Innovation as a Determinant of Sales Growth in the South African Automotive Industry
创新要素市场化配置研究综述
随着新一轮科学技术革命的出现，技术不断发生变革，也与经济社会不断深度融合。
各国进入空间结构优化和经济结构调整的战略机遇期，创新已成为国民经济发展和竞争力的关键因素。
2016年5月，中共中央、国务院印发了《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》，强调创新是提高社会生产力和综合国力的战略支撑，是国家总体发展的核心。
党的十八届三中全会明确指出，市场在资源配置中将起决定性作用，同时也要更好地发挥政府的作用。
党的十九大明确指出，要素的市场化配置是经济体制改革的两个关键点之一。
2020年3月，《中共中央国务院关于建立更加完善的要素市场分配制度和机制的意见》（以下简称《意见》）发布，它明确了要素市场体系的建设方向和重点改革任务。
中央政府此时发布关于要素市场分配制度和机制改革的重要公告，目的是打破要素市场的流动壁垒，提高要素市场中资源配置的效率，从而激发经济的内生增长动力。
在改革市场化分配制度和创新因素机制的过程中，科技创新成果转化的问题引起国家各部门的关注。
创新要素———尤其是人才和资本要素，具有直接或间接地促进科技进步以及整个经济社会发展的重要地位，因此完善创新要素市场化配置体制机制，使市场在资源分配中发挥决定性作用，更好地发挥政府的作用，建立完善、公平、开放、透明的市场规则，破除阻碍人才、资本自由流动的体制机制障碍，扩大创新要素市场化配置范围，优化配置结构，实现创新要素价格市场决定、流动自主有序、配置高效公平，有利于提高科技资源的配置效率，推动区域产业结构升级，发挥资源优势，从而形成有竞争力的产业结构，降低交易成本，带来充分的劳动力和产品市场，释放巨大的市场活力，促进技术创新，促进区域经济发展。
一、关于创新理论和经济增长理论的研究20世纪初，熊彼特从经济学角度首次系统地提出了创新的概念。
他认为，所谓创新，就是建立一种新的生产函数，也就是说，把一种从来没有过的关于生产要素和生产条件的新组合引入生产体系。
他还进一步将创新分为了五种情况：新物品的提出；新生产方法的提出；新市场的开发；新原料或半成品来源的发现；新产业组织的形成。
从创意到创业智慧树知到答案2024年湖南师范大学
从创意到创业湖南师范大学智慧树知到答案2024年绪论单元测试1.由IBM公司设计的（）计算机与国际象棋世界冠军战胜了当时称霸世界棋坛的卡斯帕罗夫。
A:深绿 B:浅蓝 C:深蓝 D:浅绿答案:C2.在“大众创业、万众创新”的时代大潮中，越来越多的人凭借自己的创意走上了创业之旅，取得了事业的成功，下列属于通过创意走上创业之旅的有（）A:罗振宇从自媒体专栏“罗辑思维”发展到“得到”app B:程维用滴滴出行重新塑造了网约车的商业模式 C:王兴把美团从一个社交类团购网站变成了生态化网络平台。
D:马东借助“奇葩说”成就了米未传媒答案:ABCD3.方军在《创意，未来的生活方式》一书中提到，创意就是创造性地分析问题和系统地解决问题，善于运用创意就会拥有未来的无限可能性。
（）A:错 B:对答案:B4.（）中提到，苟日新日日新又日新。
人生因创造而美好，普通人因创新而伟大，创业艰辛，正因此创业者被人们尊重；开拓艰难，正因此奠基人被世人铭记。
A:《孟子》 B:《中庸》 C:《大学》 D:《论语》答案:C5.创新创业学习不能仅限于在线课程，还可以通过（）的方式开展。
A:通过影视剧学习 B:向资深专家们学习 C:大量阅读学术论文和专业书籍学习 D:向行业精英们学习答案:ABCD6.诺基亚时代手机多种型号，苹果时代手机只做iPhone一个独生子说明在乌卡时代我们应该以变化来应对变化。
（）A:对 B:错答案:A第一章测试1.企业其实是企业家个性的外化，（）决定了企业的发展方向。
（）A:创业者的资本 B:创业者的目标 C:创业者对自身的了解 D:创业者的心态答案:C2.创业的三把钥匙包括（）A:“你到哪里去” B:“你是谁” C:“你能做什么” D:“你从哪里来”答案:ABD3.经济上的成功是创业的原因，但绝不是创业的结果。
（）A:错 B:对答案:A4.饿了么曾推出过以下哪些项目（）A:未来餐厅 B:风车系统 C:火箭系统 D:蜂鸟系统答案:AD5.大学生创业热情高、社会经验少，很难一次性取得成功或者取得大得成功。
International R&D spillovers
I This is analogous to Terleckyj’s imported across industries.
(1974)
use of input-output
weights
to model
how R&D is
D. T. Coe, E. Helpman / European Economic Review 39 (I 9951859-887
861
ity. Some of our estimates suggest that foreign R&D capital stocks have stronger effects on domestic productivity the larger the share of domestic imports in GDP. It follows that more open economies extract larger productivity benefits from foreign R&D than less open economies. Moreover, measuring the importance of the R&D capital stock by the elasticity of TFP with respect to the R&D capital stock, our estimates suggest that the foreign R&D capital stock may be at least as important as the domestic R&D capital stock in the smaller countries, while in the larger countries (the G7) the domestic R&D capital stock may be more important. The next section contains a discussion of the theory that underlies our empirical specification. A brief review of the main features of our data is presented in Section 3, and the sources and construction of the data are described in an appendix. The main empirical findings and their economic interpretations are reported in Section 4. Section 5 concludes.
英语作文-销售中的销售技巧与销售目标考核
英语作文-销售中的销售技巧与销售目标考核In the competitive world of sales, having effective sales techniques and setting clear sales goals are essential for success. Sales professionals need to be able to build relationships with customers, understand their needs, and ultimately close the deal. In this article, we will explore some key sales techniques and discuss how sales goals can be used to assess performance.First and foremost, it is important for sales professionals to have strong communication skills. Being able to effectively communicate with customers, listen to their needs, and address any concerns they may have is crucial in closing a sale. Sales professionals should also be able to build rapport with customers, making them feel comfortable and confident in their decision to purchase.Another important sales technique is the ability to ask probing questions. By asking open-ended questions, sales professionals can uncover valuable information about the customer's needs and preferences. This allows them to tailor their sales pitch to meet the specific needs of each individual customer, increasing the likelihood of a successful sale.In addition to communication and questioning skills, sales professionals should also be adept at handling objections. It is common for customers to have concerns or reservations about making a purchase, and sales professionals need to be able to address these objections effectively. By acknowledging the customer's concerns and providing solutions or alternatives, sales professionals can help alleviate any doubts and move the sale forward.Setting clear sales goals is also crucial for success in sales. Sales professionals should have specific, measurable goals that they are working towards, whether it be a certain number of sales per month or a target revenue amount. By setting goals, sales professionals can track their progress, stay motivated, and focus their efforts on achieving success.Sales goals can also be used as a tool for assessing performance. By comparing actual sales results to the goals that were set, sales managers can evaluate the performance of their sales team and identify areas for improvement. This allows for targeted training and development initiatives to be implemented, helping to drive overall sales performance.In conclusion, effective sales techniques and clear sales goals are essential for success in the world of sales. By honing communication skills, asking probing questions, handling objections, and setting specific sales goals, sales professionals can increase their chances of closing deals and achieving success. Sales goals can also be used as a tool for assessing performance, allowing sales managers to evaluate their team's performance and make necessary adjustments to drive sales success.。
创新能力 英语作文
创新能力英语作文Title: Enhancing Innovation Capability。
In today's rapidly evolving world, innovation capability stands as a critical determinant of success for individuals, organizations, and nations alike. Defined as the ability to generate and implement creative ideas to address challenges and seize opportunities, innovation capability encompasses a broad spectrum of skills, attitudes, and practices. Here, we delve into the key components and strategies for enhancing innovation capability.First and foremost, fostering a culture of innovation is paramount. This involves cultivating an environment where creativity is encouraged, risks are tolerated, and failure is viewed as a stepping stone to success. Organizations can achieve this by promoting open communication, embracing diverse perspectives, and allocating resources for experimentation and exploration.When individuals feel empowered to think differently and contribute their unique insights, innovation flourishes.Moreover, continuous learning and skill development are essential to bolstering innovation capability. In today's knowledge-based economy, staying abreast of emerging technologies, industry trends, and best practices is imperative. This necessitates a commitment to lifelong learning, whether through formal education, professional development programs, or self-directed study. By equipping individuals with the knowledge and expertise needed to tackle complex problems, organizations can unleash their innovation potential.Furthermore, collaboration plays a pivotal role in driving innovation. By leveraging the collective intelligence of teams and networks, organizations can harness a diversity of perspectives and skill sets to generate novel solutions. Cross-functional collaboration not only fosters synergy but also facilitates the exchange of ideas and sparks creativity. Additionally, partnerships with external stakeholders such as customers, suppliers,and research institutions can provide valuable insights and resources to fuel innovation efforts.In addition to fostering a conducive environment and nurturing talent, organizations must also embrace systematic approaches to innovation management. Thisentails establishing processes and frameworks to systematically identify, evaluate, and prioritize opportunities for innovation. From idea generation and concept development to prototype testing and market validation, a structured innovation process helps mitigate risks and maximize the likelihood of success. Moreover, employing tools such as design thinking, agile methodologies, and lean startup principles can streamline innovation workflows and accelerate time-to-market.Furthermore, a supportive leadership is indispensable in driving a culture of innovation. Leaders must champion innovation as a strategic priority, set clear goals and expectations, and allocate resources accordingly. By leading by example and fostering a climate of trust and psychological safety, leaders can empower their teams totake calculated risks and pursue ambitious ideas. Moreover, recognizing and rewarding innovative behavior reinforces desired outcomes and motivates individuals to push the boundaries of creativity.In conclusion, enhancing innovation capability is essential for individuals and organizations seeking to thrive in today's dynamic landscape. By fostering a culture of innovation, investing in continuous learning, promoting collaboration, embracing systematic approaches, and cultivating supportive leadership, organizations can unlock their innovation potential and achieve sustainable growth and competitiveness in the long run. As we navigate an increasingly complex and uncertain world, innovation remains the linchpin for driving progress and shaping a better future.(Word count: 504 words)。
英语作文-销售策略的关键要素
英语作文-销售策略的关键要素In the realm of sales, strategy is the backbone of success. It's the blueprint that guides sales teams through the complex landscape of consumer behavior, market trends, and competitive dynamics. A well-crafted sales strategy can elevate a company from mediocrity to market leadership. This essay delves into the key elements that constitute an effective sales strategy, exploring how each component plays a pivotal role in winning customers and driving revenue growth.Understanding the Target Market。
The foundation of any sales strategy is a deep understanding of the target market. This involves identifying the ideal customer profile, understanding their pain points, preferences, and purchasing behavior. It's about recognizing the nuances that influence their decision-making process and tailoring the sales approach to resonate with them. Market segmentation allows sales teams to focus their efforts on the most lucrative segments, ensuring that their message reaches the right ears.Value Proposition。
Advanced Materials and Processes
Advanced Materials and Processes Advanced materials and processes play a crucial role in shaping the modern world, revolutionizing industries and driving technological advancements. From aerospace and automotive to electronics and healthcare, the development and application of advanced materials and processes have transformed the way we live and work. In this discussion, we will explore the significance of advanced materials and processes from various perspectives, considering their impact on innovation, sustainability, and global competitiveness. From an innovation standpoint, advanced materials and processes have been instrumental in pushing the boundaries of what is possible across industries. The development of new materials with enhanced properties, such as strength, conductivity, and durability, has paved the way for the creation of cutting-edge technologies and products. For instance, the use of advanced composite materials in aerospace has led to the production of lighter and more fuel-efficient aircraft, revolutionizing air travel. Similarly, advancements in semiconductor manufacturing processes have enabled the production of smaller, faster, and more powerful electronic devices, driving the digital revolution. Moreover, the impact of advanced materials and processes extends beyond innovation to encompass sustainability and environmental responsibility. With the growing emphasis on sustainable practices, there is a heightened focus on developing materials and processes that minimize environmental impact. For instance, the emergence of eco-friendly materials, such as biodegradable polymers and sustainable composites, reflects a commitment to reducing the ecological footprint of various industries. Furthermore, advancements in manufacturing processes, such as additive manufacturing and precision engineering, have contributed to resource efficiency and waste reduction, aligning with the principles of sustainable development. In addition to innovation and sustainability, the global competitiveness of industries is significantly influenced by the adoption of advanced materials and processes. In an increasingly interconnected and competitive global economy, the ability to leverage cutting-edge materials and manufacturing techniques is a key determinant of success. Industries that embrace the latest advancements gain a competitive edge byoffering superior products with enhanced performance and functionality. This notonly drives growth and profitability but also positions them as leaders in their respective fields, contributing to the overall economic competitiveness of nations. Furthermore, the evolution of advanced materials and processes has implicationsfor various aspects of society, including healthcare, infrastructure, and energy.In healthcare, the development of advanced biomaterials has revolutionized medical treatments and prosthetics, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Additionally, in the realm of infrastructure, the use of advanced construction materials and techniques has led to the development of more resilient and sustainable buildings and infrastructure systems. Moreover, the pursuit of alternative energy sources has been bolstered by advancements in materials for energy storage and conversion, driving the transition towards a more sustainable energy landscape. Despite the myriad benefits associated with advanced materials and processes, there are also challenges and considerations that warrant attention. The high cost of research and development, as well as the complexities associated with scaling up production, can pose barriers to the widespread adoption of advanced materials and processes. Additionally, ensuring the safety and regulatory compliance of novel materials and manufacturing techniques is essential tomitigate potential risks to human health and the environment. Moreover, the needfor skilled professionals proficient in working with advanced materials and processes underscores the importance of education and training in this domain. In conclusion, the significance of advanced materials and processes cannot be overstated, given their profound impact on innovation, sustainability, and global competitiveness. The ongoing pursuit of novel materials with superior propertiesand the refinement of advanced manufacturing processes will continue to drive progress across diverse industries. As we navigate the opportunities andchallenges associated with advanced materials and processes, collaboration between industry, academia, and government entities will be crucial in realizing the full potential of these transformative technologies. Embracing a forward-lookingmindset and a commitment to responsible innovation will pave the way for a future where advanced materials and processes continue to shape a more technologically advanced, sustainable, and competitive world.。
国际竞争的英语作文
国际竞争的英语作文Title: The Dynamics of International Competition。
In an increasingly interconnected world, international competition has become a defining feature of the global landscape. Whether in trade, technology, or geopolitical influence, nations are constantly vying for supremacy on the international stage. This essay aims to delve into the multifaceted nature of international competition, exploring its drivers, implications, and potential avenues for cooperation.At the heart of international competition lie economic interests. Nations compete for market share, resources, and investment opportunities, driving innovation and productivity. The rise of emerging economies hasintensified this competition, as countries seek to capitalize on new growth opportunities. In this context, industries such as technology, finance, and manufacturing have become battlegrounds for dominance, with countriesleveraging their comparative advantages to gain an edge.Moreover, technological advancement has emerged as a key determinant of competitive advantage in the modern era. Nations that lead in areas such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and renewable energy stand to shape the future global landscape. The race for technological supremacy is evident in initiatives like China's Made in China 2025 and the European Union's Horizon Europe program, which aim to foster innovation and bolster competitiveness.Beyond economics, international competition also extends into the realm of geopolitics. Strategic rivalries between major powers shape alliances, conflicts, and global governance structures. The rise of China as a global power, for instance, has sparked tensions with the United States over trade, security, and ideological influence. Similarly, regional rivalries in the Middle East and Asia-Pacific underscore the complex interplay between geopolitics and international competition.However, while competition is inherent in theinternational system, it is not devoid of risks and challenges. Heightened competition can exacerbate tensions, leading to trade disputes, currency wars, and even military conflicts. The recent trade tensions between the United States and China, for example, have escalated into abroader confrontation encompassing technology, finance, and geopolitics. Such conflicts not only disrupt global trade flows but also undermine trust and cooperation among nations.Moreover, the pursuit of competitive advantage can have adverse consequences for the environment, public health,and social equity. Industries driven by profit motives may prioritize short-term gains over long-term sustainability, leading to environmental degradation and resource depletion. Similarly, inequalities in access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities can widen as countries competefor economic supremacy. Addressing these challengesrequires a concerted effort to reconcile economic interests with social and environmental concerns.In this context, fostering cooperation is essential tomitigating the negative impacts of international competition. Multilateral institutions such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and International Monetary Fund play a crucial role in facilitating dialogue, negotiation, and dispute resolution among nations. By promoting transparency, fairness, and inclusivity, these institutions help build trust and confidence in the international system.Furthermore, initiatives such as international treaties, joint research projects, and development assistance can foster collaboration on common challenges such as climate change, public health, and poverty alleviation. The Paris Agreement on climate change, for instance, demonstrates the potential for collective action to address global threats. Similarly, initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiativeaim to promote infrastructure development and economic integration across regions.In conclusion, international competition is a pervasive force shaping the dynamics of the global order. While competition drives innovation, growth, and progress, italso poses risks and challenges to stability, sustainability, and equity. Navigating this complex landscape requires a balanced approach that harnesses the benefits of competition while promoting cooperation and dialogue among nations. By working together, countries can build a more inclusive, resilient, and prosperous world for future generations.。
市场营销专业英语-经典
annual requirement purchasing arrangement 年度采购需求计划anticipatory positioning 预见性定位 anti-pollution legislation 反污染立法 anti —trust legislation 反托拉斯立法 Apple Computers 苹果电脑 area structure 地区结构aspiration/expectation level 渴望/期望水平 aspirations of consumers 消费者渴望 assurance 保证AT ＆T 美国电话电报公司ATM (automatic teller machine) 银行自动柜员机 attitudes of consumers 消费者态度audiences 受众 auto repair 汽车维修automation services 自动服务 automobile industry 汽车产业 autonomy 自主权availability 可获得性/供货能力 avante guardian 前卫派 Avon 雅芳awareness (产品)知晓度/知名度 Bbaby boomers 婴儿潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道 backward integration 后向垂直一体化 banner advertisements 横幅标语广告 bar codes 条形码 barter 实物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要 Bausch & Lomb 博士伦BCG Grow —Share Matrix 波士顿增长-份额矩阵 before tests 事前测试Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行为扫描信息源公司behavioural analysis 行为分析 behavioural hierarchies 行为层级 benefit clusters 利益群体 benefits 利益 Benz 奔驰 billing 帐单biological revolution 生物革命 birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一揽子采购合同 blind —paired comparison testing 双盲比较测试 Blockbuster blue collars 蓝领 BMW 宝马Boeing 波音bottom line 底线/盈亏一览结算线 brand awareness 品牌意识/认知 brand extensions 品牌扩展 brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度 brand mark 品牌标志 brand name 品牌名称 brand positioning 品牌定位 brand recognition 品牌识别 brand strategies 品牌战略 brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化战略 branding 品牌化brand’s equity 品牌的价值break-even volume 盈亏平衡产量breath of product assortment 产品线的宽度breath or diversity of product lines 产品线的宽度或多样性 bribery 贿赂British Airways 英国航空公司 brokers 经纪人 budgeting 预算 bundle 捆绑Bureau of Census 人口统计局 Burger King 汉堡王busines strength rating 商业能力评分 business plan 商业计划 business position 经营地位 business sector 商业部门business services markets 商业服务市场 business strategies 经营战略 business unit strategy 经营单位战略 Business Week 《商业周刊》 buyback allowances 回购折让 buyback arrangements 产品返销buyers' bargaining power 买方的讨价还价能力 buyers 采购者buying behavior 购买行为 buying center 采购中心 buying intention 购买意图buying offices 连锁商店的进货中心buying power indes (BPI) 购买力指数 buying situation 采购情况/类型 buying task 采购任务 Ccable TV 有线电视 Cadillac 凯迪拉克Campbell's Soup 金宝汤业公司 capital gains 资本收益capital invested in product 产品投入资本Carnival 嘉年华cash cows 现金牛类cash discounts 现金折扣catalogue sales 目录销售categorization of perception 感知分类categorization 分门别类Caterpillar Tractor 卡特皮勒公司Cathay Airlines 国泰航空公司CBS Records 唱片公司CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 变色龙/跟随者channel alternatives 可选择的营销渠道channel conflicts 渠道冲突channel decisions 渠道决策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道组织结构channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目标channel of distribution 分销渠道channel power 渠道权力channel—control strategies 渠道控制战略channel-design decisions 渠道设计决策channel—management decisions 渠道管理决策channels of communication 传播渠道Charles Snow 查尔斯·斯诺Cherokee 切诺基chevrolet 雪佛莱choice criteria 选择标准Christian Dior 克里斯汀·迪奥（世界著名时装品牌）Chrysler 克莱斯勒Citi Corp 花旗银行closing a sale 结束销售clothing retailers 服装零售商CNN 美国有线新闻网co—branding 联合品牌code of ethics （职业）道德标准coercive power 强制权cognitive dissonance 认识的不协调Colgate—Palmolive 高露洁collection of data 数据收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 联合营销联盟combination compensation plan 结合式薪酬方案Comdex 计算机展销会commercialization 商业化commitment 承诺communication channels 传播渠道communication process 传播过程communication 信息交流/沟通 communications media 传播媒体 company personnel 公司员工 Compaq 康柏comparative advertisements 比较广告 comparison of brands 品牌比较 compensation deals 补偿处理 compensation plan 酬金方案 compensation/rewards 酬金/奖励 compensatory 补偿性的competition and industry evolution 竞争和行业演变 competition-orientated pricing 竞争导向定价法 competitive advantage 竞争优势competitive (supply —side ） evolution 竞争(供方）演变 competitive factors 竞争因素competitive intelligence 竞争情报/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 竞争均势促销预算法competitive strategy 竞争战略 competitive strength 竞争优势/能力 competitor analysis 竞争者分析 complaint handling 投诉处理component materials and parts markets 组成材料和零部件市场computerized ordering 计算机化的订购conclusive research 确定性研究 conditions of demand 需求情况conflict and resolution strategies 冲突和解决战略 conformance to specifications 与规格一致 conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 对抗战略 conjoint measurement 联合测度法 conjunctive model 联合模型consumer decision —making 消费者（购买）决策 consumer goods channels 消费品分销渠道Consumer Goods Pricing Act, USA 美国消费品定价法案 consumer goods 消费品 consumer markets 消费品市场consumer needs 消费者需求 consumer packaged —goods firms 消费者包装食品公司 consumer promotion 消费者促销consumer tests 消费者测试 consumer/household market 消费者/家庭市场 consumers’ perceptions 消费者感知 consumption 消费 contests 竞赛contingency planning 权变计划contract construction 契约建筑业 contract manufacturing 契约制造业contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收缩/战略性撤退战略contractual entry modes 契约式进入模式contractual vertical marketing systems 合约式垂直营销系统contribution margin analysis 边际贡献(贡献毛利）分析 contributrion margin 边际贡献 control strategies 控制战略convenience food stores 便利食品商店 convenience goods 便利品 convenience 服务的便利性 Cool Whip 清凉维普co —operative advertising 合作性广告co —ordination and conflict resolution 协调与冲突解决 co-production 合作生产core benefit proposition (CBP ） 核心利益方案/提议 corollary —data method 推定数据法 corporate HQ 公司总部corporate scope 公司（经营）范围 corporate strategy 公司战略corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直营销系统 corporate/institutional advertising 团体/社会公共机构广告 corrective action 矫正行动 cost analysis 成本分析 cost effectiveness 成本有效性 cost leadership strategy 成本领先战略cost of capital 资本成本cost of goods sold （COGS ） 产品销售成本cost reductions 降低成本产品 cost —and —volume relationship 成本-数量关系cost —oriented pricing 成本导向定价法 cost-plus/mark —up pricing 成本加成/溢价定价法 costs and benefits of marketing functions 营销职能的成本和效益costs of competitors 竞争者成本 costs of distribution 分销成本 countertrade 对等贸易 coupons 优惠券courtesy 礼貌 coverage of geographic market 地域性市场的范围 coverage of relevant retailers 相关零售商的销售范围 credibility 信誉 credit terms 信贷条款 critical assumptions 关键假设 cross-elasticity 交叉弹性customary pricing 习惯性定价法 customer analysis 顾客分析 customer contact 顾客接触 customer demand 顾客需求 customer intimacy 顾客亲密度 customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度customer need 顾客需要 customer organization of sales force 按客户组织销售队伍 customer retention 顾客维系/保留 customer satisfaction 顾客满意度customer segment pricing 顾客细分市场定价 customer service 顾客服务customer —oriented pricing 顾客导向定价法 customers' perception 顾客感知 customers' preferences 顾客偏好customers' price sensitivity 顾客的价格敏感度 customizing 定制 Ddata collection 数据收集 data confidentiality 数据保密 data research 数据研究 data sources 数据来源 dealers 经销商deceptive advertisements 欺骗性广告 deciders 决策者declining markets 衰退市场 decoding 解码 defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型战略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付时间 delivery 配送Dell Computers 戴尔计算机公司 Delta Airlines 三角洲航空公司 demand characteristics 需求特征 demand curve 需求曲线demand —oriented pricing 需求导向定价法 demographic environment 人口统计环境 department stores 百货商店 dependability 可靠性 deregulation 放松管制 derived demand 衍生需求 de script ive research 描述性研究 design decisions 设计决策desired percentage mark —up on retail 预期零售利润率 desired percentage return 预期回报率 determinant attributes 关键属性 determinants 决定因素 different responses 差别反应differentiated defender strategy 差异化防御战略 differentiated marketing 差异化营销 differentiation over time 不同时间的差异differentiation strategy 差异化战略 differentiation 差异化diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论 dimension 因素dimensions of quality 质量维度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析 direct mail 直接邮寄direct marketing via advertising media 通过广告媒体的直接营销direct marketing 直接营销direct product profitability （DPP ） 直接产品盈利性/利润率direct selling 直销 discount rate 贴现率 discount stores 折扣商店 discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略 discriminant analysis 差异分析法 discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整 discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视定价调整 disjunctive model 分离模型 display space 陈列空间 disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐—归属层次结构 distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计 distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的目标 distribution channel 分销渠道distribution decisions 分销决策 distribution policies 分销策略 distribution 分销distributor/store (private lables ） brands 分销商/私有品牌 distributors 分销商diversification 多元化 divest 撤退 divest 出让divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算 dividend 红利 dogs 瘦狗类domestic target marketing strategies 国内目标市场定位的营销战略dropping products 放弃产品 dry cleaning 干洗dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统 duplication （媒体）重复 DuPont 杜邦公司 durability 耐用性 Eearly vs late adoption 早期采购与后期采购earnings per share 每股收益 economic and technological factors 经济技术因素 economic power 经济权 economies of scale 规模经济education services 教育服务effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率Electrolux 伊莱克斯emergency goods 急需品Emerson Electric 爱默生电气emotional appeals 情感诉求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 经验性实例empowerment 授权encoding 编码end use 最终使用endorsement 赞同engineering (产品）工程设计entrepreneurial strategy 企业家战略entry strategies 进入战略environment and packaging disposal 环境与包装处理environment factors 环境因素environmental scanning 环境扫描/分析environmental strategy 环境战略establishment 机构ethical audit （公司）伦理审计ethics of marketing 营销伦理道德ethnic composition 种族构成European Community 欧共体evaluation and reward systems 评估与奖励体系evaluation and selection of supplier 评估和选择供应商evaluation of alternatives 评估替代品/各种选择evaluation of brands 品牌评估event sponsorship 事件赞助event 活动everyday low-price （EDLP）天天低价evoked set 引发的组合evolution of market 市场演变exchange 交换exclusive dealing 独家销售exclusive distribution 独家分销executive summary 执行摘要exhibition media 展示广告媒体existing market 现有市场exit barriers 退出壁垒expansion path 扩张途径expectation measures (顾客）预期测度expectations of customers 顾客期望expected unit sales 预计产量expected value期望价值experience curve 经验曲线experimental research 实验性研究expert power 专长权exploratory research 探索性研究export agents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批发商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口贸易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 扩大使用战略extending volume growth 扩大市场份额external data sources 外部数据来源external environment 外部环境extrapolation of past sales trends 过去销售趋势推测法Ffacilitating agencies 辅助/中介机构factor analysis 因素分析法fads 时尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭结构farm products 农产品fast—moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速变动的消费品fear appeals 恐惧/顾虑诉求features 特征Federal Department Stores 联邦百货商店Federal Trade Code （FTC) 联邦贸易法案FedEx （Federal Express）联邦快递feedback data 反馈数据field test marketing 实地市场测试financing 融资fisheries 渔业fit and finish 结实度与外观fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工资flanker strategy 侧翼进攻战略flanker/fighting brand 战斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 侧翼进攻与围堵战略flat organizational structure 扁平的组织结构FOB origin pricing FOB产地定价法focus strategy 集中战略followers 追随者Ford 福特公司foreign middlemen 国外中间商forestry 林业formalization 形式/规范化formulate 制定fortress/position-defence strategy 防御堡垒战略Fortune 《财富》杂志forward integration 向前一体化franchise systems 特许系统franchising 特许经营free call numbers 免费电话号码 free goods 免费商品freight-absorption pricing 免收运费定价法 fringe benefits 小额津贴frontal attack strategy 正面进攻战略full costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析 full-service wholesalers 全方位服务的批发商functional competencies and resource allocation 职能能力与资源分配functional efficiency 职能效率functional organization of sales force 按销售职能组织销售队伍functional organizational structure 职能型组织结构 functional performance 功能性能 functional strategy 职能战略 Ggames 比赛 gap 差距gatekeepers 信息传递者general behavioral de script ors 一般行为变量 General Electric （GE ） 通用电气 General Foods Corporation 通用食品general merchandise discount chains 大众商品折扣连锁店General Motors 通用汽车geodemographics 区域人口统计特征 geographic adjustments 地理调整 geographic distribution 地理分布geographical organization of sales force 按地区组织销售队伍Gillette 吉列剔须刀global adjustments 全球调整global elite consumer segment 全球精英消费品市场 global expansion 全球扩张global marketing control 全球营销控制global markets 全球市场 global niche strategy 全球机会战略global standardization strategy 全球标准化战略 global teenage segment 全球青少年市场 globalization 全球化global-market expansion 全球市场扩张 goals 总目标going —rate/competitive parity pricing 竞争性平价定价法 goods producers 产品制造商 Goodyear 固特异轮胎government agencies 政府机构 government buyers 政府采购者government market 政府市场 government regulation 政府管制 greenhouse effect 温室效应grey market 灰色市场gross domestic product (GDP) 国内生产总值 gross margin 毛利gross national product （GNP ） 国民生产总值 gross profit 毛利gross rating points (GRPs) 总级别指数 group/category product manager 类别产品经理 growing markets 成长市场 growth rate of market 市场增长率growth stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成长阶段growth —extension strategies 增长扩张战略growth —market strategies for market leaders 市场领导者的市场增长战略growth-market strategy 成长性市场战略growth —market targeting strategy 成长性市场定位战略 guarantee/warranty 保证/担保 guarantees 保证Gucci 古琦（世界著名时装品牌） HHaagen-Dazs 哈根达斯 hard technology 硬技术Harvard Business Review 《哈佛商业评论》 harvest 收获harvesting pricing 收获定价法harvesting strategy 收获战略 health care 医疗保健health maintenance organizations (HMOs) （美国）卫生保健组织heavy buyer 大客户 Heileman Brewing Company Heinz 亨氏食品 helpfulness 有益性 Henkel 汉高Hertz 赫兹（美国汽车租赁巨头） Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司 hierarchy of strategy 战略的层次high margin/low —turnover retailers 高利润/低周转率的零售商high market share global strategy 高市场份额全球战略high —contact service system 高接触服务系统 high-involvement product 高参与产品 high —involvement purchase 高参与购买 hight market share 高市场份额战略 Hilton 希尔顿 Holiday Inns 假日旅馆homogeneous market 同质市场 Honda 本田household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期 household 家庭hybrid technology 混合技术 IIBM 国际商用机器idea generation 创意的产生/生成 ideas for new products 新产品创意/构想 idea —screening process 创意筛选过程 identification of segments 识别细分市场 Illinois Tool Works 伊利诺斯工具厂 image pricing 形象定价 imitative positioning 模仿定位 imitative strategy 模仿战略 impact evaluation 影响评估impersonal sources 非个人的信息来源implementation and control of marketing programs 营销计划的执行和控制 implementation 实施improvements in or revisions of existing products 现有产品的改良或修正impulse buying 冲动购买 impulse goods 冲动购买品 incentives 激励 income 收入increased penetration strategy 增加渗透战略indirect costing profitability analysis 间接成本盈利性分析 individual brand 个别品牌individual value 个人价值industrial goods & services 工业产品和服务 industrial goods channels 工业品分销渠道 industry attractiveness 行业吸引力industry attractiveness —business position matrix 行业吸引力—业务地位矩阵 industry dynamics 产业动态 industry evaluation 产业评估 industry evolution 产业演变 inelastic 缺乏价格弹性 influencers 影响者infocommunications industry 信息通信行业 infomercials 商业信息广告information age 信息时代 information search 信息搜集 information technology 信息技术information 信息 informative 告知性的 ingredient 成份in-home personal interview 个人家庭访谈 in —house use tests 内部使用测试 innovation 创新 innovativeness 创新性installation 设施 in-store display 店内展示in-store positioning 店内布局 in —store promotion 店内促销 intangibles 无形integrated marketing communication plan (IMC ） 整合营销传播计划integration of perception 感知整合 integration 整合 Intel 因特尔intensity of market position 市场地位的集中程度 intensity 集中程度intensive distribution 密集型分销interactions across multiple target markets 多目标市场间的相互作用interactive media 交互式媒体 interest rates 利率internal data sources 内部数据来源 internal marketing 内部营销internal organizational structure 内部组织结构 international advertising 国际广告 international channels 国际分销渠道 international division 国际分部 international marketing 国际营销international organizational design 国际组织设计 internationalization of services 服务的国际化introductory stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的推出阶段inventory level 库存水平investor relations advertising 投资关系广告issue advertising 观点广告 JJaquar 美洲豹 Jell —O 吉露 jobbers 批发商Johnson & Johnson 强生 joint ventures 合资jury of executive opinion 行政管理人员群体意见法just noticeable difference （JND ） 恰巧注意到的差异 just-in-time （JIT ） management system 准时制管理体系 just —in —time purchasing arrangements 及时采购安排 K Kao 花王 Keiritsu 凯莱通 Kellogg 凯洛格公司Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) 肯德基 key account management 主要客户管理 key accounts 关键客户 key benefits 核心利益key environmental issue identification 确定主要的环境问题key variables 关键变量key/house accounts 关键/机构客户Kmart 凯玛特Kodak 柯达Komatsu 小松公司Kraft 卡芙Llaboratory tests 实验室测试leapfrog strategy 蛙跳战略learning hierarchy 学习层级结构legal services 法律服务legislation 立法legitimate power 法定权level of compensation 酬金水平level of technical sophistication 技术的复杂程度Levi Strauss 李维·史特劳斯Levi’s 列维斯（全球最大的牛仔服制造商）lexicographic model 词典编纂模型lifestyle 生活方式limited—service wholesalers 有限服务的批发商line extension 产品线扩展line filling 产品线填充line stretching 产品线延伸list price 订价Lloyd's of London 伦敦劳埃德保险公司localizaiton strategy 本地化战略location pricing 场所定价location 位置lodging 房屋出租logistical alliances 后勤联盟long-term memory 长期记忆lost customer 失去的顾客Louis Vuitton 路易·威登(法国著名时尚品牌）low—contact service system 低接触服务系统low—cost defender 低成本防御型low-cost position 低成本地位low—involvement hierarchy 低参与程度层级结构Lucent Technologies 朗讯科技Mmacro risks 宏观风险macroenvironment 宏观环境macrosegmentation 宏观细分mail—order retailers 邮购零售商maintaining market share 保持市场份额maintenance strategy 保持战略management overhead 管理费mandatory adaptation 强制性适应manufacturer brand 制造商/全国性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives 生产商的代理商/销售代表manufacturers’ export agents (MEA) 制造商出口代理manufacturers’ sales offices/branches 生产商的销售办事处/分支机构manufacturing process 制造过程 manufacturing 制造业market aggregation strategy 整体市场战略 market attractiveness factors 市场吸引力因素 market attractiveness 市场吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix 市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵market circumstances 市场环境market demorgraphics 市场人口分布/统计特征 market dimension 市场量度market entry strategies 市场进入战略 market exclusion 市场排斥market expansion strategy 市场扩张战略 market factors 市场因素 market followers 市场跟随者 market growth rate 市场增长率 market hirarchy 市场等级 market inclusion 市场纳入 market leaders 市场领导者 market measurement 市场测量market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析 market oriented 以市场为导向的 market position factors 市场地位因素market positioning analysis 市场定位分析 market potential measurements 市场潜力测度 market research 市场研究 market segment 细分市场 market segmentation 市场细分 market share 市场份额 market targeting 目标市场选择market 市场 marketability 市场开拓能力market —entry strategies 市场进入战略 marketing action plan 营销行动计划 marketing audit 营销审计 marketing channel 营销渠道marketing codes of conduct 营销行为规范 marketing communication 营销沟通/传播 marketing concept 营销观念 marketing control 营销控制marketing decision support systems （MDSS ） 营销决策支持系统marketing environment audit 营销环境审计 marketing flows and functions 营销过程和职能 marketing function area audit 营销功能领域的 审计 marketing implications of 对营销的影响 marketing information system 营销信息系统 marketing institutions 营销机构marketing management 营销管理 marketing message 营销信息 marketing mix 营销组合 marketing policy 营销策略marketing productivity area audit 营销生产力领域的审计 marketing program components 营销计划内容 marketing program 营销计划/方案 marketing relationship 营销关系 marketing research 营销研究 marketing strategy 营销战略market —management organizational structure 市场管理组织结构mark —up price 产品/溢价价格 Marlboro 万宝路 Marriott Hotel 万豪酒店mass —market penetration strategy 大规模市场渗透战略 mass —market strategy 大市场战略matrix organizational structure 矩阵组织结构 Matsu*＊**a 日本松下电子mature conformists 成熟的随大流者 mature markets 成熟市场mature stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成熟阶段McDonald's 麦当劳McDonnell Douglas 麦道公司MCI 电讯公司（前世界通信公司）MDSS (Marketing-Decision Support System) 市场决策支持系统measurability 可测度性measure or index 测量指标 measurement criteria 计量标准 media audiences 媒体受众medical and health services 医疗卫生服务 Medico Containment Services memory of consumers 消费者记忆Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯—奔驰 Mercer Management Consulting 美国美智管理顾问公司 merchandising 推销merchant middlemen 国内贸易中间商 merchant wholesalers 商业批发商message structure 信息结构 Michael Porter 迈克尔—波特 micro risks 微观风险 microsegmentatioin 微观细分Miller Tyding ACT ， USA 米勒·泰丁法案 minging 矿业Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) 明尼苏达矿业和制造公司 Minolta 美能达miscellaneous sources 多方面来源mission 宗旨missionary selling 推销式销售Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 三菱重工modified rebuy 调整再购monosegment positioning 单一细分市场定位Monsanto 孟山都农业生物技术公司moral appeals 伦理/道德诉求morals 道德Motorola 摩托罗拉multichannel distribution 多渠道分销multidimensional scaling 多维等级法multilevel selling 多级销售multinational coporations （MNCs）跨国公司multiple test markets 多测试市场multiple—brand strategy 多品牌战略multiple—factor index 多因素指数法multisegment positioning 多重细分市场定位mutual trust 相互信任NNabisco Biscuit 纳贝斯克饼干公司national account management 全国性客户管理national market 国内市场National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体公司natural products 天然产品NEC 日本电子Nescafé雀巢咖啡Nestlé雀巢net sales 净销售额network computer （NC）网络计算机new business selling 新业务销售new buy 购入新产品new entrants 新进入者new markets 新市场new materials 新材料New Prod screening model 新普罗德筛选模型new product lines 新产品线new products 新产品new—product development 新产品开发new-product ideas 新产品创意Newsweek 《新闻周刊》new-task buying 全新采购new-to-the-world products 世界性新产品niche penetration strategy 壁龛/机会市场渗透战略niche—market strategy 壁龛市场战略Nike 耐克Nissan 尼桑no—brand brand name 无品牌的品牌名称no-frills product 无虚饰产品noise in communication system 传播系统中的噪音non—financial rewards 非物质性奖励措施non —probability sampling 非概率抽样 non-profit organization 非盈利组织 non —store retailing 无店铺零售业 number of stockouts 迟滞数目 Oobject-and —task method of promotion budgeting 目标—任务促销预算法objectives and strategy area audit 目标与战略领域的审计 objectives 具体目标 observation 观察法occupancy costs 房屋占用成本 occupation/position 职业/职位 odd pricing 奇/余数定价法OEM （original equipment manufacturer) 原始设备制造商 oeverall quality 总体质量off-invoice discounts 发票之外的折扣 offsets 抵消交易 Omega 欧米加 on-air testing 广播测试OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克（石油输出国组织） opening relationships 建立关系 operating supplies 生产供应品 operational excellence 运作管理水平 opinion leaders 意见领导者opportunity cost 机会成本 opportunity identification 机会识别 opportunity/threat matrix 机会/威胁矩阵 order cycle time 订货周期 order processing 订单处理organisational level 组织层次 organizaitonal requirement planning 组织需求计划organization area audit 组织领域的审计 organization buying center 组织采购中心 organizational customer 组织顾客 organizational direct selling 组织直销 organizational markets 组织市场 organizational purchasing 组织采购organzational structure 组织结构 outdoor enthusiasts 户外运动爱好者 out —of-home media 户外广告媒体 overall cost leadership 全面成本领先 overheads 日常开支overseas direct investment 海外直接投资ownership of new product 新产品所有权 PPacific Electric 太平洋电气 packaging 包装panel of experts 专家小组 parentage 渊源parties involved 交换中的各方 payment terms 支付条款 pay —off control 支出控制 penetration pricing 渗透定价 Pepsi —Cola 百事可乐perceived customer value 顾客感知价值 perceived quality 感知到的质量 perceived value 感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method 销售额百分比促销预算法perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解 perceptual (product ） pisitioning 感知（产品）定位 perceptual map 感知图perceptual organization 感知组织 perceptual vigilance 感性的警惕 performance dimension 业绩标准 performance evaluation 业绩评估 performance measures 表现/业绩测度 performance objective 绩效目标 performance standards 绩效标准 performance 功能 perishability 非持久性 personal selling 人员推销 personal sources 个人的信息来源 personnel development 人力资源开发persuasive 说服性的pharmaceuticals industry 医药行业physical （product) positioning 物理(产品）定位 physical de script ors 物理变量 physical distribution 实物分销 Pillsbury 皮尔斯博瑞 pioneers 先入者 Pizza Hut 必胜客place utility 地点效用 planning and control system area audit 计划与控制系统领域的审计point of sale information 销售点信息point —of —purhcase （POP ） promotion 采购点促销 point —of-sales （POS ） data 销售点数据 pontificator 保守派 popularity 通用性population trends 人口趋势portfolio models for resource allocation 资源配置的资产组合模式position intensity 地位集中程度 positioning 定位possession utility 拥有效用post —purchase dissonance 购买后的不协调 post —purchase evaluation 购买后评估 post-purchase/after-sale service 售后服务potential advantages 潜在优势potential customer 潜在顾客potential market 潜在市场potential target market 潜在目标市场power in distribution 分销权力power of buyers 购买者能力power of suppliers 供应商能力predatory pricing 掠夺性定价法pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇premiums 额外奖励present competitors 现有的竞争者presenting sales message 提供销售信息pre-test market research 测试前市场研究price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性price fixing 价格设定price leaders 价格领导者price lining 价格排列定价法price promotion 价格促销price quotation 报价price sensitivity 价格敏感度price structure 价格结构price 价格price/earnings ration 价格/收益比price-off promotions 降价促销price-setting process 定价过程pricing adjustments 定价调整pricing policies 价格策略pricing 定价primary demand 基本需求primary sources 第一类/主要数据print media 印刷媒体private/for-profit organization 私营/盈利性组织PRIZM （Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets) 按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactive new—product development strategy 进取型新产品开发战略probability sampling 概率抽样problem formulation 界定问题problem identificatioin 确定问题process management 过程管理Procter ＆Gamble (P&G) 宝洁公司product line 产品线product availability 产品的可获得性product category 产品类别product class 产品类别product decisions 产品决策product design 产品设计product development 产品开发product dimension or attributes 产品维度/属性 product evolution 产品演变 product features 产品特征 product intent share 产品倾向份额 product leadership 产品领导能力 product life cycle (PLC ） 产品生命周期 product life cycle curve 产品生命周期曲线 product line 产品线product manager audit 产品经理审计 product offering 供应品product organizaiton of salesforce 按产品组织销售队伍 product policies 产品策略 product positioning 产品定位 product quality 产品质量 product scope 产品范围 product space 产品位置 product specifications 产品规格 product systems 产品体系 product type 产品类型 product usage 产品用途 product 产品product(ion)—oriented organization 产品/生产导向型组织 production 生产product-line pricing adjustments 产品线定价调整product-management organizational structure 产品管理组织结构product-market entry control 产品－市场进入控制 product-related behavioral de script ors 与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics 产品的市场特征 product —use testing 产品使用测试 pro-environment 环保profit impact of market strategy （PIMS) 市场战略的利润影响profitability analysis 盈利性分析profitability 盈利性/盈利能力 profitable survivor strategy 有利可图的生存者战略 project —company resource compatibility 项目与公司资源的协调性projected profit-and —loss statement 预计损益表 projective tests 投影测试 promotion decisions 促销决策 promotion mix 促销组合 promotion policies 促销策略 promotion 促销promotional allowance 促销折让promotional effort 促销努力 promotional pricing 促销定价 promptness 及时性propector strategy 探索型战略prospecting for customers 寻找顾客 psychographics 心理统计特征 psychological cost 心理成本 psychological pricing 心理定价法 public organization 公共组织 public relations 公共关系 public utilities 公共设施 publicity 公共宣传pull strategy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的拉式战略 pupil dilation 瞳孔扩张purchase predisposition 购买倾向 purchasing agent 采购代理 purchasing contract 采购合同purchasing manager/agent 采购经理／代理 purchasing power perity （PPP ） 购买力平价指数 push money/spiffs 佣金push stragtegy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的推式战略 Qqualifying prospects 审查潜在顾客资格 quality dimensions 质量维度 quality 质量quantity discount 数量折扣 question marks 问题类questioning 询问法 quotas 定额 RR & D expenditure 研究开发战略 race and ethnic origin 种族和民族 rack jobbers 供应超级市场的批发商 radio 无线电广播 rank ordering 排序rate of adoption 采购率 rate —of-return/target return pricing 回报率/目标回报定价法rational appeals 理性诉求 rationale 基本原理 raw materials 原材料reactive and proactive responses 反应及前摄策略 reactive new —product development strategy reactor strategy 反应型战略real estate 房地产 rebates 回扣 recall tests 记忆测试 receiver 接收者 reciprocity 利益互惠recognition of problem/need 发现问题/需求 recognition tests 认知测试 recreation 娱乐业。
关于创新的英语名言
关于创新的英语名言Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower. —— Steve JobsThe only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. —— Steve JobsInnovation is the heart of entrepreneurship. —— Mohanbir SawhneyThe best way to predict the future is to invent it. —— Alan KayThe real test of innovation is not whether you can scale up your idea to something big, but whether you can scale it down to something small. —— Paul GrahamInnovation is the result of a systematic approach to creativity. —— Peter DruckerThe secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources. —— Albert EinsteinInnovation is not the product of logical thought, even though the result is tied to logical structure. —— William PollardInnovation is the key to competitiveness. —— John F. WelchJr.The best innovators are the ones who are not afraid to fail. —— Jeff BezosInnovation is seeing what everyone else has seen, andthinking what no one else has thought. —— Albert Szent-GyörgyiThe best way to ensure that technology benefits society is to encourage more people to invent. —— Elon MuskInnovation is not about making noise; it's about making an impact. —— Bill DraytonThe only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today. —— Franklin D. RooseveltInnovation is the mother of growth. —— Mokokoma MokhonoanaIf you're not failing every now and again, it's a sign you're not doing anything very innovative. —— Woody AllenInnovation is the lifeblood of a nation's economy. ——UnknownThe future belongs to those who believe in the beauty oftheir dreams. —— Eleanor RooseveltInnovation is the ability to see change as an opportunity –not a threat. —— G. K. ChestertonInnovation is the only way to compete and win againstproducts that are made thousands of miles away. —— Andy GroveInnovation is the power to see an answer where no one else sees one. —— Mark TwainInnovation is the only sustainable advantage in the marketplace. —— William PollardInnovation is the only way to go from a zero to a hero. ——UnknownInnovation is the path to the future, and it's created by people who bring unique ideas, energy, and passion to the job. —— Gina RodeckRemember that innovation is not a one-time event, but a process. —— UnknownInnovation is the ability to meet the needs of today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. —— UnknownInnovation is the key to unlocking the next big idea. ——UnknownInnovation is the fuel of entrepreneurship. —— UnknownInnovation is the power to see beyond the current reality andto envision new possibilities. —— UnknownInnovation is the process of translating an abstract ideainto a real-world product or service. —— UnknownInnovation is the lifeblood of a business, and the only wayto stay ahead of the competition. —— UnknownInnovation is the power to create change and make adifference in the world. —— UnknownInnovation is the key to success in a rapidly changing world. —— UnknownInnovation is the power to turn dreams into reality. ——UnknownInnovation is the ability to see what others cannot see andto do what others cannot do. —— UnknownInnovation is the key to unlocking the future. —— UnknownInnovation is the process of turning ideas into reality. ——UnknownInnovation is the power to change the world. —— UnknownInnovation is the ability to see the future before it happens. —— UnknownInnovation is the key to unlocking the potential of the humanspirit. —— UnknownInnovation is the power to create something from nothing. —— UnknownInnovation is the key to unlocking the next level of success. —— UnknownInnovation is the power to change the game and redefine the rules. —— UnknownInnovation is the power to turn challenges into opportunities. —— UnknownInnovation is the key to unlocking the next big breakthrough. —— UnknownInnovation is the power to create a better future for all. —— Unknown。
如何成为一名优秀的销售英语作文
如何成为一名优秀的销售英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Become an Excellent Sales PersonSales is one of the most important aspects of any business. Without skilled salespeople, even the best products and services would go unsold. Becoming a top-performing sales professional requires a unique mix of skills, personal qualities, and a lot of hard work. In this essay, I'll share my thoughts on what it takes to excel in sales based on my studies, research, and talking to peers who have internships or jobs in sales roles.Developing a Winning MindsetThe first key to success in sales is cultivating the right mindset. Sales is as much a mental game as it is about techniques and tactics. The best salespeople have an unwavering positive attitude, unshakable self-confidence, and a tenacious drive to succeed no matter what obstacles they face.Having a positive mindset means embracing rejection and failure as inevitable parts of the sales process, rather than being demoralized by them. A salesperson has to be able to brush offdozens of nos to get to that one lucrative yes. Self-confidence allows you to overcome objections, think on your feet, and project the enthusiastic belief in your product that resonates with buyers.Grit and persistence are also essential because closing big deals often involves overcoming a lot of inertia and following up tirelessly. I've heard stories of top sales reps making over 100 calls and touchpoints before finally securing a key account. That kind of relentless tenacity, fueled by an optimistic attitude that success lies just around the corner if you keep going, is what separates the wheat from the chaff in sales.Mastering Sales SkillsBeyond the mental side, you obviously need a broad toolkit of specific skills to sell effectively. These include:•Communication and listening skills: The ability to express yourself clearly and persuasively, while also being an engaged, attuned listener to understand the customer's pain points and priorities.•Product/industry knowledge: You can't sell something you don't understand inside-out. Deep expertise in yourproduct/service and how it solves customer problems allows you to position solutions credibly.•Rapport building: Starting from the first interaction, you have to make people feel comfortable while establishing trust, credibility and personal likeability.•Objection handling: Every sale involves overcoming customer doubts and concerns. You must be able to tactfully and convincingly address objections without being pushy.•Closing ability: At the end of the day, it all comes down to knowing how to strategically navigate the sales process and ask for the order at the perfect moment when the deal is primed to be closed.•Negotiation skills: Especially for complex B2B sales, negotiating shrewdly on price, terms, and contractual details is crucial to optimizing the deal.These skills can certainly be learned and honed through practice, training, and mentorship. However, the most successful salespeople tend to have an innate ease with skills like reading people, persuasive communication, and negotiation that gives them a natural advantage.Prospecting and Self-ManagementAnother underrated but vital aspect of effective selling is the ability to consistently feed your pipeline by prospecting for fresh, qualified leads. This requires skills like shamelessly networking, researching and identifying viable prospects, and then expertly breaking the ice through tactics like cold calling/emailing to pique interest.Additionally, salespeople have to be masters ofself-management to consistently hit their activity, revenue, and productivity goals without getting bogged down in distractions or procrastination. This means prioritizing high-impact actions like prospecting and closing deals, while also finding ways to work smarter through tactics like:•Leveraging productivity tools and CRM software•Time batching tasks for maximum efficiency•Keeping meticulous records to track progress•Proactively managing stress through exercise, nutrition, and work/life balanceAt elite levels, top sales professionals often treat their career like high-performance athletes treat their sport, with strictself-discipline and continuous self-improvement being vital ingredients.Make Yourself IndispensableIn today's age of automation and artificial intelligence, the real differentiator for a salesperson is to offer insights, expertise, and value that transcends merely peddling products. Especially for complex, high-consideration offerings, standout salespeople consult proactively to intimately understand their client's challenges and craft tailored solutions.Beyond hustling on the glamorous new deal front, top sellers make themselves indispensable by nurturing existing accounts, upselling/cross-selling, and providing world-class customer service that breeds raving client loyalty. When you become a true "Trusted Advisor" to your book of business rather than just a vendor, that's when you cement your status as a sales MVP and put your career on an upward trajectory.Furthermore, the most ambitious and successful sellers recognize that sales is both an art and a science. They continuously invest in their professional development by staying on top of latest best practices, attending training programs, and networking to gain exposure to new methodologies. Sales is a fast-evolving field and those who rest on their laurels get left behind quickly.Sales Is a Roller Coaster - Enjoy the Ride!To sum up, excelling in sales requires focus, resilience, hard work and constantly sharpening your skills - but the rewards of a lucrative career can be immense both financially and in terms of personal growth. Every top seller has to embrace that sales is a roller coaster ride full of emotional ups and downs. There will be elating highs of closing massive deals and also demoralizing lows of slumps, crushingly brutal rejection, and bouts of embarrassing failure.However, for those with the right mindset and the passion to be a consummate student of the sales craft, it's an incredibly exciting and fulfilling profession. You get to compete at the highest levels, build an array of indispensable soft and hard skills, gain invaluable experience about business and human psychology, and maybe even get rich along the way. What's not to love?So for students aspiring for a dynamic career that rewards hustle, grit and competitiveness, sales could be your calling. It's not the path for everyone due to the intense work and pressures involved. But if you're determined to master the art of persuasion and become an invaluable "Trusted Advisor" who drives revenue impact - then start working now on developing that supreme self-belief and grit that elite sellers swear by. Grabevery opportunity to hone your communication skills through public speaking competitions, networking events, and hands-on sales experience. Because at the end of the day, sales is one of the most level playing fields in the working world - where your ability to create value for others through sheer force of effort and talent is the ultimate determinant of your success.篇2How to Become an Excellent SalespersonSales is one of the most important aspects of business, and being an excellent salesperson can be extremely rewarding, both financially and personally. As a student aspiring to work in sales, I have done extensive research on what it takes to truly excel in this field. In this essay, I will share the key qualities and strategies that can help transform you into an outstanding salesperson.Develop a Positive MindsetThe first and most crucial step towards becoming an excellent salesperson is to cultivate a positive mindset. Sales can be a challenging and often rejection-filled profession, and it's easy to become discouraged. However, top salespeople understand that rejection is simply a part of the process, and they don't let it affect their confidence or determination.Successful salespeople approach each potential customer with a positive attitude, believing that they have something valuable to offer that can genuinely benefit the customer. They don't view sales as a way to manipulate or pressure people into buying something they don't need. Instead, they see it as an opportunity to build relationships and provide solutions to people's problems or needs.Develop Strong Communication SkillsExcellent communication skills are essential for any salesperson. You need to be able to clearly and effectively convey the features and benefits of your product or service in a way that resonates with your potential customers.Active listening is a critical component of communication in sales. You need to be able to truly understand your customer's needs, concerns, and objections before you can provide them with a solution that meets their specific requirements.Additionally, body language and tone of voice play a significant role in effective communication. You should be aware of how you present yourself and work on projecting confidence, enthusiasm, and trustworthiness.Build Extensive Product KnowledgeTo be an excellent salesperson, you need to have a deep understanding of the products or services you are selling. This means not only knowing the features and technical specifications but also understanding how they can benefit your customers and solve their problems.Take the time to thoroughly study your company's offerings, attend training sessions, and stay up-to-date with any new developments or updates. The more knowledgeable you are about your products, the more credible and trustworthy you will appear to your customers.Understand Your Target MarketSuccessful salespeople don't try to sell to everyone; they focus on understanding their target market and tailoring their approach accordingly. Research your potential customers' demographics, interests, pain points, and buying habits.By understanding your target market intimately, you can better anticipate their needs and concerns, and adjust your sales pitch and communication style to resonate with them more effectively.Build Strong RelationshipsSales is not just about making a one-time transaction; it's about building long-term relationships with your customers. Excellent salespeople understand the importance of building trust, rapport, and credibility with their customers.Follow up with your customers after a sale, check in on how they're enjoying the product or service, and offer additional support or recommendations. This not only increases the chances of repeat business but also establishes you as a valuable resource and partner, rather than just a salesperson.Continuously Learn and AdaptThe sales landscape is constantly evolving, with new products, technologies, and customer preferences emerging all the time. To remain an excellent salesperson, you need to be a lifelong learner, always seeking to improve your skills and knowledge.Attend sales training seminars, read industry publications, and stay up-to-date with the latest sales techniques and trends. Be open to feedback from your colleagues, managers, and customers, and use it as an opportunity to identify areas for improvement.Develop Resilience and PersistenceSales can be a rollercoaster ride, with highs and lows, successes and failures. Excellent salespeople are resilient and persistent, able to bounce back from rejection and setbacks without losing their motivation or momentum.Learn from your failures and use them as opportunities to refine your approach. Don't be discouraged by a few "no's" –keep pushing forward and believing in yourself and your product or service.Practice Effective Time ManagementTime management is crucial in sales, as you often have to juggle multiple tasks and responsibilities, such as prospecting, conducting meetings, following up with leads, and maintaining customer relationships.Develop a system for prioritizing your tasks and managing your schedule effectively. Use tools like calendars, to-do lists, and customer relationship management (CRM) software to stay organized and ensure that no important tasks or follow-ups fall through the cracks.Embrace Continuous Self-ImprovementBecoming an excellent salesperson is not a one-time achievement; it's an ongoing journey of self-improvement andgrowth. Regularly evaluate your performance, identify areas for improvement, and set goals for yourself.Seek out feedback from your managers, colleagues, and customers, and use it to refine your skills and approaches. Attend sales training programs, read books on sales techniques, and continuously challenge yourself to step out of your comfort zone and try new strategies.In conclusion, becoming an excellent salesperson requires a combination of mindset, skills, knowledge, and persistence. It's a journey of continuous learning, adaptation, andself-improvement. By embracing the qualities and strategies outlined in this essay, you can position yourself for success in the dynamic and rewarding field of sales. Remember, excellence is not a destination but a constant pursuit, and with dedication and hard work, you can achieve it.篇3How to Become an Excellent Sales PersonSales is one of the most important aspects of any business. Without effective salespeople, even the best products and services wouldn't be able to generate revenue. As a student aspiring to enter the sales field, I've been doing a lot of researchon what it takes to be a top-performing sales professional. Based on my findings, here are some key tips for becoming an excellent sales person:Develop Exceptional Communication SkillsThe ability to communicate clearly and effectively is absolutely crucial in sales. You need to be able to explain the features and benefits of your products or services in a compelling way that resonates with potential customers. This involves active listening to understand their needs and pain points, asking insightful questions, and tailoring your pitch accordingly. Practicing your communication skills through public speaking, debate clubs, or taking courses can be extremely beneficial.Build Rapport and TrustPeople buy from those they like and trust. That's why building strong rapport is so important in sales. You need to come across as warm, friendly, and genuinely interested in helping the customer rather than just making a sale. Find common interests, use open body language, smile, and engage in some lighthearted small talk to establish that initial connection. Then, demonstrate your expertise, be upfront aboutpricing and any limitations, and follow through on your commitments to solidify trust.Develop a Thick SkinRejection is an inevitable part of being in sales. Even the most successful salespeople face a constant stream of prospective customers saying "no." You can't take it personally or let it get you down. Cultivating a thick skin, staying positive, and persisting through rejection is key. Use each "no" as a learning experience to improve your technique for the next opportunity.Stay Hungry and AmbitiousThe best salespeople are constantly striving to take their skills to the next level. They set ambitious goals, work hard to achieve them, and then set new, higher goals. Complacency is the enemy of success in this field. You need an intense drive to continuously learn about your products, industry, and sales techniques. Read books and articles, attend training programs, seek mentors, and always be looking for ways to improve your process.Know Your Products Inside-OutYou can't sell something effectively if you don't understand it fully yourself. Make sure you have comprehensive knowledge about all aspects of the products or services you're selling - the features, advantages, pricing models, competitive landscape, etc. Being able to deftly handle objections and provide in-depth answers to any questions builds credibility. Take time to research, get trained properly, and even use the products yourself when possible.Identify and Study Your Best CustomersSuccessful salespeople always have a solid grasp on who their ideal customers are. They study the demographics, psychographics, needs, and buying behaviors of their best existing customers. This allows them to more effectively target prospective customers that fit those same profiles. It also provides insight into the right marketing channels, messages, and value propositions to deploy.Leverage TechnologyThere are numerous sales technology tools that can dramatically increase efficiency and performance if used properly. Customer relationship management (CRM) systems enable you to track all your prospects, deals, and customer interactions in one centralized place. Communication andscheduling tools facilitate seamless connection with customers. Data and analytics tools provide valuable insights into what's working and what's not. Adopting and fully utilizing the right sales tech stack is a must.Focus on Adding ValueAt the end of the day, successful selling is about clearly articulating how your solution is going to make the customer's life better in some tangible way. It's not just about rattling off a list of product features. You need to take the time to genuinely understand their challenges and desired outcomes. Then, position your offering as the best way to help them achieve those goals and solve those problems. Quantify the benefits and make it about a partnership geared towards their long-term success.Be Resilient and PersistentThe sales cycle, especially for bigger deals, is often long and filled with ups and downs. One day a prospect seems extremely interested, the next they go silent for weeks. Deals frequently get bogged down or derailed at the last minute over small snags or decisions going back to committee. You have to develop the patience, resilience, and persistence to just keep showing up,maintaining momentum, and removing any friction to get things over the finish line.Constantly ProspectProspecting for new leads needs to be an ongoing process, not something you just do when your pipeline is running low. The very best salespeople are always working on filling that top of the funnel by networking, leveraging referrals, optimizing online presence, running campaigns, attending events, and any other tactics to identify and engage with potential new buyers. Having a healthy flow of new opportunities is vital.Those are some of the key pieces of advice I've picked up through my research on how to become a truly outstanding sales professional. It requires a very specific skillset - a unique balance of strong communication abilities, resilient mindset, customer focus, entrepreneurial drive, and dedication to continuousself-improvement. It's not an easy career path, but for those willing to put in the work, it can be extremely rewarding both financially and personally. I hope these tips provide a solid roadmap as I pursue my goal of joining this exciting profession.。
BEC剑桥商务英语(高级)12_真题(含答案与解析)-交互(900)
BEC剑桥商务英语(高级)12(总分22, 做题时间149分钟)SECTION 1 (Questions 1-8) -Look at the statements (marked 1-8) below and the five extracts from an article (marked A-E). -Which article (marked A-E) does each statement (marked 1-8) refer to? -You will need to use some of these letters (marked A-E) moreAInnovation is the key to continued prosperity. Although the United states is experiencing a lengthy economic boom, its capacity for innovation per capita is losing ground. Ranking first in 1995 in innovation among 17 countries, the United States is projected to drop to fifth place by 2002 if present trends continue, according to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD). To compete effectively in international markets, nations as well as organizations must make innovation a priority.BThe goal is for your organization to change the rules, structure, and speed of its industry so that **petitors are thrown into chaos. Because your organization initiated the change, it more than likely understands the new rules and structure introduced into the marketplace as it copes with changes in speed. Temporarily at least, your organization will be ahead of **petition. This technique has been used by the military since ancient times. The idea is to confuse the enemy. While the opponent is digging out of the confusion, the organization in the offensive position seizes the dominant position.COne contemporary technique that changes the marketplace rules, structure, and speed is innovation—all organization''s trump card. When the microchip was invented, Intel was able to gain power over**petition because it capitalized on an innovation. Microsoft innovated the concept of a dominant operating system in **puters. By capitalizing on innovations, **panies were able to become leaders in their industries while **petitors were temporarily in chaos trying to find their way out. If an organization is offering the same products and services in the same way that it did three years ago, it''s onits way to obsolescence or may already be obsolete. Let''s answer three questions about innovation.DWhat is innovation? Innovation is the tangible result of creativity—the process that produces one or more innovations.Creativity is difficult to measure, but innovation is a product or service that is easily defined and measured. Why is innovation necessary? It is needed for survival and sustainability. Competition is stiff in the global market place that organizations not nurturing innovation will soon find themselves unable to respond to changing customer demands. Conversely, those organizations that make innovation a priority can dominate their industries and experience positive growth. Organizations in the 21st century must foster innovation.EHow can an organization achieve a high degree of innovation? Innovation does not happen by itself. It must be intentionally cultivated. Great leaders realize this and work to develop all organizations friendly to innovative endeavors. This effort involves allocating a budget adequate for innovative activities, establishing a physical environment that promotes creativity, eliminatingcreativity inhibitors, recruiting creative people, grasping the big picture, involving the whole person, promoting new thinking, training experientially, and nurturing autonomy.0. Innovation plays a very important role in competing in international markets. (A)SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.By capitalizing on innovations, **panies were able to become leaders in their industries.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.125答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN2.Innovation ability in the United States used to be the top in the world.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.125答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN3.Innovation is different from creativity in that the former can be easily defined and measured.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.125答案:HSSS_SIMPLE_SIN4.The organization which initiated the innovation is more likely to cope with it freely.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.125答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN5.Creativity inhibitors must be removed if necessary.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.125答案:ESSS_SIMPLE_SIN6.There is similarity **petition in international markets and the military situation in wars.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.125答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN7.Innovation can not happen of its own volition.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.125答案:ESSS_SIMPLE_SIN8.Innovation is a kind of contemporary technique that can change the rules, structure, and speed in marketplace.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.125答案:DSECTION 2 (Questions 9-14) -Read the passage below and choose the best sentence from the list (marked A,B,C…) to fill each of the blanks. -DO NOT use any choice more than once. -There is an example at the beginning (0) of the passage.Personnel ManagementPersonnel management is regarded as a profession. Many observers believe that the most important and pressing problems of future industrial societies will not be solely concerned with production ortechnical questions, but will be people-oriented and will involve a knowledge of social and behavioral sciences and of the personnel function." (0) . The role of personnel management has, of course changed over time. Originally it was used by management to obtain and maintain an effective work force only and the emphasis was on production and economic rewards. (9). This is now only one part of the function. Later it was realized that if worker needs could be understood and met, for example, security, achievement, and job satisfaction, then the organization itself could better achieve its maximization of goals such as profits. Recently added to this has been the social (community) responsibility of the organization. (10). Personnel management is about people. The management of people is an integral part of the organization and of the process of management itself. (11). Personnel management is not something that is only carried out by the personnel department; it is an organization-wide activity. All levels of management are engaged in managing personnel.(12). They are involved in working in co-operation with the personnel department and its staff in such areas as recruitment, training, appraisal, counseling safety and health and job-design. Personnel management in its broadest sense involves all matters in an organization regarding people decisions. (13). The first is that of human relations, in which such matters as individual motivation, leadership, and group relationships and behavior are covered. The second is the field of organization theory, which considers job design, managerial spans of control, the flow of work through the organization, and so forth. The third consists of the specific kinds of decision areas for which the personnel manager or personnel department is directly responsible for acquisition, development, rewarding, and maintenance of human resources.The broad definition of personnel management illustrates that the scope of personnel management pervades the organization. Every person in an organization is involved with personnel decision. (14). Similarly, non-managerial employees will be exposed to performance appraisals, selection interviews when hired, and so on.A. It is through people that organizations accomplish their goals? thus the management of people is a vital aspect of an organization''s functioning.B. Later there was a move towards a welfare oriented personnel function such as benefits and health.C. This broad view focuses attention on three distinct but interrelated topics.D. Thus personnel management may now be involved in **munity activities, in equal opportunity employment in developing policies,for example, in employing racial minorities of physically handicapped people and in seeking to provide and maintain a climate in which individual and organization goals are achieved.E. Line managers of other departments e.g. marketing and production of various departments of sections in the public service and public agencies e.g. ** all have personnel / human resource management duties.F. Personnel managers didn''t see a need to make sure that their employees **fortable in the work environment and ensure all their needs were being met.G. For example, all managers in any organization will need to know how to train their employees, appraise their performance, and so forth.H. Personnel management is now often called human resources management (HRM).EXAMPLE：The correct answer for blank (0) is [H].SSS_SIMPLE_SIN9.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:BSSS_SIMPLE_SIN10.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:HSSS_SIMPLE_SIN11.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SIN12.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:ESSS_SIMPLE_SIN13.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:DSSS_SIMPLE_SIN14.A B C D E F G H该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:GSECTION 3 (Questions 15-20) -Read the article below and answer questions that follow.The tariff-jumping motive for FDI is well developed in the literature. The trade-of foreign firms typically face in these models is based on the level of the tariff when exporting versus the boardcost associated with setting up a manufacturing plant abroad. Other **pare the effects of tariffs with the effects of quota and voluntary export restraints (VERs) and have shown how the profit gain for foreign firms due to VERs lowers the propensity to engage in FDI. While the use of tariffs, quota and VERs has been reduced as a result of multilateral trade negotiations, the use of other trade policy instruments, notably antidumping, has increased. Recent empirical work has confirmed that the FDI response to antidumping actions is certainly not uncommon, in particular in case of antidumping actions targeting Japanese firms, in a recent study, analyses duty-jumping FDI by firms based in other countries than Japan. The antidumping jumping FDI is very limited in scale in case firms without international experience based in developing countries are targeted.Given the demonstrated importance of FDI responses to antidumping actions, it is surprising that the theoretical literature on the effects of antidumping law have by and large ignored the issue of antidumping jumping. In a symmetric model of two countries considering reciprocal (anti-)dumping and reciprocal FDI, they find that producers in both countries would gain from the abolition of antidumping law from the WTO statute. This result is driven by the fact that reciprocal antidumping jumping FDI **petition and reduces profits of domestic firms.All types of international price discrimination with the lower price charged in the EU can classify as dumping, at least for products for which there are close EU substitutes. We explicitly consider a clause in EU antidumping law that allows the EU administration to settle antidumping actions either by levying duties or by demanding price undertakings from the foreign exporting firms. Our model shows that this decision will depend on the objective function of the EU administration, which may vary between protecting the interests of EU industry only (maximizing producer surplus) and also taking into account the interests of consumers and user industries (maximizing EU social welfare). The former corresponds tothe direct objective of antidumping law. Pursuing the latter is in line with the public interests'' embedded in EU antidumping law by which the EU Commission is held to consider repercussions on consumers and user industries. A second aspect of EU antidumping incorporated in the model is that the level of duties and price undertakings is typically determined by the degree to which foreign firms undercut EU producers'' prices on the EU market. This rule is applied to ensure that antidumping measures remove the injury to EU industry. The rule limits the discretionary power of the EU administration in determining duty and price undertaking levels.Contrary to the symmetric model of Haland and Wooton, weexplicitly take on boardcost asymmetries, viz. a cost advantage of the foreign firm. Such a cost advantage is a most likely reason for price undercutting by foreign exporters resulting in antidumping actions. We allow cost advantages to be either ''firm-specific'', in which case they are internationally transferable through FDI, or''location specific''. We show that the occurrence of duty jumping FDI in the EU requires that the foreign firm''s cost advantage is at least partly firm specific. In the next section we present the model for the case of products which are sufficiently close substitutes (''like'' products) and firm-specific cost advantages, assuming that the EU administration is able to commit to antidumping actions before the foreign firm''s investment decision, and allowing two alternative policy objectives (producer surplus and social welfare).For this purpose we used a three-stage model. In the first stage, the EU administration decides whether to take antidumping measures, and if so, whether to levy a duty or allow a price undertaking. In the second stage the foreign firm decides whether to serve the EU market through export or FDI. In the third stage, the foreign firm is engaged in **petition with a local firm on the EU market, whichoffers close substitute products. Injury arises from a production cost advantage of the foreign firm, which may either be location specific, for example, based on lower foreign wages or firm specific like based on a transferable technological advantage.SSS_SINGLE_SEL15.According to the first paragraph, what does the study about tariff-jumping motive show?A The welfare and strategic effects of antidumping laws under alternative market structures.B Industries' incentives to petition for antidumping.C These studies show under which conditions foreign firms prefer to set up local production units over exporting when serving distant markets.D The potential effect of antidumping measures in strengthening collusive practices.该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL16.What does the evidence show in the second paragraph?A The evidence suggests that EU firms show a comparable FDI response if they are targeted by US antidumping actions.B The evidence shows the possibility of a 'protection building equilibrium'.C A foreign firm that intends to engage in second period FDI increases its first period export in order to increase the level of protection faced by the rival foreign firm.D The evidence implies that they are concerned with the effects of economic integration involving the abolition of antidumping law.该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL17.After reading the first three paragraphs, what do you think the two studies deal with?A The two studies examine antidumping jumping FDI in the context of EU antidumping practices.B Two studies deal with the relationship between antidumping and FDI.C They analyze the conditions under which antidumping jumping FDI occurs.D They explain the output and welfare effects of antidumping actions.该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL18.What does the writer imply in the fourth paragraph?A An antidumping duty is akin to a tariff.B A price undertaking is a commitment by the foreign firm to raise its price.C The conditions under which undertakings are allowed are not well articulated in EU antidumping law.D An EU antidumping case can only be initiated when imports are dumped on the European market and cause material injury.该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL19.From the fifth paragraph, in the case of cost advantages, what does FDI imply?A It implies that it is often a feature of exporters based in developing countries.B It implies that foreign firms relinquish their cost advantage and produce at the same marginal cost as those of EU producers.C It implies the differences in FDI responses between firms from developed and developing countries.D It implies that in EU antidumping practice, a substantial number of cases are settled through price-undertakings.该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL20.What is the main theme of this article?A The article is about the effects of EU antidumping policy when foreign firms can jump antidumping duties in the EU.B The article shows that duty jumping or duty pre-empting FDI occurs if the EU administration has broader objectives.C The article is about the expectation of price undertakings reduces the incentives to engage in FDI and may even discourage.D The article shows that FDI as long as products are not too differentiated.该问题分值: 0.XX6667答案:ASECTION 4 (Questions 21-30) -Read the article below and choose the best answer to fill each blank from the 4 choices marked A,B,C, andD. -The answer for blank (0) has been given as an example.(0) studies which have examined the business consequences of implementing family-friendly employment policies have found benefits in doing so. Others have tried to determine whether employees have avoice (31) work-life issues, and how instrumental it might be in establishing family-friendly employment policies.Employees appear (32) have a voice of some kind in larger organizations. It tends (33) be collective, and expressed through trade unions or staff associations. Smaller enterprises typically lack collective means of expression, though there can be **munication (34) individual employees and their employers over flexible working. Some studies have reported individuals negotiating informal arrangements (35) their managers in small and medium-sized enterprises to suit their individual circumstances, but not all employees have a powerful enough voice to achieve this.Family-friendly policies appear to be more widespread and deeply embedded (36) enterprises which recognize unions, though this association does not imply that unions have a more effective voice. Various studies have confirmed the low-key role of trade unions. Consultation even with and among line managers also appears to be rather restricted, (37) the possible exception of health services, (38) there is an organisational cultural tradition of consultation. However, the major factor influencing employers (39) implement or extend family-friendly policies appears not to be collective or individual employee pressures, (40) labour-market conditions backed by minimal statutory requirements.EXAMPLE：The correct answer for blank (0) is “ SOME”.SSS_FILL21.该问题分值: 0.1答案:OVERSSS_FILL22.该问题分值: 0.1答案:TOSSS_FILL23.该问题分值: 0.1答案:TOSSS_FILL 24.该问题分值: 0.1答案:BETWEENSSS_FILL 25.该问题分值: 0.1答案:WITHSSS_FILL 26.该问题分值: 0.1答案:INSSS_FILL 27.该问题分值: 0.1答案:WITHSSS_FILL 28.该问题分值: 0.1答案:WHERESSS_FILL 29.该问题分值: 0.1答案:TOSSS_FILL30.该问题分值: 0.1答案:BUTSECTION 5 (Questions 31-40) -Read the article below, for each question 31-40, write ONE word in CAPITAL LETTERS in the blank (answer area). -There is an example at the beginning, (0).Are Improvements Worth Paying for?As goods and services improved, people were persuaded to spend their money in changing from old to new, and found the change worth the expense. When an airline equipped itself with jets, for example, its costs and therefore airfares would (0) , but the new planes meant such an improvement that the higher cost was justified. A new car or wireless washing machine, electric kettle made life so much**fortable than the old one that the high cost of replacement was amply (21). Manufacturers still cry their wares as persuasively as (22) but are the improvements really worth paying for? In many fields things have now reached such a high standard of performance that (23) progress is very limited and very, very expensive. Airlines, for example, go to enormous expense (24) buying the latest prestige jets, in which vast research costs have been (25) on relatively small improvements. If we scrape these vast costs we might lose the chance of paring minutes (26) flying times; but wouldn''t it be better to see air fares drop dramatically, as capital costs become relatively insignificant? Again, in the context of a 70 m.p.h. limit, with platoons of cars traveling so densely (27) control each other''s speeds, improvements in performance are virtually irrelevant. Small improvements here are unlikely to be worth the thousands anybody replacing a(an) (28) family car every two years may ultimately have spent on them. Let us (29) have cars—or wirelesses, electric kettles, washing machines, light; bulbs—which are made to last, and not made to be replaced. Significant progress is obviously a good thing; but the insignificant (30) from model-change to model-change is not.A. go upB. go backC. go downD. go offEXAMPLE：The correct answer for blank (0) is A.SSS_SINGLE_SEL31.A replacedB regainedC resignedD repaid该问题分值: 0.1答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 32.A foreverB everC pastD never该问题分值: 0.1答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL 33.A fartherB farthestC furtherD far该问题分值: 0.1答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL 34.A forB onC atD in该问题分值: 0.1答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 35.A lavishedB renderedC donatedD offered该问题分值: 0.1答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL 36.A fromB outC offD away该问题分值: 0.1答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL 37.A as forB in order toC as toD in order for该问题分值: 0.1答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL 38.A ordinaryB trivialC commonD typical该问题分值: 0.1答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL 39.A thoughB anyhowC anywayD instead该问题分值: 0.1答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 40.A projectB processC progressionD procedure该问题分值: 0.1答案:CSECTION 6 (Questions 41-52) -Read the text below. -In most of the lines (41-52) there is ONE EXTRA WORD which is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the meaning of the text. Some lines, however, are correct. -If a line is correct, writ0. Service is the prompt delivery of the product. It is courteous sales personnel. It is a CORRECT00. user or service manual modified to meet for your customer''s needs. It is ready FOR41. access to a service facility. It is knowledgeable, cost-effective maintenance, and42. repair, or replacement. Service is dealer support. Service varies by the product type,43. the quality of the product, the price of the product, and the distribution channel of44. employed. So for export products that require no service - such as food products,45. some consumer goods, **mercial disposables, the issue is resolved when46. once distribution channels have been identified. On the other hand, because the47. characteristics of the consumer durables and some consumables demand that48. service be available. For such products, service is a featurethat expected by the49. consumer. In fact, foreign buyers of industrial goods typically place service at the50. forefront of the criteria they evaluate when they making a purchase decision. An51. exporting firm'' s strategy and market entry decision may be dictate that it does not52. provide with after-sale service. It may determine that its export objective is the single or multiple opportunistic entry into export markets. Although this approach may work in the short term, subsequent product offerings will be less successful as buyers recall the failure to provide expected levels of service. As a result, market development and sales expenditures may result in one-time sales.SSS_FILL41.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:ANDSSS_FILL42.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:CORRECTSSS_FILL43.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:OFSSS_FILL44.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:SOSSS_FILL45.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:WHENSSS_FILL46.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:BECAUSESSS_FILL47.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:THESSS_FILL48.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:THATSSS_FILL49.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:CORRECTSSS_FILL50.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:THEYSSS_FILL51.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:BESSS_FILL52.该问题分值: 0.XX33333答案:WITHPART 2 WRITING （45 MIN） SECTION 153.? The pie chart below shows the hours spent on four in-house training courses in **pany.? Using the information from the chart, write a **paring the four courses.? Write 120—140 words on your Answer Sheet.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 1答案:The report sets out to present different types of in-house training courses for **pany's employees—technical training, career development, health and safety, and interpersonal skills—and the hours spent during the courses.Of the four courses, the largest amount of time, 30 hours, was devoted to it, which was half the time allotted towards training for the year. Career development training was given the next importance, with 15 hours devoted to it. This was followed by ten hours of interpersonal skills training, with health and safety instruction encompassing the last five hours given to training.In conclusion, technical training was given the greatest value by those who initiated the training courses for the employees. This is perhaps because improvement with the employees' technical skills is viewed as the greatest factor for **pany's productivity whereas trainings in the other aspects assume more auxiliary roles.54.Question 2**pany has received a request from a customer for priority service and decided that it would be appropriate to grant this request. You have been asked to write a letter to explain to the customer why his request is not accommodated.Write the letter to the customer:expressing concerns with the customer''s difficultiesemphasizing **pany''s commitment to providing service to the customersclarifying **pany''s policy and why the request is notjustifiableQuestion 3**pany has been forced to downsize, and it wants to provide the best possible support to employees who now must look for other jobs. The director of human resources has asked you to write a report of effective outplacement support that has been provided in **panies. Write the report for the director, including the following information:what help has been provided by **panieswhat have been the effective ways of providing such helpwhat outplacement support **pany can provide for its own employeesQuestion 4**pany has realized that too much time has been wasted by its employees on **puters in inefficient ways. You have been asked to write a proposal for efficient use of computers by the employees. Write your proposal, including the following:a description of the employees'' inefficient use of computerssuggestions for improvements with their use of computersan explanation of the benefits from these improvementsrecommendations for administrative policies that assure the changesSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 0答案:Sample answer to question 2:Dear Mr. Fowler:Whenever an oil furnace breaks down in the winter, it means hardship for a family. I know how difficult it was for you the evening of December 3 when your furnace shut down around eight in the evening.Since we not only supply you oil but service your furnace as well, we always handle your heating emergencies as quickly as a service technician is available. And 24-hour service is offered to minimize the discomfort for your family.Naturally, on a very cold evening such as December 3, there will be a good number of heating emergencies. Given the volume of calls that evening, many customers had to wait, like you, three to four hours before a service technician arrived.The heating emergencies are serviced on a first call/first served basis. This policy seems fairest to all customers.Although we do understand your special concern for **fort and safety of your infant, Mr. Fowler, we can't accommodate your request for priority service in the case of future heating emergencies. Many other families we service face similar concerns—infants and small children, sick family members, and the elderly. It would not be fair for us to assign a special status to one customer at the expense of another. We will continue, however, to respond to heating emergencies at your home as quickly as we can, around the clock.We wish you and your family a happy and healthy New Year!Sincerely,Mark Slomin。
关于商业的英语作文雅思
The Role of Innovation in Modern Business In the fast-paced and ever-evolving world of business, innovation has become a crucial factor in determining the success or failure of a company. From start-ups to multinational corporations, businesses must innovate to stay ahead of the competition, meet the demands of a changing consumer base, and adapt to new technological advancements.Innovation, by definition, refers to the introduction of something new that changes an existing situation or creates a new one. In the business context, this could mean anything from developing a new product or service, to implementing new business models or strategies, to embracing digital transformation and technology.One of the most significant benefits of innovation in business is its ability to create competitive advantage. By introducing something unique and valuable to the market, a company can differentiate itself from its competitors and attract customers who are looking for something different. This competitive advantage can translate into higher sales, market share, and profitability.However, innovation is not just about creating new products or services. It is also about rethinking existing processes, operations, and strategies to make them more efficient, cost-effective, and responsive to market changes. For example, embracing digital technologies like artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and cloud computing can help businesses streamline their operations, improvedecision-making, and enhance customer experience.Moreover, innovation is crucial for business survivalin an era of rapid technological advancements. As new technologies emerge, businesses must adapt and innovate to stay relevant. Failing to do so can result in obsolescence and loss of market share to more innovative competitors.To foster innovation, businesses need to create aculture that encourages creativity, risk-taking, and collaboration. This involves providing employees with the necessary resources, training, and incentives to innovate, as well as creating an environment that is open to newideas and feedback.In conclusion, innovation is a key driver of success in modern business. It enables companies to create competitiveadvantage, adapt to market changes, and stay ahead of the competition. By fostering a culture of innovation and embracing new technologies, businesses can ensure their long-term viability and profitability.**创新在现代商业中的作用**在快速变化和不断演进的商业世界中，创新已成为决定公司成功或失败的关键因素。
创新在商业中是必要的,英语作文两百字
创新在商业中是必要的,英语作文两百字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Innovation is a crucial element in the business world. It has become a necessity for companies to stay competitive and relevant in today's rapidly changing market. In this article, we will explore the importance of innovation in business and how it can drive success and growth.First and foremost, innovation allows businesses to differentiate themselves from competitors. In a crowded marketplace where products and services are becoming increasingly similar, companies that innovate and offer unique solutions are more likely to attract and retain customers. By constantly reimagining products, processes, and business models, companies can stay ahead of the curve and set themselves apart from the competition.Furthermore, innovation can lead to increased efficiency and productivity. By implementing new technologies, automation, and processes, businesses can streamline operations, reduce costs, and improve overall performance. This not only benefitsthe bottom line but also creates a more agile and adaptable organization that can respond quickly to changes in the market.In addition, innovation can drive growth and expansion. Companies that continually innovate are more likely to develop new products and services that meet the evolving needs of customers. This allows them to tap into new markets, attract new customers, and generate additional revenue streams. By pursuing innovation, businesses can expand their reach and create new opportunities for growth.Moreover, innovation can also foster a culture of creativity and collaboration within an organization. By encouraging employees to think outside the box, experiment with new ideas, and collaborate across departments, businesses can nurture a culture of innovation that drives continuous improvement and success. This can lead to a more engaged and motivated workforce that is committed to pushing boundaries and achieving excellence.In conclusion, innovation is a necessary component of success in the business world. It enables companies to differentiate themselves, drive efficiency and productivity, fuel growth and expansion, and foster a culture of creativity and collaboration. By embracing innovation and making it a priority,businesses can stay competitive, relevant, and successful in today's fast-paced and ever-evolving marketplace.篇2Innovation is Necessary in BusinessIn today's rapidly changing business environment, innovation is no longer just a buzzword, but a necessity for companies to survive and succeed. The ability to innovate is crucial for businesses to stay ahead of their competition, adapt to changing technology and market trends, and meet the evolving needs of their customers.One of the key benefits of innovation in business is the ability to differentiate oneself from competitors. By coming up with new and unique products, services, or processes, companies can attract new customers and retain existing ones. For example, Apple's constant innovation in the tech industry has helped it maintain a strong competitive edge over its rivals.Moreover, innovation allows businesses to stay relevant and adapt to changing market dynamics. In today's fast-paced world, consumer preferences and technology are constantly evolving. Companies that fail to innovate risk becoming obsolete and losing market share to more innovative competitors.Additionally, innovation can drive growth and create new revenue streams for businesses. By introducing new products or services, companies can tap into new markets and customer segments. For example, Amazon's continuous innovation ine-commerce has enabled it to expand its product offerings and reach a wider customer base.Furthermore, innovation can also improve efficiency and streamline operations within an organization. By implementing new technologies or processes, businesses can become more agile, reduce costs, and increase productivity. For example, companies that embrace digital transformation and automation are able to streamline their operations and improve their bottom line.In conclusion, innovation is essential for businesses to thrive in today's competitive landscape. By fostering a culture of creativity and embracing new ideas, companies can stay ahead of the curve, drive growth, and meet the ever-changing needs of their customers. In today's fast-paced world, innovation is no longer an option but a necessity for businesses to succeed.篇3Innovation is essential in the business world as it helps companies stay competitive, meet consumer needs, and drive growth. With the ever-changing market dynamics and increasing competition, it is crucial for businesses to continuously innovate to stay ahead of the curve.One of the main reasons why innovation is necessary in business is to keep up with the changing consumer preferences and demands. In today's fast-paced world, consumers are constantly looking for new and improved products and services. Companies that fail to innovate and adapt to these changing needs run the risk of losing customers to more innovative competitors.Innovation also helps companies differentiate themselves from the competition. By introducing new and unique products or services, businesses can stand out in the market and attract more customers. This can help increase brand loyalty and customer retention, ultimately leading to higher sales and profits.Moreover, innovation can drive growth and open up new opportunities for businesses. By coming up with innovative ideas and solutions, companies can tap into new markets, expand their customer base, and diversify their revenue streams. This can helpbusinesses thrive and succeed in today's competitive business landscape.In conclusion, innovation is crucial in the business world as it enables companies to stay competitive, meet consumer needs, and drive growth. By continuously innovating and adapting to changing market dynamics, businesses can stay ahead of the curve and achieve long-term success. Therefore, it is important for companies to prioritize innovation and invest in R&D to ensure their continued success in the marketplace.。
the innovation of grocery stores解析
the innovation of grocery stores解析The innovation of grocery stores refers to the introduction of new ideas, technologies, and business models that improve the shopping experience, provide convenience, and enhance customer satisfaction in the grocery industry.One major innovation in grocery stores is the introduction of self-checkout systems. These systems allow customers to scan and pay for their items themselves, eliminating the need for traditional checkout lanes and reducing waiting times. Self-checkout systems also enable customers to have more control over their shopping experience and provide a more efficient and convenient way to make their purchases.Another innovative feature is the integration of technology into grocery shopping. Many grocery stores now offer mobile apps or online platforms that allow customers to create shopping lists, receive personalized recommendations, and even order groceries for home delivery. This convenience saves customers time and effort by allowing them to easily plan their shopping trips and skip the hassle of physically going to the store.Additionally, grocery stores have started to incorporate sustainable practices into their operations. This includes the introduction of eco-friendly packaging and the promotion of reusable bags to reduce plastic waste. Some grocery stores have also implemented food waste reduction initiatives by donating unsold food to local charities or implementing composting programs.Moreover, grocery stores have embraced the concept ofexperiential shopping. They have started to add in-store amenities such as cafes, wine bars, cooking classes, and tasting events to create a more engaging and enjoyable shopping experience for customers. This innovation aims to attract customers and build loyalty by providing added value beyond the traditional grocery shopping experience.Overall, the innovation of grocery stores involves incorporating technology, sustainability, convenience, and experiential elements to enhance the shopping experience and meet the changing needs and expectations of customers.。
英语作文-销售中的销售目标与考核
英语作文-销售中的销售目标与考核Sales Goals and Assessment in Sales。
Setting sales goals and effectively assessing performance are crucial aspects of any sales strategy. In the dynamic landscape of sales, where competition is fierce and customer demands are ever-evolving, having clear objectives and robust evaluation mechanisms is paramount for success. This article delves into the significance of sales goals, methods for setting them, and the importance of proper assessment in achieving sustainable sales growth.Sales goals serve as guiding beacons, directing the efforts of sales teams towards specific outcomes aligned with the organization's objectives. They provide clarity and focus, helping sales professionals prioritize tasks and allocate resources efficiently. Whether it's increasing revenue, acquiring new customers, or expanding market share, well-defined goals provide a roadmap for action.Effective sales goals are SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. Specific goals outline precisely what needs to be accomplished, leaving no room for ambiguity. Measurable criteria enable tracking progress and assessing performance objectively. Achievable goals are realistic within the given resources and constraints, motivating rather than demoralizing sales teams. Relevant goals align with broader business objectives, ensuring that efforts contribute meaningfully to organizational success. Finally, time-bound goals establish deadlines, instilling a sense of urgency and accountability.The process of setting sales goals involves a collaborative effort between sales leadership, marketing teams, and other relevant stakeholders. It requires a deep understanding of market dynamics, customer preferences, and competitive landscape. By leveraging market research, historical data, and industry trends, organizations can formulate goals that are both ambitious and attainable.Moreover, sales goals should be adaptable to changing circumstances. In a dynamic market environment, flexibility is key to staying responsive and agile. Regular review and adjustment of goals enable organizations to realign strategies, capitalize on emerging opportunities, and mitigate potential risks.However, setting goals alone is not sufficient. Continuous assessment of sales performance is essential to gauge progress, identify areas for improvement, and make informed decisions. Assessment methods may include quantitative metrics such as revenue generated, number of new leads acquired, conversion rates, and customer satisfaction scores, as well as qualitative evaluations based on sales team feedback and market trends.Effective assessment goes beyond mere measurement; it involves analysis and interpretation of data to derive actionable insights. By identifying patterns, trends, and correlations, organizations can refine strategies, optimize processes, and allocate resources more effectively. For instance, if a particular sales channel consistently underperforms, it may warrant reallocation of resources or adjustments to the sales approach.Moreover, assessment serves as a basis for performance feedback and coaching. Providing constructive feedback helps sales professionals understand their strengths and weaknesses, motivating them to improve performance and achieve their targets. Additionally, coaching and training programs tailored to specific needs enhance skill development and empower sales teams to excel in their roles.Furthermore, assessment facilitates accountability and transparency within the organization. By establishing clear performance metrics and benchmarks, organizations create a culture of accountability where individuals take ownership of their actions and outcomes. Transparent communication of results fosters trust and alignment, ensuring that everyone is working towards common goals.In conclusion, sales goals and assessment are integral components of a successful sales strategy. By setting SMART goals, organizations provide direction and focus for their sales teams, guiding them towards desired outcomes. Effective assessment enablesorganizations to track progress, identify areas for improvement, and make data-driven decisions. Together, sales goals and assessment form the cornerstone of a dynamic and responsive sales ecosystem, driving sustainable growth and competitive advantage.。
英语作文-销售中的销售目标与达成
英语作文-销售中的销售目标与达成In the realm of sales, setting and achieving targets is akin to navigating a ship through the vast ocean. The targets act as the North Star, guiding the sales team towards the desired destination – growth in revenue and market share. Achieving these targets, however, is not merely a matter of setting sail; it requires meticulous planning, execution, and the ability to adapt to the ever-changing market conditions.The foundation of any successful sales strategy lies in the establishment of clear, measurable, and attainable goals. These objectives serve as benchmarks for performance and are crucial in motivating the sales force. A well-defined target provides a sense of direction and purpose, enabling sales professionals to focus their efforts on activities that drive results.To ensure that these targets are not just aspirational but achievable, they must be grounded in reality. This involves analyzing past performance, market trends, and the competitive landscape. It also requires an understanding of the company's capabilities and resources. By setting realistic goals, a company can foster a culture of success, where each small victory builds momentum towards larger achievements.Once the targets are set, the next step is to devise a strategy to reach them. This strategy should encompass a comprehensive approach that includes identifying potential customers, understanding their needs, and tailoring the sales pitch to address those needs. It should also outline the tactics for lead generation, customer engagement, and closing deals.Execution is where the strategy is put into action. It is the phase where sales teams interact with prospects, build relationships, and ultimately, close sales. Effective execution relies on the skills and expertise of the sales professionals, as well as the tools and technologies they use. Training and development are, therefore, integral to ensuring that the team is equipped to perform at their best.Monitoring progress towards the targets is essential. It allows for the identification of any deviations from the plan and the opportunity to make necessary adjustments. Regular reviews of sales data and metrics provide insights into what is working and what is not, enabling the sales team to optimize their approach and tactics.In the event that targets are not being met, it is important to analyze the reasons behind the shortfall. This could be due to internal factors, such as product issues or inadequate support, or external factors, such as changes in customer preferences or economic downturns. Understanding the root cause is key to addressing the challenges and getting back on track.Achieving sales targets is not just about hitting numbers; it's about growth and development. It's about pushing boundaries and striving for excellence. When a sales team consistently meets or exceeds its targets, it not only drives the company's financial performance but also boosts morale and fosters a winning culture.In conclusion, the journey from setting sales targets to achieving them is multifaceted and dynamic. It requires a blend of strategic planning, skilled execution, and continuous monitoring. It demands resilience and flexibility to adapt to new challenges. Above all, it calls for a relentless pursuit of excellence and a commitment to delivering value to customers. When these elements come together, the sales targets are not just met; they are surpassed, paving the way for sustained success and growth. 。
业务创新英语模板作文
业务创新英语模板作文英文回答：Business Innovation: A Framework for Success。
Business innovation has become increasingly importantin today's rapidly changing global economy. Companies that fail to innovate risk falling behind their competitors and losing market share. To be successful, businesses need to develop a systematic approach to innovation that can help them generate new ideas, develop new products and services, and improve their operational efficiency.There are many different frameworks that can be used to guide business innovation. One popular framework is the "4P Framework," which stands for:Purpose: What is the purpose of the innovation? What problem is it trying to solve?Process: What is the process for developing and implementing the innovation?People: Who are the people involved in the innovation process?Product: What is the end product or service that the innovation will produce?Another popular framework is the "Innovation Funnel." The Innovation Funnel is a visual representation of the innovation process that shows how ideas are generated, screened, developed, and commercialized. The Innovation Funnel typically has three stages:Ideation: This is the stage where new ideas are generated.Selection: This is the stage where ideas are screened and evaluated to determine which ones have the most potential.Development: This is the stage where ideas are developed into products and services.Commercialization: This is the stage where products and services are launched into the market.There is no one-size-fits-all approach to business innovation. The best framework for a particular companywill depend on its size, industry, and culture. However,all successful innovation frameworks share some common characteristics. These characteristics include:A clear focus on the customer: Successful innovations are always focused on solving customer problems.A strong emphasis on collaboration: Innovation is a team sport. It requires the input of people from all levels of the organization.A willingness to experiment: Innovation involves taking risks. Companies that are not willing to experiment are unlikely to be successful.A culture of continuous improvement: Innovation is an ongoing process. Companies that want to be successful needto have a culture that encourages continuous improvement.By following these principles, companies can develop a systematic approach to innovation that can help them generate new ideas, develop new products and services, and improve their operational efficiency.中文回答：业务创新，成功框架。
什么是创新(全英)
Economy
• Technological change = better and cheaper products = improve standard of living and trading performance
Why should companies innovate?
• Solutions to problems • Wealth creation
• Entrepreneurship
Why should companies innovate?
So now we know that innovation is important.... Let’s get into a bit more detail.
Types of Innovation
Performance that consumers can use or absorb
Performance
Time
Ref: The Innovator’s Guide to Growth; Harvard Business Press; 2008.
Sustaining (Incremental)
INVENTION - To conceive the idea
INNOVATION - To use - the process by which an invention or idea is translated into the economy
INVENTION = INNOVATION
“Britain, it is frequently said, is strong in basic scientific research, and throughout history has had an impressive record in the field of invention. Somehow, however, successful scientific endeavor is all too rarely translated into industrial and commercial success.”