The Whole Organization(2)
2019年广东高考英语听说考试(C卷)
Part A Reading aloudExercise. I know I should. But I don't particularly enjoy it, and I never seem to make much progress. So I wanted to find out whatI should be doing, how much and why. I have been meeting scientists who arechanging our view of exercise. They discovered that we all respond to exercisein very different ways. And I’ve looked at some extraordinary new research,which suggests we can get many of the health benefits of exercise from justthree minutes a week. And research is also showing us how, without breaking asweat, we can all live healthier and longer lives. (60")Part B：Role Play角色：你是Mary。
任务：(1)与同学Tom谈论竞选学生会主席的话题；(2)根据谈话内容回答另一同学的提问。
生词：candidate 候选人；opportunity 机会1.对你来说竞选中最困难的部分是什么？(What was the most difficult part inelection for you?)It was a challenging process. For me, themost difficult part was the speech that every candidate had to make to thewhole school. You know, I am not good at speaking in public. I spent a wholeweek preparing for it. It turned out to be a great success.2.为什么你想当学生会主席？（Why do you want to be the president of thestudent union?）I think it’s a great opportunity for me tolearn to be a leader. You know, if one wants to succeed in his future work,leadership is very important.What’s more, I want to make the s tudent unionand organization providing more support for the students.3. 你打算如何改进学生会的工作？（How do you plan to improve the work ofstudent union?）I am going to reorganize the departments ofthe student union because there is no clear division of work among thedepartments. Also, the student union should carry out more interestingactivities.1.When did Tom start preparing for the selection?（At the beginning of last term.）2.H ow many members were there in Tom’s team?（There were three members.）3. What was the result of Tom’s speech in the election?（It turned out to be a great success.）4. What is important for one’s future success?（Leadership. ）5.Why will Tom reorganize the departments of the student union?（Because there is no clear division of work among the departments.）Part C：RetellingShoe Repairer and the Violin梗概：地震后，Tom从音乐学校辍学。
鲶鱼效应实例（Catfisheffectexample）
鲶鱼效应实例（Catfish effect example）cs3或安装已损坏.请重新安装bridge 未安装adobe bridge鲶鱼效应: catfish effect由来挪威人喜欢吃沙丁鱼, 尤其是活鱼.所以渔民总是千方百计地想办法让沙丁鱼活着回到渔港.可是虽然经过种种努力, 绝大部分沙丁鱼还是在中途因窒息而死亡.但却有一条渔船总能让大部分沙丁鱼活着回到渔港.船长严格保守着秘密.直到船长去世, 谜底才揭开.原来是船长在装满沙丁鱼的鱼槽里放进了一条鲶鱼.鲶鱼是以小鱼为主要食物的.鲶鱼进入鱼槽后, 由于环境陌生, 便四处游动.沙丁鱼见了鲶鱼十分紧张, 四处躲避, 加速游动.这样沙丁鱼缺氧的问题就迎刃而解了, 除少数沙丁鱼被鲶鱼吃掉外, 大部分沙丁鱼活着被带到了渔港.这就是著名的 "鲶鱼效应 ".日本的本田公司在利用 "鲶鱼效应" 方面就做得非常出色.本田对欧美企业进行考察, 发现许多企业的人员基本上由三种类型组成: 一是不可缺少的干才, 约占二成; 二是以公司为家的勤劳人才, 约占六成; 三是终日东游西荡, 拖企业后腿的蠢材, 占二成.而自己公司的人员中, 缺乏进取心和敬业精神的人员也许还要多些.那么如何使前两种人增多, 使其更具有敬业精神, 而使第三种人减少呢? 其实, 这些人也能完成工作, 只是与公司的要求与发展相距远一些, 如果全部淘汰, 这显然是行不通的. 后来, 本田先生受到鲶鱼故事的启发, 决定进行人事方面的改革.他首先从销售部入手, 因为销售部经理的观念离公司的精神相距太远, 而且他的守旧思想已经严重影响了他的下属.必须找一条 "鲶鱼" 来, 尽早打破销售部只会维持现状的沉闷气氛, 否则公司的发展将会受到严重影响.本田先生终于把松和公司销售部副经理、年仅35岁的武太郎挖了过来.武太郎接任本田公司销售部经理后, 凭着自己丰富的市场营销经验和过人的学识, 以及惊人的毅力和工作热情, 受到了销售部全体员工的好评, 员工们的工作热情被极大地调动起来, 活力大为增强.公司的销售出现了转机, 月销售额直线上升, 公司在欧美市场的知名度也不断提高.从此, 本田公司每年重点从外部 "中途聘用" 一些精干的、思维敏捷的、30岁左右的生力军, 有时甚至聘请常务董事一级的 "大鲶鱼".这样一来, 公司上下的 "沙丁鱼" 都有了触电式的感觉, 业绩蒸蒸日上.当一个组织的工作达到较稳定的状态时, 常常意味着员工工作积极性的降低, "一团和气" 的集体不一定是一个高效率的集体, 这时候"鲶鱼效应" 将起到很好的 "医疗" 作用.一个组织中, 如果始终有一位 "鲶鱼式" 的人物, 无疑会激活员工队伍, 提高工作业绩."鲶鱼效应" 是企业领导层激发员工活力的有效措施之一.它表现在两方面, 一是企业要不断补充新鲜血液, 把那些富有朝气、思维敏捷的年轻生力军引入职工队伍中甚至管理层, 给那些固步自封、因循守旧的懒惰员工和官僚带来竞争压力, 才能唤起 "沙丁鱼" 们的生存意识和竞争求胜之心.二是要不断地引进新技术、新工艺、新设备、新管理观念, 这样才能使企业在市场大潮中搏击风浪, 增强生存能力和适应能力.首先, 如果鲶鱼本体代表领导者.领导者即影响他人完成任务的个体或者集体,In the dead sardines box, is a symbol of a batch of sardines homogeneity strong groups, their skill level is similar, lack of innovation and initiative, efficiency is low, the wholeorganization more personnel than work available, is a bloated state, and the leader of the arrival of catfish, the new government took office three fire, discipline, standardize the system reform process, reasonable allocation of jobs and property management organization, gradually picking up, cut down the cost, bloated body simplified, incompetent sardine is eaten, away, have the ability of sardines got positive incentive mechanism, so that the whole showing a thriving scene, in the leadership of catfish next, the vitality of the organization have been mobilized, so that the collective strength is more powerful, occupy the market, maintain the market had a solid foundation.Second, if catfish represent a member of the team.A team requires a different character, different skills, different work experience person to join, if all the staff uniform, then the team is difficult to generate ideas, difficult to produce high performance. In the focus on team building, committed to team communication today, properly attract some catfish to join the team, will bring a lively working atmosphere to the whole team, bring innovation, bring win-win. But the number of catfish should be controlled, full of catfish, the whole team will appear "everyone is a hero, the whole bear" phenomenon, because they all want to catfish stick to their point of view, cooperation and communication does not exist, the whole team to Japan The atmosphere was foul., some companies believe in "first-class management second, the staff" by creed, since a catfish can drive a group of fish a stir, there is no need to put second, a mountain is such a reason.Again, if the contents of the catfish represent people hot.Now in many enterprises, organizational structure and job design has become a major topic of the transformation process, is not reasonable, and no prospect, dull as ditch water boring work to make people feel like a bucket of sardines crowded without passion, would not think much more improvement in the post, so that gradually formed a collective inertia. If you can expand the work, the rich catfish effect applied to the work design, the financial contribution to the organization is also obvious. In the work of catfish represents the rich content of the work, a thrilling duty rights, challenging expectations, fresh other job experience. For leaders and human resource managers, whether it is necessary to set catfish work at work and to set catfish work at any level will be an organizational strategic issue.In summary, analysis from different angles, the catfish represent the content is different, for a practitioner, leadership may be catfish, then your efforts and the best organization to keep the same direction, don't swim backwards, otherwise there is a danger of being eaten, always full of passion to the upstream, maybe one day you will become catfish, herded sardines to fight; your colleagues may also be catfish, then he competition competition, see who is churning more energy; you may also have lower catfish, then under the growth at the same time in the incentive, don't forget to charge the batteries, to maintain a strong momentum of development. Or you have been under eat danger; your work may also have a catfish, then make the proper arrangements for their own work,prioritize, make work more catfish swim more Huan, preferably to a layer of jobs Go up and stir it up.This is the so-called hardships happiness, is born sty maxima, pot difficult to raise thousands of pines.Advantages and disadvantagesFrom Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, people reach a certain level, the purpose of their hard work is no longer just for the material, but more for dignity, for self realization of inner satisfaction. So, when the catfish was put into an old team, the old players who had become a little lazy had to work hard again because of their ability to prove and the pursuit of dignity,So as not to be new players in the performance of their own more. Otherwise, the old player's face is nowhere to be stored.Disadvantages of catfish effectFirst of all, from the team, introduction of talent from the outside, the positions are not too low, they are more we often say "airborne", the company was entrusted with the task. The arrival of "airborne soldiers", to some extent, blocks the chances of promotion of the former members, and thus kills some of the employees who have worked very hard. Once they find themselves missing the rising space, they will either run away or choose to be passive. As a result, the fighting power of the big team has been weakened even more.Secondly, a small team of the company concerned, since it is in order to stimulate the vigor of the team, the introduction of the new power will not be very weak, if the team again can not grasp the degree, always deliberately to take interest in the new body, it will cause the original members of the dissatisfaction, if this discontent makes the original members become more negative, is the introduction of the "catfish" to stimulate the team the activity of the opposite.Finally, whether the "big team" or "small team", whether the "catfish" entry can form complementary advantages with the original members, whether it has the concept of cooperation, will affect the team's future combat effectiveness. Once the introduction of "catfish" individualism concept is strong, individual action is obvious, then he not only will not produce "catfish effect", but also the team's only remaining fighting force to destroy.Therefore, we should pay attention to:When a team, the whole state is also very good on the introduction of the "catfish", the enthusiasm will strike team members, at the same time will cause the employee's identity is reduced, they will think of their lost faith or trying to "fix" them. This employee will be a) to reflect, enthusiasm to the work into destructive behavior, intention and company to work; two) the backbone of the staff to the scene of lost hope, leave; three) go-slow, really become a "shock fish", "let the capable person (catfish) to do it";Two, the introduction of "catfish" too much, excessivestimulation, will cause all panic, a variety of rumors, gossip, suspicion increased, aggravating the psychological burden of employees. And employees are also working on the "catfish", wary of increased, obviously not conducive to the overall work carried out, the good culture of the enterprise will cause damage;Looking for catfish in the company"When there is a vacancy in a company, employees in the company should be given priority. The reason is, let employees know about their personal growth and development company, to create a good corporate culture; moreover can save the company's human resources cost, avoid the phenomenon of buying talent competition.In order to excavate and find the catfish within the enterprise, the enterprise can take the following three effective management methods:First, the implementation of performance management, the use of pressure mechanism to create "catfish effect", so that employees tense up.Two is to build a competitive team in the organization, through the company's internal selection mechanism to manufacture catfish team.The three is to find potential stars of the company and train them to activate the workforce through discovering and upgrading potential catfish talents.enlightenmentThe catfish effect, for fishermen, lies in the use of incentives.Catfish effect, for catfish, lies in self actualization.Catfish effect for "sardines", is the lack of awareness.How to settle down is also a must focus on problems of talents in the organization of catfish. In history, a lot of "active" talents finally did not come to a good end, the reason is that their "active", and often offend a lot of people, these people together to suppress him down. Although the organization because of these "active" people have been considerable development, but these "restless" people's fate also makes many people want to move, dare not move.In fact, catfish type talent in the survival of the organization is regular homing. Catfish talents to do the best of course, but also to learn low-key and keeping a low profile; talent is catfish to be loyal to the organization, but also to learn any loyalty after all retire after winning merit, there is a limit; talent is catfish to work hard, but also should pay attention to the ways of doing things, or can be called means. For catfish talents, the most important thing is the realization ofself-worth, but the most fundamental is how to obtain their own security.。
Part 5 The Whole Composition全文写作
(4) When writing an outline, we should: A)avoid mixing types; B) use parallel structures for the headings of the same rank; C) make sure the thesis is a complete declarative sentence in the affirmative; do not use a question, a phrase or a dependent clause. See “Outlining”
2.3 Writing an outline
(1)An outline shows the main idea of the essay, the structure of the essay and the relationship between ideas and paragraphs. (2)An outline consists of the topic, the thesis statement and the arrangement/structure. (3)There are 2 types of outline: topic outline and sentence outline.
1.2 Language
(1) The choice of words----diction. (2) The sentence----structure, grammar and words.
1.3 Format
(1) Correct writing of the title. (2) Correct use of capitalizations. (3) Correct use the punctuation marks. (4) Correct, clear, neat, and beautiful handwriting.
organization的意思用法总结
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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如工作总结、工作计划、活动方案、合同协议、条据文书、讲话致辞、心得体会、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as work summaries, work plans, activity plans, contract agreements, documents, speeches, experiences, teaching materials, complete essays, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different sample formats and writing methods, please pay attention!organization的意思用法总结organization有什么意思呢? organization它的用法是怎样的呢?今天本店铺给大家带来了organization的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。
新发展研究生英语第一册部分课后习题答案
Unit11. 对一些人来说，婚姻是爱情的坟墓；而对另一些人来说，婚姻是拯救那些过着孤独单调生活的人的好办法。
（salvation）For some, marriage is the grave of love, while for others, marriage is an effective salvation for those who lead a solitary life.2. 此次会议肩负着重大的历史责任，必然将对该组织的发展产生深远（be destined to do sth）Blessed with a great historical responsibility, the Conference is destined to have far-reaching impact on the developm ent of the organization.3. 所有这些都寄寓着人们对美好生活的向往，因此得以代代相传。
（yearning）All of these show peoples yearning for a better life, so they have been carried forward generation after generati on.4. 总统警告说，如果国会现在通过这一法案，那么他一直努力维护的脆弱的和平进程可能就会破裂。
（fall apart）If Congress approved the bill now, the president warned, the fragile peace process that he is trying to keep could fall apart.5. 夫妻之间必须能够容忍彼此性格上的一些瑕疵，否则的话他们的婚姻很可能会以离婚而告终。
（imperfection）The couple must be tolerant of the little imperfections in each others character, otherwise their marriage may end up in divorce.Wondrous peril emeritus yearning erode nibble strandErupt shackle salvation devastation imperfection1. During the Gulf War, the Chinese Embassy helped Taiwanese labour service personnel stranded in Kuwait pull out of dan gerous places safety.2. While conventional wisdom-holds that conflicts in a relationship slowly erode-the bonds that hold partners together, co uples who are happy in the long term turn out to have plenty of conflicts, too.3. G. Wilson Knight,emeritus Professor at the University of Leeds, has had a long and prolific career as a critic.4. She let her joyous eyes rest upon him without speaking, as upon some wondrous thing she had created out of chaos.5. She drew him towards her with all her might, seeking to know him in the depths of his heart, with a(an) yearning to lose herself in him.6. Many Americans have misunderstandings about China, believing its a closed country and that the people’s thinking is shackled.7. Government loans have been the salvation of several shaky business companies.8. Her teeth having all dropped out, Granny Li could only nibble away at her food.9.If_you_aim_at_imperfection, there are some chances of your getting it; whereas if you aim at perfection, there is none.10. Some of his peers were convinced that the early stages of the illness manifested themselves in graduate school, but the full-blown symptoms did not erupt until he was 30.1. It is becoming increasingly clear that as many as 80 percent of people who are obese are predisposed genetically.A. ThinB. fatC. crazyD. lazy2. The IT industry is developing so fast that an advanced computer program today may be obsolete next week.A. DesiredB. qualifiedC. outdatedD. frightened3. In such dry weather, if a forest fire cannot be extinguished ,devastation is sure to ensue.A. DestructionB. salvationC. associationD. communication4. I should like to put forward a proposal; merge the two firms into a big one.A. InterrelateB. associateC. defineD. combine5. Utilization of the land which leaves it in an infertile condnition is considered pollution.A. SterileB. richC. productiveD. destructive6. Dont cling to you old ideas. Be ready to entertain some new ones, otherwise you will always lag behind others.A. Put forward toB. hold on toC. run toD. put up with7. In modern society, the world’s transport systems would fall apart without a supply ofelectricity.A. Come upB. step upC. split upD. warm up8. Coming from a theatrical family, I was destined for a career on the stage--- I was expected to be an actor.A. Fated to beB. up to beC. made up forD. derived from9. We don’t think he is a dependable person because he acted counter to his promise.A. Similar toB. according toC. up toD. contrary to10. In order to finish the task in time, he wat out in the rain all day and this brought on a bad cold.A. Resulted fromB. resulted inC. brought upD. gave up.Tend strand tough bored conduct fulfillingaffiliate reveal pressure condition ranging validA recent survey of woman in 20 large and medium-ized cities across the country revealed that about half of the respo ndents were happy with their marriages and relationships, while nearly 30_percent_said_they_were_bored_and 3.4perce nt they were in agony. 3percent said they were worried about their relationships and 12percent said they did not know ho w to describe their mixed_feelings.The_Huakun_Woman_Survey_Center,_a(n)_affiliate_of the All-China Womens Federati on,_conducted_the survey of 2,000 women aged between 20 and 40 at the end of last year, Altogether_1,955_valid_quest ionnaires were collected. The average age of the surveyed woman was 35, and 70percent were married. About 57percent of the respondents had monthly incomes ranging-from 1,000yuan to 3,000yuan. Woman in Shanghai seemed to have the most-fulfilling-love lives, with more than 70 percent saying they felt happy. They were followed by woman in Beijing, Qing dao, Ningbo and Tianjin in terms of fulfillment. The survey also-revealed-that_marriages_tend_to_get_less_happy_the_lo nger_they_lasted .Pressure from work, problems with their childrens education and tough personal relationships were t he main causes of tension, according to the results of the survey.Unit 21. 因为对文化和艺术的热爱，让我们通过提高中文水平来利用我们的文化遗产吧。
领导致辞英语(精选多篇)
领导致辞英语(精选多篇)在各种正式场合中，领导的讲话往往给人们留下深刻的印象。
作为领导者，讲话不仅仅是表达出自己的意见和看法，更是为了让听众感受到自己的领导魅力。
下面是一些领导致辞英语，供您参考。
1. 感谢辞On behalf of the whole organization, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all of you for your hard work, dedication and loyalty to the company. It is because of your tireless efforts that we have achieved such great results over the past year.作为整个组织的代表，我想借此机会向所有人表达我的感激之情，感谢你们为公司的辛勤工作、忠诚和奉献精神。
正是因为你们的不懈努力，我们在过去的一年取得了如此出色的成绩。
2. 领导讲话Ladies and gentlemen, it is my pleasure to welcome you all to this important event. As we gather here today, I am reminded of the great strides we have made as a team and as a company in the past year. Through your hard work and dedication, we have been able to achieve our objectives and exceed our expectations. I would like to personally thank each and every one of you for your tireless efforts.女士们，先生们，我非常高兴地欢迎你们参加这个重要的活动。
(全新整理)4月全国自考外刊经贸知识选读试题及答案解析
全国2018年4月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码：00096请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上一、单项选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组，请将其代码填写在答题纸相应的位置上。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1. His employer transferred him to another office.A. renovatedB. changedC. aspiredD. exchanged2. The Chinese government plans to speed up rural development.A. distributeB. contributeC. moderateD. accelerate3. This boom in adult education, in turn, helps to raise the intellectual standard of the whole country.A. growthB. measureC. bonusD. behemoth4. Companies like IBM and Dell are starting to offer comparable packages for open source solutions.A. similarB. reliableC. cyclicalD. considerable5. As a consequence of something which happens in the game, a player must do something silly.A. conversationB. paymentC. competitionD. result6. EU takes steps to remove an obstruction from Chinese textile imports held up at EU frontiers.A. unlockB. unloadC. unblockD. unbind17. It requires the return of excess revenue to taxpayers when state revenue exceeds the amount forecast at the start of a budget period by more than 2 percent.A. expensiveB. surplusC. extensiveD. rough8. The recent statement of the president forecast a change in the situation.A. diminishedB. capitulatedC. concentratedD. foreshadowed9. The factory must aim at developing new models of machines.A. targetB. outstripC. justifyD. enforce10. The appointment of an experienced UAE diplomat will add weight to the UAE’s voice in the organization.A. heightB. importanceC. widthD. appearance11. Record oil prices in the international market pose no threat to the Swiss economy at the moment.A. proposeB. possessC. presentD. protect12. Northrop Corporation located a purchaser for Swiss elevators in Egypt.A. pulledB. foundC. pushedD. chose13. The Audit Techniques Guides (ATGs) focus on developing highly trained examiners for a particular market segment.A. divisionB. protectionC. examinationD. innovation14. More than Microsoft, Google is more likely to monopolize the Internet with their probable GNet and Google.2A. constituteB. promoteC. stabilizeD. dominate15. The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from the government.A. yieldingB. successiveC. followingD. speculative二、将下列词组译成中文（本大题共10小题，每小题1 分，共10分）16. most-favored nation treatment17. trade surplus18. hard currency19. merger of banks20. liquid assets21. a hermit nation22. trade negotiation23. at a rough estimate24. Chinese Export Commodities Fair25. foreign exchange reserves三、将下列词组译成英文（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）26. 国民收入27. 国际收支28. 收盘价29. 惩罚性进口关税30. 证券投资31. 商品市场32. 自由市场（无壁垒市场）33. 智囊团/ 顾问班子34. 产地证明书35. 对等价值3四、简答题（本大题共6小题，共18分）Passage 1Coca-Cola’s advance into orange soda is bad news for Sunkist, which holds a 1.5% share of the soft drink market, and Crush (around 1%) Coca-Cola began testing Minute Maid Orange Soda in Canada last summer. Some analysts think it will quickly challenge Sunkist as the top-selling orange drink.The sleeper among the products might turn out to be Cherry Coke, which contains no fruit juice at all. Emanuel Goldman, a beverage analyst with Montgomery Securities in San Francisco, says Cherry Coke has captured shares of 4% to 8% in test markets. The drink probably won’t do as well when it is rolled out nationally, since consumer coupons and price promotions have been helping it along. But Goldman believes Cherry Coke could eventually displace Dr Pepper as the nation’s fifth-best-selling soft drink.36. Why is Cherry Coke described as the “sleeper”?37. What is a test market? How do you understand “price promotions” here?38. Which brand occupies the fifth place on the soft drink list at present?Passage 2The most visible result of this buoyant market in both centres is a plethora of new multi-storey commercial and residential buildings. In Abu Dhabi, these projects are let through the Khalifah committee or the Department of Social Services to local consultants, but in Dubai there is more of an international spread.Building work apart, consultants predict a fairly wide spread of projects. “We expect the market to remain buoyant for the next couple of years. There is a fair bit of work at Mina Zayed coming up, a fair bit of road-working on the island and the hinterland, and we expect some airport development to rear its head in the not too distant future,”says one long-established Abu Dhabi-based consultant.39. Who are renting the multi-storey commercial buildings in Abu Dhabi and Dubai?40. What is the prospect of new building projects?441. Please explain “rear its head” and “Abu Dhabi-based” in the last sentence.五、正误判断题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）Passage 1Specifications are detailed descriptions of the goods to be sold. They include the composition, content, purity, strength, size, etc. of the goods.The same kind of goods might also be classified into different grades, such as large, medium, or small; Grade A, Grade B, or Grade C. Every grade has its own specifications. These grades are given by commercial chambers or relevant government departments or informally by the producers or the traders themselves. There are no uniform international grades for goods, and they are not so formal as standards.Standards are the specifications or grades officially recognized by the governmental department or commercial organizations of a country. They have legal effects and hence are binding upon the traders. If the goods do not conform with the requirements demanded by the standards, they are not to be marketed.Different countries have different standards. Also, most countries make alterations and amendments to their standards and it is therefore necessary to state the quoted publications of the standard in a contract.In the trading of agricultural products, F.A.Q. (fair average quality) is often employed to indicate the quality of the goods. F.A.Q. is rather sweeping. From a technical point of view, it indicates the average quality of the current crop. Besides F.A.Q., specifications are still necessary unless the transaction is done between regular trading partners.To be different from F.A.Q., the term “selected” is sometimes empl oyed. With this term, the seller needs to state the specifications of the goods to show how selected it is.For the trading of wood and aquatic products, G.M.Q. (good merchantable quality) is employed to indicate the quality of goods. G.M.Q. means the goods is free from defects and is good enough for use or consumption. G.M.Q. is usually not supplemented with specifications and when disputes arise because of the quality of the goods, exporters will have to be invited to make5the arbitration.42. Grades have more detailed descriptions of goods than specifications.43. One major difference between standards, grades and specifications is that standards are official.44. It is important for export goods to meet the standards of their target countries.45. The difference between F.A.Q. and “selected” is that the latter involves less general specifications.46. Goods with G.M.Q. are usually better in quality than products with F.A.Q.Passage 2Let me touch on a few areas where progress in the Doha Development Agenda will help poorer countries reap further gains from trade and enhance their potential for sustainable development.Agriculture is and has always been a fundamental sector for many developing countries. Agriculture is critical to the successful conclusion of the negotiations. Ambitious liberalization in this sector can offer big potential gains for all countries, particularly developing countries. WTO members are committed to comprehensive negotiations aimed at addressing market access, export subsidies and trade distorting domestic support. More than 50 developing countries depend on agriculture for over one-third of their merchandise export earnings. The eventual elimination of trade distorting measures which affect agricultural trade will be a tremendous boost for sustainable development. The World Bank has estimated that phasing out restrictions on agriculture could lead to higher income in developing countries of some US$400 billion by 2015. The gains from this are several times larger than all the debt relief granted to developing countries so far.Tariff peaks and tariff escalation: after many rounds of trade negotiations, average tariffs on non-agricultural products have been significantly reduced. But relatively high tariffs still remain on some products in which developing countries are competitive and tariffs go up as the level of processing increases. Tariff escalation prevents developing countries from moving away from dependence on a few commodities. Tariff peaks and tariff escalation must be brought down by the6negotiations, if developing countries are to be able to meaningfully gain from world merchandise trade.47. The speaker discusses the reason of why Doha Development Agenda has been a great success.48. Progress in the agriculture negotiations alone contributes substantially to this development agenda.49. Most of the export earnings of Africa come from agricultural products.50. Doing away with trade barriers in agriculture means exempting developing countries from debts.51. Because developed countries set a limit on tariffs, developing countries are exporting a broader range of competitive commodities.六、翻译题（本大题12分）52.During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities has been to reduce the proportion of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications.7。
pest_analysis_examples
PEST Analysis Examples; Reports on Different CompaniesPEST analysis is also known as: STEP, PESTEL, PESTLE, PESTE, PESTLIED, SLEPT, STEEPLE, STEEPLED, LE PEST C and LEPEST analysis.IntroductionIn analyzing the macro-environment, it is important to identify the factors that might in turn affect a number of vital variables that are likely to influence the organization’s supply and demand levels and its costs (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1991; Johnson and Scholes, 1993). The "radical and ongoing changes occurring in society create an uncertain environment and have an impact on the function of the whole organization" (Tsiakkiros, 2002). A number of checklists have been developed as ways of cataloguing the vast number of possible issues that might affect an industry. A PEST analysis is one of them that is merely a framework that categorizes environmental influences as political, economic, social and technological forces. Sometimes two additional factors, environmental and legal, will be added to make a PESTEL analysis, but these themes can easily be subsumed in the others. The analysis examines the impact of each of these factors (and their interplay with each other) on the business. The results can then be used to take advantage of opportunities and to make contingency plans for threats when preparing business and strategic plans (Byars, 1991; Cooper, 2000).Kotler (1998) claims that PEST analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The headings of PEST are a framework for reviewing a situation, and can in addition to SWOT and Porter’s Five Forces models, be applied by companies to review a strategic directions, including marketing proposition. The use of PEST analysis can be seen effective for business and strategic planning, marketing planning, business and product development and research reports. PEST also ensures that company’s performance is aligned positively with the powerful forces of change that are affecting business environment (Porter, 1985). PEST is useful when a company decides to enter its business operations into new markets and new countries. The use of PEST, in this case, helps to break free of unconscious assumptions, and help to effectively adapt to the realities of the new environment.Main Aspects of PEST AnalysisEconomic conditions affect how easy or how difficult it is to be successful and profitable at any time because they affect both capital availability and cost, and demand (Thompson, 2002). If demand is buyout, for example, and the cost of capital is low, it will be attractive for firms to invest and grow with expectations of being profitable. In opposite circumstances firms might find that profitability throughout the industry is low. The timing and relative success of particular strategies can be influences by economic conditions. When the economy, as a whole or certain sectors of the economy, are growing, demand may exist for a product or service which would not be in demand in more depressed circumstances. Similarity, the opportunity to exploit a particular strategy successfully may depend on demand which exists in growth conditions and does not in recession. Although a depressed economy will generally be a treat which results in a number of organizations going out of business, it can provide opportunities for some (Robinson and et al., 1978; Thompson, 2002).Economic conditions are influenced by political and government policy, being a major influence affecting government decisions. The issue of whether European countries join, or remain outside, the single European currency is a case in point. At any one time either exported or imported goods can seem expensive or inexpensive, dependent upon currency exchange rates. There are many other ways, however, in which government decisions will affect organizations both directly and indirectly, as they provide both opportunities and threats.While economic conditions and government policy are closely related, they both influence a number of other environmental forces that can affect organizations. Capital markets determine the conditions for alternative types of funding for organizations. They tend to be a subject to government controls, and they will be guided by the prevailing economic conditions. The rate of interest charged for loans will be affected by inflation and by international economics and, although the determining rate may be fixed by a central bank, as it is the case with the Bank of England, that will also be influenced by stated government priorities. According to Thompson (2002), government spending can increase the money supply and make capital markets more buoyant . The expectations of shareholders with regard to company performance, their willingness to provide more equity funding or their willingness to sell their shares will also be affected.The labour market reflects the availability of particular skills at national and regional levels; this is affected by training, which is influenced by government and other regional agencies. Labour costs will be influenced by inflation and by general trends in other industries, and by the role ad power of trade unions.The socio-cultural environment encapsulates demand and tastes, which vary with fashion, disposable income and general changes can again provide both opportunities and threats for particular companies (Thompson, 2002; Pearce and Robinson, 2005). Over-time most products change from being a novelty to a situation of market saturation, and as this happens pricing and promotion strategies have to change. Similarly, some products and services will sell around the world with little variation, but these are relatively unusual. Organizations should be aware of demographics changes as the structure of the population by ages, affluence, regions, numbers working and so on can have an important bearing on demand as a whole and on demand for particular products and services. Threats to existing products might be increasing: opportunities for differentiation and market segmentation might be emerging.Technology is widely recognised by various literature on strategic management (Capron and Glazer, 1987; Johnson and Scholes, 1993; Jan, 2002), as part of the organization and the industry part of the model as it is used for the creation of competitive advantage. However, technology external to the industry can also be captured and used, and this again can be influenced by government support and encouragement. Technological breakthroughs can create new industries which might prove a threat to existing organizations whose products or services might be rendered redundant, and those firms which might be affected in this way should be alert to the possibility. Equally, new technology could provide a useful input, in both manufacturing and service industries, but in turn its purchase will require funding and possibly employee training before it can be used.How to Write a Good PEST AnalysisAs it was discussed above, PEST analysis incorporates four perspectives, which give a logical structure, providing clear presentation for further discussions and proactive decision-makings. In writing a good PEST, subject should be a clear definition of the market being addressed, which might include the following issues of:• a company looking at its market• a product looking at its market• a brand in relation to its market• a local business unit• a strategic option, such as entering a new market or launching a new product• a potential acquisition• a potential partnership•an investment opportunityIt is crucial to describe the subject for the PEST analysis clearly so that people, contributing to the analysis, and those interpreting the results from PEST analysis, could understand the purpose of the PEST assessment and its implications (Jan, 2002).Before producing a good PEST analysis, it is of primary importance to, firstly, brainstorm the relevant factors that apply to the company or to its business environment. Second requirement is to identify the information that applies to these factors; and thirdly, to draw conclusions from this information. It is, however, necessary not only to describe factors, but to think through what they mean and how to they impact the business. PEST analysis is only a strategic starting point, and has its own limitations, emphasizing the need to test the conclusions and findings against the reality.In conducting PEST analysis, it is required to consider each PEST factor as they all play a part in determining the overall business environment. Some examples of topics include the following:Political: (includes legal and regulatory): elections, employment law, consumer protection, environmental regulations, industry-specific regulations, competitive regulations, inter-country relationships/attitudes, war, terrorism, political trends, governmental leadership, taxes, and government structures.Economic: economic growth trends (various countries), taxation, government spending levels, disposable income, job growth/unemployment, exchange rates, tariffs, inflation, consumer confidence index, import/export ratios, and production levels.Social: demographics (age, gender, race, family size, etc.), lifestyle changes, population shifts, education, trends, fads, diversity, immigration/emigration, health, living standards, housing trends, fashion, attitudes to work, leisure activities, occupations, and earning capacity.Technological: inventions, new discoveries, research, energy uses/sources/fuels, communications, rates of obsolescence, health (pharmaceutical, equipment, etc.), manufacturing advances, information technology, internet, transportation, bio-tech, genetics, agri-tech, waste removal/recycling, and so on.After the key trends have been identified, the next step is to analyze the potential each trend has to disrupt the way the company does business. The company is able to determine the changes needed to exploit the opportunities, and blunt the threats (Pearce and Robinson, 2005).When carrying out a PEST analysis it is important to show how and how much the factors that the firm picks out influence the nature of competition. It is this appraisal of the impact of each factor that distinguishes an analysis from a mere list. A common error is to try and devise a single analysis to try and cover the entire history of a firm and an industry. Therefore, the company must keep the analysis of past developments separate from that of the present situation and future trends. When analyzing PEST factors in the present, it is required to make it plain why the present is different from the past, and how the industry may need to change. There is no need to agonise too long over whether a particular item is political, economic, social and technological in nature. Many important factors transcend the simple PEST categories. The advent of the microprocessor is a technological event that has had a broad economic and social impact. The "green" movement my have started as a social-cultural phenomenon, but it has been translated into legislation and has stimulated technological change (Byars, 1991). It is perfectly legitimate when using a checklist like PEST to leave some categories empty. If there are no important political/legal influences on a particular industry, those conducting PEST analysis do not need to waste time trying to find factors that do not exist. There should be a limit to relevant factors.Thompson (2002) states that for any organization certain environmental influences will constitute powerful forces which affect decision making significantly. For some manufacturing and service businesses the most powerful force will be customers; for other it may be competition. In some situations suppliers can be crucial. In the case of some smallbusinesses external forces can dictate whether the business stays solvent or not. A major problem for these businesses concerns the management of cash flow, being able to pay bills when they are due for payment and being strong enough to persuade customers to pay their invoices on time.Finding Information for PEST AnalysisTo understand what kind of environment the company may compete in the near future, it requires understanding of the forces that will shape the change. For a PEST analysis, that means conducting a scan of the external events outside of the company, such as potential regulatory issues, demographic trends, political upheaval, and cutting-edge technology that could move mainstream. In conducting the analysis it may be essential to look at periodicals, analyst reports, demographics, and anything that will give the exposure to new trends and possibilities. Any reliable secondary data source of current events and projected future trends will provide information for the PEST analysis, including:•Newspapers, periodicals, current books•Trade organizations•Government agencies•Industry analysts•Financial analystsOne of the potential disadvantages collecting from the secondary sources is derived from issues of validity, reliability and relevance. The limitation could be present in the nature of market forces that reduce the applicability of the information sources to present situations. The problem could arise based on the past data past events being collected within past environmental conditions. Therefore, the data has to be checked and be applied to the current business conditions.ConclusionPEST analysis looks at the external business environment and is an appropriate strategic tool for understanding the "big picture" of the environment in which business operates, enabling to take the advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats faced by company’s business activities. When strategic planning is done correctly, it provides a solid plan for your company to grow into the future.With a PEST analysis, the company can see a longer horizon of time, and be able to clarify strategic opportunities and threats that the company faces. By looking to the outside environment to see the potential forces of change looming on the horizon, firms can take the strategic planning process out of the arena of today and into the horizon of tomorrow.PEST is not a set of rigid compartments into which ideas need to be sorted. It is better thought of as a set of hooks that can be used to fish for important facts. Once the factors have been "fished out", it does not matter which hook they were attached to. When it comes to writing up the analysis, there is no need to mention the PEST labels at all.PEST Analysis TemplateOther than the four main headings, the questions and issues in the template below are examples and not exhaustive - add your own and amend these prompts to suit your situation, the experience and skill level of whoever is completing the analysis, and what you aim to produce from the analysis.Ensure you consider the additional PESTELI headings, and any others you feel are relevant, but avoid building these into the final analysis model unless you gain some strategic planning or presentation benefit from doing so.If helpful refer to a list of these other 'headings', for example: Ecological/ Environmental, Legislative/or Legal, Demographic, Ethical, Industry Analysis. Apply some strategic consideration and pressure to the points you list under these 'additional' headings. Ask yourself what the effects of each will be on the 'big four' (Political, Economic, Social and Technological). Often your answers will persuade you that the original four-part PEST model is best and that using a more complex series of headings makes it more difficult to complete the analysis fully and strategically.PEST Analysis TemplateSituation being analysed:______________________________________________________________________PEST analysis (political, economical, social, and technological) assesses a market, including competitors, from the standpoint of a particular proposition or a business.Note: PEST analysis can be useful before SWOT analysis because PEST helps to identify SWOT factors. PEST and SWOT are two different perspectives but can contain common factors. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats.PEST or SWOTA Pest analysis most commonly measures a marketA Swot analysis measures a business unit, a proposition or idea Generally speaking a SWOT analysis measures a business unit or proposition, whereas a PEST analysis measures the market potential and situation, particularly indicating growth or decline, and thereby market attractiveness, business potential, and suitability of access - market potential and 'fit' in other words. PEST analysis uses four perspectives, which give a logical structure, in this case organized by the PEST format that helps understanding, presentation, discussion and decision-making.PEST analysis can be used for marketing and business development assessment and decision-making, and the PEST template encourages proactive thinking, rather than relying on habitual or instinctive reactions.A market is defined by what is addressing it, be it a product, company, brand, business unit, proposition, idea, etc, so be clear about how you define the market being analysed, particularly if you use PEST analysis in workshops, team exercises or as a delegated task. The PEST subject should be a clear definition of the market being addressed, which might be from any of the following standpoints:• a company looking at its market• a product looking at its market• a brand in relation to its market• a local business unit• a strategic option, such as entering a new market or launching a new product• a potential acquisition• a potential partnership•an investment opportunity。
人教版高中英语必修第二册课后习题 UNIT 2 WILDLIFE PROTECTION 分层跟踪检测
分层跟踪检测(一)ListeningandSpeakingⅠ.阅读理解AMore and more birds are flying to settle at Qinghai Lake,one of the highest inland lakes in China,thanks to the protection efforts of the local government.Covering an area of over 4,000 square kilometers,Qinghai Lake is also the country’s biggest salt lake.Located in Northwest China’s Qinghai Province,the lake is famous for the two islands at its northwest point—Cormorant Island and Egg Island.The two islands have plenty of floating grass and various schools of fish,offering rich food sources to birds.The islands have become a dreamland for different kinds of groups of birds and have been called “Bird Islands”.Each March and April,when ice and snow covering theQinghai-Tibet Plateau(高原) start to melt,over 20 kinds of birds fly to the Bird Islands to lay eggs.During the months,flocks of birds cover the whole sky over the islands and bird eggs can be foundeverywhere.Visitors can hear the singing of birds from miles away.These have become a world-famous symbol of the lake.To protect this dreamland for birds and support calls for ecological protection,China set up the Qinghai Lake National Natural Reserve at the end of 1997.Meanwhile,the State has pointed out the Bird Islands and Spring Bay of Qinghai Lake were central protection zones.Inspectors and conservators often patrol the lake,enriching local residents’ knowledge of related laws and spreading knowledge about animal protection to visitors.They are making great efforts to call on people to love and protect the birds.At the same time,they have built special fences around the island area to prevent wolves,foals,as well as illegal hunters from breaking up the birds’ building nests,laying eggs and breeding.As a result,more and more birds are coming to the islands for sheltering and breeding.1.Why are more and more birds coming to the biggest salt lake in Northwest China?A.Because it is getting warmer and warmer.B.Because it is being reformed.C.Because environments there are getting more and more agreeable to them to live in.D.Because the people there are becoming richer and richer.2.What do the birds feed on?A.Floating fish and various grass.B.Grass floating on the water surface and different kinds of fish.C.Salt water and plenty of grains.D.Corn from the local farmers.3.What can you infer according to the passage?A.Over 20 kinds of birds come to the Bird Islands before March.B.Flocks of birds fly up to the whole sky over islands to lay eggs.C.Visitors can see the birds from miles away.D.The government has taken many measures to protect the district.4.Where is this passage most probably taken from?A.A newspaper.B.A document.C.A storybook.D.A science book.BThe great success of FindingDory is being met with mixed feelings by eovie can draw attention to our weak coral reefs(珊瑚礁) that need protection,it may lead to further damage to life at sea.After the movie FindingNemo came out,the clownfish(小丑鱼) became popular with every kid in America.As a result,the number of clownfish in the wild greatly dropped.Blue tangs(蓝吊鱼) also became popular pets because of the movie.Sadly,most blue tangs are caught with the help of cyanide(氰化物).Cyanide works on the fish,allowing them to be easily caught and sold to pet stores.Cyanide is harmful to humans.It also harms coral and other life at sea.Even the fish that are caught by using cyanide are harmed.Many end up dying within months of being brought to the store.It is not allowed to sell fish that have been caught using cyanide in the US.However,a study discovered that up to 90% of the 11 million pet fish brought into the country each year have been caught using this harmful fishing method.Morerecently,tworesearchers Craig Downs and Rene Umberger did a study to test if the fish sold in US pet stores had been harmed by cyanide.They found that of the 100 fish bought from stores inCalifornia,Hawaii,Maryland,NorthCarolina,andVirginia,overhalf,i ncluding the blue tangs,had cyanide in their body.To help people make better decisions when looking for fish for their kids,the researchers made a free mobile app,called Tank Watch—the app helps people to know whether a fish has been caught using illegal fishing methods.The World Wildlife Foundation is asking fans of the movie not to “Find”Dory,but to “Protect” the beautiful fish!This means not rushing out and buying a blue tang after watching the film.As Ellen Degeneres,voice actress for Dory,says,the movie is not about “Finding”Dory,but about “putting it back to the ocean”.5.What makes eovie FindingDory came out?A.That people may not like it.B.That the clownfish will disappear.C.That people may rush out to buy a “Dory”.D.That coral reefs may not draw any attention.6.What do the two studies mentioned in paragraph 4 tell us?A.It’s very hard to catch pet fish at sea.B.Blue tangs are very popular in the US.C.Cyanide is not allowed to use in the US.D.Many pet fish in the US are caught by using cyanide.7.Tank Watch would most probably be used by people who want to .A.buy a pet fish onlineB.catch fish more easilyC.talk about movies with othersD.avoid buying illegally-caught fish8.What should we do according to what Ellen Degeneres says?A.Avoid keeping a blue tang.B.Go to watch FindingDory.C.Help experts find blue tangs.D.Return their pet fish to the sea.Ⅱ.七选五(辽宁盘锦高一期末)HowtoChooseE sports to clubs to outside organizations,there are many activities to take part in outside the classroom. 1 Fortunately,it becomes quite easy once you figure out what you enjoy doing in general.With a little more careful thought,you can also choose an activity that interests you.Think about your interests and know your advantages.Before you start considering specific(具体的) activities,take a step back.Think about what excites you and find your passions(热情).2 Now that you have a better idea of what you like to do in general,decide on those that you are good at.Ask yourself what skills they show.Then find activities that require the same ones.Make sure that you will enjoy yourself by choosing an activity that lets you shine.3 In addition to your interests and advantages,know what you would like to improve about e activities as a way to make yourself better.Find out new challenges,without the addedstress of having to earn good grades at them.You can use activities to develop general skills that you may not have.Find out what activities are available(可用的) and look into each one. 4 If the website seems incomplete,talk with your teacher or parents.Also look for calendar details,such asstart-and-end dates,plus event schedules,to make sure it won’t get in the way of anything else going on in your life.Once you have a list of activities that match your interests,do a little research. 5A.Think about skills you want to develop.B.This can make choosing one a little difficult.e your freshman year to explore your choices.D.In this way,you will have a better idea of what to eake sure that their culture is a good match for your own personality.e those to decide on activities that will keep you interested for a long time.G.Search your school’s website for a complete list of all the activities it provides.Ⅲ.完形填空I didn’t use to understand why everyone liked pandas so much.I thought they only got so much attention because they were 1 .But my trip with the Chinese Felid Conservation Alliance(中国猫科动物保护联盟) 2 changed my opinion.Our destination was the Baishuihe Conservation District in Sichuan Province.The Conservation District used to have a panda 3 ,but since the earthquake in ,no pandas had been 4 .The goal of our 5 was to go deep into the Conservation District and set up a wildlife camera there.On our first day,we set out in the morning and climbed until 4 in the afternoon.Upon setting up our camp,I unrolled my sleeping bag and was so 6 as to fall asleep immediately.The rest of the team were still busy making a 7 ,but I was already dead to the world,only 8 that the fire’s heat made it nice andwarm.Carrying our sleeping bags,we hiked along a 9 path in the deep mountains for two more 10 .During that trip,I learned a lot about pandas.It 11 that pandas aren’t the way they appear in zoos.Instead,they h ave a(n) 12 ability to survive and can live comfortably in those 13 conditions,where I thought I was going to fall over and die.The 14 has been doing its job this whole time.Although we didn’t get any panda pictures the first year,we did 15 in the second year.That was the first time since the earthquake that pandas had been seen in the Baishuihe Conservation District.1.A.cute B.wildC.dangerousD.extinct2.A.creativity B.totallyC.formallyD.equallypetition B.populationanizationD.destination4.A.buried B.injuredC.describedD.sighted5.A.trip B.programC.struggleD.life6.A.absorbed B.annoyedC.boredD.tired7.A.fire B.holeC.differenceD.proposal8.A.protesting B.assumingC.noticingD.proving9.A.flat B.straightC.challengingD.amazing10.A.hours B.daysC.weeksD.months11.A.matters B.happenses aboutD.turns out12.A.amazing B.similarC.limitedD.false13.A.economic B.terriblemonD.suitable14.A.panda B.campC.cameraD.zoo15.A.relax B.retireC.surviveD.succeed分层跟踪检测(一)ListeningandSpeakingⅠ.【语篇导读】本文是一篇新闻报道。
综合英语教程 3 Unit 02 ppt课件
capable quick-witted graceful
Book 3-Unit 2
Negative expressions
clumsy (= awkard)
underhand (阴险的)
rude
sneaky (卑劣的)
careless
stupid
4. What happened weeks after John’s visit?
John received a package in which he found a wool sweater. A note from the director of the nursing home said that it was given to him by the old lady as a gift for visiting her. The old lady was very happy when she died a few days before.
chairwoman professor singer
Book 3-Unit 2
Commenting on Personalities
can’t stand (can’t) put up with It takes all sorts (to make a world).
(世界上什么样的人都有。) To err is human, to forgive is divine.
1. Why did John visit an old people’s nursing home?
John had to write an essay. The essay would be about an elderly person, but John knew little about old people. John’s teacher advised him to visit an old people’s nursing home.
业务连续性管理方案
业务连续性管理方案业务连续性管理（Business Continuity Management，BCM）是一种综合性的管理方法，旨在帮助企业组织建立一套灵活且可持续的措施，以应对各类潜在威胁和紧急情况，确保企业在面对风险和干扰时能够维持正常的运营。
在全球经济不断发展和不确定性增加的背景下，企业越来越意识到业务连续性管理的重要性，要建立一个有效的BCM方案，以下是一些关键步骤和建议。
1. 风险评估和业务影响分析（Risk Assessment and Business Impact Analysis）风险评估是一个系统性的过程，旨在识别潜在风险和威胁，包括自然灾害、技术故障、供应链中断等，然后对这些风险进行评估和分类。
业务影响分析是一个关键的步骤，用于评估各类风险对企业运营的潜在影响，包括财务损失、声誉受损、客户流失等。
2. 制定业务连续性策略（Business Continuity Strategies）根据风险评估和业务影响分析的结果，制定一套适合企业的业务连续性策略。
这些策略可能包括备份和恢复、冗余系统、灾备中心、供应链多元化等。
策略的制定应确保企业能够在紧急情况下继续提供关键产品和服务。
3. 制定实施计划（Implementation Plan）根据业务连续性策略，制定详细的实施计划。
计划中应确定责任人和时间表，并确保所有关键的业务部门以及供应商和合作伙伴都了解并能够执行这些计划。
实施计划还应包括培训和演练，以确保员工和相关方能够熟悉应急程序并能够应对紧急情况。
4. 业务连续性计划的测试和复盘（Testing and Review）定期测试业务连续性计划的有效性是非常重要的。
通过模拟各种紧急情况来测试计划的实际可行性，并根据测试结果对计划进行调整和改进。
同时，对过去的事件进行复盘和总结，以了解不足之处，并采取措施进行改进。
5. 持续监测和更新（Continuous Monitoring and Updating）业务连续性管理不仅仅是一次性的任务，它应该被视为一个持续的过程。
大学英语2-2专科复习题一
《大学英语》（专科2-2）复习题一Part I Vocabulary and Structure：(20%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete statements here. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.1. Mary majors ____English. （难度2）A. forB. atC. onD. in2. My brother will arrive ____ Beijing this morning. （难度1）A. atB. toC. inD. for3. ____ how poor he is, I will marry him. （难度3）A. ThoughB. BecauseC. ForD. No matter4. ____ some point, you are right. （难度2）A. AtB. InC. ToD. As5. She is a famous movie star, and her parents are ____ of her. （难度2）A. happyB. gladC. proudD. surprised6. We will go to Summer Palace ____ it doesn't rain tomorrow. （难度2）A. andB.butC. ifD. however7. Buying a lot of clothes ____ her dream. （难度2）A.areB.isC. to beD. being8.You should speak English as ____ as you can. （难度3）A. muchB. moreC. a lotD. many9. I’d like to introduce you ____ James Stewart, the new manager of our department. （难度2）A.toB. withC. ofD. on10. I don't know how ____ this problem. （难度2）A. doB. to doC. solveD. to solve11. They are ____ a meeting. （难度2）A. takingB. havingC. onD. in12. This time next week I’ll be ____ on the beach. （难度3）A. liedB. layC. lyingD. laid13. Where were you? We were ____ you. （难度2）A. to seeB. seeingC. sawD. looking for14. I think we should work out a strategy to______this situation. （难度3）A. seeB. deal withC. abandonD. dealing with15. If this project fails it will affect ____ our department, ____ the whole organization. （难度3）A. not only...but alsoB. both ... andC. as ... asD. so ... as16. Smoking can ____ lung cancer. （难度2）A. giveB. led toC. lead toD. affect17. She didn't hear the door bell. She was ____ the radio. （难度2）A. hearingB. listening toC. listen toD. to listen18.1 will cooperate ____ I am notified on time. （难度3）A. thoughB. unlessC. in spite ofD. as long as19. What will you ____ at 6:00 p.m. tomorrow? （难度3）A. be doingB. doC. beD. to do20. He focused his eyes ____ me. （难度3）A. withB. atC. toD. onPart II Cloze (15%)Directions: There are ten blanks in the following passage, and for each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D at the end of the passage. You should choose ONE answer that best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.“Today I will give you a special test,” said the English teacher with a smile on his face.All the students sat up straight and__1__for the test to begin. The teacher began to__2__ the test papers to all the students. __3__he finished handing out the test papers, he asked them to begin.The students were very__4__to see that there was not a question but a black dot (圆点) in the centre of the paper. The teacher__5__the students’ surprise and said,“I want you to__6__about what you see there.”At the end of the class, the teacher took all the students’ answer sheets (答题纸) and read the answers. __7__ of them described the black dot. After reading all the answers, the teacher said, “Here everyone only paid attention to the black dot, __8__no one wrote about the white paper.” The whole class listened__9__, because they were afraid to fail in the exam.Then the teacher said, “Don’t worry about your__10__for this test. I just want you to think about our life. The white paper is like our whole life and the black dot in the centre of the paper__11__problems in our daily life.”Our life is a __12__given to us by God (上帝), with love and care. __13__,we just pay attention to the problems like illnesses and poverty (贫穷), and never see that these problems are very__14__compared to everything else we have in our life.So we should try to take our eye off our problems and__15__ each moment life gives us.1. A. searched B. looked C. voted D. waited2. A. e-mail B. sell C. give D. donate3. A. After B. Before C. Until D. While4. A. happy B. surprised C. excited D. sad5. A. forgot B. remembered C. noticed D. hated6. A. talk B. write C. hear D. learn7. A. All B. None C. Some D. Many8. A. because B. although C. if D. but9. A. silently B. angrily C. happily D. quickly10. A. presents B. marks C. suggestions D. tasks11. A. helps B. finds C. represents D. solves12. A. problem B. gift C. moment D. door13. A. Still B. Also C. Besides D. Then14. A. serious B. big C. small D. important15. A. refuse B. stop C. waste D. enjoyPart III Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions: There are two passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. you should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1If we were asked exactly what we were doing a year ago, we should probably have to say that we could not remember. But if we had kept a book and had written in it an account of what we did each day, we should be able to give an answer to the question.It is the same in history. Many things have been forgotten because we do not have any written account of them. Sometimes men did keep a record of the most important happenings in their country, but often it was destroyed by fire or in a war. Sometimes there was never any written record at all because the people of that time and place did not know how to write. For example, we know a good deal about the people who lived in China 4,000 years ago, because they could write and leave written records for those who lived after them. But we know almost nothing about the people who lived even 200 years ago in central Africa because they had not learned to write.Sometimes of course, even if the people cannot write, they may know something of the past. They have heard about it from older people, and often songs and dances and stories have been made about the most important happenings, and these have been sung and acted and told for many generations for most people are proud to tell what their fathers did in the past. This we may call “remembered history”. Some of it has now been written down. It is not so exact or so valuable to us as written history is, because words are much more easily changed when used again and againin speech than when copied in writing. But where there are no written records, such spoken stories are often very helpful.1. Which of the following ideas is not suggested in the passage? .A. “Remembered history”, compared with written history, is less reliable.B. Written records of the past play the most important role in our learning of the human history.C. A written account of our daily activities helps us to be able to answer many questions.D. Where there are no written records, there is no history.2. We know very little about the central Africa 200 years ago because .A. there was nothing worth being written down at that timeB. the people there ignored the importance of keeping a recordC. the written records were perhaps destroyed by a fireD. the people there did not know how to write3. “Remembered history” refers to .A. history based on a person’s imaginationB. stories of important happenings passed down from mouth to mouthC. songs and dances about the most important eventsD. both B and C4. “Remembered history” is regarded as valuable only when .A. it is written downB. no written account is availableC. it proves to be timeD. people are interested in it5. The passage suggests that we could have learned much more about our past than we do now if the ancient people had .A. kept a written record of every past eventB. not burnt their written records in warsC. told exact stories of the most important happeningsD. made more songs and dancesPassage 2For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the world’s greatest dramatist (剧作家).Only one name can possibly suggest itself to him：that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare’s writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained that it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations.Shakespeare, more perhaps than any other writer, makes full use of the great resources of the English language. Most of us use about five thousand words in our normal use of English；Shakespeare in his works used about twenty-five thousand.There is probably no better way for a foreigner to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it. Such a study is well worth the effort (it is not, of course, recommended to beginners) even though some aspects of English usage, and the meaning of many words, have changed since Shakespeare’s day.6. English people ______.A. have never discussed who is the world’s greatest dramatistB. never discuss any issue concerning the wo rld’s greatest dramatistC. are sure who is the world’s greatest dramatistD. do not care who is the world’s greatest poet and dramatist7. Every Englishman knows ______.A. more or less about ShakespeareB. Shakespeare, but only slightlyC. all Sha kespeare’s writingsD. only the name of the greatest English writer8. Which of the following is true? ______.A. We use all the words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare’s writings.B. Shakespeare’s writings have become the property of tho se who are learning to speak English.C. It is likely to be true that people often do not know the origins of the words they useD. All the words people use are taken from the writings of Shakespeare9. What does the word “proverb” mean? ______.A. Familiar sayingsB. Shakespeare’s plays.C. Complaints.D. Actors and actresses.10. Why is it worthwhile to study the various ways in which Shakespeare used English? ______.A. English words have changed a lot since Shakespeare’s time.B. By doing so one can be fully aware of the richness of the English languageC. English words are now being used in the same way as in Shakespeare’s timeD. Beginners may have difficulty learning some aspects of English usagePart IV Translate the following sentences. (20%)1.李明常常步行去学校。
E时代大学英语——综合训练1 Unit3
Directions: Find one mistake from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D in each sentence and correct it on the line.
49 I came to understand that was not easy to earn money.
word changing from a verb into an adjective:
e.g. help → helpful（有帮助的） 31 _o_c_c_a_s_io_n__ → occasional（偶尔的）
e.g. afford → affordable （负担得起的） 37 _c_o_m__m__en__d → commendable（值得表扬的）
e.g. agree → agreement（协议，合约） 28 _f_ru_s_t_r_a_te__ → frustration（ 沮丧；受挫 ）
words changing from an adjective into a noun: e.g. kind → kindness （善良）
29 __c_a_lc_u_l_a_te_ → calculation（计算 ）
35 ___p_u_n_ct_u_a_l→ punctuality（守时 ）
30 __w__e_ig_h___ → weight（ 重量 ）
36 __p_r_io_r____ → priority（当务之急；优先权）
words changing from a noun into an adjective:
intelligent)
Section C
高级英语(24.3.1)--part3
• At first, a reporter and a photographer were appointed to go in the name of visiting relatives .
• 本来是想以探亲的名义派去，并指派了一 名文字记者和一名摄影记者；
• I baptize thee in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
formulation
• 构想，规划；公式化；简洁陈述 • He takes charge of the formulation of national
inspection plans . • 他负责制定全国性现场检查计划。 • EDWIN HUBBLE was the first astronomer to
• The psychological research is based on an upside-down set of priorities.
formulate
• formulate laws 创制法律 • formulate vt 用公式表示 ; 制订 ; 精确地表达
; • The State shall adopt all possible measures to
• 为了安全 , 严禁吸烟 . • In the interest of protecting such resources, a
great many state laws were passed. • 为了保障这些资源，各州立了许多法律。
In the name …
• Under the guise of improving relations betwee n people, every possible trick/means is emplo yed on the worker, which is only fit for the wo rker who is completely disinterested in his wo rk. “Happiness” “human values” are also form ulated in order to manipulate the worker.
行动扮演的英语单词
行动扮演的英语单词以下是20个关于“行动、扮演”相关的英语单词：一、act1. 单词释义- v. 行动；表现；起作用；表演；扮演；装作；举止像。
- n. 行为；法令；（一）幕。
2. 单词用法- 作动词时，act as表示“担任，充当”，例如：He acts as our guide.（他担任我们的向导。
）- act on/upon表示“按照……行动；对……起作用”，如：We should act on his advice.（我们应该按照他的建议行动。
）3. 近义词- behave（行为，举止）、perform（执行，表演）4. 短语搭配- act out（把……表演出来；将……付诸行动），例如：The children act out the story.（孩子们把这个故事表演出来。
）- act up（调皮；出毛病），如：My car is acting up again.（我的汽车又出毛病了。
）5. 双语例句- He always acts in a strange way.（他总是举止怪异。
）- This new medicine acts well on the disease.（这种新药对这种疾病疗效很好。
）二、perform1. 单词释义- v. 执行；履行；表演；做；运转。
2. 单词用法- perform a task/duty表示“执行任务/履行职责”，例如：He performs his duties carefully.（他认真履行自己的职责。
） - perform in a play/ concert表示“在戏剧/音乐会中表演”，如：She will perform in the concert tonight.（她今晚将在音乐会上表演。
）3. 近义词- do（做）、execute（执行）、act（表演，行动）4. 短语搭配- perform an operation（做手术），例如：The doctor will perform an operation on him tomorrow.（医生明天将给他做手术。
体贴人的英语单词
体贴人的英语单词1. Considerate- 释义：考虑周到的；体贴的；体谅的。
- 用法：可用于形容人或人的行为。
例如：You are a very considerate person.（你是一个非常体贴的人。
）- 近义词：thoughtful, kind。
- 短语搭配：considerate towards（对……体贴）。
- 双语例句：- I really appreciate your considerate gesture. It's like a warm ray of sunshine on a cold day. You knew I was feeling down, and you brought me my favorite cookies. How could I not be touched?（我真的很感激你体贴的举动。
这就像寒冷日子里的一束温暖阳光。
你知道我情绪低落，还带给我我最爱的饼干。
我怎能不感动呢？） - My friend is so considerate. When we go out, she always checks if I'mfortable, just like a mother hen taking care of her chicks.（我的朋友非常体贴。
当我们外出时，她总是检查我是否舒适，就像一只母鸡照顾她的小鸡一样。
）- Considerate people are like precious gems in this world. For example, that guy at work who always makes sure to hold the door open for others. It's such a small act, but it shows how much he cares.（体贴的人就像这个世界上珍贵的宝石。
参加组织部面试英语作文
参加组织部面试英语作文As a candidate for the interview of the organization department, I am excited and grateful for the opportunity to showcase my abilities and potential. In this essay, I will introduce myself, express my motivation for applying for this position, and share my relevant experiences and skills.Firstly, let me introduce myself briefly. My name is Li Ming, and I am a senior student majoring in Business Administration. I have been actively involved in various extracurricular activities, such as volunteering, student organizations, and competitions. These experiences have not only enriched my college life but also helped me develop leadership, communication, and teamwork skills.Secondly, I am highly motivated to apply for this position in the organization department. I believe thatthis department plays a crucial role in promoting the development and cohesion of the whole organization. As amember of the department, I would like to contribute my enthusiasm, creativity, and diligence to help organize and coordinate various activities, recruit and train new members, and enhance the communication and cooperation among different departments.Thirdly, I have some relevant experiences and skills that qualify me for this position. For instance, I have served as the vice president of the Student Union for two years, during which I successfully organized several large-scale events, such as the New Year Gala, the Sports Day, and the Career Fair. I also supervised and trained a team of volunteers and collaborated with other departments to ensure the smooth running of the events. Moreover, I have excellent communication and interpersonal skills, which enable me to connect with people from different backgrounds and resolve conflicts effectively. Additionally, I am proficient in using various software and tools, such as Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, and social media platforms, which can facilitate the promotion and publicity of the organization.In conclusion, I am confident that I am a suitable candidate for the interview of the organization department.I am passionate, responsible, and capable, and I believe that I can make a positive contribution to the department and the organization as a whole. Thank you for considering my application, and I look forward to the opportunity to further demonstrate my qualifications and potential.。
infect sb with sth造句
infect sb with sth造句1. The virus quickly infected the whole town with fear.病毒迅速地以恐惧感染了全镇。
2. She deliberately infected him with her enthusiasm for the project.她故意用自己的热情感染他，让他对项目充满热情。
3. The negative attitude infected the whole team.这种消极的态度感染了整个团队。
4. The rumor quickly infected the whole school with panic.谣言迅速在学校中传播开来，引起了恐慌。
5. His enthusiasm infected us all with a sense of purpose.他的热情使我们都充满了使命感。
6. The negative mindset infected the whole organization.这种消极的心态影响了整个组织。
7. Her laughter infected the room with joy.她的笑声使整个房间充满了欢乐。
8. His love for the job infected everyone he worked with.他对工作的热爱感染了他身边的每一个人。
9. The lies quickly infected the whole community with mistrust.谎言迅速在整个社区传播，引发了不信任。
10. The infection has already spread to every corner of the country, infecting people with fear and panic.这种传染病已经蔓延到全国各个角落，让人们充满恐惧和恐慌。
高中英语_Art教学设计学情分析教材分析课后反思
Teaching DesignA Short History of Western PaintingShengli No. 1 Middle School, DongyingXu JinfangTeaching aims:Aims of knowledge:1.Let students fully comprehend the reading material.2.Help students understand the new words and expressions related tothis topic.3.Help students to know the whole organization of the passage and thewriting style of the passage.Aims of ability:1.Foster students’ ability of getting and dealing with the information.2.Encourage students to express themselves about this topic.3.Encourage students to have creative ideas on the basis of the originalpassage.4.Teach students some strategies of reading to improve their ability ofcomprehension.5.Foster students’ abilities of probing and learning knowledge bythemselves.6.Encourage students awareness of sharing knowledge in groups thuspromoting their team-spirit.Aims of affection:1. Foster students’ sense of beauty and improve their ability of appreciating arts.2.Help students learn more about the background history of western art.3.Enhance students’ self-esteem and their sense of responsibility.Key vocabulary:abstract faith aim conventional typical evident adopt possess superb technique coincidence shadow ridiculous controversial Key phrases:by coincidence a great deal on the one hand on the other hand Teaching procedures:I. Lead-in:Show pictures to arouse students’ interest in art and let students to choose one favorite picture to put it on the wall, thus leading students to the topic of a short history of western art.“which one would you like to choose from these paintings? If we learn more about its history, maybe you can have more reasons for your choice. Let’s learn a passage about a short history of western painting.”II. Fast reading: (Skim to find)1.Make sure of the main idea of the passage only by looking at the title ,the first paragraph and the headlines of each part.“In order to get the main idea quickly, we should pay more attention to the title and the first paragraph. It’s an important learning skill. Do remember it!”(Learning strategy: skim the passage with the help o the title, the firstparagraph and headlines.)2.Show the names of different periods of western painting and the timeit lasted. At the same time help them to make sure of the difficult pronunciation. Later, ask students to point out how the passage is organized. The answer is in time order.(learning strategy: Foster students’ ability of reading graphs, such as the vertical axis and the parallel axis, and their ability of mastering the whole organization of a passage.)III. Detailed reading: (Compare to conclude)Move to this part naturally by saying “Class, just imagine, we are having a time travel. Wow! Amazing! Fist let’s travel to The Middle Ages!”Part 1 The Middle Ages:Task 1: “Look at some paintings in this period and try to guess the theme they want to show us. After reading try to finish this chart about the characteristics of the painting in this period. Now, read part 1!”After reading, let students fill in the chart together.Task 2: “As for this part, I just find some words of the topic, especially some nouns. Now, class, it’s your turn to find more words of the topic mainly adjectives.” After collecting some words found by students, have a game, that is, make up sentences using these words. I will give an example: later, the artist began to paint religious scenes in a more realisticway.(learning strategy: Foster students’ ability of picking out the key vocabulary related to the topic and the ability of using language to communicate.)Move to next part naturally by saying “After the Middle Ages, the painting style gradually changed. Many paintings about people appeared, such as the famous painting, Mona Lisa. We call this period The Renaissance.”Part 2 The Renaissance:Task 1: “Now, read this part carefully and try to find the two important discoveries of this period.” Then, check the answers together: A new technique is called perspective and the new paints refer to oil paints.“Try to compare the right paintings with the left one. What can you find? The colors look richer and deeper and they look more realistic.”Task 2: Who can tell us what is perspective? The given words can help you. (It’s a new technique, like looking at a real scene through a hole in a wall. The first artist to use it was Masaccio.)Can you say something about oil paints？(Oil paints make colors look more richer and deeper.)(The purpose of design: In this way, students can practice the skills of defining an abstract and difficult special term using simple language.) Task 3: Sentence ReplacementTry to find a sentence with the same meaning as the given one.(The purpose of design: Foster the students’ ability of expressing an idea using different sentence patterns and let them experience the difficult structure-the subjunctive mood a little.)Move to the next part by saying “The painting style was very popular at that time, but in the late 19th century, Europe changed a lot, so did the painting style. This period is called Impressionism.”Part 3 Impressionism:Please read this part and find out the features.Move naturally to the last part by saying “At the beginning, people didn’t like this painting style. They thought they were careless and ridiculous, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call Modern Art.”Part 4 Modern Art:“Now, look at these two paintings. Do you think they have the same style? No! Absolutely! However, believe it or not, they belong to the same period. Yeah, that’s modern art!” On the one hand, some are abstract. Why so abstract? On the other hand, some are realistic. Why we say they are realistic?”(The purpose of design: In this way, students can develop the habit of finding and accepting the two different sides in one thing.)IV. Summary:Task 1:Let’s have a summary of the whole passage. Fill in the blanks together. The words filled in are all the key words of the topic.(The purpose of design: It’s a good way of consolidation. In this way, students can go over the knowledge learned in class and practice the ability of using the key words to describe features.)Task 2: Match the paintings with the right periods.V. Discussion: (Discuss to use)Now, we have learned more about the western painting, so let’s have a discussion: Which one do you prefer? This time, I’m sure you can give us more reasons. During your discussion, try to use the sentences patterns of showing preference. I will give you an example. Four people in one group and let’s begin!”(The purpose of design: Encourage students to have creative ideas based on the passage and express their ideas freely using the words and expressions we have summarized.)VI. Homework:Try to write a passage with the title: My favorite painting. Do remember to use the words and expressions of the topic.(The purpose of design: To let students to put the words and expressions learnt into use and to enhance their good sense of appreciating paintings and other kinds of arts.)本单元的中心话题是西方绘画艺术的历史，中西方各种艺术形式与风格，各时代的著名画家以及他们的作品。
2022-2023学年广东省江门市新会冈州中学高二英语模拟试题含解析
2022-2023学年广东省江门市新会冈州中学高二英语模拟试题含解析一、选择题1. — Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?—Yes, _____, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.A. If everB. If busyC. If anythingD. If possible参考答案：D2. Mike’s coffee shop on Baker street, _____ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.A. thatB. whatC. whichD. who参考答案：C3. Having lived in the town for quite a few years, I no longer felt ________in the whole neighborhood.A. out of placeB. out of orderC. out of controlD. out of question参考答案：A4. BRIC, an organization ______ Brazil, Russia, India and China, will play a more and more important part in the international stage.A. made up forB. consisted ofC. made up ofD.made up参考答案：C5. When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house_____I would be staying.A. whatB. whenC. whereD. which参考答案：C6. When I couldn’t avoid meeting him, I faced an embarrassing situation _______ I could only keep silent.A. whoB. whichC. whenD. where参考答案：D7. -Do you mind if I open the window.- I feel a bit cold .A. Of course notB. I’d rather you didn’tC. Go aheadD. why not ?参考答案：B8. People all over the world are kept _____ of what is happening immediately by means of the Internet.A. remindedB. convincedC. approvedD. informed参考答案：D略9. Tsinghua University _________ the No. 1 spot in the Times High er Education’s Asia University Rankings 2019, becoming the first university on the Chinese mainland to top the list.A. counteredB. claimedC. commandedD. competed参考答案：B【详解】考查动词词义辨析。
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Operations repetitive and predictable at the point of delivery (Processes standardized )
Manufacturing Unit, DSS Office, Library
Complex operations Suitable for static and dynamic conditions Short hierarchy Small technostructure Large support "Pigeonholing" Aim: perfection
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Байду номын сангаас
Entrepreneurial – fast changing but simple environment Innovative – fast changing and complex environment Machine – slow changing and simple Professional – slow changing but complex Diversified – should be able to adapt using any of the above configurations
3
There are around 1,250,000 types of animals on earth. To make sense of this biologists have classified these types according to common features. These classifications are called species. Among vertebrate animals there are 5 species Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals
What is a configuration: a relative arrangement of parts, organised, placed together, symbiotic.
The underlying nature of the environment is not the same for all organizations.
Mintzberg shows the inter-relatedness of environment, structure and strategy within "configurations“ [within Mintzbergs configurations we can see the opportunities for both prescriptive and emergent strategic development approaches] Mintzbergs configurations are NOT organizational structures they are organizational „eco-systems‟ which set the context for the strategy.
Operations unpredictable at the point of delivery Hospitals, universities (teaching side), accountants, lawyers, architects
Organic structure suitable in complex and dynamic environments. Teams and task forces Perhaps the informal side of a formal organisation: "mutual adjustment" Power due to expertise not formal status (hence shape) Aim: Innovation
4
All mammals are warm blooded. Most young are born alive. They have hair or fur on their bodies. Every mammal is a vertebrate. All mammals have lungs to breathe air. They all have three bones in their ear. Mammals feed milk to their babies.
5
Organisations are able to be grouped together, by their shared features [almost exclusively determined by the environment] the grouping or configuration can occur organically or Mintzberg suggests organizations may deliberately seek to adopt one of the configurational approaches - if the cap fits wear it - if it doesn’t don't. Configurations help to demonstrate how strategy might develop and be developed. They are visual representations of organisational 'eco-systems' There are five configurations
Large complex organisation Operating in a complex environmental context Divided to make controllable DSS, Hanson, Unilever, BP, Army, Virgin, NHS, Univs as wholes
Strategic Apex - top decision making Middle Line Management
- co-ordinates core
Technostructure
plans and control core (but outside the line accountants, planners)
Simple operations within a stable environmental context Long operating core = tall hierarchy Large Techno-structure (to control detail) Large Support Inflexible/mechanistic Allows for automation Aim: Efficiency
Making connections between organizational purpose, structure and strategy using Mintzberg's Configurations
To look at how organizations work as a whole To demonstrate that Strategy is affected by the organizational type. [and that organizational type is very much dependant upon the environmental context]
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Entrepreneurial
Entrepreneurial
Machine Machine
Professional
Professional
Innovative Diversified
Diversified
Innovative
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Operating Core
-
performs core activities
facilitates through noncore activities (mail rooms, staff restaurant, lawyers, p.a. s)
Support Staff
“Ideology” = culture
Strategic Apex: THE we said last lecture Remember what entrepreneur Make the model fit Visionary leadership reality not reality fit the model. There No middle line are always exceptions. News International which No technostructure oris run by Rupert Murdoch support staff – these is a huge global media company it bears all roles played by the the apex classic hallmarks of an entrepreneurial configuration but of Great while the boss is course there is some Small, focussed, up to the job..... and of course there are some technostructure simple/static Aim: right direction whole organizationenvironment: support staff in the Rupert Apple, Microsoft, when founded; many cos. now Murdoch doesn't do his own typing!!!! But or where strategy is made News International in a large organisation is crisis/turnaround, classic entrepreneurial configuration. Dynamic environment: Government