生物分离工程名词解释[1]

Chapter 1
Downstream processing(DSP)：The isolation and purification of a biotechnological product to a form suitable for its intended use. The separation and purification of products synthesized by bioprocesses:
Biotechnology：the use of cultured microorganisms, animal cells, and plant cells to produce products useful to humans.
Modern biotechnology：Built on genetic engineering to produce commercial products or processes.
Chapter 2
Coagulation：the chemical alteration of the colloidal partic les to make them stick together
凝聚值：表示电解质的凝聚能力，使胶粒发生凝聚作用的最小电解质浓度m mol/L. Flocculation: a process whereby particles are aggregated into clusters.
Filtration separates solid from a liquid by forcing the liquid through a filter medium. Conventional or dead-end filtration: the fluid flows perpendicular to the medium which result in a cake of solids depositing on the filter medium.
Crossflow filtration:The fluid flows parallel to the medium to minimize buildup to solids on the medium.
Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures.
分离因数（Z）：离心力与重力的比值。

衡量离心程度的参数
Chapter 3
Cell lysis is the process of breaking cell membranes and walls to release the cell contents.
Bead mill disruption: Agitation with glass in bead mills ruptures the cells by a combination of high shear and impact with the cells.
High-pressure homogenization:The cell suspension is forced at high pressure through an orifice of narrow internal diameter to emerge at atmospheric pressure.
Ultrasonication disruption: Use of high frequency sound waves to disrupt cell walls and membranes.Ultrasonication disrupts the cells by cavitation.
Osmotic pressure: This is nothing more than dumping a given volume of cells into pure water- often about twice the volume of cells. The cells swell because they contain solutes which cause an osmotic flow of water into the cells. In some cases, they swell so much that they burst.
破碎率: 被破碎细胞的数量占原始细胞数量的百分比数。

酶溶法：利用酶反应（抗生素），分解破坏细胞壁上的特殊键，从而破壁
Autolysis 自溶法：通过调节温度、pH或添加有机溶剂，诱使细胞产生溶解自身的酶的方法chemical permeation 化学渗透法：某些化学试剂，如有机溶剂、变性剂、表面活性剂、金属螯合剂等，可改变细胞壁或膜的通透性（渗透性），从而使胞内物质有选择地渗透出来Freeze-thaw 冻融法：将细胞在低温下（-15℃）突然急剧冷冻而在室温缓慢融化，反复多次达到破壁作用.
Drying 干燥法：干燥使细胞膜的结合水分丧失,从而改变细胞的渗透性
包含体：利用大肠杆菌为宿主细胞的外源基因表达产物（如尿激酶、人胰岛素、人生长激素、人γ-干扰素等）在细胞内凝聚成没有生物活性的固体颗粒——包含体（inclusion bodies，
IBs），又称光折射体（refractile bodies）.
Chapter 4
Precipitation：the process of coming out of solution as a solid.通过加入某种试剂或改变溶液条件，使生化产物以无定形固体的形式从溶液中沉降析出。

Salting-out：addition of a high concentration of a soluble salt causes proteins to aggregate and precipitate。

饱和度（S）：相当于饱和溶解度的百分数.
Isoelectric precipitation：基于不同蛋白质离子具有不同等电点特性，用依次改变溶液pH值办法，将杂蛋白沉淀除去，获得目标产物
Organic solvent precipitation：Addition of miscible solvents to a solution may cause proteins in the solution to precipitate.
Chapter 5
Extraction is a process in which two phases come into contact with the objective of transferring a solute or particle from one phase to the other.
Liquid-liquid extraction液－液萃取：Based on partition of solute between phases. It involves the transfer of solute from one liquid phase to another.
溶质：被萃取的物质
原溶剂：原先溶解溶质的溶剂
萃取剂：加入的第三组分，用以进行萃取的溶剂。

料液：溶剂萃取中，被提取的溶液。

萃取extraction：料液中的溶质向萃取剂转移的过程。

萃取液(extract phase) ：萃取平衡后，含有溶质的萃取剂溶液。

萃余液(raffinate phase) ：被萃取出溶质以后的料液。

分配定律（溶质分配平衡规律）：指在一定压力下，溶质分布在两个互不相溶的溶剂里，达到平衡后，它在两相的浓度比为一个常数K，称分配系数K= CL/CR
分离因素：在同一萃取体系内两种溶质在同样条件下分配系数的比值. β＝KA/KB Emulsification：A process that forms a liquid, known as an emulsion. An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids. In an emulsion, one liquid is dispersed in the other.
萃取因子:萃取平衡后萃取相和萃余相中溶质质量之比
萃取收率：萃取相中溶质总量占原始料液中溶质总量的百分比。

表示一种萃取剂对某种溶质的萃取能力。

Reverse Micelles Extraction：反胶团萃取利用表面活性剂在有机相中形成反胶团（reverse micelles），从而在有机相内形成分散的亲水微环境，使生物分子在有机相（萃取相）内存在于反胶团的亲水微环境中，消除其变性现象
Supercritical Fluids：materials that exist as fluids above their critical temperature and pressure. Supercritical Fluid Extraction：the process of separating one component from another using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent.
物质均具有其固有的临界温度和临界压力，称为临界点
临界温度：指高于此温度时无论多大压力也不能使气体液化
临界压力：指在临界温度下，液化气体所需要的压力
leaching is the extraction of certain materials from a carrier into a liquid.
Chapter 6
膜分离技术：利用膜的选择性（孔径大小），以膜的两侧存在的能量差作为推动力，由于溶液中各组分透过膜的迁移率不同而分离的技术。

Microfiltration ：a filtration process which removes contaminants from a fluid by passage through a microporous membrane.
ultrafiltration ：a variety of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane.
Reverse osmosis (RO)：a filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores, but should allow smaller components of the solution (the solvent) to pass freely.
一个容器中间用一张半透膜隔开，两侧分别加入纯水和含溶质的水溶液。

若膜两侧压力相等，在浓差的作用下水分子从溶质浓度低的一侧向浓度高的一侧透过，这种现象称为渗透。

促使水分子透过的推动力称为渗透压。

Nanofiltration ：a cross-flow filtration technology which ranges somewhere between ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO).
membrane distillation 膜蒸馏(MD)：是在不同温度下分离两种水溶液的膜过程
Pervaporation 渗透蒸发：使用致密的聚合物膜。

液体扩散能否透过膜取决于它们在膜材料中的扩散能力。

根据溶质间透过膜的速度不同，使混合物得到分离
Dialysis 透析（DS ） 渗析：利用具有一定孔径大小、高分子溶质不能透过的亲水膜将含有高分子和其它小分子溶质的溶液（左侧）与纯水或缓冲液（右侧）分隔。

透析膜孔径5-10nm 的亲水膜
Electrodialysis 电渗析：利用离子交换膜的选择透过性，从溶液中脱除或富集电解质的膜分离操作；
Membrane ：在一种流体相间有一层薄的凝聚相物质，把流体相分隔成两部分，这一薄层物质称为膜。

膜本身是均一的一相或由两相以上凝聚物构成的复合体。

厚度<0.5mm ，否则不能称其为膜。

水通量JW （透水率）：单位时间内通过单位膜面积的水体积流量，即水透过膜的速率。

截留率：指对一定相对分子质量的物质，膜能截留的程度。

δ= 1- Cp/CB
截断分子量（MWCO ）:为相当于一定截留率（90％或95％）的相对分子质量
Concentration polarisation 膜的浓差极化：指在膜分离操作中，所有溶质均被透过液传递到膜表面上，不能完全透过膜的溶质受到膜的截留作用，在膜表面附近浓度升高。

这种在膜表面附近浓度高于主体浓度的现象称浓差极化
Chapter 7
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate (the molecules or atoms being accumulated, 吸附质) on the surface of the adsorbent 吸附剂.
吸附等温线概念：当温度一定时，吸附量与浓度之间的函数关系称为吸附等温线。

Langmuir 吸附等温线
穿透：操作开始绝大多数溶质被吸附，流出液溶质浓度较低，在某一时刻浓度突然急剧增大 c
K c q q +=
离子交换：利用离子交换树脂作为吸附剂，依据其电荷差异，靠库仑力吸附在树脂上，然后利用合适的洗脱剂将吸附质从树脂上洗脱下来，达到分离的目的。

交联度: 在树脂原料总重量中交联剂所占百分比.
交换容量是每克干燥的离子交换树脂或每毫升完全溶胀的离子交换树脂所能吸附的一价离子的毫摩尔数。

表示离子交换树脂交换能力的大小。

Chapter 8。