2020最新英语初高衔接语法：专题3.11 定语从句(讲义)

3.11定语从句
定语从句
定语从句总体逻辑图
基本概念
定语从句，一个句子跟在一名词或代词(先行词)后进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。

通俗来讲，从句在整个句子中做定语，这个从句就叫做定语从句。

先行词
定语从句在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。

引导词
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who,whom, whose, that, which，as等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所作的成分，先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词（where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。

关系词在定语从句中作的句子成分：
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语或宾语。

例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。

（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2）whose可指人或物,修饰名词或代词,在定语从句中充当定语。

“whose+名词”可改为“the+名词+of which/whom”或“of which/whom the+名词”。

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。

The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny,are prizes for us.
桌子上的这些书是给我们的奖品,它们的封面很亮。

His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose activity would infect(感染) other students.
他在场意味着在课堂上我有一位意想不到的助教,他的活动将感染其他学生。

The house whose windows are very large is my uncle’s.=The house of which the windows are very large is my uncle’s.那个窗子非常大的房子是我叔叔的。

3）which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。

The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。

（which/that在句中作宾语）
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。

why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,可用for which来替代。

why不可引导非限制性定语从句。

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

The house where/in which he lives is near the river.
他住的房子在河边。

3. 限制性和非限制性定语从句
1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。

限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。

This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。

（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。

（非限制性）2）当先行词是专有名词或有物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

5. 介词+关系词
(1) 介词后面的关系词不能省略；
(2) that前不能有介词；
(3) 关系副词when，where，why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此，常常可以和“介词|+which”
结构交替使用。

This is the house where (in which) I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。

Do you remember the day when (on which) you joined our club?
还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
6. 关系代词that的用法
(1) 不用that的情况：
●引导非限定性定语从句时。

The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.（错）
●介词后不能用that。

We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况：
●在不定代词，如anything，nothing，the one，all，much，few，any，little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

例如：
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

●先行词有the only，the very修饰时，只用that。

例如：
He is the only person that attended the meeting. 他是唯一参加这个会议的人。

●先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时，只用that。

例如：
This is the most exciting film I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最令人兴奋的电影。

●先行词既有人，又有物时。

例如：
They talked of things and persons that they remembered. 他们谈论着他们记得的人和事。

6. 当先行词为way,意为“方法、方式”,且在定语从句中作主语、宾语时,可用关系代词which或that;作状语时,要用in which 或that或不填任何关系词。

The way(that/in which) he finished the task successfully was difficult to understand.(做状语)
The way that/which he explained to me was not difficult to understand.(做宾语)
考点重难点1：
※引导限制性定语从句, 先行词前常有as,the same,so,such修饰, 且在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时,关系代词要用as。

It was so difficult a problem as nobody in my class could work out.(as作work out的宾语)
这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来。

注意:so/such...that结构中,that引导结果状语从句,只起连接作用,不充当从句的任何成分。

It was so difficult a problem that nobody in my class could work it out.(work out 已经有宾语,that只起连接作用)
考点重难点2：
高考对where的考查趋于复杂,先行词由“明显的地点”转为“模糊的地点”,或者说“抽象的地点”。

这些名词有:stage,case,position,situation,point,occasion,activity 等。

I realized that I had created a life where I was not a central figure!
我意识到我创造了一种生活,在其中我并非主角。

Tell me the reason why/for which you came late.
告诉我你来晚了的原因。

考点重难点3：※判断关系代词与关系副词
用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。

及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。

及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
这是我去年呆过的山村。

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。

判断改错：
（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对）This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对）I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。

此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能判断出正确的关系代词或关系副词。

This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用关系副词where，又可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。

考点重难点四：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句
1) 当先行词前面有so + adj. + a / such + (a) + adj. , the same等词修饰时，引导词只能用as，而不用which。

如：
She is so nice a girl as we all like. 她是个我们大家都喜欢的如此好的女孩。

It is such an interesting book as we all want to read. 它是本我们大家都想读的有趣的书。

上面两句中的as就不能用which替换。

(2) as 在从句中常作宾语；作主语时，从句的谓语动词常为系动词，即：系表结构或被动结构。

如：As you expected, he turned up on time. 正如你所愿，他按时到了。

As is said above, he has conquered the difficulty. 正如上面所说，他征服了困难。

(3) as引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，从句可置于句首，句中或句尾。

而which引导的定语从句只能置于主句之后。

As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history .
每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。

The earth , as we know , moves round the sun .
地球，我们都知道，围着太阳转。

Tom works hard and is willing to help others, as we all know.
汤母工作努力，并且乐于助人，这一点我们都知道。

如：
As is planned, we got there before eight. 正如计划，我们再把店前到达了那儿。

(4) As引导的非限制性定语从句指表示积极的意义，与主句是顺理成章的关系，绝不能与之矛盾。

若非限制性定语从句表示一种消极的意义，则只用which。

如：
He has succeeded in his career, as / which we all hope. 他在事业中成功了，这正是我们大家所希望的。

Her grandma died last week, which made her very sad. 她的奶奶逝世了，这使得她很悲伤。

(5) 当非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有介词时，只能用which, 而不可用as。

如：
He has a new computer, for which he paid nearly ten thousand yuan. 他有一台新电脑，这台电脑花了他将近一万元。

(6) 当关系代词代替主句中的宾语从句或复合结构(如：宾+补；不定式短语；动词-ing形式短语等) 时，一般只能用which, 而不用as。

如：
She told us that there was something wrong with her bike, which was true。

她告诉我们说她的单车出了毛病，这话是真的。

He asked her to help him with his English, which she did. 他请她教他学英语，她的确帮了。

as常用于一些固定结构中。

如：
as is well known / as we all know 众所周知；
as is said above 正如上面所说；
as might be imagined 正像所想象的那样；
as is reported 如报道所说；
as has been pointed 如所指出的那样；
as is expected 正如所料。

as I explained on the phone正如我在电话里所解释的那样
★ As I explained on the phone, your problem would be discussed at the next meeting.
考点重难点5：定语从句与其他语法易混淆的地方
1. what/whatever; who/whoever; that/what
(1) what = the thing which；whatever = anything。

What you want has been sent here. 你要的东西都送到这里来了。

Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。

(2) who = the person that；whoever = anyone who。

(错) Who breaks the law will be punished.
(错) Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(对) Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。

(对) Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。

(2) that和what
当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，that是个不充当任何成分的连接词。

宾语从句中的that常可省略；what引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。

I think(that) you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。

What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。

定语从句与强调句
当it is/was后出现表示地点或时间的名词时,其后所接的从句是定语从句还是强调句,要看将it is/was 和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),若句式完整则为强调句。

It was Sunday when he came back.(定语从句)
It was on Sunday that he came back.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语on Sunday,去掉It was和that后句式完整)
.定语从句与状语从句的区别。

定语从句前面必有先行词,而状语从句(如时间状语从句和地点状语从句)则是作整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。

Do you know the time when he will come back?(定语从句,前面有先行词time)
I will go shopping when he comes back.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词) Put the book where it belongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用to which) Put the book in the place where it belongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place)
定语从句与同位语从句
二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。

同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought。

同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不做成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。

The news that our team won made us excited.(our team won是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。

可理解为:The news was that our team won.)
The news that he told me was exciting.(he told me 缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。

不能将其理解为:The news was that he told me.)
定语从句与并列句和简单句区别的关键是看标点和连接词。

Our class has sixty students,most of whom study hard.(逗号后为另一个句子,两个句子之间要用连接代词whom,为定语从句)
Our class has sixty students,and most of them study hard.(逗号后为另一个句子,且已经有并列连词and,故用them即可,为并列句)
Our class has sixty students.Most of them study hard.(两句之间为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需
要连接词)。