高三英语一轮复习 第2部分 语法专题突破 专题2 名词和冠词 牛津译林版

专题二名词和冠词
考点一名词
一、名词单复数
1．只有复数形式的可数名词
一些表示食物的名词或成双成对的物品名称的名词通常只有复数形式，如：noodles，jeans，earphones，trousers，pants，glasses，sunglasses，scissors，compasses等。

这些名词可单独作主语，此时谓语动词用复数形式；也可用a pair of或pairs of修饰作主语，此时谓语动词取决于pair的形式。

He bought a pair of shoes which was worth 100 dollars.
他买了值100美元的一双鞋。

2．有些名词形式上虽然是单数，但常表示复数含义。

如：people，police，cattle，staff，public等。

3．对于集合名词，当它表示一个整体时，视作单数；当它侧重各个成员时，视作复数。

如：
Our class is the best one in our school.
我们班是我们学校最好的一个。

Our class are playing basketball with Class Two on the playground.
我们班和二班正在操场上打篮球。

4．有些名词单、复数同形。

如：people，fish，deer，sheep，youth，Chinese，Japanese，means，species，series，works等。

The means doesn't/don't work for this kind of problems.
这种手段对这类问题不起作用。

5．有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等，如：congratulations(祝贺)，regards(问候)，respects(敬意)，thanks(谢谢)，wishes(愿望)等。

二、可数名词与不可数名词
1．表示一类事物总称的名词，常作不可数名词看待而不能加“s”。

如：furniture，equipment，technology，luggage，baggage，homework，evidence，information，message，progress，weather，wealth等。

(2016·全国乙卷)Banks，companies，and government agencies use secret codes in doing business，especially when information is sent by computer.
银行、公司以及政府机构在进行商业活动时运用密码，尤其是用电脑发送信息时。

2．抽象名词或物质名词可以转化为可数名词。

如：comfort安慰→a comfort安慰者，令人安慰的事情
difficulty困难，难点→difficulties难题
failure失败→a failure失败的事/人
pleasure愉快，快乐→a pleasure乐事
regret遗憾，悔恨，抱歉→a regret令人悔恨的事情
surprise惊奇→a surprise令人惊奇的事情
worry烦恼，忧虑，苦恼→worries使人发愁的事
necessity必要→necessities必需品
shock打击→a shock一件令人受打击的事情
shame羞耻，羞愧→a shame一个可耻的人，一件可耻的事
honour/honor荣誉→an honour/honor一个令人感到荣耀的人，一件令人感到荣耀的事success成功→a success一个成功的人，一件成功的事
(2016·全国乙卷)Today all three generations regard the move as a success，giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.
现在，三代人都认为这次搬迁是一次成功，给予了他们在不同城市居住时更紧密的关系。

考点二冠词
一、不定冠词
(一)不定冠词的基本用法
1．表示泛指某个人或事物。

(2016·全国甲卷)Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract?
你对成为一名音乐家并获得录制合同感兴趣吗？
2．用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前，表示泛指。

My friend John is a handsome young man，a young man everyone likes to work with.
我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，每个年轻人都喜欢与他共事。

3．表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。

I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon.
我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。

4．用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。

He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中没得到金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。

5．用在形容词的比较级前，表示“一个更……的”。

If we sit near the front of the bus，we'll have a better view.
如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。

6．用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。

物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。

但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。

Tony is a famous pianist.I'm absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.
托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。

(二)固定搭配中的不定冠词
不定冠词常用于某些固定搭配中，常见的有：
have a gift for有……的天赋have a holiday度假
get a lift/ride搭便车pay a visit to参观
lend sb. a hand帮助某人as a result因此
as a rule通常，照例in a hurry匆忙地
at a distance离一段距离a waste of……的浪费
What a pity！真遗憾！be/go on a diet节食
a collection of一批……a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高兴make a living谋生
in a sense/way在某种意义上for a while暂时，一时
all of a sudden突然a matter of……的问题
have a population of 有……人口
cover an area of 占……的面积
二、定冠词
(一)定冠词的基本用法
1．特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。

I went to a university in New Zealand.The university was founded in the early twentieth century.
我在新西兰的一所大学就读，这所大学建立于20世纪初。

2．用于单数可数名词或形容词前，表示一类人或物。

①As we all know，the brain is the centre of thought.
众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。

②As a matter of fact，the rich aren't always happy.
事实上富人并非总是快乐的。

(2016·全国甲卷)We're bringing you an exciting evening of live rock and pop music from the best local bands.
我们带你去参加当地最好的摇滚和流行音乐之夜。

4．用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的人或物前。

(2014·陕西高考·单选)The village where I was born has grown into a town.
我出生的村庄已变成了一个城镇。

5．用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代。

As is well known to all，the Second World War broke out in the 1930s.
众所周知，二战爆发于20世纪30年代。

6．用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。

The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.
史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。

7．用于世界上独一无二的事物前。

No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence，as it happened so long ago.
没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的，因为这发生在很久之前。

8．用于被演奏的西洋乐器前。

As far as I know，he likes playing the piano.
据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴。

(二)固定结构及固定短语中的定冠词。

1．固定结构中的定冠词
(1)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按……计算”。

－It's said that John will be in a job paying over $60，000 a year.
－Right，he will also get paid by the week.
——据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。

——是的，他的工资还将按周支付。

(2)用于“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体某一部分”结构中。

His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face.
那个贼打到了他的脸，他鼻子出血了。

(3)用于the more...the more...(越……越……)结构中。

The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.
你越小心，就会越少犯错误。

2．固定短语中的定冠词
at the moment 此刻；目前
in the end 最后，最终
to tell the truth 说实话
to the point 中肯；切题
at the same time 同时
on the contrary 相反
on the whole 总的来说
in the distance 在远处
by the way 顺便说一下
in the middle of 在……中间
三、零冠词
(一)零冠词的基本用法
下列情况下不用冠词。

1．表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。

①Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which you'll make great progress.
记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。

②Telephones are still playing an important role in people's life.
电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。

2．表示月份、季节、星期几、节假日、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类名词前。

A year can be divided into four seasons－spring，summer，autumn and winter. 一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。

3．与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。

Are you going there by plane or by ship?
你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？
4．系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。

After years of hard work，Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.
多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位好经理。

5．表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。

Dr.Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。

”
(二)固定结构及固定短语中的零冠词
1．固定结构中的零冠词
“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。

Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.
尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。

2．固定短语中的零冠词
on purpose故意地by chance碰巧
catch fire着火at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面out of date过时的
make room for让位in debt负债
in shape健康on foot步行
in danger在危险中side by side并排
from time to time不时地hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地heart and soul全心全意地
①(2014·江苏高考·单项填空)Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push­ups too to stay in shape.
汤姆总是在早上慢跑，他通常也做俯卧撑来保持健康。

②(2016·天津高考)The dictionary is out of date：many words have been added to the language since it was published.
这本字典过时了：自从它出版以来，这门语言已增添了许多单词。

核心考点针对练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·汕头二模)Without the proper treatment，minor (injury)or burns could lead to more suffering and even loss of lives.
2．(2017·青岛一模)They were the kind that I did not have in my (collect) so I placed them carefully in my bag. 【导学号：92872176】
3．(2017·烟台3月诊断)Three months later，Zejd was able to communicate happily
with all his classmates about regular things like homework and (game)．4．(2017·泰兴质量检测)For sustainable development，the government has decided to give (prefer)to those energy­conserving and environment­friendly businesses in many aspects.
5．(2017·江西红色七校一联)As he approached the bridge，the sound got louder and then he saw pitiful sight.
6．(2017·山东下学期综合测试Ⅱ)Recently when he took look at his collection of books，he discovered the old book borrowed 61 years ago.
7．(2017·烟台3月诊断)But a parent of another child came up with even better idea－getting the whole class to learn sign language along with Zejd.
8．(2017·芜湖、马鞍山第一次质检)Most seriously，relying on smartphones to make friends does not give us same advantage as making new friends in the real world.
9．(2017·江西师大附中、鹰潭一中4月联考)For your generation to live in
better world，there is so much more our generation can do.
10．(2017·漳州质检)Zhangzhou City has gained a good (repute)for having successfully hosted the Flower Expo. 【导学号：92872177】
【答案】
1．injuries[句意：如果得不到妥善治疗，轻伤或轻度烧伤可能会导致更大的痛苦甚至死亡。

形容词后需加名词作主语，injury为可数名词，minor前没有不定冠词，故需用injury的复数形式injuries表示泛指。

]
2．collection[句意：因为它们是我收藏中没有的那种，因此我把它们小心地放在了我的包里。

形容词性物主代词后需用名词形式，故答案为collection。

] 3．games[句意：三个月后，Zejd能够和他的同班同学很愉快地对诸如家庭作业、游戏等常规事情进行交流了。

介词like后需用名词形式，game为可数名词，在本句中表示泛指，故用其复数形式。

]
4．preference[句意：为了可持续发展，政府已经决定在很多方面给那些节能环保企业优惠。

give preference to...给……以优惠。

]
5．a[句意：他快到那座桥时，声音变得更大了。

然后他看到了一幕凄惨的景象。

设空处后的名词sight作“景象，情景”讲时，为可数名词，在本句中表泛指，故与不定冠词连用。

]
6．a[句意：最近，当他查看他的藏书时，他发现了那本61年前借的旧书。

“take a look(at...)”为固定短语，意为“看一看”。

]
7．an[句意：但是，另外一位孩子的家长想出了一个甚至更好的主意——让全班的学
生和Zejd一起学习手语。

设空处后的idea为可数名词，在本句中表泛指，故设空处用不定冠词；设空处后的even以元音音素开头，故答案为an。

]
8．the[句意：最严重的是，依赖智能手机交友并不能给我们带来与在现实世界交友同样的益处。

the same...as...意为“与和……一样的……”。

]
9．a[句意：为了让你们这一代生活在更好的世界里，我们这一代有很多事情可以做。

“a＋比较级＋名词”意为“更……的……”。

]
10．reputation[句意：漳州市因成功举办了花卉博览会而赢得美誉。

由空前的冠词a及形容词good，可断定此处应用名词单数形式。

repute为不可数名词，故填reputation。

gain a good reputation获得好名声。

]
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2017·南平3月质检)Often she buys some toy for him to play with，especially on his birthday.
2．(2017·邯郸一模)During the next few days，we visited the world­famous sight，such as the Great Wall，the Summer Palace，and the Forbidden City，which contain a large number of precious treasures. 【导学号：92872178】
3．(2017·邯郸一模)In the Spring Festival，my family and I went to Beijing and had different holiday.
4．(2017·黄冈3月质检)I was walking to school this morning when I caught a sight of an old woman with a walking stick lying on the ground.
5．(2017·温州联考)One Monday afternoon，we were playing the basketball in the playground when I suddenly slipped and fell over.
【答案】
1．toy→toys[句意：她经常为他买一些玩具来玩，尤其是在他生日那天。

some意为“一些”，故需将后面的名词toy改为复数形式。

]
2．sight→sights[句意：在以后的几天中，我们参观了诸如长城、颐和园、紫禁城等世界级景点，这些地方有大量的稀有珍宝。

根据“such as the Great Wall，the Summer Palace，and the Forbidden City”可知需将sight改为sights。

]
3．different holiday前加a[句意：春节时，我和我的家人去了北京，度过了一个不寻常的假期。

have a holiday为固定短语，意为“度假”。

]
4．去掉sight前的a[句意：今天上午我正在步行去上学，这时我看到了一位手拿拐
杖的老妇人躺在地上。

catch sight of为固定短语，意为“看见”。

故将sight前的a去掉。

]
5．去掉basketball前的the[球类运动的名词需与零冠词连用，故将basketball前
的the去掉。

]
高考题型综合练
Ⅰ.语法填空
I'm 26.I'm clear that I'm never going to catch up with Mother Teresa.But I want 1 (do) something to help people every single day like 2 (she)．
Everybody thinks we just serve food and soda(苏打汽水)．The safety training is serious and 3 (stress)．Caring for 49 people in a business class in 90 minutes
is not easy.
We're not 4 (robot)．It's hard to put on a smile and just pretend everything is great when it isn't.I've seen co­workers lose a family member the day 5 a trip and just pull themselves together－take control of their feelings 6 behave in a calm way.At the end of a 14­hour flight，it's like，“It was really nice to help you，but I'm ready for you to get off the plane.”Those last 15 minutes can be the 7 (long)15 minutes of your life.You can't wait to turn off the flight server's voice and get something to eat without anyone 8 (say)“Excuse me”．
When you say thank you，it's meaningful.It makes us feel like you 9 (actual)treat us as fellow humans.We're up there together at a height of 30，000 feet，enjoying 10 miracle of the modern flight.
【语篇解读】本文讲述了一位空姐的心路历程。

我26岁，愿意像特蕾莎修女那样，
奉献所有。

我们不是机器人，也有情感，但为了大家的安全，我们无怨无悔。

1．to do[考查非谓语动词。

由上文可知，此处是want后接动词不定式作宾语，故用
动词不定式to do。

]
2．her[考查代词。

该代词作介词like的宾语，指代Mother Teresa，故用宾格代词her。

]
3．stressful[考查词形转换。

根据上文的serious分析判断，此处该用stress的形
容词形式stressful作表语。

]
4．robots[考查名词单复数。

根据语境可知，此处表示类指，故用名词复数形式robots。

]
5．before[考查介词。

根据语境分析，此处强调“在某次旅行之前的一天”，故用介
词before。

]
6．and [考查并列连词。

根据语境可判断，此处是“take control of their feelings”和“behave in a calm way”两个动作的并列使用，故用并列连词and 。

]
7．longest [考查形容词最高级。

根据上文的the 和语境分析，此处表示这15分钟是一生中最长的。

故用longest 。

此处易误填long 的比较级longer ，忽视了后面的限定修饰语“of your life”，即“在你整个生命中的最长的15分钟”。

此处是说空姐内心备受煎熬。

]
8．saying [考查非谓语动词。

不定代词anyone 为该非谓语动词的逻辑主语，与非谓语动词同作介词without 的宾语。

故用动名词saying 。

]
9．actually [考查副词。

根据语境分析，此处应用副词修饰后面的动词treat 。

]
10．the [考查定冠词。

特指现代飞行中的奇迹，故用定冠词the 。

]
Ⅱ.短文改错
Miss Li ，
I am very glad that the summer camp would be held ，and it runs many courses ，such as painting ，sewing ，dancing or nursing.I want to take the course about nursing ，because I have dreaming of becoming an nurse since I was a little child.
For one thing ，I hope to acquire a bit of more knowledges of nursing because I want to major in nursing in college.For another ，learning more about nursing can help myself to take good care of my parents and relatives.
It is known to all ，there are a large number of senior citizens in China.Therefore ，I want to devote my life to look after them after I graduate from college.Nursing is a challenging task in fact ，because it needs a lot of patient and skills.So I hope I can learn some basic knowledge of nursing in the summer camp.
Li Hua
【答案】
Miss Li ，
I am very glad that the summer camp would will
be held ，and it runs many courses ，such as painting ，sewing ，dancing or and
nursing.I want to take the course about nursing ，because I have ∧been dreaming of becoming an a
nurse since I was a little child.
For one thing ，I hope to acquire a bit ﹨o f more knowledges knowledge
of nursing ，because I want to major in nursing in college.For another ，learning more about nursing can
help myself me
to take good care of my parents and relatives. It As
is known to all ，there are a large number of senior citizens in China.Therefore ，I want to devote my life to look looking
after them after I graduate from college.Nursing is a challenging task in fact ，because it needs a lot of patient patience and skills.So I hope I can learn some basic knowledge of nursing in the summer camp.
Li Hua。