运动系统解剖学PPT课件

• ulnar 尺侧, radial 桡侧
Anatomical axes and planes （轴与面）
• Axis 轴：
• Vertical axis 垂直轴 • Sagittal axis 矢状轴 • Coronal axis 冠状轴
• Plane面:
• Sagittal plane 矢状面 • Coronal plane 冠状面 • Horizontal plane 水平面
希腊名医、解剖学家，著《医经》， 对血液流动、神经分支和脑、心等器 官有具体描述。
Vesalius
Vesalius------(1514~1564) 现代解剖学的奠基人，1543 年出版了《人体构造》这一划时代的解剖学巨著。
Harvey
Harvey------(1578~1657) 解剖生理学家，发现了血液循环的原理， 确定血液是在一个封闭的管道内循环。著 有《血液循环论》、《动物的发生》两书。 开创了动物实验研究的道路。
Thoracic vertebrae
• Vertebrae Body ：
heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹
• Vertebral foramen：
smaller, rounder
• Spinous processes：
long, point obliquely downward
• Long bones (found in limbs):
• Diaphysis or shaft 骨干,
which is hollow (called medullary cavity 骨髓腔), filled with bone marrow
• Two ends－epiphysis 骺 articular surface 关节面, metaphysis干骺端, epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨, and epiphysial line 骺线
The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally.
The terms of the direction (方位术语)
• superior 上,
Human anatomy
Basic Concepts of Anatomy
• Definition: human anatomy, the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of body
• Gross anatomy:
• Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C.7
• Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12
• Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.5
• Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.5
sacrum 骶骨
• Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.3~4 coccyx尾骨
• Transverse processes：
transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹
Lumbar vertebrae
• Vertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape
• Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular
inferior 下
• anterior (ventral) 前 ( 腹侧 ) posterior (dorsal) 后 ( 背侧 )
• medial 内侧, lateral 外侧
• internal 内, external 外
• superficial 浅, profound 深
• proximal 近侧, distal 远侧
或transverse plane 横切面
The Locomotor System 运动系统
• 运动系统由bone 骨、joints关节和 muscles 骨骼肌组成，占成人体重60% • 骨起杠杆作用 • 关节是运动的枢纽 • 骨骼肌是动力器官
• 功能:
• support 支持 • Protection 保护 • Locomotion 运动
• Periosteum 骨膜:
• Outer or fibrous layer
• Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞)
• Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟
• Axis枢椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齿突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas
• Carotid tubercle: 颈动脉结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6
General features of vertebrae
• Ver tebral body 椎体 • Ver tebral arch 椎弓
• pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根: sup. and inf. Ver tebral notch 椎上、下切迹
• lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板
• process (7):
• spinous process 棘突 • transverse process 横突 • sup. and inf. articular processes
上、下关节突
• Ver tebral foramen 椎孔
RegionaБайду номын сангаас variations of vertebrae
short and bifid, transverse foramen横突孔 • Articular processes: horizontal
Atypical vertebeae
• Atlas寰椎 (C1)
• Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
Organic material 1 3 1
Inorganic salts 1 7 4
Bones of trunk 躯干骨
• Composition: vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and ribs
Vertebrae 椎骨
• There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:
• 教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分为“掌握内容”和“了 解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容，学生必须通过反复学习与思考 达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内 容则要求学生达到一般的认识和了解。
Descriptive anatomical terms
• The anatomical position: (解剖学姿势)
* Sesamoid bones籽骨: develop within tendon
General structures of bone骨的构造
• Bone substance 骨质 • compact bone 骨密质 • spongy bone 骨松质
呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨小梁构成
※In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板和内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploë 板障
Chemical composition and physical properties化学成分和物理性质
• Organic material有机质： 主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。
• Inorganic salts无机质： 主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性
Children Adult Old
• systematic anatomy • regional anatomy
• Applied anatomy • Clinical anatomy
人体解剖学发展简史
Hippcrates
Hippocrates----希波克拉底（公元 前460~377）古希腊名医、解剖 学鼻祖。
Galen
Galen-------- 伽林（130~200）古
Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论
• Bones in adult are 206 in number. • Classification of bone
Bones are classified according to their position and shape • The position can be:
我国人体解剖学的发展历程
• 公元前300～200《黄帝内经》已有对人体解剖的记载。
• 两宋时代《五脏六腑》、《存真图》描述了解剖学知识。
• 王清任（1768～1831）编著的《医林改错》更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。
• 1949～2003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成长，编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和解剖学图谱，对 我国解剖学事业的发展做出了巨大的贡献。
人体解剖教学特点
• 人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各系统的总论和各 解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采取分组形式，在教师指导下，按 照解剖操作指导，参照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体，部分内容观察 标本和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，并适当的结合一些 临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。
• skull 颅骨 • bones of trunk 躯干骨 • appendicular skeleton 四肢骨
• Types of shape include:
• long bone 长骨 • short bone 短骨 • flat bone 扁骨 • irregular bone不规则骨
• Short bones: cuboidal in shape, e.g.
carpal bones
• Flat bones: thin,
• Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones含气骨
Endosteum骨内膜 is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.
• Bone marrow 骨髓
• Red marrow 红骨髓: haematopoietic 造
血
• Yellow marrow黄骨髓: fatty
• Vertebra prominens 隆椎 (C7):contains long and nonbifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes
Cervical vertebrae • Vertebrae Body: small • Vertebral foramen: larger and
triangular • Spinous processes:
short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7 • Transverse processes: