索赔claim争议disputes罚金条款penalty仲裁arbitration不可抗力force Majeure仲裁庭arbitral tribunal产地证明书certificate of origin品质检验证书inspection certificate of quanlity重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity) 品质、重量检验证书inspection certificate---------------------数量条件-----------------------个数number净重net weight容积capacity毛作净gross for net体积volume皮重tare毛重gross weight溢短装条款more or less clause-----------------------外汇-------------------------外汇foreign exchange法定贬值devaluation外币foreign currency法定升值revaluation汇率rate of exchange浮动汇率floating rate国际收支balance of payments硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate通货膨胀inflation卖出汇率selling rate固定汇率fixed rate金本位制度gold standard黄金输送点gold points铸币平价mint par纸币制度paper money system国际货币基金international monetary fund黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation。

布朗运动及其应用

随机过程在金融领域的作用1240410114王颖浅谈布朗运动在金融领域的应用悬浮微粒永不停息地做无规则运动的现象叫做布朗运动例如，在显微镜下观察悬浮在水中的藤黄粉、花粉微粒，或在无风情形观察空气中的烟粒、尘埃时都会看到这种运动。

温度越高，运动越激烈。

它是1827年植物学家R.布朗首先发现的。

作布朗运动的粒子非常微小，直径约1~10微米，在周围液体或气体分子的碰撞下，产生一种涨落不定的净作用力，导致微粒的布朗运动。

如果布朗粒子相互碰撞的机会很少，可以看成是巨大分子组成的理想气体，则在重力场中达到热平衡后，其数密度按高度的分布应遵循玻耳兹曼分布。

J.B.佩兰的实验证实了这一点，并由此相当精确地测定了阿伏伽德罗常量及一系列与微粒有关的数据。

1905年A.爱因斯坦根据扩散方程建立了布朗运动的统计理论。

布朗运动的发现、实验研究和理论分析间接地证实了分子的无规则热运动，对于气体动理论的建立以及确认物质结构的原子性具有重要意义，并且推动统计物理学特别是涨落理论的发展。

由于布朗运动代表一种随机涨落现象，它的理论对于仪表测量精度限制的研究以及高倍放大电讯电路中背景噪声的研究等有广泛应用。

这是1826年英国植物学家布朗（1773-1858）用显微镜观察悬浮在水中的花粉时发现的。

后来把悬浮微粒的这种运动叫做布朗运动。

不只是花粉和小炭粒，对于液体中各种不同的悬浮微粒，都可以观察到布朗运动。

布朗的发现是一个新奇的现象，它的原因是什么？人们是迷惑不解的。

在布朗之后，这一问题一再被提出，为此有许多学者进行过长期的研究。

一些早期的研究者简单地把它归结为热或电等外界因素引起的。

最早隐约指向合理解释的是维纳(1826——1896)，1863年他提出布朗运动起源于分子的振动，他还公布了首次对微粒速度与粒度关系的观察结果。

不过他的分子模型还不是现代的模型，他看到的实际上是微粒的位移，并不是振动。

到了70——80年代，一些学者明确地把布朗运动归结为液体分子撞击微粒的结果，这些学者有卡蓬内尔、德尔索和梯瑞昂，还有耐格里。

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