汉英口译分类词汇——世贸组织词汇

（补贴协议）可诉补贴Actionable subsidy
(纺织品与服装、农产品)⼀体化进程Integration process
（服务贸易）境外消费Consumption abroad
（服务贸易）跨境交付Cross border supply
（服务贸易）商业存在Commercial presence
(服务贸易)⾃然⼈ natural person
(服务贸易)⾃然⼈流动Presence of natural person
(解决争端)被诉⽅Defendant
（解决争端）调查结果Findings
(解决争端)上诉Appeal
(解决争端)申诉⽅Complaint
(利益的)丧失和减损Nullification and impairment
(农产品)国内⽀持Domestic support
（农产品）综合⽀持量AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support)
（农产品国内⽀持）黄箱措施Amber Box measures
（农产品国内⽀持）蓝箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions
（农产品国内⽀持）绿箱措施Green Box measures
(农业)多功能性 Multifunctionality
（欧盟）共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy
(争端解决)专家组Panel
（知识产权）地理标识Geographical indications
《巴黎公约》(关于保护⼯业知识产权的公约)Paris Convention
《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）Basel Convention
《北美⾃由贸易协定》NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
《濒危物种国际贸易公约》Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
《伯尔尼公约》（有关保护⽂学和艺术作品版权的公约）Berne Convention
《多种纤维协定》MFA (Multifibre Agreement)
《纺织品与服装协议》ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)
《服务贸易总协定》GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services)
《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)《京都议定书》 Kyoto Protocol
《⾥斯本条约》（有关地理标识及其国际注册）Lisbon Agreement
《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护⼤⽓臭氧层的多边环境协定)Montreal Protocol
《农产品协议》特殊保障SSG (Special Safeguard)
《农业协议》中关于反补贴的和平条款Peace clause
《⽣物多样性公约》CBD(Convention on Biological Diversity)
《信息技术协议》ITA (Information Technology Agreement)
WTO最不发达国家⾼级别会议HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)
北美⾃由贸易区 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)
采取措施后Ex post
采取措施前Ex ante
产品⽣命周期分析LCA (Life Cycle Analysis)
出⼝补贴Export subsidy
出⼝实绩Export performance
垂直兼并 vertical merger
当地含量Local content
电⼦商务 Electronic Commerce
东部和南部⾮洲共同市场COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)
东盟⾃由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area
动植物卫⽣检疫措施SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard )
反补贴税Countervailing duty
反倾销措施 anti-dumping measures against…
反向通知Counter-notification
⾮配额产品 quota-free products
⾮⽣产性投资 investment in non-productive projects
⾮洲、加勒⽐和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific Group)
风险管理/评估 risk management/ assessment
关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前⾝ GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)
规避Circumvention
国际标准化组织ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
国际纺织品服装局ITCB (International Textile and Clothing Bureau)
国际货币基⾦组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)
国际劳⼯组织ILO (International Labor Organization)
国际贸易中⼼ITC (International Trade Center)
国际贸易组织ITO (International Trade Organization)
国际贸易组织临时委员会ICITO (Interim Commission for the International Trade Organization)国际清算 international settlement
国际收⽀ balance of international payments/ balance of payment
国际收⽀条款BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions
国际兽疫组织International Office of Epizootics
国民待遇National treatment
国内补贴Domestic subsidy
国内⽣产Domestic production
海关估价Customs valuation
海关完税价值Customs value
横向兼并 horizontal merger
环保型技术EST(Environmentally-sound technology)
灰⾊区域措施Grey area measures
货币留成制度Currency retention scheme
货币贸易理事会CTG(Council for Trade in Goods)
基础税率Base tariff level
既定⽇程Built-in agenda
交叉报复Cross retaliation
进⼝差价税Import variable duties
进⼝附加税Import surcharge
进⼝环节税 import linkage tax
进⼝渗透Import penetration
进⼝替代Import substitution
进⼝许可Import licensing
进⼝押⾦Import deposits
经济合作与发展组织OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)
垃圾融资 junk financing
联合国环境署UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)
联合国开发计划署UNDP (United Nations Development Program)
联合国粮农组织FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States)
联合国贸易与发展会议UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)粮⾷安全Food security
慢性萧条 chronic depression　
贸易和投资⾃由化和便利化 TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)
贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Development
贸易与环境委员会Committee on Trade and Environment
模式Modalities
南⽅共同市场（或称南锥体共同市场）MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market)
南亚区域合作联盟SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional cooperation)
欧洲⾃由贸易联盟EFTA (European Free Trade Association)
配额调整条款modulation of quota clause
瓶颈制约 'bottleneck' restrictions
全球配额 global quota
上诉机构Appeal body
申报制度 reporting system; income declaration system
⽣产补贴Production subsidy
实⾏国民待遇 grant the national treatment to
实质损害Material injury
⾷品法典委员会 CAC(Codex Alimentaries Commission)
世界海关组织WCO (World Customs Organization)
世界贸易组织WTO (World Trade Organization)
世界知识产权组织WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)
市场准⼈的⾏政管理措施 AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access)
市场准⼊Market access
通知义务Notification obligation
同类产品Like product
乌拉圭回合Uruguay Round
消费膨胀 inflated consumption　
协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System)新议题New issues
许可费 License fee
有秩序的市场安排Orderly market arrangements
约束⽔平Bound level
争端解决机构Dispute Settlement Body
政府采购 Government procurement
知识产权IPRs (Intellectual property rights)
直接⽀付Direct payment
诸边协议 Plurilateral agreement
专门的营销机构Market boards
转基因⽣物GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)
祖⽗条款 grandfather clause
最不发达国家LDCs (Least-developed countries)
最初谈判权(初谈权) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights)
最惠国待遇（现通常称'正常贸易关系'）MFN（most-favored-nation) treatment
最惠国贸易地位(待遇)MFN (Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)
WTO术语英⽂解释
General
GATT — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO’s agreements.
GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.
GATT 1994 — The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.
Members — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).
MFN — Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one’s trading partners.national treatment — The principle of giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals.
GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.
TPRB, TPRM — The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the Trade
Policy Review Mechanism.
transparency — Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.
Uruguay Round — Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994.
Tariffs
binding, bound — see “tariff binding”
electronic commerce — The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products via
telecommunications networks.
free-rider — A casual term used to infer that a country which does not make any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle.
Harmonized System — An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes.
ITA — Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.
ITA II — Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA’s product coverage.
nuisance tariff — Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.
schedule of concessions — List of bound tariff rates.
tariff binding — Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties.
tariff escalation — Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate.
tariff peaks — Relatively high tariffs, usually on “sensitive” products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as “tariff peaks”.
tariffs — Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific
basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.
WCO — World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.
Non-tariff measures
anti-dumping duties — Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing country.
circumvention — Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties.
countervailing measures — Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country.
dumping — Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost.
NTMs — Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.
price undertaking — Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.
PSI — Preshipment inspection — the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas — i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.
QRs — Quantitative restrictions — specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. rules of origin — Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a product’s country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. These rules can vary from country to country.
safeguard measures — Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up of
imports — governed by Article XIX of the GATT 1994.
subsidy — There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.
tariffication — Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.
trade facilitation — Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures).
VRA, VER, OMA — Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls.
Textiles and clothing
ATC — The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.
carry forward — When an exporting country uses part of the following year’s quota during the current year.
carry over — When an exporting country utilizes the previous year’s unutilized quota.
circumvention — Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.
CTG — Council for Trade in Goods — oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC.
integration programme — The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January
1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.
ITCB — International Textiles and Clothing Bureau — Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.
MFA — Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.
swing — When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.
TMB — The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.
transitional safeguard mechanism — Allows members to impose restric t i o n s a g a i n s t i n d i v i d u a l e x p o r t i n g c o u n t r i e s i f t h e i m p o r t i n g c o u n t r y c a n s h o w t h a t b o t h o v e r a l l i m p o r t s o f a p r o d u c t a n d i m p o r t s f r o m t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o u n t r i e s a r e e n t e r i n g t h e c o u n t r y i n s u c h i n c r e a s e d q u a n t i t i e s a s t o / p > p > c a u s e o r t h r e a t e n s e r i o u s d a m a g e t o t h e r e l e v a n t d o m e s t i c i n d u s t r y . / p > p > A g r i c u l t u r e / S P S / p > p > A g e n d a 2 0 0 0 E C s f i n a n c i a l r e f o r m p l a n s f o r 2 0 0 0 0 6 a i m e d a t s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e u n i o n w i t h a v i e w t o r e c e i v i n g n e w m e m b e r s . I n c l u d e s r e f o r m o f t h e C A P ( s e e b e l o w ) . / p > p > b o r d e r p r o t e c t i o n A n y m e a s u r e w h i c h a c t s t o r e s t r a i n i m p o r t s a t p o i n t o f e n t r y . / p > p > B S E B o v i n e s p o n g i f o r m e n c e p h a l o p a t h y , o r m a d c o w d i s e a s e . / p > p > b o x C a t e g o r y o f d o m e s t i c s u p p o r t . G r e e n b o x : s u p p o r t s c o n s i d e r e d n o t t o d i s t o r t t r a d e a n d t h e r e f o r e p e r m i t t e d w i t h n o l i m i t s . B l u e b o x : p e r m i t t e d s u p p o r t s l i n k e d t o p r o d u c t i o n , b u t s u b j e c t t o p r o d u c t i o n l i m i t s a n d t h e r e f o r e m i n i m a l l y t r a d e - d i s t o r t i n g . A m b e r b o x : s u p p o r t s c o n s i d e r e d t o d i s t o r t t r a d e a n d t h e r e f o r e s u b j e c t t o r e d u c t i o n c o m m i t m e n t s . / p > p > C a i r n s G r o u p G r o u p o f a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p o r t i n g n a t i o n s l o b b y i n g f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l t r a d e l i b e r a l i z a t i o n . I t w a s f o r m e d i n 1
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h i p : A r g e n t i n a , A u s t r a l i a , B o l i v i a , B r a z i l , C a n a d a , C h i l e , C o l o m b i a , C o s t a R i c a , G u a t e m a l a , I n d o n e s i a , M a l a y s i a , N e w Z e a l a n d , P a r a g u a y , P h i l i p p i n e s , S o u t h A f r i c a , T h a i l a n d a n d U r u g u a y . / p > p > C A P C o m m o n A g r i c u l t u r a l P o l i c y T h e E U s c o m p r e h e n s i v e s y s t e m o f p r o d u c t i o n t a r g e t s a n d m a r k e t i n g m e c h a n i s m s d e s i g n e d t o m a n a g e a g r i c u l t u r a l t r a d e w i t h i n t h e E U a n d w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d . / p > p > C o d e x A l i m e n t a r i u s F A O / W H O c o m m i s s i o n t h a t d e a l s w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s o n f o o d s a f e t y . / p > p > d i s t o r t i o n W h e n p r i c e s a n d p r o d u c t i o n a r e h i g h e r o r l o w e r t h a n l e v e l s t h a t w o u l d u s u a l l y e x i s t i n a c o m p e t i t i v e m a r k e t . / p > p > d e f i c i e n c y p a y m e n t P a i d b y g o v e r n m e n t s t o p r o d u c e r s o f c e r t a i n c o m m o d i t i e s a n d b a s e d o n t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a t a r g e t p r i c e a n d t h e d o m e s t i c m a r k e t p r i c e o r l o a n r a t e , w h i c h e v e r i s t h e l e s s . / p > p > E E P E x p o r t e n h a n c e m e n t p r o g r a m m e p r o g r a m m e o f U S e x p o r t s u b s i d i e s g i v e n g e n e r a l l y t o c o m p e t e w i t h s u b s i d i z e d a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p o r t s f r o m t h e E U o n c e r t a i n e x p o r t m a r k e t s . / p > p > f o o d s e c u r i t y C o n c e p t w h i c h d i s c o u r a g e s o p e n i n g t h e d o m e s t i c m a r k e t t o f o r e i g n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s o n t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t a c o u n t r y m u s t b e a s s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t a s p o s s i b l e f o r i t s b a s i c d i e t a r y n e e d s . / p > p > i n t e r n a l s u p p o r t E n c o m p a s s e s a n y m e a s u r e w h i c h a c t s t o m a i n t a i n p r o d u c e r p r i c e s a t l e v e l s a b o v e t h o s e p r e v a i l i n g i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e ; d i r e c t p a y m e n t s t o p r o d u c e r s , i n c l u d i n g d e f i c i e n c y p a y m e n t s , a n d i n p u t a n
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i f u n c t i o n a l i t y I d e a t h a t a g r i c u l t u r e h a s m a n y f u n c t i o n s i n a d d i t i o n t o p r o d u c i n g f o o d a n d f i b r e , e . g . e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n , l a n d s c a p e p r e s e r v a t i o n , r u r a l e m p l o y m e n t , e t c . S e e n o n - t r a d e c o n c e r n s . / p > p > n o n - t r a d e c o n c e r n s S i m i l a r t o m u l t i f u n c t i o n a l i t y . T h e p r e a m b l e o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r e A g r e e m e n t s p e c i f i e s f o o d s e c u r i t y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n a s e x a m p l e s . A l s o c i t e d b y m e m b e r s a r e r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e m p l o y m e n t , a n d p o v e r t y a l l e v i a t i o n . / p > p > p e a c e c l a u s e P r o v i s i o n i n A r t i c l e 1 3 o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r e A g r e e m e n t s a y s a g r i c u l t u r a l s u b s i d i e s c o m m i t t e d u n d e r t h e a g r e e m e n t c a n n o t b e c h a l l e n g e d u n d e r o t h e r W T O a g r e e m e n t s , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e S u b s i d i e s A g r e e m e n t a n d G A T T . E x p i r e s a t t h e e n d o f 2 0 0 3 . / p > p > r e f o r m p r o c e s s / p r o g r a m T h e U r u g u a y R o u n d A g r i c u l t u r e A g r e e m e n t s t a r t s a r e f o r m p r o c e s s . I t s e t s o u t a f i r s t s t e p , i n t h e p r o c e s s , i . e . a p r o g r a m f o r r e d u c i n g s u b s i d i e s a n d p r o t e c t i o n a n d o t h e r r e f o r m s . C u r r e n t n e g o t i a t i o n s l a u n c h e d u n d e r A r t i c l e 2 0 a r e f o r c o n t i n u i n g t h e r e f o r m p r o c e s s . / p > p > S P S r e g u l a t i o n s S a n i t a r y a n d P h y t o s a n i t a r y r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e r n m e n t s t a n d a r d s t o p r o t e c t h u m a n , a n i m a l a n d p l a n t l i f e a n d h e a l t h , t o h e l p e n s u r e t h a t f o o d i s s a f e f o r c o n s u m p t i o n . / p > p > v a r i a b l e l e v y C u s t o m s d u t y r a t e w h i c h v a r i e s i n r e s p o n s e t o d o m e s t i c p r i c e c r i t e r i o n . / p > p > / p > p > I n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y / p > p > B e r n e C o n v e n t i o n T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e r i g h t s o f a u t h o r s i n t h e i r l i t e r a r y a n d a r t i s t i c w o r k s . / p > p > C B D C o n v e n t i o n o n B i o l o g i c a l D i v e r s i t y . / p > p > c o m p u l s o r y l i c e n s i n g F o r p a t e n t s : w h e n t h e a u t h o r i t i e s l i c e n s e c o m p a n i e s o r i n d i v i d u a l s o t h e r t h a n t h e p a t e n t o w n e r t o u s e t h e r i g h t s o f t h e p a t e n t t o m a k e , u s e , s e l l o r i m p o r t a p r o d u c t u n d e r p a t e n t ( i . e . a p a t e n t e d p r o d u c t o r a p r o d u c t m a d e b y a p a t e n t e d p r o c e s s ) w i t h o
u t t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e p a t e n t o w n e r . A l l o w e d u n d e r t h e T R I P S A g r e e m e n t p r o v i d e d c e r t a i n p r o c e d u r e s a n d c o n d i t i o n s a r e f u l f i l l e d . S e e a l s o g o v e r n m e n t u s e . / p > p > c o u n t e r f e i t U n a u t h o r i z e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k c a r r i e d o n g o o d s i d e n t i c a l o r s i m i l a r t o g o o d s f o r w h i c h t h e t r a d e m a r k i s r e g i s t e r e d , w i t h a v i e w t o d e c e i v i n g t h e p u r c h a s e r i n t o b e l i e v i n g t h a t h e / s h e i s b u y i n g t h e o r i g i n a l g o o d s . / p > p > e x h a u s t i o n T h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t o n c e a p r o d u c t h a s b e e n s o l d o n a m a r k e t , t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y o w n e r n o l o n g e r h a s a n y r i g h t s o v e r i t . ( A d e b a t e a m o n g W T O m e m b e r g o v e r n m e n t s i s w h e t h e r t h i s a p p l i e s t o p r o d u c t s p u t o n t h e m a r k e t u n d e r c o m p u l s o r y l i c e n c e s . ) C o u n t r i e s l a w s v a r y a s t o w h e t h e r t h e r i g h t c o n t i n u e s t o b e e x h a u s t e d i f t h e p r o d u c t i s i m p o r t e d f r o m o n e m a r k e t i n t o a n o t h e r , w h i c h a f f e c t s t h e o w n e r s r i g h t s o v e r t r a d e i n t h e p r o t e c t e d p r o d u c t . S e e a l s o p a r a l l e l i m p o r t s . / p > p > g e o g r a p h i c a l i n d i c a t i o n s P l a c e n a m e s ( o r w o r d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a p l a c e ) u s e d t o i d e n t i f y p r o d u c t s ( f o r e x a m p l e , C h a m p a g n e , T e q u i l a o r R o q u e f o r t ) w h i c h h a v e a p a r t i c u l a r q u a l i t y , r e p u t a t i o n o r o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b e c a u s e t h e y c o m e f r o m t h a t p l a c e / p > p > g o v e r n m e n t u s e F o r p a t e n t s : w h e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t i t s e l f u s e s o r a u t h o r i z e s o t h e r p e r s o n s t o u s e t h e r i g h t s o v e r a p a t e n t e d p r o d u c t o r p r o c e s s , f o r g o v e r n m e n t p u r p o s e s , w i t h o u t t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e p a t e n t o w n e r . S e e a l s o c o m p u l s o r y l i c e n s i n g . / p > p > i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t s O w n e r s h i p o f i d e a s , i n c l u d i n g l i t e r a r y a n d a r t i s t i c w o r k s ( p r o t e c t e d b y c o p y r i g h t ) , i n v e n t i o n s ( p r o t e c t e d b y p a t e n t s ) , s i g n s f o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g g o o d s o f a n e n t e r p r i s e ( p r o t e c t e d b y t r a d e m a r k s ) a n d o t h e r e l e m e n t s o f i n d u s t r i a l p r o p e r t y . / p > p > I P R s I n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t s . / p > p > L i s b o n A g r e e m e n t T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f g e o g r a p h i c a l i n d i c a t i o n s a n d t h e i r i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e g i s t r a t i o n . / p > p > M a d r i d A g r e e m e n t T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , f o r t h e r e p r e s s i o n o f f a l s e o r d e c e p t i v e i n d i c a t i o n s o f s o u r c e o n g o o d s . / p > p > m a i l b o x R e f e r s t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e T R I P S A g r e e m e n t a p p l y i n g t o W T O m e m b e r s w h i c h d o n o t y e t p r o v i d e p r o d u c t p a t e n t p r o t e c t i o n f o r p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s a n d f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l c h e m i c a l s . S i n c e 1 J a n u a r y 1 9 9 5 , w h e n t h e W T O a g r e e m e n t s e n t e r e d i n t o f o r c e , t h e s e c o u n t r i e s h a v e t o e s t a b l i s h a m e a n s b y w h i c h a p p l i c a t i o n s o f p a t e n t s f o r t h e s e p r o d u c t s c a n b e f i l e d . ( A n a d d i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s a y s t h e y m u s t a l s o p u t i n p l a c e a s y s t e m f o r g r a n t i n g e x c l u s i v e m a r k e t i n g r i g h t s f o r t h e p r o d u c t s w h o s e p a t e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s h a v e b e e n f i l e d . ) / p > p > p a r a l l e l i m p o r t s W h e n a p r o d u c t m a d e l e g a l l y ( i . e . n o t p i r a t e d ) a b r o a d i s i m p o r t e d w i t h o u t t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t - h o l d e r ( e . g . t h e t r a d e m a r k o r p a t e n t o w n e r ) . S o m e c o u n t r i e s a l l o w t h i s , o t h e r s d o n o t . / p > p > P a r i s C o n v e n t i o n T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f i n d u s t r i a l i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y , i . e . p a t e n t s , u t i l i t y m o d e l s , i n d u s t r i a l d e s i g n s , e t c . / p > p > p i r a c y U n a u t h o r i z e d c o p y i n g o f m a t e r i a l s p r o t e c t e d b y i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t s ( s u c h a s c o p y r i g h t , t r a d e m a r k s , p a t e n t s , g e o g r a p h i c a l i n d i c a t i o n s , e t c ) f o r c o m m e r c i a l p u r p o s e s a n d u n a u t h o r i z e d c o m m e r c i a l d e a l i n g i n c o p i e d m a t e r i a l s . / p > p > R o m e C o n v e n t i o n T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , U N E S C O a n d I L O , f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e w o r k s o f p e r f o r m e r s , b r o a d c a s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d p r o d u c e r s o f p h o n o g r a m s . / p > p > T R I P S T r a d e - R e l a t e d A s p e c t s o f I n t e l l e c t u a l P r o p e r t y R i g h t s . / p > p > U P O V I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n f o r t h e P r o t e c t i o n o f N e w V a r i e t i e s o f P l a n t s / p > p > W a s h i n g t o n T r e a t y T r e a t y f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y i n r e s p e c t o f l a y - o u t d e s i g n s o f i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t s . / p > p > W I P O W o r l d I n t e l l e c t u a l P r o p e r t y O r g a n i z a t i o n . / p > p > / p > p > I n v e s t m e n t / p > p > e x p o r t - p e r f o r m a n c e m e a s u r e R e q u i r e m e n t t h a t a c e r t a i n q u a n t i t y o f p r o d u c t i o n m u s t b e e x p o r t e d . / p > p > F D I F o r e i g n d i r e c t i n v e s t m e n t . / p > p > l o c a l - c o n t e n t m e a s u r e R e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e i n v e s t o r p u r c h a s e a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f l o c a l m a t e r i a l s f o r i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t h e i n v e s t o r s p r o d u c t . / p > p > p r o d u c t - m a n d a t i n g R e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e i n v e s t o r e x p o r t t o c e r t a i n c o u n t r i e s o r r e g i o n . / p > p > t r a d e - b a l a n c i n g m e a s u r e R e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e i n v e s t o r u s e e a r n i n g s f r o m e x p o r t s t o p a y f o r i m p o r t s . / p > p > T R I M S T r a d e - r e l a t e d i n v e s t m e n t m e a s u r e s . / p > p > / p > p > D i s p u t e s e t t l e m e n t / p > p > A p p e l l a t e B o d y A n i n d e p e n d e n t s e v e n - p e r s o n b o d y t h a t , u p o n r e q u e s t b y o n e o r m o r e p a r t i e s t o t h e d i s p u t e , r e v i e w s f i n
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