2013美国历史概论复习提纲答案

2013美国历史概论复习提纲答案
Review Exercises (2013 spring )
Understanding the United States
Chapter 1 A General Survey
I. Gap-filling
Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1)___1492____
The United States covers the central part of 2）____North America___.
The United States today is the 3）4th largest country in size in the world with a total area of about
4）9.3 million square kilometers.
5）_Washington, D.C._ is the capital and economic center of the United States.
6）_New York_is the largest and the most populous（⼈⼝最多）city of the United States.
7）Oak is the national tree of the US ; 8）Rose is the national flower .
The United States is a 9）federal republic consisting of 10）50 states.
In the year 11）_1776__, the United States declared its independence from 12）Great Britain. Spanish speaking Americans are called 13）__Hispanics__.
14）Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii. [h?'waij?n]
15）The White House is the residence（住所）of the President of the United States, and the Capitol Hill （美国国会⼭）is home to the 16）American Congress.（美国国会）
About 17）___1/3___ of the America’s territory is covered with forests.
18）The Mississippi River is known as the Father of Waters in the U.S
19）_Spanish__ is the second most common language in the country, and is spoken by over 12% of the population. Three branches of American government were established by the 20）Constitution .(宪法) II. Answer the Following Questions 21.What is the name of the national anthem(国歌）of the United States?
The Stars and Stripes Forever.
22.Why did Americans choose bald eagle as their national bird?
The bald eagle was chosen in 1782 as the emblem（象征）of the US, because of its long life, great strength and majestic(庄严的）looks, and also because it was then believed to exist only on this continent.
Chapter 2 Geography and History
A．Geography
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided.
F (third, after China and India)1. The United States is the world’s second most populou s country.
_T__2. Hawaii is an island state of the United States.
Ⅱ. Multiple Choices
3. Which is the tallest mountain in the United States?
A. Mount Whitney.
B. Mount McKinley.
C. Rocky Mountains.
D. The Sawatch Mountains.
4. Which city is the most populous city in the United States?
A. Washington D.C.
B. Los Angeles.
C. New York City.
D. Philadelphia.
III. Short Answer Questions
5.Into which large body of water does the Mississippi River flow?
It flows into the Gulf of Mexico.
6.Does the Mississippi River flow: north to south, south to north, east to west, or west to east? North to south.
7.Which river forms a long border between the United States and Mexico?
The Rio Grande River. 格兰德河
8.Which river forms part of the boundary between Canada and the United States?
The St. Laurence River
9.What are the names of the five Great Lakes?
Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
10.Which one of the five lake s is entirely in the United States?
Lake Michigan.
B．History
Section 1 The First Inhabitant
I. Gap Filling
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the information you have learnt
1. Early American history began in the collision and cultural interaction of three peoples in North America. They are 1)European, 2)West African and 3)Native American peoples
2. The earliest Americans came from 4)Asia and entered the New World during the last 5) Ice Age.
3.6) Beringia is the grassland steppe, including the land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska that stretched for several hundred miles into the continents on either side.
4.The social status for Northwest Indians depended on 7)property.
5. Californian Indians were good at 8)_hunting and gathering_.
6. Plains Indians’ movable cone-shaped dwellings, made of buffalo hide fastened around very long wooden poles are called 9)___tepee_.
7. 10)_Buffalo__was the most important natural resource which provided the Plains Indians with all
of their basic needs: food, clothing, and shelter.
8. 11)_Iroqois__ was Native American confederacy inhabiting New York State.It was the most
sophisticated and powerful political organizations of the time.
9.The arrival of Europeans in the New World led to a clash of cultures that resulted in tragedy for the
Indians. Finally, most of the remaining Indians were moved onto 12)__reservations_.
10. The Three Sisters refer to 13)___corn/maize__, 14)___squash__ and 15)___beans___.
32_The
Woodland
Indians__
Chapter 2 Colonial Period
I. Understanding
1. __F_1621__The American first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated on the last Thursday in November of 1620.
2. __T___The middle colonies had more diverse lifestyles than New England or the Southern colonies because they had a greater variety of cultural groups.
3.New York used to be known as _____?
A. New Hampshire
B. New Jersey
C. New Netherlands
D. New England
4. Who was America named after?
A. Giovanni Americus
B. Amerigo Vespucci
C. Bob America
D. Giorgio Americo
5. The Duke of York took over New Amsterdam from the ________?
A. French
B. Native Americans
C. Swedish
D. Dutch
6.What was Sir Walter Raleigh's short-lived English colony in the New World?
A. Roanoke
B. Jamestown
C. Raleigh
D. Plymouth
7. What was the first permanent English settlement in the New World?
A. Jamestown
B. Plymouth
C. Roanoke
D. Philadelphia
8. Who founded the colony of Pennsylvania? and what religious group did he belong to?
A. Charles Penn, Quake
B. William Penn, Puritan
C. William Penn, Quaker
D. Charles Penn, Puritan
9.Cash crop of the Southern Colonies included rice, indigo and _Tobacco.
10.What were the three types of colonies founded by the English? How did they differ?
Key
They were Charter Colonies, Proprietary Colonies and Royal Colonies.
A. Charter Colony was established by an individual trading company which had a Royal Charter with the British crown. Charter colonies had more control over their own affairs than did the other types of colonies, which were ruled more directly by the British.
B. Proprietary Colony was the predominating form to colonization during the period 1660–90. The British crown awarded huge tracts of land in the New World to a person or a group called proprietor. The land was titled in the proprietors' name, not the king's.
C. Royal Colony was the standard form of colonial government by the 18th century. It is under direct control of the king of the sovereign nation. The Crown controlled all unsold public lands, and the royal governor retained the power to disperse those lands.
Chapter 3 Struggle for Independence
I. Multiple Choices
1.When did the colonies（殖民地）declare independence?
A. July 4, 1776
B. June 30, 1776
C. July 2, 1776
D. June 4, 1776
2. ____ finished most of the writing of the Declaration of Independence.
A. Benjamin Franklin
B. John Adams
C. Thomas Jefferson 4. James Madison
3. American victory at ____ was a turning point of American Independent War because it brought France into the war on the American side.
A. Concord
B. Yorktown
C. Saratoga萨拉托加
D. Trenton
4. In March 1765, the ________was passed by the English Parliament imposing the first direct tax on the American colonies, to offset（抵消，弥补）the high costs of the British military （军队）organization in America. Thus for the first time in the 150 year old history of the British colonies in America, the Americans will pay tax not to their own local legislatures in America, but directly to England.
A.Sugar Act
B.Stamp Act印花税法
C. Tea Act
D. Declaratory Act
5.The primary purpose of the Sugar, Stamp, and Tea Acts was to help Parliaments to________.
A. control smuggling in the West Indies by the colonists
B. hinder colonial self-government in Massachusetts and Virginia
D. work with the colonial legislatures in governing the thirteen American colonies
6. Most colonists felt that British tax laws were unfair because
A. the Indians did not have to pay taxes
B. the colonists were paying higher taxes than people in Great Britain
C. the colonists had not representation of their own in Parliament
D. The French and Indian war was over
7. Examples of American protest against British policies included all of the following EXCEPT
A. the staging of the Boston Tea Party
B. the tarring and feathering of British custom officials
C. the formation of the First Continental Congress
D. the deaths of several British officers during the Boston Massacre
8.On the night of March 5, 1770, _________happened, in which five people were killed.
A. Boston Tea Party
B. Boston Massacre
C. Battles at Lexington and Concord
D. Battle of Bunker Hill
9 All of the following are parts of the Declaration of Independence EXCEPT
A. a definition of peoples' natural rights
B. a description of the purpose of government
C. the establishment of an alliance with France
D. a list of grievances（申诉，不满）against the King of England
10. All of the following are true of George Washington during the American Revolution EXCEPT
A. he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army（⼤陆军）by the Second Continental Congress
B. he avoided any situation that threatened the destruction of the Continental Army
C. He led the Continental Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill（列克星敦和康科德战役邦克⼭战役）
D. He managed to keep the Continental Army intact (未受损害的)even when defeat of the American cause seemed inevitable
11. Which battle was a key turning-point of American Independent War after which France went into the war on the American side?
A. Battle of Princeton
B. Battle of Yorktown
C. Battle of Saratoga
D. Battle of Quebec
II．Thinking and Judging
_F_12. The war (1756-1763) between England and France was known in Europe as the French and Indian War.（in Europe as Seven Years War ；in North America was called the French and Indian War;）
_T13. The “Boston Tea Party” on the night of December 16, 1773 made the British government pass a series of acts known as the "Coercive Acts"; or the "Intolerable Acts". 强制法案、不可容忍法案
__T_ 14. It was in the Second Continental Congress that George Washington was appointed commander
in chief of the Continental Army.
__F_ 15. In March 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but on the same day the Quartering Act
was passed.(The Declaratory Act)驻营条例、宣⽰法案
Gap Filling
In 1763, the 12___French and Indian_ War, known in Europe as the Seven Year's War, ends with the Treaty of Paris. Under the treaty, France gave England all French territory east of the 13__Mississippi River__, except New Orleans新奥尔良. The Spanish gave up east and west 14 __Florida__ to the English in return for 15_Cuba__.
On the night of December 16, 1773, the 16_Boston Tea Party_occurs as colonial activists disguise themselves as Mohawk Indians then board the ships and dump all 342 containers of tea into the harbor. In the spring of 1774, British Parliament passed a series of acts that became known in the colonies as the 17__"Intolerable Acts”__, in which four punitive measures were enacted against the American colonies and which led to a convening（召开）of the 18__Continental Congress_.
The American Revolutionary War lasted from 19___1775___ to 20__1783___. The Treaty of 21___Paris__ ended the war and recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded by what is now 22__Canada___to the north, 23__Florida___to the south, and the 24__Mississippi_River to the west.
25.What did the phrase “no taxation without representation”mean?
The Parliament had no right to tax the colonies because the colonies were not represented in the House of Commons.
Ⅲ. Match each of the events in the left column with the time in the right column.
26..1-b 2- a 3-c
Chapter 4 Forging a Nation
Multiple Choices
1.______ is known as the "Father of the Constitution"
A. Thomas Jefferson
B. George Washington
C. James Madison
D. Benjamin Franklin
2. What is the Bill of Rights? ⼈权法案
A. First Ten Amendments to the Constitution宪法修正案
B. Last Ten Amendments to the Constitution
C. The first paragraph of the Constitution
D.The main ideas in the Declaration of Independence
3. The Constitution divides the government into three branches. Which one of these is not a branch?
A. Legislative ⽴法权
B. Executive
C. Judicial
D. Commercial
II. Gap Filling
Within the national government, power is divided among three branches: 4)__Legislative__branch ,
5)__Executive___branch , and 6)___Judicial___branch.
Two overall ideas shape the Constitution: First, 7)_America is a democracy.
Second 8)__no government official is above the law.
There are mainly four parts of the constitution spirit: 9)_______, 10)_______, 11)______, and 12)___________.
9) the authority power of the law ;10) the separation of the power; 11) the check and balance of each branch 12) the right of the people.
III. Matching
What are the overall ideas that shape the Constitution? What are the spirits consisted in the Constitution?
Key:
1.Two overall ideas shape the Constitution.
First, America is a democracy. In a democracy, the people have the ultimate power(根本权⼒？）over government because they elect the leaders.
Second, no government official is above the law.
2.There are mainly four parts of the constitution spirit. They are ①the authority power of the law ;
②the separation of the power; ③the check and balance of each branch and ④the right of the
people.
Chapter 5 Westward Movement
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for fal se in the space provided
_T__1. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States and opened the door for America’s westward expansion.
_T_2. In 1804, United States president Thomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the American West. The Expedition reached the Pacific Ocean and paved the way for the settlement of the West.
_T_3. The fortune seekers who rushed to California to look for gold in 1849 were known as Forty-Niners.
_F_4.During 1838-39, the Cherokees were forced to move to the Indian Territory that is today known Louisiana. Many died during this forced migration. （that is today known Oklahoma）
_F_5.The War of 1812 was fought between The United States and Mexico. (and Great Britain)
II. Multiple Choices
6. What president was in office during the Era of Good Feelings?和睦时代
A. James Monroe门罗
B. John Quincy Adams
C. James Madison
D. Andrew Jackson
7. Which of the following contributed to an upsurge（⾼潮）in westward movement?
A. Cheap land
B. Better land routes
C. A pacified frontier
D. All of these answers are correct
8. What newly acquired piece of land were Lewis and Clark sent to explore?
A. Louisiana Purchase
B. Oregon Country
C. Indiana Territory
D. New England Colonies
9. In 1849, people were excited about the Gold Rush（淘⾦热）. In what state was gold found?
A. California
B. Alabama
C. Alaska
D. New York
10. What state above the 36 parallel could allow slavery after the Missouri Compromise 密苏⾥妥协案
A. Arkansas
B. Missouri
C. New York
D. Texas
11. Who came up with the Missouri Compromise in 1820?
A. Henry Clay
B. William Lloyd Garrison
C. Abraham Lincoln
D. Stephen Douglas
12. The U.S. government took over Texas in 1845 through________.
A. invasion
B. negotiation
C. war
D. annexation 合并
13. Which of the following statement related to Westward Movement is NOT true?
A. It added more than three million square miles to the nation’s territory.
B. It helped turn the United States into a large, powerful and wealthy nation.
C. Lewis and Clark Expedition laid a part of the groundwork for the westward movement.
D. The American character was not changed during the process of conquering the frontier.
14. The Oregon Trail went westward from Independence, Missouri to________.
A. Santa Fe, New Mexico.
B. Oregon City, Oregon
C. Sacramento, California
D. Promontory, Utah
15. Where did the majority of early settlers in California live?
A. San Francisco
B. San Diego圣地亚哥（美国加州港⼝城市）
C. Los Angeles
D. Sacramento萨克拉门托（美国加州⾸府）
Ⅲ. Gap Filling
American settlers moved west across 16）the frontier over 200 years ago.
17) Spoils System was referred to by Jackson’s detractors as the system that gave government jobs to political supporters.政党分肥制
Expansion of suffrage（选举权）and more 18）democracy i n government marked the Jackson presidency.
19）The Trail of Tears is a name given to the forced relocation（迁移，重置）and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
20）Monroe Doctrine reinforced the American policy of neutrality（中⽴）and independence and became a corner-
stone（基⽯）of United States foreign policy门罗主义
The US acquired lands in three great chunks(⼤块), through annexation , diplomacy and 21) war
Ⅳ.Match the events with the time
22-c
V. Thinking and Analyzing
25. The Significance of the Western Movement
The westward movement is of great significance in the American history.
①It added more than three million square miles to the nation’s territory.
For many Americans, the West represented freedom, hope, and a fresh start.
②It has produced great wealth and has supplied enormous resources to others in the nation
and the world.
③The westward movement helped turn the United States into a large, powerful and wealthy
nation.
26). What is Manifest Destiny? 命定扩张论
Americans thought that it was the destiny of the United States to control all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific which was reflected by the term Manifest Destiny coined by John L. O'Sullivan.
Americans argued that America had been uniquely chosen for the task of expanding westward, driving out the wilderness and establishing civilization.
27) Comment on the achievements of Lewis and Clark Expedition.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition was the first expedition of an overland nature that was taken in the United States to the Pacific Coast and then back and the third recorded transcontinental crossing of the land of North America. It made the first scientific study of a vast territory and strengthened U.S.
claims to western lands.
a. They were able to provide a better perception（认知）of the geography of the Northwest and
produced the first accurate maps of the area. They learned that an easy water route that went across the continent did not exist.
b. They got a better understanding of the natural resources of the Northwest.
c. It noted at least 72 different Indian tribes and was able to establish relations of a friendly
nature with many of the Native Americans.
d. It was "An extension of American power” and laid a part of the groundwork for the westward
movement.
Chapter 6 American Civil War
I. Multiple Choices
(A) Directions：In the years prior to the Civil War, many sectional conflicts arose. Can you identify them?"：
1）Who was the Republican president whose election sparked the Civil War?
A. John C. Frémont
B. James Buchanan
C. Andrew Johnson
D. Abraham Lincoln
2）The status of territory acquired from one of these countries was a major issue between the North and South. Which?
A. Mexico
B. Canada
C. Spain
D. Russia
3）What document revoked (废⽌)the Missouri Compromise, opening western territories above the Missouri Compromise line to the possibility of slavery?
A. Freeport Doctrine
B. Compromise of 1850
C. Kansas-Nebraska Act
D. Wilmot Proviso
4）Which of the following was NOT part of the Compromise of 1850?
A. Making Texas a slave State
B. Texas's debt is paid off by the government
C. Admission of Maine as a free state
D. Admission of California as a free state
(The admission of Maine as a free state came with the Missouri Compromise. The Compromise of 1850, however, also included a "tougher" fugitive slave law.)
3. On April 12, 1861, this battle in South Carolina marked the beginning of the Civil War. Located in Charleston Harbor, it was here that the Confederates opened fire and the Union army could not effectively reply. On April 13, the Union surrendered the site and evacuated. Name the battle.
A. Fort Sumter
B. Harpers Ferry
C. Antietam
D. Gettysburg
萨姆特堡(美国南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿港⼝⼀要塞；1861.4.12南⽅邦联军队在此打响了美国南北战争的第⼀枪)
4. The Battle of _____ was the turning point of the American Civil War.
A. Bull Run
B. Gettysburg葛底斯堡
C. Richmond
D. Appomattox
5. Which battle ha d the highest single-day total number of casualties in the Civil War?
A. The battle of Fort Sumter
B. The First Battle of Bull Run
C. The Antietam Battle
D. The Battle of Gettysburg
（注Antietam. (Or Sharpsburg, as the Southerners call it.) Sept. 1862.
Gettysburg, lasting three days, had the highest total number of casualties. Antietam, lasting one day, had the highest single-day total number）
6. In January 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the ________________ which officially freed all
slaves in the “rebellious states” of the Confederacy.
A. Homestead Bill
B. Emancipation Proclamation奴⾪解放宣⾔
C.Gettysburg Address
D. Both A and B
7. The first American President from the Republic Party is _____.
A. Abraham Lincoln
B. Andrew Johnson
C. Thomas Jefferson
D. George Washington
9. Who was the President of the provisional government of the Confederate States of America during the US Civil War?
A. Abraham Lincoln
B. Jefferson Davis
C. Brig. Gen. Beauregard
D. Robert
E. Lee
10.The constitutional amendments that were ratified after the Civil War were designed to
A. limit the powers of the federal government that had expanded during the war.
B. grant the basic rights for citizenship to black Americans.
C. punish the confederates for their treason to their country.
D. restore the country to exactly where it had been before the war.
II. Questions and Answers
11.What were the major war aims of the North and the South?
The war aims of both sides were simple. The goal of the South was to defend independence. The goal of the North was to restore the Union by force. Although neither side was prepared for war, each was confident of its military superiority.
12. What advantages did each side have at the start of the war?
◆Advantages of the North
The confidence of the North lied in the knowledge of its advantages in human and material resources. One advantage of the North was its much larger population, fed throughout the war by immigration. The North had twenty million people, whereas the South had only nine million. Out of the nine million that the South had, four million were black slaves, which would not be enrolled into the war effort other than the usual tending of agricultural enterprises. The larger population meant that the North could more easily raise armies, which made replacing combat casualties easier. At first, this advantage was minor, but it became significant by the end of the war.
A most important advantage for the North was its economy. About 80 percent of the nation’s factories were located in the North and Northern industrial production was valued at $1.5 billion compared to $155 million for the South. Additionally, the ratio of textiles between the North and the South was 17 to 1 and the ratio of firearms was an amazing 32 to 1. Moreover, although the South was agricultural, its main crop was cotton. Most of the nation’s food cr ops were produced in Union states. Southerners managed with difficulty to produce enough food. By the end of the war, they were suffering from hunger due to their inability to move supplies where they were needed and the North contributed to this by building a blockade, via naval ships, that prevented trade with Europe. The North had more than 33,600 kilometers of railroads, while the southern states had only 15,300 kilometers. The North also had better roads and better water transportation. Since the North was not fighting on their own soil, this meant that they could protect their own industrial and transportation resources.
Another of the North’s great assets was that it had a determined and skillful leader in Abraham Lincoln. The confederacy was a new, unorganized government. Furthermore, it was a government founded on the philosophy of states’ rights. The leadership of Confederacy President Jefferson Davis was handicapped by this philosophy.
◆The Advantages of the South
However，the South did have some advantages. It had a stronger military tradition, and many of the nation’s outstanding military leaders were southerners. In addition, the South had the popular support of the southern people in their quest for independence. More importantly, they had the advantage of being able to fight a defensive war on familiar home ground, therefore, even a stalemate(僵持) would be victory for the South, and their lines of communication and supply would be shorter; meanwhile the North had to occupy the areas and hold it, which also gave many Confederates a guerrilla advantage.
Anther advantage of the South was that it had the sympathy of many Europeans. A number of British people saw no difference between the South’s struggle for independence and that of the original 13 colonies. Many upper-class British and French felt closer to the aristocratic society of the south and wanted to see the republican government of the United States discredited. Furthermost, British and French leaders saw the United States as a growing threat to their interests. This threat would be easier to contain if
at the start of the war. The advantages widened rapidly during the war, as the Northern economy grew, and Confederate territory shrank and its economy weakened. The Union population was
22 million and the South 9 million in 1861.
Chapter 7 Education
I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the space provided.
__T_1. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of _______ in 1636.
__F_2. The Federal government has power to make laws in the field of education; it can give both financial help and order . __F_3. Many of the top universities in the U.S. are private universities. However, Harvard Uni versity and Ya le University, are public ones.
__F_4. Yale University began to admit women students ever since it set up in 1701.
The University began admitting women students at the graduate level in 1869, and as undergraduates in 1969.
___5.American colleges and universities offer three main categories of degrees: ______, master, and doctorate or Ph.D. II. Multiple Choices
6. Elementary and secondary education （中⼩学教育）covers ______years.
A. 8
B. 9
C.10
D. 12
7. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in the _____century.
A. 16th
B.17th
C.18th
D.19th
8. Which of the following American presidents was not the graduate from Harvard University?
A. John F. Kennedy
B. George W. Bush
C. Franklin
D. Roosevelt D. Bill Clinton
Chapter 8Holidays and Special Days
III. Match the following items. There are extra items in the right column
It is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States and on the second Monday of。