高中英语 M4U3 Grammar and usage学案 牛津译林版必修4

高一英语学案：M4U3 Grammar and usage （牛津译林版必修4）
Step One 第一部分：重点讲解 语态(Voice)，作为一个语法范畴，是表示主语和动词之间的主动或被动关系的动词行式。

英语动词有两种语态：主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。

当主语为动作执行者即施动者时，动词用主动态；如果主语是动作的承受者即受动者时，动词便用被动态。

例如： (1) John helped Peter. (2) Peter was helped by John. 被动语态由助动词be 的时态之一和及物动词的过去分词构成。

被动语态可用于各种时态，其时态变化通过助动词be 的不同形式来体现。

①一般现在时：am/is/are + 过去分词e.g. Football is played all over the world. ②一般过去时：was/were +过去分词e.g. The terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near Xi’an. ③一般将来时：will (shall) + be +过去分词e.g. The result of the exam will be known soon. be going to + be + 过去分词 They are going to be given a difficult test. ④一般过去将来时：should(would) be+过去分词 e.g. The teacher said the results would be published soon. ⑤现在进行时：am/is/are + being +过去分词 e.g. The new airport is being built by a foreign company. ⑥过去进行时：was/were being+过去分 e.g. The song was being sung by the girls when I got there. ⑦将来完成时：will have been+过去分词 e.g. By the end of next term 2000 English words will have been learned. ⑧现在完成时：has/have + bee n +过去分词 e.g. All the tickets have been sold . The book has been translated into many languages.。

⑨过去完成时：had been+过去分词 e.g. Forty schools had been visited by last year. All the tickets had been sold out when I got to the cinema. ⑩过去将来完成时：would have been+过去分词 e.g. He said many words would have been learned by 2001. They promised that ten books would have been published by the next month. ⑾情态动词：情态动词 + be + 过去分词 e.g. This road must be mended. The machine parts may be needed in our work. ⑿动词不定式：to be + 过去分词 e.g. I’m glad to be asked questions. It is impossible for lost time to be made up. 失去的时间不可弥补。

主要用法 被动态常用于下列几种场合： 1．当不知道或不必提出动作的执行者时（这时都不带由by 引起的短语）； Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是从中国引入欧洲的。

The airplane was made in U.S. Such books are written for children. 这种书是为儿童写的。

2. 动作的承受者是谈话的中心（这时可带有由by 引起的短语）；
The song was composed by a student. 这首歌曲是一个学生谱写的。

Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country. 3. 出于礼貌措词等原因而不愿说出动作执行者是谁。

You are requested to get here in time. 请您准时来这儿。

带行为主体的被动态 行为主体就是动作的执行者，即执行动词所表达的动作的人或物。

在被动句中，往往不提及行为主体；但当强调动作的执行者时，可用介词by 引出行为( by +主体行为主体),置于被动态句的末尾，说明是什么人或物应对有关事件负责。

e.g. The village was destroyed by a bomb. 这个村庄毁于炸弹。

The painting is very valuable. It was painted by Van Gogh. 这幅画很值钱，它是梵·高画的。

其它用法补充 1.“It + 被动语态+ that 从句”。

表示谨慎或不太肯定的语气。

常用于该结构的动词有：say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove 等。

e.g. It is said that prices will rise again this month. 据说本月物价还将上涨。

It is thought that about a million dogs are born each year. 据认为每年约有一百条狗出生。

It is reported that all the passengers died in the crash. 据报导所有乘客在那次飞机坠毁中遇难。

It is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year. 2. 用于通告标题广告等的被动态往往省去助动词be 。

e.g. No Chinese spoken here. Shoes repaired.
Famous Painting Stolen. 名画被盗。

第二部分：练习： 1._____ a new library _____ in our school last year? A. Is; built B. Was; built C. Does; build D. Did; build 2.An accident ____ on this road last week. A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened 3.Cotton ____ in the southeast of China. A. is grown B. are grown C. grows D. grow 4.So far, the moon ____ by man already. A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited 5.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week.
A. is given
B. has been given
C. will be given
D. gives
6.A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doing B. are being done C. has been done D. will be done
7.The doctor _____ for yet. A. isn't sent B. hasn't been sent C. won't be sent D. wasn't sent
8.--When ___ this kind of computers______? --Last year. A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used
9.Who _____ this book _____? A. did; written B. was; written by C. did; written D. was; written 10.Mary ____ show me her new dictionary. A. has asked to B. was asked to C. is asked D. asks to 11.A story _____ by Granny yesterday.
A. was told us
B. was told to us
C. is told us
D. told us
12.The monkey was seen _____ off the tree.
A. jump
B. jumps
C. jumped
D. to jump
13.Older people ____ well.
A. looks after
B. must be looked after
C. must look after
D. looked after
14.Our teacher ______ carefully.
A. should be listened to
B. should be listen
C. be listened
D. is listened
15. In some part of the world, tea _______ with milk and sugar.
A. is serving
B. is served
C. serves
D. served
16. It was reported that the murderer _______ arrested.
A. has been
B. had been
C. has
D. had
17. Do you think that the bridge ______ in a year?
A. would be completed
B. will be completed
C. had been completed
D. is being completed
18. Great changes ____ in China since the People’s Republic of China _____ in 1949.
A. have taken place; was founded
B. has taken place; was founded
C. have been taken place; founded
D. took place; founded
19.—Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy?
—She has _______ by her classmates.
A. laughed
B. laughed at
C. been laughed
D. been laughed at
20. Doctors _______ in every part of the world.
A. need
B. are needing
C. are needed
D. will need
21. I promise that matter will _______.
A. be taken care
B. be taken care of
C. take care
D. take care of
22. No permission has ________ for anybody to enter the building.
A. been given
B. given
C. to give
D. be given
23. I _______ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
A. gave
B. was given
C. was giving
D. had given
24. Can such a thing _____ happening again?
A. prevent from
B. prevented from
C. be prevented from
D. to prevent from
25. A new house ________ at the corner of the road.
A. is building
B. is being built
C. been built
D. be building
26. This bike ________ last year.
A. bought
B. has been bought
C. was bought
D. had been bought
27. Did you see the house that _______ by fire last year?
A. was destroying
B. destroyed
C. would destroy
D. was destroyed
28. It _______ whether she will get her work in the hospital.
A. hasn’t been decided
B. isn’t deciding
C. doesn’t decide
D. hasn’t decided
29. The pen _______ me. It is hers.
A. isn’t belong to
B. wasn’t belon g to
C. doesn’t belong to
D. didn’t belong to
30. I can’t use my bike because it _______.
A. is repairing
B. is being repaired
C. will repair
D. was repairing 31. The chairman told the speaker that she ______ to speak a little louder so as to make herself _____.
A. was expected; heard
B. had expected; hear
C had hoped; hear D. was hoped; heard
32．— The window is dirty.
— I know. It _____ for weeks. （全国03）
A. hasn’t cleaned
B. didn’t clean
C. wasn’t cleaned
D. hasn’t been cleaned
33. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _______ in Beijing.
A. would be completed
B. was being completed
C. has been completed
D. had been completed
34.—How long _______ at this job?
—Since 1990. (NMET 北京春季, 27)
A. were you employed
B. have you been employed
C. had you been employed
D. will you be employed
35.—What happened to the priceless works of art?
—_______. (NMET 北京春季, 34)
A. They were destroyed in the earthquake
B. The earthquake was destroying them
C. They destroyed in the earthquake
D. The earthquake destroyed them
36. This is Ted’s photo. We miss him a lot. He _______ trying to save a child in the earthquake.
A. killed B is killed C. was killed D. was killing
37. Rainforests and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. ( 上海春季, 30)
A. cut
B. are cut
C. are being cut
D. had been cut
38. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _______ so rapidly.
A. is changing
B. has changed
C. will have changed
D. will change
39. Hundreds of jobs _______ if the factory closes. (NMET 2001北京春季, 12)
A. lose
B. will be lost
C. are lost
D. will lose
40. A new cinema _______ here. They hope to finish it next month.
A. will be built
B. is built
C. has been built D .is being built。