高中英语Unit 2 People on the moveBackground info

Unit 2 People on the move
Part Two Teaching Resources
第二部分 教学资源
Section 1: A text structure analysis of Population mobility
in the USA
I. Summary of Population mobility in the USA
II. A tree diagram of the text
USA
Nowadays, population moving has become a common trend all over the world. The reading passage is a magazine article about why and where people move in the USA. The reasons why two different age groups are in the move is various. The old people are on the move to the countryside, because they want
to a warm place with good health care and communities for old people. They want to live a place where they are happy and live a happy later life. Compared to the old people, young people in the USA want to work and live in big cities with their slogan” to the cities”. For them, the big city is a place with more job opportunities and excitement. In summary, population mobility has become a trend around the world of different groups of people.
Ⅳ Translation of reading and project
美国的人口流动
在这一版的《美国生活》中，我们讨论美国人口趋向。

在阳光下变老
美国老人在迁徙中。

在整个中西部和东北部地区，60岁及60岁以上的人们正在收拾他们的行囊，沿着高速公路向南行进到类似佛罗里达州这样的州去。

对其中一些人来说，搬迁是永久的、常年的；但对另一些人来说，这是季节性的。

几十年来，佛罗里达州一直吸引着老年居民。

事实上，根据2000年的全国人口普查，佛罗里达州有最多的65岁及以上年龄的人口。

这个人群大约占到该州人口的18%。

全国平均水平只不过大约是13%，因此也就不奇怪佛罗里达州的夏洛特县北被认为是美国最老的地方。

但问题是，为什么这么多的人退休后要去佛罗里达州，并且把他们的养老金花在那里呢？人们给出许多不同理由，从希望更好的卫生保健到寻找老年人之间的交流。

但大多数人同意，他们喜欢佛罗里达州的气候，这里的气候变化较其他地方少。

“年轻人可能喜欢雪和寒冬，但我这种年纪的人不喜欢。

我们更喜欢呆在温暖的室内，有一杯可可饮料。

还有，雪会变成冰，很容易使人滑倒。

这就是为什么人们搬到温暖的地方的道理。

”78岁的埃德娜说道。

这位女士感到对老年人来说“搬到更加温暖的地方是有道理的”。

（插图旁文字）
“这里的社区了解老年人的需要。

”佛罗里达的一位男士说。

（插图旁文字）
大多数美国人在62岁左右退休，这是国家最早退休年龄，他们的趋向似乎就是搬到更温暖的地方去。

佛罗里达州对这些人来说是一个很受欢迎的选择，因为这里有适宜的气候和相对平缓的土地。

然而，随着搬迁到那里的老年美国人增多，更多的变化发生了，以照顾到他们的需要。

例如，急救车的反应时间加快了，许多房子有专为老年业主设计的浴室，配有如步入式浴盆的设备以减少摔倒的风险。

这样的改进让佛罗里达州对老年人更有吸引力。

“好几年了，我太太和我冬天都来佛罗里达州，但我们现在想在这里买房，因为这
里的社区了解老年人的需要。

我在这里玩宾戈游戏，在我的芳草园里栽种，在海滩上看海鸥。

还有，我知道我们将得到好的医疗，周围也都是和我们年纪相仿的朋友。

”68岁的戴维说道。

光亮的大城市
最近，移动人口激增，根据2000年全国人口普查，每年有17%的人口流动。

其中许多是搬到大城市去，这些人中，大多是年轻的成年人。

“年轻人都到哪里去了啊？”法兰克·史密斯问，他是中西部一个小镇的大洋洲客栈的老板。

“二十年前，年轻人搬到这里来，本地人在大学毕业后呆在这里。

现在，所有的年轻人——甚至我自己的亲人——都搬走了。

”整个美国，人们都注意到同样的事：年轻人想住在城市里。

年轻的成年人对搬迁到城市给出了许多不同的理由。

有些人在寻找好的工作，而有些人寻找刺激。

但有一件事是明确的，那就是年轻人用着同一个声音说，“到城市去！”
27岁的丹尼尔解释说：“城市更让人激动。

租金很高，但它是遇见其他人和寻找娱乐的非常棒的地方。

城市有戏院、博物馆和大型运动赛事，但小城镇什么也没有。

或许当我的爱人和我结婚的时候，我将搬到小城镇，但是现在，我想享受快乐。

”
21岁的安杰拉补充道：“我挺乐意住在我长大的社区里，但是那里没有任何事业机会。

我必须到大公司所在的地方，因为我想成
为顶尖的会计师，而不是数据库职员。

那就是为什么当我大学毕业的时候我要搬到洛杉矶。

”
大多数搬到大城市的年轻人说着同样的事：“我要玩得开心。

”（插图旁文字）
雄心能驱动年轻人到城市去，到“大公司所在的地方”。

（插图旁文字）
流浪的罗姆人
罗姆人与迁移和旅行紧密相连，在这方面没有别的民族能与他们相比。

罗姆人自公元11世纪就在欧洲和亚洲漫游。

本文旨在解释罗姆人的历史和他们迁移的缘由。

最早的提及
罗姆人起初住在印度北部现为巴基斯坦的一个地方。

甚至在那时，他们就是游牧民族。

这意味着他们一年中在几个地方之间搬迁。

搬迁常常让罗姆人很难找到工作，因此他们靠篮子制作、金属加工和娱乐他人来养活自己。

罗姆人离开印度有几次浪潮，始于公元1200年。

几世纪以来，他们以非常不同的方式发展。

这在罗姆人本族语言上可能最明显地表现出来，他们的语言现在大约六十种不同的方言。

许多方言与其他的完全不同，说一种方言的人通常不能理解说另一种方言的人。

尽管罗姆人在许多地方经历着不同的发展，但他们相同的一点是倾向于居住在紧密的群体中。

罗姆人历来抵制建造定居家园，他
们宁愿选择搬迁，而不愿成为任何一个国家的公民。

由于拒绝屈从于任何政府，罗姆人不能投票，但他们也不能被强迫缴税。

感觉越来越差
离开印度以后，罗姆人一直在迁徙，徒然地尝试着寻找到一个国家，在那里他们可以平静地生活和进行贸易。

他们去了埃及，然后是伊朗和匈牙利。

他们不停地辗转旅行，经过了一系列的国家：西班牙，法国、德国和英格兰。

在旅途中，罗姆人遇到了许多问题。

这些流浪者由于传统而衣衫褴褛，却让一些欧洲人受到了他们的惊吓。

罗姆人的一项传统就是算命，这给他们带来了撒谎者和巫婆的名声。

当这些观点传播开来，欧洲人明确表示不想要罗姆人做邻居，罗姆人找工作就有了困难。

当工作变得难找时，罗姆人必须找到其他的方式以生存。

他们注意到了另一群旅行者——朝圣者，他们是出于宗教的目的而流浪。

欧洲人常常给朝圣者食物、钱和栖身之地。

看到这，许多罗姆人为得到足够的食物和钱，说他们也是朝圣者。

这在一段时间内的确起到了作用，但后来人们知道了大多数罗姆人并不是真的朝圣者，这更损坏了他们在欧洲的名声。

欧洲人和罗姆人这种文化的冲突使得许多国家制订法律剥夺了罗姆人的权利。

一些国家不仅仅是限制他们的权利，在1500年到1800年之间，许多欧洲国家通过了一些法律禁止罗姆人出现，
这些国家将罗姆人集中起来，通常未经公平的申诉就把他们遣送到其他国家。

黑暗时期
19世纪初，许多国家改变了他们有关罗姆人的法律。

这些国家的政府不再驱逐他们，而是试图让罗姆人放弃他们游牧的生活方式。

成年的罗姆人被迫申请护照和公民权，孩子被要求在当地入学。

罗姆人担心丢掉他们的传统，不欢迎这些约束。

由于无法继续奉行他们的传统，许多年轻的罗姆人染上非法恶习，比如偷窃，而每当有东西丢失时，他们常常就是重点怀疑对象。

当欧洲人步入20世纪时，针对罗姆人的偏见仍在继续。

在20世纪30年代，这到了最糟糕的地步，当时纳粹将罗姆人和同性恋以及犹太人一起列为危险群体，并密谋消灭他们。

在第二次世界大战间，由于大量的罗姆人被杀死，罗姆人生活在恐惧中。

在二战中遭受了这么多苦难后，罗姆人仍然不为欧洲人所接受。

在瑞士，政府将罗姆儿童从他们父母身边带走，将他们送到全国各地的托儿所或者其他家庭中。

孩子的父母不会被告知他们的孩子们到哪里去了，这一做法一直持续到1973年。

通向友谊之路
由于现代国家最终开始承认罗姆人为一个独一无二的民族，罗姆人有了一线光明。

一部分是为了补偿过去的歧视，这些国家现在开始尝试帮助罗姆人保留他们的历史、语言和文化。

这
Section 2: Background information
I. Introduction of American society
USA Culture
'Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled
masses yearning to breathe free,' reads the
inscription on the Statue of Liberty. And the
world did, fueling the dynamism of America with
waves of ambitious immigrants from every downtrodden corner of the globe. Immigration is one of the defining characteristics of America's national identity, though calling the US a 'nation of immigrants' neatly sidesteps Native Americans (already here) and African American slaves (brought against their will).
In the past 30 years, the old notion of America as a melting pot - a stew in which immigrants' individual differences are lost in uniformity - has given way to the salad-bowl model, in which the individual pieces still retain their flavor while contributing to the whole.
Americans are constitutionally guaranteed freedom of worship; dominant faiths include Protestantism, Catholicism and Judaism, among others.There are plenty of indigenous
faiths as well, such as Christian Scientists, Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons.
American English encompasses a multitude of regional accents of differing degrees of intelligibility. Spanish has effective dual-language status in parts of southern California, New Mexico, Texas and Miami. There are 400,000 speakers of Native American dialects.
Modern American culture is a juicy burger of mass culture garnished with 15 minutes of fame. It owes as much to marketing savvy, communications technology and mass-production techniques as it does to artists and entertainers. If you can name it, American companies have invented, packaged and disseminated it to as many consumers as cheaply and conveniently as possible.
The elusive concept of 'American-ness' is often defined by cinema and television. The advent of TV in the 1950s shook Hollywood's hegemony to its core, but both forms of media have managed to coexist, even operating synergistically. The global distribution of American movies and TV shows has shaped the world's perception of the country to a high, if not completely accurate, degree.
The American music industry is the world's most powerful and pervasive, though groundswell movements remain the driving force of American pop. African Americans' influence, including blues, jazz and hip-hop, can hardly be exaggerated. Rap, America's inner-city sound, places an equal emphasis on an ultraheavy beat, sound montage, street cred and macho posturing. Its appeal to middle-class white America will no doubt bemuse sociologists for decades.
The US has churned out a veritable forest of literature. The illustrious lineup begins with Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Emily Dickinson, Henry James and Edith Wharton, and moves into the modern era with William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, Jack 'Backpack' Kerouac, Arthur Miller, both the Williamses, Saul Bellow, John Updike and Toni Morisson.
After WWII, the focus of the international art world shifted from Paris to New York. Artists leaving war-torn Europe brought the remnants of surrealism to the Big Apple, inspiring a group of young American painters to create the first distinct American painting style, abstract expressionism.
The relentless ascendancy of mass media gave birth to pop art. Slick, surface-oriented and purposely banal paintings like Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans are now American icons.
When we think of US cities, we think of skyscrapers, those architectural testaments to market forces and American optimism. Chicago is a living museum of high-rise development. New York boasts its fair share of stunners too. Despite increasing homogenization, rural America retains its idiosyncrasies, and distinctive vernacular architectural styles persist in New England (clapboard), California (Spanish Mission) and New Mexico (adobe).
American sports developed separately from the rest of the world and, consequently, homegrown games such as baseball, football and basketball dominate the sports scene. Soccer and ice hockey are runners-up to the Big Three. Urban America also invented the great indoors: aerobics and the gym, indoor skiing and rock-climbing - examples of what can go wrong when too much disposable income hits up against too little leisure time.
Holidays in U.S.
The Fourth of July is a very important holiday in the U.S. American people celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by representatives of the thirteen American Colonies. On July 4, 1776, John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, well-known patriots, declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. This holiday is considered the `birthday of the United States of America.' It is the greatest non-religious holiday on the U.S. American people celebrate this day with fireworks and parades.
December 25th is Christmas, celebrating the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Many people decorate their houses with Christmas trees and lights and give presents to family members. Children hang stockings for Santa Claus (St. Nicholas) to fill with gifts. Christmas is a federal holiday. Thanksgiving Day is the 4th Thursday in November and a federal holiday. On this day, American people remember how the Indians helped the Pilgrims by teaching them how to farm and hunt. On this day, American people give thanks for food, their country, and their families.
Ⅱ. Grammar: How to write a good paragraph
Writing a Paragraph: Focus on Coherence and Unity
we should realize the importance of using good grammar and good word choice in your writing. However, the most grammatically perfect paragraph will not receive a good grade if it is poorly organized and not focused on a central idea. The paragraph must have unity and coherence. We will explore unity and coherence more fully so that you can learn how these elements impact your writing.
Coherence is whether or not what you write makes sense and whether or not the ideas are arranged in a
logical manner. If ideas are out of order in
writing, then the reader has a very difficult
time trying to understand your point. As a
result the reader will lose interest and you will not be able to convey your point.
Unity is equally important. Unity means that your writing sticks to one point at a time. When you mix and match ideas in writing jumping from one idea to the next and back again, the reader has a hard time following you. Inevitably, the reader will not understand your point and will eventually lose interest. This chapter explores ways to help you make
certain that your writing is both coherent and unified.
I. Important Points of Sentences
1) A simple sentence gives prominence to an idea.
2) A compound sentence conveys similarity or equality.
3) A complex sentence reveals relative importance of ideas.
4) A compound-complex sentence shows the complexity of matter.
5) A short sentence is pithy(精练的) and poignant, but too many short sentences in a series sound monotonous and childish.
6) A long sentence impresses people with deliberateness or ease, but too many long sentences in a series seem rambling(散漫的) or sound boring.
7) A loose sentence conveys vividness and spontaneity. It is suitable for reporting and story-telling, but a string of them gives the impression of carelessness.
8) A periodic sentence gains strength and dignity by reserving the climax to the end, but if used extensively it renders the style stiff and affected.
9) A balance sentence suits best comparison and
contrast, exposition and argument; but should only used sparingly(节俭的) for significant points; otherwise, the writing sounds too pompous.
Ⅱ.Paragraph
A paragraph is a group of closely related sentences dealing with a single topic or idea. Usually, one sentence, called the topic sentence, stated the main idea of the paragraph. All the other sentences must be related to this topic sentence.
A paragraph has four elements: a topic sentence, supporting sentences, a concluding sentence, and transitional sentences. The first three are the essential elements or major structural parts, while the last, an additional element, which provides a smooth transition between different, sets of ideas.
A paragraph resembles a mini-essay in three important ways: It is unified, it is coherent, and it is developed.
Ⅲ. Important Points on Unity
1. Every paragraph should have a purpose of its own, whether by itself or as part of a greater unit.
2. Every paragraph should be full of interesting,
informative substance.
3. All material irrelevant to the purpose should be excluded.
4. Try to write as briefly as possible.
5. A topic sentence can be used at the beginning, at the end or in the middle of a paragraph if it helps to clarify the purpose, otherwise it can be dispensed with.
Ⅳ. Important Points on Coherence
1. The ideas in a paragraph should be arranged in a logical sequence.
1) Chronological order is usually adopted in narrative paragraphs, but is sometimes interrupted by flashbacks and somewhat influenced by the author's interest and sympathy.
2) Spatial sequence is often followed in descriptive paragraphs, but to start off with or to build up one's material around one's dominant impression is very effective.
2. Use connective words or phrases or repeat the key words or phrases to enhance coherence between the key words or phrases to enhance coherence between the parts in a paragraph.
Ⅴ. Transitions used for different purposes
1. Transitions that explain
now, in addition, for , in this case, furthermore, in fact, in other words, this is, as a matter of fact, in fact
2. Transitions that emphasize.
certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, truly, of course, anyway, in particular
3. Transitions that qualify
but, however, although, yet, except for
4. Transitions that illustrate.
for example, for instance, thus, such, next, namely,
5.Transitions that add.
In addition, furthermore, also, moreover, first, second, third, etc, then, besides, next, again, besides, what's more
6.Transitions that compare.
like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too, likewise, at the same time, meanwhile
7.Transitions that contrast
unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead, but, despite, nevertheless, on the contrary, however, in spite of
8. Transitions that concede.
although, nevertheless, of course, after all, clearly, still, yet
9. Transitions that state a consequence.
therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, otherwise, hence, thus, in this way
10.Transitions that sum up.
to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, all in all, altogether, as has been said/stated/mentioned, in brief, on the whole, in a word,
11.Transitions that indicate place
above, below, adjacent to, elsewhere, here, there, farther on, near, nearby, on the other side, opposite to, to the east, wherever, to the left…etc, close to, next to, in front of, at the back of, at the front of
12.Transitions that indicate time
after a while, afterward as long as, at that moment, as soon as, at last, at length, at that time, before, earlier, formerly, immediately, in the meantime, in earlier, formerly, immediately, in the meantime, in the past, lately, later, once upon a time, meanwhile, now, presently, shortly, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, then, subsequently,
thereafter, until, when, etc.
13. Transitions that indicate reason and cause
because, because of, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as, for, for this reason,
14. Transitions that indicate order
first, second, in the first place, first of all, at first, to begin with, firstly, in the end, eventually, at last,
15. Some other transitions.
1) Pronouns as transitions
2) Synonyms as transitions
3) Coordinating conjunctions as transitions
4) Repeating words for transitions
Ⅵ. Development of Paragraph
1. Narration usually follows chronological order. There are two special kinds of narration: personal experience and personal observation. The choosing and arranging of pertinent facts are the key to effective narration.
2. Description: Details are the essence of description. Even abstract ideas can be made vivid by them.
vii. Methods of Paragraph Development
1. Giving examples
2. Comparing and contrasting
3. Classifying
4. Showing cause and effect
5. Defining
6. Development by time
7. Development by space
8. Development by process
9. Development by detail
10. Development by combination of methods
Ⅶ Revising Checklists for Revising and Rewriting When revising an essay you should review its purpose, organization, development, sentence, structure, diction, grammar, usage, and mechanics. The following checklists should serve as helpful guides to these matters:
1. Purpose
1) Does the essay have a clear, definite theme, a focus,
a central point? Is it built around a stated or clearly implied thesis sentence?
2) Does it keep in mind the reader or readers for whom it is intended?
3) Does the essay seem likely to accomplish its purpose?
If not, why not?
anization
1) Does the plan of the essay follow a clear method of organization? Fox example, does it begin with a cause and proceed to an effect or begin with an effect and then develop the causes for that effect? Or, if the order is based on time, does the paper begin at the beginning and proceed to later stages?
2) Are the paragraphs arranged in logical order, one paragraph naturally following another?
3) Is the conclusion of the essay adequately anticipated and supported by preceding material?
3.Development
1) Is each paragraph adequate in material, unified in substance, and correctly proportioned in relation to other paragraphs in the paper?
2) Does the sum of the paragraphs reveal enough material to convince readers of the point you are making? Oppositely, have you included unnecessary or irrelevant material?
3) Are there adequate and clear transitions between paragraphs and between ideas?
4) Does the essay contain any logical loopholes, or flaws in reasoning, that will weaken your argument.
4. Sentence Structure
1) Does the essay contain any broken sentences? Any comma faults? Any unjustified sentence fragments?
2) Are there any dangling modifiers? Any misplaced modifiers? Any awkward split constructions?
3) Does the essay contain any sentences that reveal faulty parallelism, faulty coordination or subordination, and other illogical constructions?
4) Does the essay have any inconsistencies in tense, tone, or mood?
5. Diction, Grammar, and Usage
1) Is each word in the essay as suitable and effective as possible? Does the essay contain stale expressions, unnecessary words, or inappropriate examples of jargon and slang?
2) Does the essay contain any clear errors in usage-incorrect reference of pronouns, faulty agreement, incorrect verb forms, mistakes in the case of pronouns, agreement of time, nouns in plural form, omission of article
and -s or -es after the verb of third person in simple present tense?
6. Mechanics
1) Does the essay contain any misspelled words?
2) Is all the punctuation logical, necessary, and a clear aid to communication?
3) Is the essay neat in appearance and has it been prepared in accordance with prescribed form?
4) Has the essay been carefully proofread to eliminate careless errors of any kind?
A classic format for compositions is the five-paragraph essay. It is not the only format for writing an essay, of course, but it is a useful model for you to keep in mind, especially as you begin to develop your composition skills. Introduction:
Introductory Paragraph
See, first, Writing Introductory Paragraphs for different ways of getting your reader involved in your essay. The introductory paragraph should also include the thesis statement, a kind of mini-outline for the paper: it tells the reader what the essay is about. The last sentence of this
paragraph must also contain a transitional "hook" which moves the reader to the first paragraph of the body of the paper. Body:
Body — First paragraph:
The first paragraph of the body should contain the strongest argument, most significant example, cleverest illustration, or an obvious beginning point. The first sentence of this paragraph should include the "reverse hook" which ties in with the transitional hook at the end of the introductory paragraph. The topic for this paragraph should be in the first or second sentence. This topic should relate to the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph. The last sentence in this paragraph should include a transitional hook to tie into the second paragraph of the body.
Body — Second paragraph:
The second paragraph of the body should contain the second strongest argument, second most significant example, second cleverest illustration, or an obvious follow up the first paragraph in the body. The first sentence of this paragraph should include the reverse hook which ties in with the transitional hook at the end of the first paragraph of the
body. The topic for this paragraph should be in the first or second sentence. This topic should relate to the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph. The last sentence in this paragraph should include a transitional hook to tie into the third paragraph of the body.
Body — Third paragraph:
The third paragraph of the body should
contain the weakest argument, weakest
example, weakest illustration, or an obvious
follow up to the second paragraph in the body.
The first sentence of this paragraph should include the reverse hook which ties in with the transitional hook at the end of the second paragraph. The topic for this paragraph should be in the first or second sentence. This topic should relate to the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph. The last sentence in this paragraph should include a transitional concluding hook that signals the reader that this is the final major point being made in this paper. This hook also leads into the last, or concluding, paragraph. Conclusion:
Concluding paragraph:
This paragraph should include the following:
1. an allusion to the pattern used in the introductory paragraph,
2. a restatement of the thesis statement, using some of the original language or language that "echoes" the original language. (The restatement, however, must not be a duplicate thesis statement.)
3. a summary of the three main points from the body of the paper.
4. a final statement that gives the reader signals that the discussion has come to an end. (This final statement may be a "call to action" in an persuasive paper.)
Ⅲ. Brief introduction of Florida
Florida: Culture
From the city of Tampa, Florida, you can go west in any direction and run into over 60 different beaches. For a look into the traditional Florida, woods, wildlife, and less population, try the Hillsborough River parks and recreation areas all along the river. North of the lock, and south of it. Lettuce Lake Park is on the narrows of the fresh water of the river, north of the city of Tampa. Picnic areas, with
playground equipment are nestled among the trees of the park. Several hiking trails give you a one on one with the flora and wildlife native to the area. Climb the 3 story tower to the tree top level for an overview of the river to see alligator, turtles, otters, birds, and fish.
History
The first European to come to Florida was Juan Ponce de Leon, who is thought to have landed someplace near Saint Augustine in the early 16th Century. The Spanish explorer claimed the territory for his native country, naming the land after Pascua de Florida, the Spanish Easter Celebration. Early colonization attempts by Leon failed mainly because of attacks by the area's indigenous people and diseases, both of which killed many of his men. Eventually Spain was able to colonize Florida, as well as much of the Southern part of the United States, territory they held until the British took over part of the area in the 1700's.
Florida was still largely populated by its native people, the Seminoles, well into the 18th Century. As the the area became more and more popular for white settlers to move into,
President Andrew Jackson began a program to have the Seminoles removed, spending millions of dollars and costing many lives, both white and native.
In 1845 Florida became the 27th state in the US, with a population of about 90,000 people. Today the state is home to millions and has a diverse economy based on tourism, agriculture, and technology。