法律英语第七课 Criminal Law_OK
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• 手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者 或警察
• A dangerous crime as robbery satisfies the requirem ent of malice
• 抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件
2021/6/28
18
Co-felons guilty of murder 重罪共犯谋杀
Malice
A deliberate intention to take a way the life of a fellow creature 故意剥夺他人生命
No considerable provocation
没有出现相当程度的挑衅
An abandoned and malignant hea
2021/6/28
2021/6/28
9
Excusable homicide
• A person accidentally and without gross negligence causes the death of another individual.
没有严重过失
2021/6/28
10
Criminal homicide——有罪杀人
2021/6/28
31
• In such paramour killing cases the conviction rate is quite low. • 在杀死情敌的案例中，定罪率很低 • Concocted explanation of self-defense • 编造的有关自卫的解释 • Acquit根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决
巨大挑衅
激情之下
故意杀人 2021/6/28
27
Voluntary manslaughter
• the person killed another person; • the person acted in the heat of passion; • and heat of passion was caused by adequate provocation.
• /
2021/6/28
17
• Killing during the course of a felony such as robber y.
• 在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人
• Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim, or a bystander, or a police officer.
Lesson Seven
Criminal Law
2021/6/28
1
• It is better to fight for justice than to rail at the ill.
Alfreds Tennyson, British writer
• 与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。
英国作家 丁尼生 A
——正当杀人 • Excusable homicide
——可宽恕的杀人
2021/6/28
8
Justifiable homicide
• Self-defense • 正当防卫 • Police officer ……to prevent the commission of a forcible felony • 警察预防暴力性重罪 • To prevent a dangerous felon escaping • 防止危险的重罪犯逃跑
202182133involuntarymanslaughter非自愿性非恶意杀人过失杀人unintentionalkillingresultingfromgrossnegligencedangerousunlawfulconduct非法的危险行为202182134202182135vehicularmanslaughtermanslaughterstateshavecreatedcrimes202182136negligenthomicide过失杀人罪recklesshomicide疏忽大意杀人罪specialkindhomicidelegislatiodifficultyencounteredconvictingmotoristsmorerevoltinglylabeled之所以制定这种特殊的有关杀人法律是因为难以将撞死人的有罪司机划归比较令人讨厌的一般杀人犯罪
In the “heat of pa
ssion”
2021/6/28
30
Be treated less harshly than murder
• Frailties of the human nature • 人类的脆弱性
• Instinctive reaction • 本能的反应
• Be discouraged by criminal sanction • 通过刑事处分加以阻拦
• /model-penal-c ode.htm
2021/6/28
3
刑法的三个主要问题
• Crime—felony; misdemeanor • Punishment – guidelines for sentencing (量刑指南) • Criminal liability
2021/6/28
19
Malice
• Malice may also be attributed to a robber whose partner in the crime intentionally kills someone during t he commission of the crime or the attempted escape.
/def2/m012.htm
2021/6/28
28
• Heat of passion may be provoked by fear, rage, anger or terror.
• Provocation, in order to be adequate, must be such as might naturally cause a reasonable person in the passion of the moment to lose self-control and act on impulse and without reflection.
• A killing amounts to a criminal homicide when it done without lawful justification or excuse.
murder
manslaughter
2021/6/28
恶意杀人 谋杀
非恶意杀人 非预谋杀人
11
The elements of the crimes of murder
voluntary involuntary
2021/6/28
Prison term: 1 -14 years
26
(a) Voluntary manslaughter 自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人
• An intentional killing upon “great provocation” and in the heat of “passion ”
First degree murder
punishable by death or long imprisonment
Second degree murd
peunrishab20l2e1/6w/28ith a lesser penalty
23
First degree murder
• A “willful, deliberate and premeditated” killing, such as a poisoning or a killing during the com mission of a dangerous felony
• In the course of an exchange of shots between robbers and the police, a police officer is accidentall y killed by another officer.
• 在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意外地被另一个警察打死。
• 在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个强盗的同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也属于有恶意。
2021/6/28
20
每个参与者都有恶意
The dangerousness of the robbery itself
Act as an agent for the others in acc omplishing their objective
Capital punishment
2021/6/28
DEATH PENALTY
4
2021/6/28
5
2021/6/28
6
Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护
Ronald Reagan
2021/6/28
7
John Hinckley
TEXT Homicide
• Not all homicides are criminal. • Justifiable homicide
14
rt
Express malice vs. Implied malice
Push another off t he side of a mount ain
Fire a rifle at a moving passe nger train
2021/6/28
15
Penalty for murder
Courts decisions
Legislatures
Common law
Separate statut
eCriminal code
2021/6/28
12
1. Murder
• Killing a human being with “malice” 恶意、预谋杀人
California Penal Code
• Death • 死刑 • Prison terms extending to “life” • 终身监禁 • Prison to a special number of years • 一定年限的监禁
2021/6/28
16
(a) Felony – murder 重罪恶意谋杀
• Felony – murder ：a murder that occurs while the accused is in the act of committing anothe r felony, such as armed robbery. Felony murder carries a heavier sentence than plain murder.
2021/6/28
21
Death penalty 死刑
• 在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到 只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处 罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机 关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无 致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。
2021/6/28
22
(b) Degrees of murder 恶意杀人罪的等级
• Varying penalties for murder
2021/6/28
2
Background
• Model Penal Code
• Model Penal Code was created by a group of law professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a compreh ensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Pe nal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It h as, however, been the model for many state crimi nal codes and has been very influential on state an d local legislators.
SECTION 187-199 ：Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with mali ce aforethought.
2021/6/28
13
• Express malice——明示恶意 • Implied malice——暗示恶意
• /def2/m012.htm
2021/6/28
29
A classic example
• A killing of paramour or of the spouse, or both
manslaughter
The provocation w as great
• 有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒，或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。
2021/6/28
24
Common law
Murder 恶意杀人
Manslaughter 非恶意杀人
2021/6/28
25
2. Manslaughter
• Unlawful killing of another without malice. • 无恶意的非法杀人
• A dangerous crime as robbery satisfies the requirem ent of malice
• 抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件
2021/6/28
18
Co-felons guilty of murder 重罪共犯谋杀
Malice
A deliberate intention to take a way the life of a fellow creature 故意剥夺他人生命
No considerable provocation
没有出现相当程度的挑衅
An abandoned and malignant hea
2021/6/28
2021/6/28
9
Excusable homicide
• A person accidentally and without gross negligence causes the death of another individual.
没有严重过失
2021/6/28
10
Criminal homicide——有罪杀人
2021/6/28
31
• In such paramour killing cases the conviction rate is quite low. • 在杀死情敌的案例中，定罪率很低 • Concocted explanation of self-defense • 编造的有关自卫的解释 • Acquit根据“不成文法”作出的无罪判决
巨大挑衅
激情之下
故意杀人 2021/6/28
27
Voluntary manslaughter
• the person killed another person; • the person acted in the heat of passion; • and heat of passion was caused by adequate provocation.
• /
2021/6/28
17
• Killing during the course of a felony such as robber y.
• 在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人
• Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim, or a bystander, or a police officer.
Lesson Seven
Criminal Law
2021/6/28
1
• It is better to fight for justice than to rail at the ill.
Alfreds Tennyson, British writer
• 与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。
英国作家 丁尼生 A
——正当杀人 • Excusable homicide
——可宽恕的杀人
2021/6/28
8
Justifiable homicide
• Self-defense • 正当防卫 • Police officer ……to prevent the commission of a forcible felony • 警察预防暴力性重罪 • To prevent a dangerous felon escaping • 防止危险的重罪犯逃跑
202182133involuntarymanslaughter非自愿性非恶意杀人过失杀人unintentionalkillingresultingfromgrossnegligencedangerousunlawfulconduct非法的危险行为202182134202182135vehicularmanslaughtermanslaughterstateshavecreatedcrimes202182136negligenthomicide过失杀人罪recklesshomicide疏忽大意杀人罪specialkindhomicidelegislatiodifficultyencounteredconvictingmotoristsmorerevoltinglylabeled之所以制定这种特殊的有关杀人法律是因为难以将撞死人的有罪司机划归比较令人讨厌的一般杀人犯罪
In the “heat of pa
ssion”
2021/6/28
30
Be treated less harshly than murder
• Frailties of the human nature • 人类的脆弱性
• Instinctive reaction • 本能的反应
• Be discouraged by criminal sanction • 通过刑事处分加以阻拦
• /model-penal-c ode.htm
2021/6/28
3
刑法的三个主要问题
• Crime—felony; misdemeanor • Punishment – guidelines for sentencing (量刑指南) • Criminal liability
2021/6/28
19
Malice
• Malice may also be attributed to a robber whose partner in the crime intentionally kills someone during t he commission of the crime or the attempted escape.
/def2/m012.htm
2021/6/28
28
• Heat of passion may be provoked by fear, rage, anger or terror.
• Provocation, in order to be adequate, must be such as might naturally cause a reasonable person in the passion of the moment to lose self-control and act on impulse and without reflection.
• A killing amounts to a criminal homicide when it done without lawful justification or excuse.
murder
manslaughter
2021/6/28
恶意杀人 谋杀
非恶意杀人 非预谋杀人
11
The elements of the crimes of murder
voluntary involuntary
2021/6/28
Prison term: 1 -14 years
26
(a) Voluntary manslaughter 自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人
• An intentional killing upon “great provocation” and in the heat of “passion ”
First degree murder
punishable by death or long imprisonment
Second degree murd
peunrishab20l2e1/6w/28ith a lesser penalty
23
First degree murder
• A “willful, deliberate and premeditated” killing, such as a poisoning or a killing during the com mission of a dangerous felony
• In the course of an exchange of shots between robbers and the police, a police officer is accidentall y killed by another officer.
• 在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察意外地被另一个警察打死。
• 在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个强盗的同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也属于有恶意。
2021/6/28
20
每个参与者都有恶意
The dangerousness of the robbery itself
Act as an agent for the others in acc omplishing their objective
Capital punishment
2021/6/28
DEATH PENALTY
4
2021/6/28
5
2021/6/28
6
Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护
Ronald Reagan
2021/6/28
7
John Hinckley
TEXT Homicide
• Not all homicides are criminal. • Justifiable homicide
14
rt
Express malice vs. Implied malice
Push another off t he side of a mount ain
Fire a rifle at a moving passe nger train
2021/6/28
15
Penalty for murder
Courts decisions
Legislatures
Common law
Separate statut
eCriminal code
2021/6/28
12
1. Murder
• Killing a human being with “malice” 恶意、预谋杀人
California Penal Code
• Death • 死刑 • Prison terms extending to “life” • 终身监禁 • Prison to a special number of years • 一定年限的监禁
2021/6/28
16
(a) Felony – murder 重罪恶意谋杀
• Felony – murder ：a murder that occurs while the accused is in the act of committing anothe r felony, such as armed robbery. Felony murder carries a heavier sentence than plain murder.
2021/6/28
21
Death penalty 死刑
• 在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到 只要有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处 罚就应该重得多，因此，立法机 关规定，对杀人抢劫的处罚比无 致命抢劫的处罚多15年以上。
2021/6/28
22
(b) Degrees of murder 恶意杀人罪的等级
• Varying penalties for murder
2021/6/28
2
Background
• Model Penal Code
• Model Penal Code was created by a group of law professors, judges, and lawyers to offer a compreh ensive revision of the criminal law. The Model Pe nal Code is not law and has no binding effect. It h as, however, been the model for many state crimi nal codes and has been very influential on state an d local legislators.
SECTION 187-199 ：Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with mali ce aforethought.
2021/6/28
13
• Express malice——明示恶意 • Implied malice——暗示恶意
• /def2/m012.htm
2021/6/28
29
A classic example
• A killing of paramour or of the spouse, or both
manslaughter
The provocation w as great
• 有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投毒，或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。
2021/6/28
24
Common law
Murder 恶意杀人
Manslaughter 非恶意杀人
2021/6/28
25
2. Manslaughter
• Unlawful killing of another without malice. • 无恶意的非法杀人